HIST102

Class Notes 1/7/08: you don't have to have taken one course to be able to ta...

2008-01-08T02:53:45.797Z

Class Notes 1/7/08:

you don't have to have taken one course to be able to take the other.

this only covers 200 years, that covers many countries. the text 8th or 9th edition.

volatire is writing in a time of censorship, making fun of the government and religion. this is a satire.

80% of TEST material comes from the LECTURE.

OhioU does it's western civ stuff different than other univiresites.

First part is objective / WORTH 75% of the grade. You need to know 5 out 7 important topics, these are short essays that you can write. All the essay topics WILL be covered in class. The stuff in the LECTURE IS MOST IMPORTANT.

What is covered:
There is no assumption that you know anything from 101 presenting contrast between two forms of government. A representative government in england, their government formed over hundreds of years. this is an evolutionary type of system. See how things evovle over time. It evovles as a type of a reprenative government. The king and queen still have a lot of power. Parliment has some powers, no idea of "one person one vote" all females and most males are not able to vote during this time.

the house of lords, nobles and upper church officals, that haven't been elected but have inherieted thier seats.
house of commons, can only be a part of this if you own a large amount of land/wealth. this was into the 1900s. in some cases you wouldn't even have had a lot of money, it had to be land.

if you want to member of parliement, they would sell the place. you don't have to be a resident of your district to be a member. these seats are sold. often the elections were done in public.

talking about

the wars of the reformation, there was a protestant reforms, there is also some reforms within the catholic church. they are more than just religous, they touch a lot of the other areas of life including politics. the development of the england contitiunal system.

this will be contrasted with what happens in france. the king holds absolute power, that is unchecked by any legal body. there is a estates gerenal similar to the english parliment, but does hold any power like the english system. but religion played an important rule. there were a lot of killing over. this is royal absolutism.

we will also be covering some of russia. it is a facinating early history but doesn't have an impact on much western civ. russia does begin to emerge in russia that goes past the royal absolutism. the TSAR or TSARINA (means ceaser) - translated emperor. the tsar has the power of life and death over a person. look at peter the great who will reoreiate russia, he is the MID POINT of russia history (kind of like the break of BC and AD). he represents a break from the past for a part of the upper class that he chooses to westernize russia. then talk about catherine the great. after peter the great neither russia or eurupoen will be the same. peter was unhappy that people looked. he didn't like that they wore had large beards and he really didn't like that. he did it by force for the upper class, for the lower class they would have to pay a tax to enter into the CITY. he also trimed off the selves of the people who wore long sleves. he also moves the capatial from MOSCOW to SAINT PETERSBURG.

Catherine is also important for russia. she is a great propigandist and has some interesting foreign policy ideas.

we'll cover some of the scientific revolutions. wondering about the impact on the EDUCATED public. this is a very small fraction of the population that is educated. those usually only have a basic literacy. it will demonstrate that certains ideas can be KNOWN to be correct (earth is the center of the universe) when things are proved wrong, it starts PEOPLE QUESTIONING OTHER IDEAS that we have about the world. are we wrong about the form of government and the social structure? why in france should ONE person hold all the power. Why should the society be organized in such a way that 3% have the privledges and only 97% have the responsblites. There are a WHOLE series of events that are really REVOLUTIONS. We'll loook at these items in a circle. There is a reign of terror. When people are arrested and don't really get in a proper court more of the bar or kangroo court that is just a mob that sends most of them to death. this is only one small part, the whole thing comes full circle with napoelation who is a military dictator, so the whole thing comes full circle. then he tries to invade russia and fails. napoelian just takes the holy roman empire and just does away with it. the germanies that are 300 seperates states so he just does away with all of them.

france tries to export revolutions and over through monarchs everywhere.

when europe tries to rocver from all the waring that has gone on. liberalism and nationalism will try to be stamped out by the monarchs and they will band together.

the industrial revolution will also be taking place. this is starting to place in england during the 18th century. strikes and collective bargaining are agaisnt the law according to the state. there is a great deal of social discontent. owner's will try to pay as little as they can, you want them to have enough strength to work without slowing or breaking the machines. women get paid about half and kids about 1/4 of men. children as young as 6 are working. there aren't any labor laws.

marxist socialism is not really taking on, but there are some intellicatauls that are trying to bring about change buy explaining the plight of the workers.

breaks the idealogoy that the government should interfer any way with the labor laws.

at the beging of the industrial revolution, there are more workers than jobs available, so the power is held by the factory owners.

in england there is a period of religous change without a lot of uprising.
--------------

start by looking at england. start with the english reformation and see how that ties in with the policatal changes that take place.

Tudor Dynasty:
-general belief that henry the 8th broke with the church because he wanted to anullment, because the pope didn't want to go along with it - 8th broke with the curch.
-main reason that he wanted to continue his tudor dynasty.

after a bloody war, HENRY 7th because the first of the new dynasty. Henry the 7th worked a lot to restore stablity to the country. Henry 7th oldest son was Arthur who was heir apparent and the thought was that he was going to become the king. Arthur was married to a spanish princess Catherine of Aragon, they were married in their TEENS. With some arranged marriages they didn't live together as husband and wife. AUTHUR died before his father tied.

Henry 8th married his sister in law. Henry 7th didn't like to spend much money at all. Because Catherine didn't become Queen, her parents WANTED their money back. Because she wasn't a virgin should would have needed an even larger dowry. AN easy way out was to marry Henry 8th to Catherine. But CANON LAW prevented them from getting married. Based upon some teachings from Leviticus. Catherine has several children, but most are stillborn. There is one surviving child, her name is MARY. 8th is concerned about carring on the dynasty without another war. He WANTED a MALE child to carry on the dynasty. One reason that he wanted to MARRY his mistress.

ANNE BOLEYN: 8th thought that this would be easy to get an ANNULMENT of the church because they were not all that ucommon. 8th was a smart man, because he wasn't supposed to be king, he studied LATIN and german and other things.

CATHERINE was the AUNT of CHARLES the 5th. Charles OWNED lots of LAND including ITALY. The pope didn't want to upset Charles the 5th who was a powerful woman. Part of the problem was that Catherine didn't want to go along with this. The annulement meant that the marriage never happened so she has been BASICALLY living out of wedlock with the 8th, and she is still attracted to him.

For the pope to approve an ANNULEMENT, then it would be overrulling the preivous popes mistakes would weaken a paupecy even more. The Pope dragged his feet.

The Pope is trying to put this off and the 8th reliazes that this isn't going to happen. Then ANNE BOLEYN becomes pregnant and the 8th is worried that it might be a boy so he marries ANNE BOLEYN and makes her a queen WITHOUT AN ANNULMENT. The 8th is EXCOMMUNICATED (outside the communion of the church - cannot partake of any of the sacruments of the church) from the church.

Henry the 8th - No regular time that PARLMENT must be called into session. There was a tradition that the king would have to call parlment if he wanted NEW TAXES only. If he could live on what he had then he didn't want to have to worry about it. For england the 8th is a top down revolutions. 8th tries to make it look like the it's the englissh common people that are making the movements. The parliment starts cutting off money from the catholics. The pope would usually get money from.

Parliment makes the 8th the head of the church in England after BREAKING from the catholic church. They create basically an english catholic church. That is are far has Henry wants to go with the changes of the reformation, where as there are other reformations that are going on on the contenients (calvisnts and the luthers). They still have mass, they still have it in latin, they don't have many changes. 8th still thinks of himself as catholic, but doesn't like the pope.

Many in England wanted more radical reformations, but there were some who wanted to also still be catholics. Not as bloody reformations as on the contionets. Most englanders don't want to die for others or kill others for their religon. The 8th ends up having 6 wives.

8th's Kids are:
Mary
Elizabeth
then Edward VI

When 8th DIES the new heir and the new KING is EdWARD VI (at ten years old of age). Edward came under the influence of an Uncle. Edward only lives to be 16.

The church in England under Edward starting going in a more protest direction.

After Edward VI dies at 16, the leadership passes to Mary.

Mary is Bloody MARY, she wants to reverse the protestant trend and MOVE TO CATHOLIC. She thought that MOST of the protestants where heretics and wanted to burn these people at the stake. She had a couple hundred people put to death, including some clergy people.

When Mary came to the throne most people still didn't mind catholics. But they didn't like the way she handled things. SHE ALSO dismisssed ANY CLERGY that had married where dismissied them from thier posts. She also married someone from Spain which was the chief rival in trade. At the end of MARY'S reign most people didn't like catholism because of the way that she the CATHOLIC way that Mary had presented catholisms.

After MARY dies with NO children the throne comes to 8th's 3rd KID Elizabeth. This was a child from 8th's ablitly to MARRY ANNE so she wasn't legitimate. Normally only a declared pope legitmate person could rule. ANNE is excuted by henry. Declared also illegetimate by the church of england. she is one of the great rulers. would it be catholic, would it be protestant, what type of protestant? just one without the pope or the more "radical type". she weighed the facts of the case and choose a comprimise. england would be protest, but would resemable the catholic church.

Elizabeth working with parliment passed the 39 ARTICLES. Which established the Anglican Church. A church which internally in it's belif was protestant. But in the external flow of the services looked VERY MUCH like the catholic type of service. Most people weren't educated, so what they saw in the protestant church LOOKED like the catholic church that they grew up with. Most of the few that were dissastentfied catholics were somewhat percuscuted by only if they made a bunch of noise about it. otherwise it was live and let live. there were protestants that were unhappy that the CHURCH didn't go far ENOUGH with the there being ANY CATHOLISM in the church. THEY WERE KNOWN AS PURITANS that wanted to purify the church of all catholics traditions. Again they were mostly tolierated. There was some trouble with them in the parliments, but it was flexiable enough that it worked for the most part.

