Class Notes 1/14/2008: Charles II was brought back without anything being fo...

http://www.google.com/notebook/feeds/14441201931550174924/notebooks/BDRouSgoQwrnDuvUi/NDQsySgoQlIW7pfoi2008-01-23T03:26:32.084Z2008-03-29T16:52:01.017ZClass Notes 1/14/2008: Charles II was brought back without anything being fo...Class Notes 1/14/2008: Charles II was brought back without anything being forced UPON HIM. Charles the II did issue the "Declaration of Breda" he did this without being forced. Allowed pariament to determine countries religiout and with the royalist lands. (what is this at about 3 minutes). If he chooses that all the people get the royalists lands back to them. King said that he would punish anyone for acts during the civil war. He chooses to "pass the buck" on the tough issues. Passes the issues onto parliment. Doesn't GIVEN PERMINENT ISSUES to parliment, just one time issues to pass the buck. King promises to pay the army and then disband the large army after they have been paid. This is because the army tended to be very purtain, to help remove them as a threat to the king. These promises in Breda were really well recieved. They don't increase/decrease parliment or the king. The king estendially had the same POWERs that his father had. Charles II needed to reliaze that there were limits to HOW far people could be pushed. Charles II benifited from the excesses of the Cromwell reign, so people were willing to go along with most of what Charles wanted. The Anglican church became more STRONGLY aligned with the KING. The upper class in England was strongly royalist, because they feared a return to the REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT. When elections were held for parliament seat, those that get elected are supporters of the king. They wanted to return to the system that the TUDORS had of cooperation between king and government. They GAVE THE KING ENOUGH TAX money to fund the king's government for the rest of his reign. They are giving up the power of the purse. Charles II removed a lot of the OLD TAXES and required gifts that had been required by his father and grandfather. Legally speaking everything was supposed to be the same as it was BEFORE Cromwell. The privledge classes wanted the system to work, because they didn't want a revolution that would in any why be reprsentative that would be like a republic. Generally speaking in his early years Charles IInd seemed like a good one to restore the monarch. He wasn't has head strong or tackless as his predecessors. Parliment was in the hands of the aristoriacy, either by the Lords or the Landowners. The priviledges CLASSES HAD AGREED TO TAX THEMSELVES (IMPORTANT). They paid taxes, but THEY EXPECTED A VOICE THROUGH PARIALMENT on HOW THEIR MONEY IS GOING TO BE SPENT. The honeymoon of parliament and the king didn't last very long. The ISSUE was religion. There was a trend amoung the upper classes to return to the catholic religion. The protestant churches didn't like this tendancy. Any parliment issues against catholics or popery were widely supported. They feared catcholics more than the purtians. The KING HOWEVER DOES WANT TO BE CATHOLIC, he is personally tied to it. Louis 14 was ADMIRED by charles II. "TREATY OF DOVER" is a secret treaty between louis 14 and charles II. louis the 14th was supposed to supplement charles II to provide for a war between france and england against the dutch. This was so charles the IInd wouldn't have to ask parliament for money. TREATY also said that Charles IInd and his brother JAMES (also the heir). They would both OPENLY acknowledge that they had become CATCHOLIC. Charles IInd didn't do this until he was on his deathbed. JAMES basically immediately openly acknowledges that he is a ROMAN CATHOLIC. "TEST ACT" passed by parliament in 1673, required that anyone who held a government office or army position would need to be a member of the anglican church. Directed mostly toward James, this act meant that JAMES had to resign. THEY WANTED TO EXCLUDE JAMES from suceeding to the throne. Charles wouldn't allow this. Those who supported the KING on this issue were known as "TORIES", include james as next heir. Those WHO WANTED TO EXCLUDE James from the throne were known as the "WHIGS". Not that the TORIES supported catholism, but they felt that they shouldn't interfer with the RULES of SUCESSION. When it looked like the WHIGS would get enough support to exclude james, CHARLES DISMISSED the parliment. check some facts at 29 minutes. Charles dies in 1685, deathbed conversion to catholism. JAMES II Was more confrentational and wanted to restore the CATHOLIC church. James was also KING OF SCOTLAND. 