Class Notes 1/16/2008: Royal rise in france: 3 kings: h3 and Louis 13 and L...

http://www.google.com/notebook/feeds/14441201931550174924/notebooks/BDRouSgoQwrnDuvUi/NDRUqSwoQhvm5pfoi2008-01-23T03:26:14.150Z2008-03-29T16:51:54.109ZClass Notes 1/16/2008: Royal rise in france: 3 kings: h3 and Louis 13 and L...Class Notes 1/16/2008: Royal rise in france: 3 kings: h3 and Louis 13 and Louis 14. Louis 13 aided in his rise to power by Cardinal Richelieu and then Mazarin Cardinal Mazarin assisted Louis 14. check on some details at start. Louis 13 and Cardinal Richelieu had an expansive foriegn policy. The French army greatly expanded during this time, to a force of over 200k men. Also a navy was developed at a great expense. These costs for this expansion had to be born by the least wealthy, those who were members of the 3rd estaste. Under the Louis 13, taxes more than doubled and France was still always in debt. Up until the French revolution France was always in debt. The lower classes were burdened with these taxes. The Huguenot's tried to take an advantage of unrest. Henry 4th tired to compromise. Instead when people rebelled under Louis 13, THERE was no comprise, they were captured and beheaded. Richelieu wanted to establish a central govenrment. When the Huguenot's rebelled against Louis 13, he defeated them militarily and REMOVED some of their rights. Louis 13 took back some of the rights that they got in the "EDICT OF NANTES". The Huguenot's had to sign a new treaty the "PEACE of ALIAS", this amended the EDICT OF NANTES. Under the peace of alias, the MILITARY and TERRITORY rights where removed from the Huguenot's. They did still have the civil rights. Richelieu died and then Louis 13 died shortly after. 1642 is the year they died. Mazarin was a protege of Richelieu and WORKED WITH Louis 14. Mazarin brought Richelieu’s foriegn policy plan to completion. This continued emphasis on foriegn policy meant that internal affairs (domestic issues) were ignored. PEOPLE BEGAN TO COMPLAIN. A series of revolts known as "THE FRONDE" occurred in 1648-1653. The causes of these uprisings were because of ecomnic distress and that the noble class wanted to attempt to reassert their power. They were mostly caused by the heavy taxes. REILIGON WAS NOT A FACTOR in the uprisings. The Huguenot's didn't want to cause anymore problems after the "peace of alais", so they didn’t take part in THE FRONDE. SECOND DIFFERENCE with THE FRONE is that ROYAL officals PLAYED an IMPORTANT ROLE in the uprising. for many decades, positions in the local governemnt were BOUGHT. if you wanted to collect taxes ON SALT (which the government had monopoly on). the government would expect a certain amount of money and THEN THOSE WHO purchased the right would get to keep the excess. These tax COLLECTING RIGHTS MADE it seem like these people were almost like land owners. They were a second class of noble citizens. The one UNITING ELEMENT WAS that Mazarin was A HATED FIGURE. He was a chief minister. The KING techincally was Louis 14, BUT was JUST 5 years old. The regient was ANNE OF AUSTRIA, who was Louis 14 mother. SHE left most of the running of the county to Mazarin. Another important group for the FRONDE were those men who sat in the "Parlement" (french spelling of parliament). THEY WERE NOTHING LIKE THE ENGLISH version of the parliament. Instead, the Parliament are almost LIKE SUPREME courts for a particular DISTRICT in FRANCE. The most IMPORTANT was the PARLEMENT of paris. Those who sat were the nobility of office holders. They believed that the powers that Mazarin and the central government held should be theirs. Nobody support the central government and Mazarin INCLUDING the army. He even feld the country several times. He returned because those groups against him weren't organzined. TWO SIGNIFICANCANT consiquences of the FRONDE. PEOPLE become more willing to accept a CENTRAL GOVERNMENT. LOOK at 19 minutes. When there isn't a weak central government, you have death and other problems. To avoid this you need to have a central government. The second part of the FRONDE is that Louis 14 is insulted. He doesn't like the things that are happening. When he becomes old enough to become king, he says that he is going to DESTROY the ablility of anyone to challlege him. Louis 14 was known as the "God given", they fact that he was born seemed to be a maricle. ANNE and Louis 13 didn't get along and share the same residence. when Louis 13 was out hunting away from paris. instead of going to paris, he went to another castle of his and ANNE just happened to be there. from the time he was born they thought he was special and unique. he was BORN WITH A FULL SET OF TEETH. seen as a very unique and great ruler. didn't seem to happen in the early years of his life. early on he was happy to leave things in the hands of mazarin. when Louis 14 got into his teens, they felt that he would assume some responsibilities and that he would start taking a role in some government. Louis 14 was more interested in pursuing women instead of govern responsibilities. single female servants were in a seperate quarters. he crawls over a tile roof trying to see this gal and he almost falls from the roof. he is kind of the playboy type king. doesn't really want to prepare for king ship. when mazarin dies in 1661, most people expected that Louis 14 