The problem arises when elizebeth dies. She was the virgin queen, SHE DIDN'T have any children. So when she dies that is when the problems begin to arise.

From the eurpoen conteient the revolutions are from below that are from the lower grassroot movement.

Class Notes 1/9/08: don't wait until the night before to study. review the...

2008-01-10T00:58:27.578Z

Class Notes 1/9/08:

don't wait until the night before to study. review the notes after each class. then at then of week you should review the notes at end of the week as well. you should summarize the information at each weekend.

last class we study the tudor dynasty, THIS IS THE form of the beging of a reprsentative type of government. one of the reasons that the tudor dynasty worked was that they were about to manipulate the house of commons. one strange thing is that the monarch appoints the head of the house of governments. the speaker was able to assign legilations to communties. so the tudors appointed a good loyal person to head of the system.

mary was probably the least able to work with the parliment. elizabeth. MARY died in 1603 and on her death, we have the stuart dynatasty

the stuart dynasaty. her cousin the king of mary from the scotland became the king of england. HE WAS over cofident and he made some large mistakes. because he was able to restore power and order in scotland he felt he could do the same in england.

STUART DYNASTY:
JAMES I
CHARLES I

james didn't even appear to comprise with parliment.

PARLIMENT:
-House of Lords (heridetary nobles and upper level clergy)
-House of Commons (these people weren't commoner's but wealthy land owners)

the english people still felt that parliment served them. so when the king doesn't get along wwith partliment, then it.

the stuarts, were trying to inforce royal absolutism. people saw them as someone who held things together. english people felt that both king and parliment were the ones that kept things together.

even though james was very learned, he was totally tackless. he refused to comprimise or retreat. although the tudors didn't really believe in it they would negioate it. she wanted at tax increase of 10$ she would approach parliment with a increase of 20 and then they would suggest that they go down to 10.

james wanted to lecture parliment and the enlgish people about how government and religon should really be. james was refered to some as the "wiset fool in chrisendom". wise in book learning, but didn't know how to use the system.

james was king of scotland since he was young.

many of the traits that charles had were the same as his father's. he was just as uncomprimising as his father. he did seem to care somewhat about his lower subjects though. he faced similar problems as his father did. they inherieted some of their problems from elizabeth. one of the problems that they faced was with the growing dissatisfaction of the church of end. elizebeth faced, but ignored most of the dissent.

many of the higher church of england felt that the majority of the catholic rituals should be maintained. much of the heirachry wanted to continue this and the stuarts supported this as well. they wanted "high church too". the problem was that when james supported this policy, he had problems with the purutians.

Presbyterians: wanted to ablosh the offices of arcbisops and bisops. instead they should be handled by prebyterias that were made up of laymen and clergy. james didn't like this at all, he didn't like the presbyterias. or james said that they could leave the country if they didn't accept the offical church. if the clergymen didn't accept the position of the church then they were removed from thier posts.

this division between anglicans and purtians was even more so under charles.

the archipiosh of cantuerbery was the highest ranking offical in the church.

william laud was the top guy at the time. he felt that this should be done very much like the catholic church. if a decision was made by the church then everyone was supposed to follow it. there was uniformity. no local decisions were supposed to be made. he didn't care for any varitions that elizabeth had allowed. LAUD supported by CHARLES I felt that everyone should follow the single church rule law. SOME Felt that these movements by charles were trying to RESTORE the catholic church in england. many believed including james when looking for a suitable wife for charles didn't look for a protestant princess, he negioted with spainsh about marrying a catholic princess to marry.

when charles comes to the throne he marries a french princess WHO IS catholic. she comes with many catholic people as her entourange. technically catholism was illegal, although the kings wife was a practicing catholic.

it seemed to many that catholics were treated more lienatly than dissenting protestants. this is a problem that they don't deal with very well.

there is also a LACK OF MONEY that they don't deal with very well. the two STUARTS spent far greater sums of money than elizabeth had. eurpoe at this time was having a general inflation that was caused by a large influx of precious metals. the spanish had concequered most of central and south ameria that they sold from the native people.

inflation had been minimually up to this point it had been stable no more 1 percent over several decades. governments are also affected by inflation. most of the taxes that government was collecting came from fixed amounts on imports and exports. if the government got 10 per barrell, then it didn't matter how much the wine was selling for, but the income remains steady. governments work on percentages to better deal with inflation. that way they can handle inflation flucations more easly. THEN the reveue was fixed, but costs were increasing, but this could only be done for parliment.

the tudors were able to manipluate partliment for money because they had to ask them to increase taxes. the sturants choose not to do this. disputes between king. the parliment becomes more and more indepentant from the king. the stuarts started doing what they wanted and englishmen saw this as a violation of common practices. neither understood the system and instead felt that royal power was more important. this is what was HAPPENING in france. the king had more power and the parlimentary body was just ignored. the english people didn't accept this. it wasn't king or parliment along. parliment didn't want to assert authority either, they wanted comprmise with the sturants.

"Power of the purse" become the effective weapon of parliment. new taxes and reveue had to come from both houses of parliment. although partliment hadn't been defined very well, the king did most everything. it came that there were cases when charles had to accept stuff because it was tied to a tax increase that they need. the king did take taxes that had only applied to costal towns and choose to apply them to ALL towns instead. he was supposed to be doing was necessary. the king would sell titles of nobliity. the king can basically title whoever they want or make a title more important. they would take money from common weathly people and then night them. they would also create monoplies by having taliors create all the suites for the army. they would only bid this out once to whoever was the best bidder. they would also make BANKS give out loans to the government. they would threaten arrest if banks didn't comply.

"Petition of right" was adpoted because of these actions. It excluded royal power from an englishman's life. the king had no power over property OR person. ??????? Look this up in wikipedia ????????? required consent by parliment, no matter what they choose to call it. not subject to any old imprisment. the start of the idea of "due process", you have to be charged, you have to be given a trial.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England

king was fighting a war at the time and needed more money that was being tied up by parliment, so they made the king accept it. charles grew away from parliment and the enlish people.

"Duke of Buckingham" charles didn't like it when parliment wanted to impeach this guy. had been a friend of james I. charles had made him a principal advisor including to foreign policy. he got into wars that didn't do them much good 1628 the duke was assinated after the impeachment failed. his murder was greeted by parties because everyone hates him. the murderer felt that parliment wasn't able to do their job so he choose to do it.

charles didn't get the hint that people didn't like the way things were, but charles just hated his people and parliment more in 1629 the house of commons passed some important resolutions aimed at the king. anyone propoeses religous change or levy taxed without the consient of parliment or PAYs a tax that hasn't been approved is a tratior which is punished by death. CHARLES then dismisses PARLIMENT. the enlish don't have a consistiuitnal document. there is nothing that required the king to call parliment into session. nothing that said once it was dismissed that it had to be called back. for the english system ?????? missed some sections here at 44 minutes.

charles choose to live within his income and didn't call elections for partliment. he tried to live without parliment for aroudn 12 years. from 1629-1640 they had no parliment, but it meant that it was difficult to live with.

while attempting to rule without parliment, charles didn't want to directly break the law so what he did was strech exsisting laws but to avoid a total break with law, they WOULD seach ACHIENT records for additional sources of revenue. because the monorach had been around for a long time, there were old statues that might have to get 20 sheep from someone at christmas. this had been phased, out though charles begain collecting them again for additional revenue.

the king also had a policy call "thorough" strict effeiency and centralization of things. you consolidate your administration at one point to avoid duplication of effort to keep cost down "cost cutting measure".

people didn't like it even though it was on the books, but no one in the family had ever paid it. the land owning class didn't like it because many applied to them. but they didn't have a reason to side with parliment until this point.

people really didn't like that charles support laud and give catholics pass when it came to things. puritains really didn't like this push to one church type of service.

1630s mid point charles ticked off so many people that there was only a small spark needed to set things off. this was going to come from scotland, which the sturants were still king over 1637 charles order the subjects in scotland to accept a new prayer book to use for all services in scotland. these prayer books were created by laud. the scots were mostly puritains. the puritans mostly felt in line with the ideals of Calvin. charles said that the new prayer book would start on a certain day on sunday.

the revolution in scotland started when some lady comes into church and sees this new service book and throws the book at the minister's head. this beigns an uprising in scotland.

charles requires that parliment come back into session to help stiffle the uprising. when he calls them back, he wants new taxes and they aren't willing to just hand them over because they weren't happy with him. THEY wanted partliment to be called overy 3 years and wanted the chief minister to BE EXECUTED. charles agreed reluctanityly to the execution. he sends troops to the house of commons to arrest 5 members of the house of commons. they were warned, but this sparked a civil war in england and in scotland.

this religous and consitiutunial in nature. the scotts joined the side in enland that supported parliment.

"Oliver Cromwell" - purtain general, organzied a highly trained army. he plays an important role. the forces of the king were graduaally defeated. in 1645 charles defeated. what held the forces that overturned the king, was their hatered of the king. the prebyterian wing wanted to setup a consitional monoarchy that would write a consitiation that wrote out the kings powers and partliments powers. they also wanted to set the presbyterian chruch to REPALCE the church of england. many in the army opposed these objectives. the army was much MORE radical. the soliders wanted a republic that did away witht he monarchy. there was also a group of independants that were concerned with the matter of religion. they wanted religous freedom for everyone back catholics and anglicangs. they wanted each church to choose for it's self.

charles the first who was a priosoner: trys to make a comeback,but he failed an alinated more people from his cause. CROMWELL springs into action and defeats the scottish army and MOVES against partliment.