1685 there was a scottish rebellion. He defeated the scots. The tradition was to disband the english army after fights. INSTEAD JAMES KEPT this standing ARMY as a larger force. He stationed them NEAR london to threaten PARLIAMENT. Parliament protested the stationing of this ARMY and refused to REPEAL the "TEST ACT". James dismissed parliament and wouldn't call new elections. James appointed people to posts that were CATCHOLIC that failed the test act. 1687 JAMES granted the "DECLARATION OF INDULGENCE" which gave religous FREEDOM to Catholics and to the PURITIANS. If a special law like this was passed then, it was supposed to be READ IN ALL CHURCHES to get the word at. 7 BISHOPES REFUSED to allow this to be read. They were arrested and force to be put on trial. The Anglican church had been a great supporter of the monoarchy, when the king supported the church. MOST PEOPLE FELT THAT they could OUTWAIT the king. The king WAS older. 2 Protestant daugthers. When he dies his older daughter MARY whose is a protestant will suceed and there will be nothing to worry about. After several years of NOT HAVING any children JAMES' second wife a CATHOLIC gives birth to a CATOLIC SON who was baptism as a catholic. Not even the tories wanted to see a perminant catholic dynasty. They just wouldn't accept this type of a ruling. The TORIES don't like to mess with the succession. SO THEY PUT OUT A STORY THAT THE CHILD WAS'T the kings child. Instead it was a kid born to a servant and the king was just pretending. Many people had witnessed the BIRTH of JAMES SON, about 60 people. The TORIES and WHIGS cooperatate to make sure that there won't be a catholic succesion. "Mary FIRST DAUGTHER OF JAMES, protestant" and her husband "WILLIAM III OF ORANGE" (he was dutch). They were sent for BY the TORIES and the WHIGS to recieve the crown of ENGLAND. William felt that England would be the allie of the dutch against france. William landed in england with a small force. But as the ARMY moved along it gained more supporters and JAMES got the picture and choose to FLEE toward FRANCE. "GLORIOUS REVOLUTION" of 1688 not a SINGLE LIFE IS lost and it results in a change in monarches. A special convention is called and names William and MARY as CORULERS. This leads to a new monoarchy and a new PARLIAMENT THAT PASSES A: "BILL OF RIGHTS" These were traiditonal rights that were historical to the parliament. Freedom of Election in parliament and freedom of parliament to pass new acts and arbitrary. NEED DETAILS as 46 mins. RIGHTS that people had always considered to be theirs and they WANTED THEM TO BE PUT INTO LAW. These were TRAIDIOTNAL provisions that they felt the sturats had tried to remove. THE ONLY NEW PROVISION was the fact that IT PROHIBITIED a large standing army without the approval of parliament. The trend was to a firm establishment of a parlimentary government. TUDORS = Even balance monarch and parliment STUARTS = SHIFT to power of the monarch. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION: SHIFT TO POWER OF THE PARLIAMENT. The king still felt that he mostly conducted the foreign policy of parliament didn't have any say in this. In France the privledged will be EXCEPT from direct taxes but will HAVE NOT SAY on HOW THE MONEY IS SPENT. ALL THE CONTROL OF THE TAXES WILL BE PASSED TO THE MONOARCHY. 16.00 minutes, who GETS TO PAY TAXES. -------SECOND HALF The situation on the contient (esp in the case of France) religion is going to play an important factor. France had been divided among catholics and protestants. Catholics had more POWER. Huguenots where the protestants in France. They were much like the PURITIANS and followed Calvin. In France there were the "WARS OF RELIGION". Gather some information at the 3 minute point. The country descends into anarchy. There are lots of murders. In addition to the religious struggle, there was a struggle of the authority of role of the CENTRAL GOVERNMENT. This goes back in FRANCE to the MIDDLE AGES. Lots of times the REAL POWER was in the local government officals. The FRENCH were able to centralize government again and make the KING REALLY A KING. Many of the nobles are always trying to find ways to gather the powerback again. THEY FIND ONE WAY to do this is to bring religous issues into the mixture. Sometimes the noblemen become protestant just to find a way to shake up the central government. Many of the townsmen and urban people are trying to get more freedom from the central government. In many cases religion was just a way to upset the government. Catholics also felt that they should support the catholic church because it made the government happy and this was good for them. average 40 percent OF NOBELS were HUGUENOTS and 60 were catcholic. huguenots had THEIR OWN ARMIES and were a real threat to central government. The MAJORITY of the PEASENTS and the towns that they live is are mostly catholic. The nobels that were truely huguenots, would just make all the peasents in their land that they controlled. they would just through everything out. the huguenots were only 2 percent of the population. so they are only 40 percent of the 2 percent. small group, but they are the fighting class and they are powerful. the huguenots are