would appoint another cheif minister after this guy died. INSTEAD Louis 14 chose to become HIS OWN CHIEF MINISTER. this was SHOCKING to most people. He would take upon all these duties. there are lots of ceremonies that you have to do. HE ALSO had to attend a bunch of counsils and other meetings as well. what was shocking that in the 50 years that he was ruling with this long life, he spends every waking minute being KING AND CHIEF MINISTER. this was shocking because he hadn't displayed this attitude before. Louis 14 wasn't a genius, but he chose his advisors well. and HE LEARNED A LOT FROM THEM. he listens to the expects and makes good decisions based upon their advice. he does this well in the first half of his reign. he DOESN'T adjust his policies. he is fighting wars and winning, but doesn't understand that there needs to be a stopping point. he FORMAL education isn't very good because he just dismissed his tutors or didn't pay attention to them. BUT he then became very methodical and was determined that he was going to take on all these duties well. Louis 14's desire of a system of order and obedience that caught his attention. he FELT that is was nessecary to DESTROY the indepenance of the nobels. he MADE it so that it was the KING and the KING ALONE that would hold all the power, make ALL THE laws and control the ARMED forces. ALL POWER IN his hands. SAID "I AM THE STATE". the nobles were denied meaningful positions in government. he didn't want the nobels to have the chance to plan against him, so he brought the MOST POWERFUL nobles to ALWAYS LIVE AND BE AT COURT. The king has favors and money at his disposal. If you want your son to be an officer to be in the army, then the only way to get this is was to be close to the king at his COURT. if you didn't live near court then Louis 14 would just pretend that he didn't know him. Louis 14 brough the nobels to court. there was social engagements that nobles were expected to attend. they were given titles and EVEN PENSIONS. he DIDN'T give them any power though. brining the powerful nobles to court CUT them OFF from the lower nobles. Before the higher nobles would enourage the lower to take part in the uprising. but Louis 14 MADE A CLASS DIVIDE between those at COURT and those who are NOT AT COURT. "Versailles" is a castle that is built outside of paris. They live in almost LOWER than poverty level cubicles in there area. they would fight over these crummy places to live, because they felt this was were the power was at. The royal officals had been a problem, but Louis 14 makes them superfluous. some of these positions had been out there in the proviences, but they didn't have ANY power. THE KINGS reps out in the provinces where the KINGS APPOINTED "INTENDANTS". both beuariances exsisted, but the only one that had power was the intendants. if they asked the offical for the provience then it might get delayed IN COMMITTEES for years. the officals, couldn't get it for YEARS, but if they went to the intendants to get things DONE REALLY FAST. local officals could still be elected, but they COULD'T get anything done. the KING kept strict control over the intendants during the time of Louis 14. "BOSSUET", was the bishop who came up with this thought of the. bossuet, kept the idea that all power comes from GOD and those who use power are responsible to GOD AND GOD ALONE for the way they use that power. Louis 14 was the emobodiment of "royal absolutism", meant that all law and all force in a country monopolized by the LAWFUL king. bossuet said that the power of the king was absolute and that the kings power was god's representive in the policital affairs of men. bossuet said that the kings power was abousute but NOT one could dicact to him. BUT THE POWER WAS NOT ARBITRARY. if you want to impose a new tax, then a new tax was made and it just became law. BUT THE POWER CANNOT BE ARBITRARY, you can't just SAY that it would be legal to murder your mother in law. GOD'S law says that it is not LEGAL to murder anyone. basically this idea of bossuet's was that the king was a king of divine right. bossuet has a theorictal basis for this, but many people believe IT practically as well. people felt that the best way to have peace and ORDER was through the KING ===== post break one thing that Louis 14 did was take control of the military. for a long time the armed forces were ran as a private enterprise. the officers all came from high nobel families. the high nobel would be called in and they would be given money to raise the army. when he recruited with this money and paid them then they were loyal to the officer and not the KING. even though there were inspections, the king could get away with fewer people because they would be notified before any inscpection. they would have 450 people and then pocket the differance of the money that would be left over under Louis 14, he still appoints powerful nobily families persons as officers. but the PERSON below them would be a MUCH lesser noble that needed the job that would be loyal to the king. THE TROOPS are recuirted in the NAME of the KING and paid in the name of the king. Barracks were just starting to be built, they would just live in the barns and outbuildings of the people. it was the obligation of the populas. the KING STILL USED inscpectors, BUT DIDN"T WARN them anymore if there was