"Long Parliment" that was in session 1640-1660 in 1649 there were only about 150 of the orignal 500 members were left.

CROMWELL sent troops under "KERNEL PRIDE" to conduct "PRIDE'S PURGE". This was to purge partliment of any prebyterians members. This THREWOUT 2/3rds of the parliment leaving about 50 members.

After the purge, the "RUMP PARLIMENT is was is left." they fell that charles i should be put to death. he was beheaded in 1649.

THE HOUSE OF LORDS WAS ABLOISHED and the monarchy was terminated.

England was declared to be a REPUBLIC called the COMMONWEALTH. CROMWELL tried to govern, but didn't have much polictal imagination. He stumbled from one form of government to another looking for one that the pople would accept. a degree of religous freedom was estiablished: excluding cathlics, athestist and HIGH anglicans.

At first he left governing to the RUMP PARLIMENT and a consuel he created. he had to squelch uprising in IRELAND. He had a lot of prionsers put to death.

RUMP PARLIMENT selected persons to fill the vacancies, replacements are elected.

CROMWELL didn't like the rump parliment, he orders his troops to disperse the RUMP PARLIMENT. "He shouted that it's YOU that have forced me to "

Now CROMWELL has NO KING OR PARLIMENT. he did trust the ministers. each congregation would select someone to help create a righoughess parlimentary body. he got a bunch of religous fanatics. one of the leaders of this parliment was known as "PRAISE GOD BAREBONES and the BARBONES PARTLIMENT" this only lasted 5 months and CROMWELL dismissed them.

on the advice of the miliarty leaders they dream up an english consitiuition. this is a breif time of englands formal written consitiutions "INSTRUMENT OF GOVERNMENT" the only formal written consitiuiton they ever had.
-"LORD PROTECTOR" is CROMWELL's title and there was supposed to be a new parliment.

FROM 28 minutes ON, NEED NOTES FROM RECORDING.

Class Notes 1/14/2008: Charles II was brought back without anything being fo...

2008-01-23T03:26:32.084Z

Class Notes 1/14/2008:

Charles II was brought back without anything being forced UPON HIM.

Charles the II did issue the "Declaration of Breda" he did this without being forced. Allowed pariament to determine countries religiout and with the royalist lands. (what is this at about 3 minutes). If he chooses that all the people get the royalists lands back to them.

King said that he would punish anyone for acts during the civil war. He chooses to "pass the buck" on the tough issues. Passes the issues onto parliment. Doesn't GIVEN PERMINENT ISSUES to parliment, just one time issues to pass the buck.

King promises to pay the army and then disband the large army after they have been paid. This is because the army tended to be very purtain, to help remove them as a threat to the king.

These promises in Breda were really well recieved. They don't increase/decrease parliment or the king. The king estendially had the same POWERs that his father had. Charles II needed to reliaze that there were limits to HOW far people could be pushed.

Charles II benifited from the excesses of the Cromwell reign, so people were willing to go along with most of what Charles wanted. The Anglican church became more STRONGLY aligned with the KING.

The upper class in England was strongly royalist, because they feared a return to the REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT. When elections were held for parliament seat, those that get elected are supporters of the king. They wanted to return to the system that the TUDORS had of cooperation between king and government. They GAVE THE KING ENOUGH TAX money to fund the king's government for the rest of his reign. They are giving up the power of the purse. Charles II removed a lot of the OLD TAXES and required gifts that had been required by his father and grandfather.

Legally speaking everything was supposed to be the same as it was BEFORE Cromwell.

The privledge classes wanted the system to work, because they didn't want a revolution that would in any why be reprsentative that would be like a republic.

Generally speaking in his early years Charles IInd seemed like a good one to restore the monarch. He wasn't has head strong or tackless as his predecessors.

Parliment was in the hands of the aristoriacy, either by the Lords or the Landowners.

The priviledges CLASSES HAD AGREED TO TAX THEMSELVES (IMPORTANT). They paid taxes, but THEY EXPECTED A VOICE THROUGH PARIALMENT on HOW THEIR MONEY IS GOING TO BE SPENT.

The honeymoon of parliament and the king didn't last very long. The ISSUE was religion. There was a trend amoung the upper classes to return to the catholic religion. The protestant churches didn't like this tendancy. Any parliment issues against catholics or popery were widely supported. They feared catcholics more than the purtians. The KING HOWEVER DOES WANT TO BE CATHOLIC, he is personally tied to it.

Louis 14 was ADMIRED by charles II.

"TREATY OF DOVER" is a secret treaty between louis 14 and charles II. louis the 14th was supposed to supplement charles II to provide for a war between france and england against the dutch. This was so charles the IInd wouldn't have to ask parliament for money.

TREATY also said that Charles IInd and his brother JAMES (also the heir). They would both OPENLY acknowledge that they had become CATCHOLIC.

Charles IInd didn't do this until he was on his deathbed. JAMES basically immediately openly acknowledges that he is a ROMAN CATHOLIC.

"TEST ACT" passed by parliament in 1673, required that anyone who held a government office or army position would need to be a member of the anglican church. Directed mostly toward James, this act meant that JAMES had to resign. THEY WANTED TO EXCLUDE JAMES from suceeding to the throne. Charles wouldn't allow this.

Those who supported the KING on this issue were known as "TORIES", include james as next heir. Those WHO WANTED TO EXCLUDE James from the throne were known as the "WHIGS".

Not that the TORIES supported catholism, but they felt that they shouldn't interfer with the RULES of SUCESSION.

When it looked like the WHIGS would get enough support to exclude james, CHARLES DISMISSED the parliment. check some facts at 29 minutes. Charles dies in 1685, deathbed conversion to catholism.

JAMES II
Was more confrentational and wanted to restore the CATHOLIC church. James was also KING OF SCOTLAND. 1685 there was a scottish rebellion. He defeated the scots. The tradition was to disband the english army after fights. INSTEAD JAMES KEPT this standing ARMY as a larger force. He stationed them NEAR london to threaten PARLIAMENT. Parliament protested the stationing of this ARMY and refused to REPEAL the "TEST ACT".

James dismissed parliament and wouldn't call new elections.

James appointed people to posts that were CATCHOLIC that failed the test act. 1687 JAMES granted the "DECLARATION OF INDULGENCE" which gave religous FREEDOM to Catholics and to the PURITIANS.

If a special law like this was passed then, it was supposed to be READ IN ALL CHURCHES to get the word at.

7 BISHOPES REFUSED to allow this to be read. They were arrested and force to be put on trial.

The Anglican church had been a great supporter of the monoarchy, when the king supported the church.

MOST PEOPLE FELT THAT they could OUTWAIT the king. The king WAS older. 2 Protestant daugthers. When he dies his older daughter MARY whose is a protestant will suceed and there will be nothing to worry about.

After several years of NOT HAVING any children JAMES' second wife a CATHOLIC gives birth to a CATOLIC SON who was baptism as a catholic.

Not even the tories wanted to see a perminant catholic dynasty. They just wouldn't accept this type of a ruling.

The TORIES don't like to mess with the succession. SO THEY PUT OUT A STORY THAT THE CHILD WAS'T the kings child. Instead it was a kid born to a servant and the king was just pretending. Many people had witnessed the BIRTH of JAMES SON, about 60 people.

The TORIES and WHIGS cooperatate to make sure that there won't be a catholic succesion.

"Mary FIRST DAUGTHER OF JAMES, protestant" and her husband "WILLIAM III OF ORANGE" (he was dutch). They were sent for BY the TORIES and the WHIGS to recieve the crown of ENGLAND. William felt that England would be the allie of the dutch against france.

William landed in england with a small force. But as the ARMY moved along it gained more supporters and JAMES got the picture and choose to FLEE toward FRANCE.

"GLORIOUS REVOLUTION" of 1688 not a SINGLE LIFE IS lost and it results in a change in monarches.

A special convention is called and names William and MARY as CORULERS.

This leads to a new monoarchy and a new PARLIAMENT THAT PASSES A: "BILL OF RIGHTS"

These were traiditonal rights that were historical to the parliament. Freedom of Election in parliament and freedom of parliament to pass new acts and arbitrary. NEED DETAILS as 46 mins. RIGHTS that people had always considered to be theirs and they WANTED THEM TO BE PUT INTO LAW. These were TRAIDIOTNAL provisions that they felt the sturats had tried to remove. THE ONLY NEW PROVISION was the fact that IT PROHIBITIED a large standing army without the approval of parliament.

The trend was to a firm establishment of a parlimentary government.

TUDORS = Even balance monarch and parliment
STUARTS = SHIFT to power of the monarch.
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION: SHIFT TO POWER OF THE PARLIAMENT.

The king still felt that he mostly conducted the foreign policy of parliament didn't have any say in this.

In France the privledged will be EXCEPT from direct taxes but will HAVE NOT SAY on HOW THE MONEY IS SPENT. ALL THE CONTROL OF THE TAXES WILL BE PASSED TO THE MONOARCHY. 16.00 minutes, who GETS TO PAY TAXES.

-------SECOND HALF

The situation on the contient (esp in the case of France) religion is going to play an important factor. France had been divided among catholics and protestants. Catholics had more POWER.

Huguenots where the protestants in France. They were much like the PURITIANS and followed Calvin.

In France there were the "WARS OF RELIGION". Gather some information at the 3 minute point.