too powerful to be stamped out, but not strong enough to take over. you get 4 decades of was about this stuff. there is a lot of bloodsheed by both sides. some of the Massacures invovle 10s of thousands of people. the queen mother, was going to to marry daugther to a catholic. she invivted all the huguenots to paris for the wedding and have all the catholics murder them. "HENRY OF NAVARRE - HENRY IV" - The protesant that the QUEEN mother had her daugther marry was Details around 14 minutes about Henry IV. Henry IV was made king, but most didn't recongize him because he was not catholic in a majority catcholic contry. Henry was a politique WHO FELT THAT TOO MUCH was being made of religous belief. they felt that too much was being made out of this. PARIS IS WORTH IS MASS. They planned on locking henry out of paris. HE SAID "PARIS IS WORTH A MASS", he didn't care enough about religion to make what ever needed to be done with his religion he will convert to what ever religion he needs to be. He begins reuiniting france and returning the power of the central government. "DUKE of SULLY" Chief advisor to Henry IV, helps to restore central authority and restore the country. "EDICT OF NANTES" important step taken to restore the central power of the government. Adopted by the king to calm the huguenots. This grants the huguenots some religous liberties without total religous freedom. There is some religious liberty granted. Huguenots nobels are allowed to hold protesant religous servious in your home. Huguenots could also pratice their religon in most towns were they were the majority. NO PROTESANT services in paris or if a catholic bishop lived in that city. HUGUENOTS had the same civli rights as catholics enjoyed. HUGUENOTS were allowed to fortify towns were they were majority to defend these towns they could have their armies to command protestant armies to defend these towns. THIS IS UNPOPULAR, most contraversial part of the EDICT. EDICT was not popular with catholics. They felt that he was trying to please his old religion. THIS WAS NOT ENFORCED BY POPULIST SENTIMENTS, but INSTEAD BY THE KING. Henry was trying to reunite the country to end all the old annomisities. There were nobles using religion to try and gain power, most were bribed into submission. given land or titles or something else to support the central govenrment. Many of the govenrment officals in the outlying areas that had not been paying attention the central government. HENRY ALLOWED these people to PASS ALONG THESE OFFICE through HERIDARY means to their sons and such. They are able to PAY a yearly fee to do this. This group of people become a second group of nobliity. Henry 4th was able to reduce waste and corruption with Sully and this reduced taxation. Because of all the wars all the infastructure was in very bad shape. Sully and Henry begain a program to improve roads and bridges and canals. Promoted business, farming and TRADE as well. Before the wars. France was a rich coutry. The wars had destroyed this prosperiaty. Henry makes the country stable again. In 1610 he was assisnated because of religous reasons again. He didn't destroy the ablity of the nobels and the huguenots to revolt. He didn't remove the ablity for them to revolt in the future even though he had quieted them down. "Louis 13th", is 9 years old and BECOMES KING WHEN HENERY DIES. He doesn't run the country. The regient who acted in louis behalf is "MARIE DE MEDICI". The nobels begin to to and reassurt there power. The huguenots don't think that they are getting a fair shake so 34 minutes need details. Marie decides to call a meeting of the "estates general" dates back to the middle ages, hadn't meet as frequently as parliament. Consisited of the three estates or classes that are in FRANCE. 3 classes, they would each have representatives . CLERGY has the HIGHEST LEVEL and they are FIRST ESTATE. The SECOND STATE WAS the nobelity. The THIRD ESTASTE was everyone else (commoners). 1614 is when the estates general was called IT DIDN"T ACCOMPLISH anything when it met. SO MARIE MEDICI just DISMISSES them in 1615. They are dismissed for 175 years. They WON"T meet again until the begining of the FRECH REVOLUTION. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT was supposed to be conducted by THE KING ONLY. LOUIS 13th and 14th don't call the estates. Louis 13th takes a personal role in the government around 1617. Becomes the king in fact and name. He was not a good administrator. He needed help with these government roles. He needed a "CHEIF ADMINISTRATOR". HE SELECTS a catholic cardinal "CARDINAL RICHELIEU". They work together to stregethen France and the power of the central government. RICHELIEU embarks on a foriegn policy. They do this without ignoring the domestic policy. The FRECH government will always been looking for money because they are trying to dominant the continent and embarks on expensive wars to expand it's territory. Wes