NeuStar, Inc. (NeuStar) provide essential clearinghouse services to the communications industry and enterprise customers. The Company’s customers use the databases it contractually maintains in its clearinghouse to obtain data required to successfully route telephone calls in North America, to exchange information with other communications service providers and to manage technological changes in their own networks. NeuStar operates the authoritative directories that manage virtually all telephone area codes and numbers, and it enables the routing of calls among thousands of communications service providers (CSPs), in the United States and Canada. The Company provides clearinghouse services to CSPs, including Internet service providers, mobile network operators, cable television operators, and voice-over Internet protocol (VoIP), service providers.