The country descends into anarchy. There are lots of murders.

In addition to the religious struggle, there was a struggle of the authority of role of the CENTRAL GOVERNMENT. This goes back in FRANCE to the MIDDLE AGES. Lots of times the REAL POWER was in the local government officals.

The FRENCH were able to centralize government again and make the KING REALLY A KING.

Many of the nobles are always trying to find ways to gather the powerback again. THEY FIND ONE WAY to do this is to bring religous issues into the mixture. Sometimes the noblemen become protestant just to find a way to shake up the central government.

Many of the townsmen and urban people are trying to get more freedom from the central government.

In many cases religion was just a way to upset the government.

Catholics also felt that they should support the catholic church because it made the government happy and this was good for them.

average 40 percent OF NOBELS were HUGUENOTS and 60 were catcholic.

huguenots had THEIR OWN ARMIES and were a real threat to central government.

The MAJORITY of the PEASENTS and the towns that they live is are mostly catholic.

The nobels that were truely huguenots, would just make all the peasents in their land that they controlled. they would just through everything out.

the huguenots were only 2 percent of the population. so they are only 40 percent of the 2 percent. small group, but they are the fighting class and they are powerful.

the huguenots are too powerful to be stamped out, but not strong enough to take over. you get 4 decades of was about this stuff.

there is a lot of bloodsheed by both sides.

some of the Massacures invovle 10s of thousands of people. the queen mother, was going to to marry daugther to a catholic. she invivted all the huguenots to paris for the wedding and have all the catholics murder them.

"HENRY OF NAVARRE - HENRY IV" - The protesant that the QUEEN mother had her daugther marry was

Details around 14 minutes about Henry IV. Henry IV was made king, but most didn't recongize him because he was not catholic in a majority catcholic contry.

Henry was a politique WHO FELT THAT TOO MUCH was being made of religous belief. they felt that too much was being made out of this. PARIS IS WORTH IS MASS. They planned on locking henry out of paris. HE SAID "PARIS IS WORTH A MASS", he didn't care enough about religion to make what ever needed to be done with his religion he will convert to what ever religion he needs to be.

He begins reuiniting france and returning the power of the central government.

"DUKE of SULLY" Chief advisor to Henry IV, helps to restore central authority and restore the country.

"EDICT OF NANTES" important step taken to restore the central power of the government. Adopted by the king to calm the huguenots. This grants the huguenots some religous liberties without total religous freedom. There is some religious liberty granted. Huguenots nobels are allowed to hold protesant religous servious in your home. Huguenots could also pratice their religon in most towns were they were the majority. NO PROTESANT services in paris or if a catholic bishop lived in that city.

HUGUENOTS had the same civli rights as catholics enjoyed.

HUGUENOTS were allowed to fortify towns were they were majority to defend these towns they could have their armies to command protestant armies to defend these towns. THIS IS UNPOPULAR, most contraversial part of the EDICT.

EDICT was not popular with catholics. They felt that he was trying to please his old religion. THIS WAS NOT ENFORCED BY POPULIST SENTIMENTS, but INSTEAD BY THE KING.

Henry was trying to reunite the country to end all the old annomisities.

There were nobles using religion to try and gain power, most were bribed into submission. given land or titles or something else to support the central govenrment. Many of the govenrment officals in the outlying areas that had not been paying attention the central government. HENRY ALLOWED these people to PASS ALONG THESE OFFICE through HERIDARY means to their sons and such. They are able to PAY a yearly fee to do this. This group of people become a second group of nobliity.

Henry 4th was able to reduce waste and corruption with Sully and this reduced taxation.

Because of all the wars all the infastructure was in very bad shape. Sully and Henry begain a program to improve roads and bridges and canals. Promoted business, farming and TRADE as well.

Before the wars. France was a rich coutry. The wars had destroyed this prosperiaty. Henry makes the country stable again.

In 1610 he was assisnated because of religous reasons again.

He didn't destroy the ablity of the nobels and the huguenots to revolt. He didn't remove the ablity for them to revolt in the future even though he had quieted them down.

"Louis 13th", is 9 years old and BECOMES KING WHEN HENERY DIES. He doesn't run the country.

The regient who acted in louis behalf is "MARIE DE MEDICI". The nobels begin to to and reassurt there power. The huguenots don't think that they are getting a fair shake so 34 minutes need details.

Marie decides to call a meeting of the "estates general" dates back to the middle ages, hadn't meet as frequently as parliament. Consisited of the three estates or classes that are in FRANCE. 3 classes, they would each have representatives . CLERGY has the HIGHEST LEVEL and they are FIRST ESTATE. The SECOND STATE WAS the nobelity. The THIRD ESTASTE was everyone else (commoners).

1614 is when the estates general was called IT DIDN"T ACCOMPLISH anything when it met. SO MARIE MEDICI just DISMISSES them in 1615. They are dismissed for 175 years. They WON"T meet again until the begining of the FRECH REVOLUTION.

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT was supposed to be conducted by THE KING ONLY. LOUIS 13th and 14th don't call the estates.

Louis 13th takes a personal role in the government around 1617. Becomes the king in fact and name. He was not a good administrator. He needed help with these government roles. He needed a "CHEIF ADMINISTRATOR". HE SELECTS a catholic cardinal "CARDINAL RICHELIEU". They work together to stregethen France and the power of the central government. RICHELIEU embarks on a foriegn policy. They do this without ignoring the domestic policy.

The FRECH government will always been looking for money because they are trying to dominant the continent and embarks on expensive wars to expand it's territory.

Class Notes 1/16/2008: Royal rise in france: 3 kings: h3 and Louis 13 and L...

2008-01-23T03:26:14.150Z

Class Notes 1/16/2008:

Royal rise in france:

3 kings: h3 and Louis 13 and Louis 14.

Louis 13 aided in his rise to power by Cardinal Richelieu and then Mazarin

Cardinal Mazarin assisted Louis 14.

check on some details at start.

Louis 13 and Cardinal Richelieu had an expansive foriegn policy.

The French army greatly expanded during this time, to a force of over 200k men.
Also a navy was developed at a great expense.

These costs for this expansion had to be born by the least wealthy, those who were members of the 3rd estaste.
Under the Louis 13, taxes more than doubled and France was still always in debt.

Up until the French revolution France was always in debt. The lower classes were burdened with these taxes. The Huguenot's tried to take an advantage of unrest.

Henry 4th tired to compromise. Instead when people rebelled under Louis 13, THERE was no comprise, they were captured and beheaded.

Richelieu wanted to establish a central govenrment. When the Huguenot's rebelled against Louis 13, he defeated them militarily and REMOVED some of their rights. Louis 13 took back some of the rights that they got in the "EDICT OF NANTES". The Huguenot's had to sign a new treaty the "PEACE of ALIAS", this amended the EDICT OF NANTES. Under the peace of alias, the MILITARY and TERRITORY rights where removed from the Huguenot's. They did still have the civil rights.

Richelieu died and then Louis 13 died shortly after. 1642 is the year they died.

Mazarin was a protege of Richelieu and WORKED WITH Louis 14. Mazarin brought Richelieu’s foriegn policy plan to completion.

This continued emphasis on foriegn policy meant that internal affairs (domestic issues) were ignored. PEOPLE BEGAN TO COMPLAIN.

A series of revolts known as "THE FRONDE" occurred in 1648-1653. The causes of these uprisings were because of ecomnic distress and that the noble class wanted to attempt to reassert their power. They were mostly caused by the heavy taxes. REILIGON WAS NOT A FACTOR in the uprisings.

The Huguenot's didn't want to cause anymore problems after the "peace of alais", so they didn’t take part in THE FRONDE.

SECOND DIFFERENCE with THE FRONE is that ROYAL officals PLAYED an IMPORTANT ROLE in the uprising. for many decades, positions in the local governemnt were BOUGHT. if you wanted to collect taxes ON SALT (which the government had monopoly on). the government would expect a certain amount of money and THEN THOSE WHO purchased the right would get to keep the excess. These tax COLLECTING RIGHTS MADE it seem like these people were almost like land owners. They were a second class of noble citizens.

The one UNITING ELEMENT WAS that Mazarin was A HATED FIGURE. He was a chief minister. The KING techincally was Louis 14, BUT was JUST 5 years old. The regient was ANNE OF AUSTRIA, who was Louis 14 mother. SHE left most of the running of the county to Mazarin.

Another important group for the FRONDE were those men who sat in the "Parlement" (french spelling of parliament). THEY WERE NOTHING LIKE THE ENGLISH version of the parliament. Instead, the Parliament are almost LIKE SUPREME courts for a particular DISTRICT in FRANCE. The most IMPORTANT was the PARLEMENT of paris. Those who sat were the nobility of office holders. They believed that the powers that Mazarin and the central government held should be theirs.

Nobody support the central government and Mazarin INCLUDING the army. He even feld the country several times. He returned because those groups against him weren't organzined.

TWO SIGNIFICANCANT consiquences of the FRONDE. PEOPLE become more willing to accept a CENTRAL GOVERNMENT. LOOK at 19 minutes.

When there isn't a weak central government, you have death and other problems. To avoid this you need to have a central government.

The second part of the FRONDE is that Louis 14 is insulted. He doesn't like the things that are happening. When he becomes old enough to become king, he says that he is going to DESTROY the ablility of anyone to challlege him.