inspection coming up anymore. OR you would pay the differance or lose your postition or be killed. They also started using uniforms during this time. UNDER Louis 14 the army expanded greatly to about 400K MEN. With this expansion of military YOU NEED a larger central governemt to support the army. the army is greater threat agaisnt it's enemies and less a threat of the king. Louis 14 wanted to awe the people and the WORLD. his best example of this was his palace of Versailles. It is awesome INSIDE, not so great outside, but awesome inside. the palace was so large that it TOOK 35K people 30 years to complete the building. Louis 14 was the SUN king, there was a LOT of GOLD all over the palace. there were all kinds of mirrors, mosiacs and paintings. there were also ponds that you could wonder about. when the final price was in, he supposedly had all the records destroyed to hide how much for future generations would be hidden how much money he had spent. there were all sorts of rituals. IT WAS IMPORTANT WHO HANDED HIM HIS BATH ROBE. they would fight over this. when the king's meal was passing in the hallway, a man had to remove his HAT and a WOMEN had to bow. The food was going to become a PART OF THE KING so it was very important. 60 percent of tax reveues were spent there. court edicate was a life study. height of bad everything that the king did had a ceremony. SOME were so minute that there were 8 of these when he rose in the morning. the ceremonies fufilled the intent of Louis 14, because this did keep the nobles busy with minutia. they used to fight against the king, but now they fought against themselves for the rights to do this lame things. this marked the ruin of the french nobility for the class of the nobels. they are also very busy so they don't have time to make trouble from the king. they look down upon the country nobility. positions in government that held power were HELD by the middle class OR THE lower noblility. he would pick people that were not indepentetly weathly. NEVER CALLED THE ESTASTES GENERAL. destroyed the indepencance of the palarments. One of the rights of the palarments, was to register the kings decree. they would keep a record of the kings law. The palarment could in the past refuse to register a DECREE. "A BED OF JUSTICE" would allow the king to issue and edicat and the paralment that didn't want to be register. the KING WOULD CALL YOU in his presence. YOU WERE NOT ALLOWED TO SPEAK directly to the king. so he would call them in and then he was going to make a law. they couldn't respond so it was assumed it was law. Louis 14 "CREATED COUSILS OF STATE" to deal with foriegn affairs OR own to deal with roads, or one that dealt that military Louis 14 was a MEMBER of ALL THE councils. even thouh he couldn't be to all of these, they had to ask like he was there. and they knew they couldn't make any choices without his presence anywhere. in england local deicisons were made locally. in FRANCE local decisions were MADE CENTRALLY. in order to support the army and the versailles, THEY NEEDED A LOT OF MONEY. They didn't always have a lot of money. Inefficent collection of taxes. Direct taxes were handled through many people. INDIRECT Taxes like a tax on SALT were purchased rights. State didn't get a lot of money from what was collected. anything above that was collected wouldn't go to the government. the main reason ffor the weekness of the economy. FRANCE could raise taxes withouth the consent of the NOBLES SO LONG AS HE DIDN"T take the nobles. only those who paid taxes were the 3rd estate. they didn't have the ablitly to pay these direct taxes ALL THAT WELL. BUT INDIRECT ALL HAD TO PAY THEY ALL NEEDED SALT. wasn't good for the government because it was unable to tax those who had money. wasn't good for the noblilty because they didn't really have ANY CONTROL of how the tax money was spent. so this really wasn't all that great for them anyhow. in france you don't have a common inserest of the nobles keeping the taxes lower for the 3rd estate people. they 3rd estate people didn't feel that they had a voice. if he raised the amount of taxes there is a certain point that people feel that they wanted to EAT FOOD instead of paying taxes. because people didn't have any assests for the government to take. so they didn't have any more to take from them. Louis 14 devauled the currency by shaving gold coins to make them worth less. Louis 14 sold titles of nobility. government sold commisions in the military and noblity to people who had money. ALL THIS STUFF DIDN"T DO MUCH TO BALANCE THE BUDGET. Louis 14 wanted to make france economically powerful. Fianace minitster "COLBERT" - "MERCANTILISM" Louis 14 was hoping that he would make france rich. MERCANTILISM holds that the wealth of the nation is determined by the AMOUNT OF GOLD AND SILVER HELD in that nation. The government does everything to ENCOURAGE EXPORTS and DISCOURAGE IMPORTS. Export ALOT, import a LITTLE. if you export 5k hats, and you don't import anything in return. england would have to give you gold or silver in return. EXPORT OF GRAIN WAS DISCOURAGED. this would cause a shortage with the lower class. Make the country properous then you'll be able increase the amount that the government can take into the country. This helps make the country richer, but Louis 14 can find a way to spend it. Wes