Louis 14 was known as the "God given", they fact that he was born seemed to be a maricle. ANNE and Louis 13 didn't get along and share the same residence. when Louis 13 was out hunting away from paris. instead of going to paris, he went to another castle of his and ANNE just happened to be there.

from the time he was born they thought he was special and unique. he was BORN WITH A FULL SET OF TEETH.

seen as a very unique and great ruler. didn't seem to happen in the early years of his life.

early on he was happy to leave things in the hands of mazarin.

when Louis 14 got into his teens, they felt that he would assume some responsibilities and that he would start taking a role in some government.

Louis 14 was more interested in pursuing women instead of govern responsibilities. single female servants were in a seperate quarters. he crawls over a tile roof trying to see this gal and he almost falls from the roof. he is kind of the playboy type king. doesn't really want to prepare for king ship.

when mazarin dies in 1661, most people expected that Louis 14 would appoint another cheif minister after this guy died. INSTEAD Louis 14 chose to become HIS OWN CHIEF MINISTER. this was SHOCKING to most people. He would take upon all these duties. there are lots of ceremonies that you have to do. HE ALSO had to attend a bunch of counsils and other meetings as well.

what was shocking that in the 50 years that he was ruling with this long life, he spends every waking minute being KING AND CHIEF MINISTER. this was shocking because he hadn't displayed this attitude before.

Louis 14 wasn't a genius, but he chose his advisors well. and HE LEARNED A LOT FROM THEM. he listens to the expects and makes good decisions based upon their advice. he does this well in the first half of his reign.

he DOESN'T adjust his policies. he is fighting wars and winning, but doesn't understand that there needs to be a stopping point.

he FORMAL education isn't very good because he just dismissed his tutors or didn't pay attention to them.

BUT he then became very methodical and was determined that he was going to take on all these duties well.

Louis 14's desire of a system of order and obedience that caught his attention. he FELT that is was nessecary to DESTROY the indepenance of the nobels. he MADE it so that it was the KING and the KING ALONE that would hold all the power, make ALL THE laws and control the ARMED forces. ALL POWER IN his hands. SAID "I AM THE STATE".

the nobles were denied meaningful positions in government. he didn't want the nobels to have the chance to plan against him, so he brought the MOST POWERFUL nobles to ALWAYS LIVE AND BE AT COURT. The king has favors and money at his disposal. If you want your son to be an officer to be in the army, then the only way to get this is was to be close to the king at his COURT. if you didn't live near court then Louis 14 would just pretend that he didn't know him.

Louis 14 brough the nobels to court. there was social engagements that nobles were expected to attend. they were given titles and EVEN PENSIONS. he DIDN'T give them any power though.

brining the powerful nobles to court CUT them OFF from the lower nobles. Before the higher nobles would enourage the lower to take part in the uprising.

but Louis 14 MADE A CLASS DIVIDE between those at COURT and those who are NOT AT COURT.

"Versailles" is a castle that is built outside of paris. They live in almost LOWER than poverty level cubicles in there area. they would fight over these crummy places to live, because they felt this was were the power was at.

The royal officals had been a problem, but Louis 14 makes them superfluous. some of these positions had been out there in the proviences, but they didn't have ANY power. THE KINGS reps out in the provinces where the KINGS APPOINTED "INTENDANTS". both beuariances exsisted, but the only one that had power was the intendants.

if they asked the offical for the provience then it might get delayed IN COMMITTEES for years. the officals, couldn't get it for YEARS, but if they went to the intendants to get things DONE REALLY FAST. local officals could still be elected, but they COULD'T get anything done.

the KING kept strict control over the intendants during the time of Louis 14.

"BOSSUET", was the bishop who came up with this thought of the. bossuet, kept the idea that all power comes from GOD and those who use power are responsible to GOD AND GOD ALONE for the way they use that power. Louis 14 was the emobodiment of "royal absolutism", meant that all law and all force in a country monopolized by the LAWFUL king.

bossuet said that the power of the king was absolute and that the kings power was god's representive in the policital affairs of men.

bossuet said that the kings power was abousute but NOT one could dicact to him. BUT THE POWER WAS NOT ARBITRARY.

if you want to impose a new tax, then a new tax was made and it just became law. BUT THE POWER CANNOT BE ARBITRARY, you can't just SAY that it would be legal to murder your mother in law. GOD'S law says that it is not LEGAL to murder anyone.

basically this idea of bossuet's was that the king was a king of divine right. bossuet has a theorictal basis for this, but many people believe IT practically as well. people felt that the best way to have peace and ORDER was through the KING

===== post break

one thing that Louis 14 did was take control of the military. for a long time the armed forces were ran as a private enterprise. the officers all came from high nobel families. the high nobel would be called in and they would be given money to raise the army. when he recruited with this money and paid them then they were loyal to the officer and not the KING. even though there were inspections, the king could get away with fewer people because they would be notified before any inscpection. they would have 450 people and then pocket the differance of the money that would be left over

under Louis 14, he still appoints powerful nobily families persons as officers. but the PERSON below them would be a MUCH lesser noble that needed the job that would be loyal to the king. THE TROOPS are recuirted in the NAME of the KING and paid in the name of the king. Barracks were just starting to be built, they would just live in the barns and outbuildings of the people. it was the obligation of the populas. the KING STILL USED inscpectors, BUT DIDN"T WARN them anymore if there was inspection coming up anymore. OR you would pay the differance or lose your postition or be killed. They also started using uniforms during this time. UNDER Louis 14 the army expanded greatly to about 400K MEN. With this expansion of military YOU NEED a larger central governemt to support the army.

the army is greater threat agaisnt it's enemies and less a threat of the king.

Louis 14 wanted to awe the people and the WORLD. his best example of this was his palace of Versailles. It is awesome INSIDE, not so great outside, but awesome inside.

the palace was so large that it TOOK 35K people 30 years to complete the building.

Louis 14 was the SUN king, there was a LOT of GOLD all over the palace. there were all kinds of mirrors, mosiacs and paintings. there were also ponds that you could wonder about.

when the final price was in, he supposedly had all the records destroyed to hide how much for future generations would be hidden how much money he had spent.

there were all sorts of rituals. IT WAS IMPORTANT WHO HANDED HIM HIS BATH ROBE. they would fight over this.

when the king's meal was passing in the hallway, a man had to remove his HAT and a WOMEN had to bow. The food was going to become a PART OF THE KING so it was very important.

60 percent of tax reveues were spent there. court edicate was a life study. height of bad

everything that the king did had a ceremony. SOME were so minute that there were 8 of these when he rose in the morning.

the ceremonies fufilled the intent of Louis 14, because this did keep the nobles busy with minutia. they used to fight against the king, but now they fought against themselves for the rights to do this lame things.

this marked the ruin of the french nobility for the class of the nobels. they are also very busy so they don't have time to make trouble from the king. they look down upon the country nobility.

positions in government that held power were HELD by the middle class OR THE lower noblility. he would pick people that were not indepentetly weathly. NEVER CALLED THE ESTASTES GENERAL. destroyed the indepencance of the palarments. One of the rights of the palarments, was to register the kings decree. they would keep a record of the kings law. The palarment could in the past refuse to register a DECREE. "A BED OF JUSTICE" would allow the king to issue and edicat and the paralment that didn't want to be register. the KING WOULD CALL YOU in his presence. YOU WERE NOT ALLOWED TO SPEAK directly to the king. so he would call them in and then he was going to make a law. they couldn't respond so it was assumed it was law.

Louis 14 "CREATED COUSILS OF STATE" to deal with foriegn affairs OR own to deal with roads, or one that dealt that military Louis 14 was a MEMBER of ALL THE councils. even thouh he couldn't be to all of these, they had to ask like he was there. and they knew they couldn't make any choices without his presence anywhere.

in england local deicisons were made locally. in FRANCE local decisions were MADE CENTRALLY.

in order to support the army and the versailles, THEY NEEDED A LOT OF MONEY. They didn't always have a lot of money. Inefficent collection of taxes. Direct taxes were handled through many people. INDIRECT Taxes like a tax on SALT were purchased rights.

State didn't get a lot of money from what was collected. anything above that was collected wouldn't go to the government.

the main reason ffor the weekness of the economy. FRANCE could raise taxes withouth the consent of the NOBLES SO LONG AS HE DIDN"T take the nobles.

only those who paid taxes were the 3rd estate. they didn't have the ablitly to pay these direct taxes ALL THAT WELL. BUT INDIRECT ALL HAD TO PAY THEY ALL NEEDED SALT.

wasn't good for the government because it was unable to tax those who had money.

wasn't good for the noblilty because they didn't really have ANY CONTROL of how the tax money was spent. so this really wasn't all that great for them anyhow.

in france you don't have a common inserest of the nobles keeping the taxes lower for the 3rd estate people. they 3rd estate people didn't feel that they had a voice.

if he raised the amount of taxes there is a certain point that people feel that they wanted to EAT FOOD instead of paying taxes. because people didn't have any assests for the government to take. so they didn't have any more to take from them.

Louis 14 devauled the currency by shaving gold coins to make them worth less.

Louis 14 sold titles of nobility. government sold commisions in the military and noblity to people who had money.

ALL THIS STUFF DIDN"T DO MUCH TO BALANCE THE BUDGET.

Louis 14 wanted to make france economically powerful.

Fianace minitster "COLBERT" - "MERCANTILISM" Louis 14 was hoping that he would make france rich. MERCANTILISM holds that the wealth of the nation is determined by the AMOUNT OF GOLD AND SILVER HELD in that nation. The government does everything to ENCOURAGE EXPORTS and DISCOURAGE IMPORTS. Export ALOT, import a LITTLE.

if you export 5k hats, and you don't import anything in return. england would have to give you gold or silver in return.

EXPORT OF GRAIN WAS DISCOURAGED. this would cause a shortage with the lower class.

Make the country properous then you'll be able increase the amount that the government can take into the country.

This helps make the country richer, but Louis 14 can find a way to spend it.

Class Notes 1/23/2008: First test is on the 30th, objective true/false fill...

2008-01-28T13:51:27.317Z

Class Notes 1/23/2008:

First test is on the 30th, objective true/false fill in the blank worth 75 points.

Read the book and study your notes most 80 of the questions will come from class notes.

Short essays IDENTIFIY and GIVE THE SIGNIFANCE of 5 important people or terms. THESE are usually several paragraphs.

All the short essays will come from material from CLASS.

There are NO DATE type questions that will be ASKED! It might be a fill in part of a question, but no specific dates will be asked.

WILL INCLUDE SOME OF RUSSIA AND PETER THE GREAT.

Talking about l14 who spent lots of money for all his enterprises. He was spending so much money on Versiale and Wars that he didn’t have much money.

Colber and policy of Mercantilsm. Colbert was the finance mister for L14, they wanted to make the country wealthy so that the government would get more money, because there was more money in the country. THEY WANTED TO EXPORT as much as possible and import AS LITTLE as possible.

To make this work colbert abolished a lot of local tarrifs. There were remenants of old ways of doing stuff look at 7 minutes.

Consumers are the ones that really pay for taxes in the end because companies just pass this along.

It was difficult to remove all the tarrifs, because they were deeply seeded.

Tried to improve roads, bridges, canals. This is to reduce the cost of transportant of goods so that you can increase the turn around time making it easier to ship and less expensive. Again not enough money to spend on infasture.

Colbert wanted to produce quality goods. If the goods you produce are excellent, then people will pay more for them once their names are KNOWN. French hats BECOME popular because of their style etc.

Colbert also encouraged special industrias. Glassware, woolen goods, silks, etc. France becomes famous for these.

Colbert provides incentives to companies the government provides subsides and tax breaks to encourage new buisness.

Colbert expansion into MORE Colonies. Mercantilsm policy means that you have a trade monopoly with your colony. They PROVIDE raw materials, and then they are shipped back to mother country and processed and sent back to COLONIES to purchase. This is a closed system colonies can only purchase from mother country.

Colbert also wanted an expanded NAVY.

Exception of exporting WAS FOOD. Grain and bread was the staple of the lower class diet. If lowerclass doesn’t have food they won’t be happy.

In general with l14 and Colbert, trade and manufactories developed with a lot more government control than in england.

2 problems, l14 could spend faster than colbert could bring the money into the system. Also L14 had a religious intolerance towards the Huguenot's. This cost the country because huguenot's were invovled with trade and manufactories. The huguenot's fled the country because they were being percetued by l14. Some would flee to other countries, so the hat maker might move to england or something.

l14; one law, one faith, one king. this what the reign of l14 talked about.

l14 defends the catholic church. this becomes the faith of l14 and france. belivied that all his subjects should practice his religion and practice it the WAY HE DID.

when l14 was young he went through the motions of religion, his heart wasn’t in it.

when he was older he “got religion”.

l14 other religions were subverises. how dare the practice anything other than the king.

in FRANCE A MOVEMENT KNOWN AS JANSENISM. they claimed to be devout catholics, but many of their ideas were influnced by JOHN CALVIN. The JANSENISM believed in displined lives with strict morals rules. Some believed in predesitination.

l14 decieded that the jansenism were practicing a religion other than his OWN so made the pope condem them.

there were many convents, if there were jansenism in convents then THEY WERE DISPLACED and on convent was burnt to the ground.

L14 didn’t like the huguenot's. In his early years, they had a lot of freedom in any European country.

With henry the 4th they had gotten a lot of rights with Edict of Nantes. These were modified by the PEACE OF ALAIS.

Avioded partipating the FRONDE because they didn’t want to loose any more rights.

Totleration had been imposed by the king, not by the poeople. With L14 this changed. He considered that

The Jesuits battled against protestism. The Jesuits were also CONFESSIONS to the royals. L14 had one of these (NOTES HERE AT 25 mintues.). They took confessions and were spiratual leaders.

L14 gets influenced by Jesuits confessors and starts encourange huguenot's to convert.

one was was through money. if you go to the priest and then confess and then get bapatised then you might get some money. not many huguenot's converted this way.

most women had childern by mid wifes. mid-wifes were forced to baptised newborns as catholics. if you didn’t raise the kid as a catholic, you could be thrown in jail.
the offical began enforcing the EDICT OF NANTES VERY STRICTLY. the only lawful huguenot's churches and SCHOOLS were those that exsitied at the Edict of Nantes. ALL OTHER CHURCHs were burnt DOWN (those that had been built after).

This didn’t convert all of them, so they tried other measures.

most army troops were forced upon the population. when the troops where in the area, the locals had to put them in villages and barns, etc.

the officals of l14 would go into huguenot's areas and then THEY WOULD SEND undisaplined troops into the HOMES of huguenot's. The troops were allowed to do what they wanted in the homes of the huguenot's.

Many more people started converting and in 1685, there were so many huguenot's that had become catholic SO THEY DIDN’T need the EDICT OF NANTES anymore.

many huguenot's were successful businessmen that colbert had been encouraging. many of these businessmen emigrated OUT of the country HARMING THE economy.

This hurt l14 and france in the way that the WORLD felt the europe had gotten past this idea of persecuting religions. most european had choosen the live and let live, but keep the laws on the book. france began persecuting this religious minority and other european countries felt that this was silly.

in the first half of his regin, he had good generals and advisiors and he did well. l14 doesn’t know when to stop. this begins antagonizing all of Europe AND HE LOOSES most of the land that he gained.

l14 relized that he made a mistake. it cost too much and they didn’t have enough focus on the poor people at home.

l14 outlived his sons and grandsons. he lived a long time. WHEN HE DIED the throne passed to HIS GREAT GRANDSON.

l14 understood that he had made some mistakes. l14 had reigned for 72 years.

they made france powerful country, established the boudaries of modern france. they created the absoulte monorachy. but they didn’t make reforms to encourage the people to support this kingdom.

l14 was really hated by his people. the common people were happy when he was dead.

----------------------

talk about the scientific revolution. interested in knowing what the influence of science was OUTSIDE the relm of science.

when we talk about intellectual movements, it’s really about a small group of educated people that still shape the world and their countries.

The scientific views came into light in the 17th century (begining). things were starting to stire and it would make a scientific way of thinking possible.

some people were saying that it was not possible to defintely know ANYTHING.
this viewpoint was more human and open (don’t know what he means at 2 mins)

some people would over believe basied on superstition. there was no differance between alchemy and chemistry. many didn’t see a differance between astronomy and astrology. astrology was very prevelant, even though many were christans. many wouldn’t go into battle or make major discissions without consulting astrologer.

this was also the highet of people being put to death because they were thought to be witches. in some places there were witchcraft trials into later times.

which view was goiing to prevail HEAVY SCEPTISMISM (nothing can be believed) or supersistion everything could be bleieved.

BACON and DESCATES intrested in the problem of knowledge. how can human’s know anything with certainty? how can you know anything about nature with certainty. They both were doubters. BOTH BANISHED ALL previous historical beliefs from their ealier generations (they felt too many people believed on the acient world) the greek and romans made true was almost as true as the bible. ATHESISM was not tolerated and both men were still religious.

bacon and DESCARTES believed that you had to test this past thories. they missed something at 9 mintues.

bacon and his followers believed that you could come up with a mutli volume work that HAD ALL knowledge of man kind within them. put aside preconcived notions and PERSEVIE things by your senses. Taught that ALL KNOWLEDGE IS USEFUL. Bacon would say that if you see something that you want to study, you don’t have to need a reason to study something. you didn’t have to have a reason. someone in the future might be able to use this information later for their studies.

bacon said that if it interests you then you should undertake an investiagtion even if there isn’t a real utlitiatiron purose to it.

THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARING: the most famous work by bacon is this book. in this book bacon, encourages people to undertake studies that interest them. bacon and his supporters were overly optimist. brought forth the idea of progress. BACON didn’t understand the importance of MATHAMETICS. bacon didn’t appreciate math.

Descartes was known as a brilliant mathametian before he became known as a philiposher. Descartes most famous pholicpical work was known as DISCOURSE OF METHOD. he introduced the idea of the DOUBT EVERYTHING that could reasonably doubted. eliminate preconcived notions or past ideas.

by doing this, Descartes arrived at the conclusion, the only thing that he can’t doubt is that he is living breathing doubting being. “I THINK THERFORE I AM”. he builds his system up from this point.

through this systematic doubt, Descartes proved that God exsisted and that the world exsisted and these other basic things. Descartes arrived at DUALISM. God had created two realities. One was “THINKING SUBSTANCE” those things that only exsist in the mind. Emotion, joy greif. The other type was “EXTENDED SUBSTANCE” was anything that had a CONCRETE REALITY. anything that exsisted. except for the mind, everything had the quality that it occupied A PORTION of space.

things that had seemed to be the most real (emotions) now seemed to be unreal. anything in the EXTENDED SUBSTANCE now could be measured, and equiations could be created. math becomes the most powerful for human understanding.

men become optimistic. there are no limits to what they CAN LEARN about the universe.

these advances by Descartes made it possible to think of nature in quantative terms. miss something at 22 mintues.

one important thing was the role of the earth in the universe.

2nd century AD most European believed in Ptolemy. The earth was the center of the universe and that other bodies rotated around the stationary earth. The universe according to Ptolemy. There were 10 spheres and the last one was HEAVEN. they were made of a non earthly substance. beyond the 10th sphere there is NOTHING. the universe is finite and has a stationary earth at it’s center.

when you observed things, it didn’t coform to them. it didn’t look the same when you looked at the night sky from year to year.

they added spheres and got up to eighty, but it still did’t conform to what was seen in the sky.

the problem with the Ptolemy systems were studied by Copernicus ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY BODIES. this was written by Copernicus, published in the the 1650s after Copernicus died. he maintained that the Sun was the center of the solar system and that the earth was a planet that revolved around the sun.

Copernicus tried to prove his views through mathamatics. His system didn’t work out either. He assumed that the planets were circle movement and moved at a constant speed.

The theologians that were aware of Copernicus work rejected it. Including Martin Luther. Who was well educated that Joshua had told the Sun to stand still in the Bible, not the earth.

Mathameticians didn’t like that it didn’t work out properly when it came to the math of things, it wasn’t exact.

Copernicus contribuitions were added to by Kepler. Kepler believed in math and felt that simple math laws were the basis for ALL natural phonomoens. He demonstrated that planets moved elipically and they slowed down when they got closer to the sun. This removed the rejection of the sun centered universe from the mathametitics. His sun centered tables were more accurate than Ptolemy, who had been tossed out at this time.

Galileo, the quesion of what the heavenly bodies weren’t thought about having dimensions. the earth moon and sun had them but everything else was JUST A POINT OF LIGHT.

in 1609 Galileo built on a telescope and concluded that the heavenly bodies made up of the same stuff as the earth was. it became easier to think of the earth as another body.

many felt this was an attack on religion. Galileo was brought before the court of the inquisition. the church wanted to root out heirsy and you would recant or be put to death. he was brought before the court, he was old and he recanted. before the court of the inquisition and his work was placed on an INDEX of FORBIDDEN books. dangerous to the fate of catholics. Galileo nomonially recanted his views.

The person who brought all previous ideas to a cullmination was ISSAC NEWTON. Born in england, graduated from cambridge university. He played a role in the devoplement of calculs, the law of the composition of light, and he figured out about gravity. he did this all before he was 24 and had graduated 2 years from cambridge.

he combined the best features of his prodessors by deveopling the scientific method. you must subject your hyphotesis and subject it to experimentation. nature was simple and could be expalined by mathematics. math was developed along far enough. there was only algebra and gemotry and that is why he made calculas.

MATHMATHICAL PRINICIPALS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY demonstrated that rules of gravitation applied to the entire UNIVERSE. he made a system that produced a mechinatical universe that was displayed in mathematical terms.

newton was regarded as the greatest genious that ever lived.

newton’s ideas went beyond science and “MADE A SPITIRUAL” readjustment that man kind had to make.

people KNEW that the Ptolemy system was real. with newton’s disoveries, everything WAS IN DOUBT. man kind was no longer the CENTER of god’s creation. the earth is one planet in one solar system in a one universe. how does this all fit together.

up until the scientific revolution, there was always a way to bridge the gap. in the middle ages, if you conflicted with the church or the bible, THEN YOU READJUSTED your scientific findings.

After the scientific revolution everything is questions. Europe is also in a period of discovery. Finding other people and places and customs in the world. All these other people on the earth put into question the nature of soclial institiouons. harder to believe in the rightness in ones own ways.

in the late 17th century, then siamese (twain) then some of these people travel to paris france. french missionaries that had gone to siam (catholic) went siam and ASKED the king to have ALL his people converted to christanity. the king said that if GOD was all powerful then he could do it himself. he would allow them to preach but he was going to do it. people questioned what would happen to monks if they came to prech in france, they would be killed, which was the more advanced society.

Notes at 50 minutes. A HEALTHY thought about questioning ALL sorts of things at this time. GOVERNMENTs, three percent has advantages and ninety seven percent do all the work.

NEED MORE DETAILS FROM HERE ON OUT.

Class Notes 1/28/2008: Read the text and study the notes. Identifiy and giv...

2008-01-29T00:27:53.765Z

Class Notes 1/28/2008:

Read the text and study the notes. Identifiy and give the singificance of several people or institions. That could have SEVERAL paragraphs written about.

Louis 14 isn’t going to be a short essay because it can’t be given in one paragraphs. The in between stuff will be. Identifiy and GIVE the signinifance. Identify is writing the biography. Put in their influence, why is this treaty and class are important.

The test act that was covered in class was an attempt to exclude James from the sucession. But the king couldn’t be included in this. The declaration of indulgence was BY the king. This was intended. LOOK AT 5 minutes for this.

Tonight PART of what will be covered is going to be on the exam. The enlighment will be on the second exam.

Russia begins to play a signifiant role in WESTERN CIV.

Russian begins to play a ROLE because of PETER I “THE GREAT”. He is the pivital figure in russian history. Also one of the most colorful rulers in history. It was never thought that he would rule. HE WAS THE SON of CSAR Alexis. Alexis was marriage twice. Peter was the ONLY child of the second marriage. Alexis first wife had several children.

Peter had a great deal of freedom. Peter physically was very different from his siblings from Alexis first marriage. Most of his siblings had a physical or metal defect. Peter grew up to be a giant 6 feet 8. This was really a big person for this time. He was a strong healthy person.

Peter would play with soliders. They would build a fort with two armies. Half of his soliders would attact and half would defend. THEY WOULD USE REAL ARMOR.

Peter liked to do things with his hands and he WAS a strong individual.

Peter would go into Foreign section (or German section) of Moscow where he would meet all the outcasts of Eupore. Having Peter say that he was going to Moscow was saying like you were going to the moon. He would hang out at the bars because he was a heavy drinker.

Peter liked to talk about the West. Russia had been cut off from the west for a long time. He liked to hear the stories of Europe. Because Russia had been cut off from the West.

Peter wanted to start a Navy even though Russia didn’t have any WARM water ports. He thought he would just concuer places to get a navy ports.

Because Peter’s siblings

Peter was orginally supposed to be the CZAR or the ruler.

Peter had a brother Streltsy (a palace gaurds). In cooperation with Sophia and the Streltsy guards. Sophia was strong and healthy but she was a women so she couldn’t rule.

Peter got to see his uncles get tossed onto the spears of the Streltsy guards during this uprising of Sophia.

Peter was originally supposed to be installed by his mother.

Peter had an older brother who had epilepsey and had other health problems. His half brother was Ivan. He had problems with trying to rule.

For a time there were co-czar. They created a special throne for this reason. At Russia at the time (which had been dominated by the mongoles for a long time). You didn’t COME very CLOSE to the ruler. People didn’t reliaze that the two czar’s.

There were two chairs, that were seperated by a wooden wall. The czar had “a power behind the throne” who was sophia.

Peter didn’t have any interest in ruling the country. He thought that it would be fine to have his mother rule for awhile.

No Russia ruler HAD ever left the country. But Peter wanted to see the West. No other ruler had left the country while he was in power.
In Russia, the form of government was Autocracy. The ruler is the czar, emperor of the autocracy. In an autocracy it GOES BEYOND royal absolutism. They have the power of life and death. There is NO ONE who has power over the czar. He doesn’t have to seek or take any advice, so Peter was able to go ahead and just travel west.

Peter wanted to travel to the west to make contacts with foreign statemen. He wants to learn from the west especially in the area of SHIP building for the Navy he wants.

Peter is traveling inconeto. He thought that you should LEARN by doing. SO he worked in the ship builders in Amersterdam. Worked by common laborers. Worked in England as well be side common laborers.

Peter used his trip as a recuriting drive and shopping spree. He would hire engineers and experts and techniancs as he was going around. If he liked a particular bridge he would have an engineer that he brought back to Russia. He would also ship case loads of stuff back to Russia that he liked so that he could learn.

He talked to Royals and common people.

He learned from England that in dentistry. He would just see people yanking teeth. You wouldn’t complain about your teeth, Peter would just yank them out. Including dentistry could be learned by doing.

The idea of the emperor of all the russias, talking and working with commoners was unknown in the West. Also the West felt that they were barbaric. An english country home was provided to Peter and his follwers. They ended up knocking the place down because they did so much partying and trashing the place by throwing each other around and breaking through walls.

In 1698 while Peter was traveling through the West he got word that the Streltsy had once again revolted. By the time Peter got word that the Streltsy had rebelled his followers in Russia had already regained power. But Peter returned back to Russia. Peter was convinced the his half sister Sophia was behind this again. Peter returned to personally conduct an investiagation.

The way Peter investigated this was by torturing the Streltsy. They admitted (falsely that Sophia was behind everything). The Streltsy where destroyed by Peter. He hung hundreds of them, by building special gallows. He would MAYBE send some of them OUT to the farthest areas of Russia.

He put guard units back into place from his younger days. When Peter dies these guards once again choose the rulter.

Peter doesn’t have Sophia put to death. Sophia was fond of men. So he made Sophia a Nun for the rest of her life. HE ALSO had his wife (Peter) put in a convent and made a nun.

Peter had a son who was named Alexis. He hated everything that Peter stood for, he liked the old Russia not the new ways that Peter was brining into Russia.

Alexis was indirectly associated in a plot against his father. He knew of the plot, but he didn’t tell Peter about it. Alexis feld the country because he fled to the holy roman emporer.

Peter knew that he was being sheltered by the emporer. Peter said that he could come home because all was forgiven. Peter has him tortured and put in jail and then Alexis dies. He kills the heir to the throne. Indirectly responsible for the death of his son.

There were qualities that were not admiarable. Peter was at war with something or someone for almost all his reign. Peter’s objective was to break through the land barriers, he WANTED ACCESS to the sea. Had water to the north that was frozen over most of the year.

North would mean defeating sweden. Sweden was powerful at the time. It controlled land on the European contentient. This is his enemy.

The Turkish empire is the enemy in the South. He fought wars against both the Turks and the Swedes. He breifly wins against the South, but Turks take back a lot of what they ahd lost.

Peter is able to defeat the swedes and is able to gain access to the baltic sea. They now have a port to the sea. They were able to gain ports and Russia is able to replace Sweden as ONE of the great powers. From a military stand point he had good accomplishment. He is able to defeat poland and get access in the West as well.
Most well know for modernizing and westerning Russia. Peter’s pricipal interest was the military. In his attempts to build up the military he got into many other areas of reform. These were out growths of his military needs. He might go very far afield when he started exploring.

Example: War costs money. Peter always needed money. So he thought that he needed to reform taxes to get more money from the government. Put peter didn’t know how many taxes payers there were, so he choose to have a census. Sound progressive, but just wanted to support the army. Found while taking a census that there were still some slaves. Most Russians were Serfs (bound to the land). Ends slavery so that THEY have to pay TAXES. This is their privledge. In russia the serfts were much closer to slaves than in eurpose. In russia the serfs can be sold or given away they aren’t tied to the land as much as serfts in europe.

One of the things that peter did was enlarge the administration to make sure that he got all the tax money. When you increase the number of administrators, you have to improved the education system to fill his expanding burecracy.

many of the reforms were improvised. didn’t really have a long range plan. mostly tied to military needs, if the military need ends, then the reform is forgotten other reforms aren’t carried out because he doesn’t have the right people to make sure that they get implement. he starts out with a lot of plans, but he doesn’t always get them put into place.

peter had a strong conviction that every russian person should serve the state for his entire life. everyone FROM HIGHEST to LOWEST should pay taxes.

taxes increase a lot during peter’s reign. to increase his revenue, he setup a special committee to sit around and think up of new taxes.

had taxes on stamped paper - any legal document that had to be written on a offical paper with a government seal on it. tax on the sale of salt and on cucumbers. tax on oak coffins, bee keeping, tax on the wearing of beards.

peter wanted russians to look like westerns. most russian males had full beards. not so in the west. they had short beards. at court peter made his people look and dress like westerners. if you came in with a beard, peter would cut your beard. also a talior and would alter peoples long sleeves with wide sleeves.

sometimes to get the idea that peter only wages wars and collects taxes. peter wanted to change or transform russia into more modern state.

he didn’t want to change the power of the czar under peter. peter assumed that his word was law and it would be taken as soon by all the people.

he wanted to improve the effeciency of government. we peter came to the throne. there were 50 deparments of government that overlapped with some other departments. they didn’t want to get rid of any jobs or people. it was impossible to get anything done efficentanly.

peter created COLLEGES, in place of the 50 there would 12 COLLEGES or collectives. foriegn affiars, finance. collective foreign affairs. YOU WOULDN’T have a minister of forieng affairs - there people were ALL equals, you didn’t have one leader in these colleges.

peter tried to reform the provincal administration. this only really changed on paper, it didn’t change on the ground because he didn’t have the man power or the personal to make the changes in place. some new titles, but remained a government by one man.

peter made some impressive econimic changes. mostly this was done for the needs of war. peter felt that in wartime a country needed its own natural resources and manufacturing capablitlies.

russia didn’t have a small middle class. small noblity and most were serfs. in russia the government had to get directly invovled in manufacturing for this. peter used government money to expand mines, create new inventions. he hired technicans and sent young mean to the west to learn.

because there weren’t many that wanted to invest in these things, the government had to put its money into these companies to create and build these new endevors.

peter gave factory and mine owners the ablitlies to BUY serfs. the serfs hated working in these places instead of the land. the places were dangerous. the serfs would escape in most cases they were captured and then returned and put back to work. after being given some lashes.

peter felt that with all this manfacturing they would be able to have their own weapons and uniforms and stuff.

russia would remain behind western europe until the 19th and 20th century. before it really gets to be modern.

TABLE OF RANKS on of the changes brought about by peter the great. did establish schools to train bucreatates or technicans. peter hoped that the children that would attend these schools would be the children of the nobles. the NOBLES DID NOT send their children to these schools. to encourange and education he created a table of ranks to have everyone EARN their place in society. if you were commoner that was a son of a person at peter’s courty. if you entered into a job in the army or the navy. there were three parrellel tracks. one for navy and then the army and then the bueracracy. of you made it so far in the tables of ranks then you COULD BE A NOBLE FOR YOURSELF. if you went high enough then you got noble status for yourself, your family and your heirs. the was unique to russia.

peter had a number of books importante from the west. most were the tehnical areas, but there were some that were liturature. he had them translated into russian. he created the first newspaper. he was also resposible for the acadameny of sciences. peter was a part of every aspect of changes in russia. he wanted to turn russias eyes to the west.

with a small segment of society, mostly the nobels, they did change. especially those who went to the court of peter. he would micromange when it came to the court. when they visited peter at the court he made the nobels know table manners and edict.

women were not included in court life until alexis. some of the banquents and such hadn’t had women in the past. peter would give a practical exam to make sure that people would understand the proper rules of edicate. he made sure that there were times that you had to act in a modern western way.

everything in russia came into peters supervision.

SAINT PETERSBURG was peters most lasting change. Moscow was russia anchient capital. He called this capatial his WINDOW on the WEST. he built this in the baltic near where his navy was. it was built on a swamp that had to be filled in. thousands of people died while building this. he had western architects that also helped designed this.

there have always been problems with the fact that the city was built on the swamp. after the 1990s russia was bankrupt for quite a bit of the time. the only way that the master pieces could be reserved was having sump pumps going all the time. there was all this art that was going to be lost because the high humidity levels the place was built on a swap.

called the great because of his militiary successes. expanded his countries borders, west into poland, north into sweden. built a new capitial. had changed many internal titles BUT THE GOVERNMENT was still a Autocracy. the amount of land that was cultivated to have. because TAXES had been increased so much, more had to be farmed so the serfs to feed themselves. missed something that 7 minutes. russia did have a navy created. he created a large navy, created an expanded army. broken the domainance of sweden in the north and replaced it.

he tried everything. something at 8 minutes about a quote. he brought russia out of obsercurity and after peter neither russia or europe would ever be the same again.

peter created a problem because he killed his only SON. in the century after the death of peter’s son. there were problems about who would become the ruler. THE GUARDS REGIMENT, which were tied to the changes of peter felt that the succesor of peter should be the WIFE of PETER. CATHERINE.

CATHERINE I was one of the greatest successes OF ALL TIME. she was the mistress of one of peter’s generals. peter took a liking to her. they had children and then they later married. She only lasted a SHORT time. The begining of the period of instablitliy.

The AGE OF REASON OR THE ENLIGHTENTMENT:

The next ruler called CATHERINE 2nd, known as THE GREAT. She carries the work of peter to succesion. BUT SHE WILL BE AN ENLIGHTENED RULER.

The ideas of the scientific revolution. This will be seen as a time that ALL OLD ideas have been exploded. They will want to test all areas of life to see if they are still valid.

In the ELIGHTENMENT, something at 13 minutes. These will provide the foundations for the French Revolutions.

Only a small percentage of the population. Most illterate and most not educated. By the end of the 18 century were increasing.

The term on ENLIGHTENMENT was give to by the people of that time themselves. There is a sense of progress amoung educated people. THE WRITERS of the time were popularizers. THEY WERE righting towards the new literte public.

Confident in reason and in science. There was a belief in progress. Becomes a non religous faith. The thought that AS TIME GOES ON, LIFE WILL imprtove. this is a new concept.

also another important part of the ENLIGHMENT age was the FAITH IN THE POWER OF THE HUMAN MIND. pure skeptism was overcome, they are less supersitious. many educated cease to fear the devil OR fear god. many choose not to believe in organized religion. many don’t believe in a divine being or god anymore.

PHILOPOHES: through the efforts of these men, these ideas were spread. they were popularizers and publicits. they were men and some women who wanted to fill the need of a growning literate public. many people wanted to know the advances in science. they wanted to know the general IDEAS not all the details.

the class that was most noted for their curisoutiy was the sons and daughters of the business class. THIS IS REALLY TRUE in FRANCE and more particlarly in PARIS. you have a thoughtful reading public.

there was a VERY strict cencorship. there was a complicated cencorship process. PRE AND POST cencorship. cenors might look at this before hand and stop it from being printed or WITHDRAWL it after being printed. you had censors in the CHURCH, Governments and the COURTS.

they would include humor or some other type of subterfuge to get past the censors. as a young man voltaire had been in JAIL so he wrote carefully to avoid the censors. he was more careful after being out of jail. he doesn’t care about the story, his message has to do with ideas. if you were a french writer you had to write things very carefully. filled with double meanings innedues and jokes. he could deny that he had any political messages.

PARIS was at the heart of the enlightment movement. the most ambioutos part of the PHILOPOHES was undertake ENCYCLOPEDIE. this was a work or project that was EDITIED BY DIDEROT.

This would have 17 large volumes that would have have scientific, technical and histroical knowledge. IT did have a criticsm of exsisting society and exsiting institiutions.

PHILOPOHES:
Major Contributiors including:
MONTESQUIEU
VOLTAIRE
ROUSSEAU

sometimes the encyclopedie is threatened to be shut down.