An employer is a person or Job Description School Psychologist institution that hires Job Description School Psychologist employees Job Description School Psychologist or workers. Employers Job Description School Psychologist offer wages or a salary to the workers in exchange for the worker's labor Job Description School Psychologist power, depending upon whether the employee is paid by Job Description School Psychologist the hour or a set rate per pay period. A salaried employee is typically not paid more for more hours worked than the Job Description School Psychologist minimum, whereas wages are paid for all hours worked, including overtime.
Employers include everything from individuals hiring a babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many thousands of employees. In most western Job Description School Psychologist societies governments Job Description School Psychologist are the largest single employers, but most of the work force is employed in Job Description School Psychologist small and medium businesses in the private sector.
Note that although employees may contribute to the evolution of Job Description School Psychologist an an enterprise, the employer maintains autonomous control over the productive Job Description School Psychologist base of land Job Description School Psychologist and capital, and is the entity named in Job Description School Psychologist contracts. The employer typically also maintains ownership of intellectual property Job Description School Psychologist created by an employee within Job Description School Psychologist the scope of employment and as a function thereof. These are known as Job Description School Psychologist "works for hire".
An employers� relative Job Description School Psychologist level of power over employees is Job Description School Psychologist dependent upon numerous factors; the most influential being the nature of the employment relationship. The relationship employers share Job Description School Psychologist with Job Description School Psychologist employees is affected by three significant factors � interests, control and motivation. It is up to employers to Job Description School Psychologist effectively manage and balance these Job Description School Psychologist factors to ensure a harmonious and productive working relationship.
The balance of economic efficiency and social equity is the ultimate debate in the Job Description School Psychologist field of employment relations. By meeting the needs of the employer; generating profits to establish and maintain economic efficiency; whilst maintaining a balance with the Job Description School Psychologist employee and creating social equity that benefits the worker so that he/she can fund and enjoy healthy living; proves to be a continuous revolving issue in westernised societies.
Globalisation has effected these issues by creating Job Description School Psychologist certain economic factors that disallow or Job Description School Psychologist allow various employment issues. Economist Edward Lee (1996) studies the effects of globalisation and summarizes the four Job Description School Psychologist major points of concern that effect employment relations: (1) International Job Description School Psychologist competition, from the newly industrialized countries, will cause unemployment growth and Job Description School Psychologist increased wage disparity for unskilled workers in industrialized Job Description School Psychologist countries. Imports Job Description School Psychologist from low-wage countries exert pressure on the Job Description School Psychologist manufacturing sector in industrialized countries and foreign direct investment (FDI) is attracted away from the industrialized nations, towards low-waged countries. (2) Economic liberalization will result in unemployment and wage inequality in developing countries. This happens as job losses in Job Description School Psychologist un-competitive industries outstrip job opportunities in new industries. Workers will be forced to Job Description School Psychologist accept worsening wages and conditions, as a global labour market results in a �race to the bottom�. Increased Job Description School Psychologist international Job Description School Psychologist competition creates a pressure to reduce the wages and conditions of workers. Globalization reduces the autonomy of the nation Job Description School Psychologist state. Capital is increasingly mobile and the ability of the state to regulate economic activity is reduced.
What also result�s to Lee�s (1996) findings is that in Job Description School Psychologist industrialized countries an average Job Description School Psychologist of almost 70 per cent of workers are employed Job Description School Psychologist in the service sector, Job Description School Psychologist most of which consists of non-tradable activities. As a result workers are either forced to become more skilled an develop sought after trades or become of this Job Description School Psychologist sector. Ultimately this is a result of changes and trends of employment, an evolving workforce and globalisation that is represented by a more skilled and increasing highly diverse labour force, that are growing in non standard Job Description School Psychologist forms of employment
Interests can Job Description School Psychologist be best described Job Description School Psychologist as monetary Job Description School Psychologist constraints and economic Job Description School Psychologist pressures placed on organizations Job Description School Psychologist in their pursuit of profits. Job Description School Psychologist It covers facets such as labour productivity, wages and the effect of financial markets on businesses.
Wood et al (2004, p 355) describe control can as being either output focused, focusing on desired targets with within managers defining, and using, their own methods for reaching Job Description School Psychologist targets, or process controls, which Job Description School Psychologist specify the Job Description School Psychologist manner in which tasks will be achieved (Ibid, p. 357). Employer and Job Description School Psychologist managerial control within an organization rests at many levels and has important implications for Job Description School Psychologist staff and productivity alike, with control forming the fundamental link between desired outcomes and actual processes. Thus employers must balance interests such as decreasing wage constraints with a maximization Job Description School Psychologist of labour productivity in order to achieve a prolific employment relationship.
Motivation Job Description School Psychologist is the third and most difficult of Job Description School Psychologist the factors in Job Description School Psychologist the employment relationship for employers to effectively manage. Job Description School Psychologist Employee motivation can often be in Job Description School Psychologist direct conflict with control mechanisms of employers, and can be broadly defined as that which energizes, directs and sustains human behaviour ( Stone, Job Description School Psychologist 2005, p 412). Dubin (1958, p 213) further elaborates Job Description School Psychologist on this, noting motivation as �something that moves a person to Job Description School Psychologist action, and continues him in the course Job Description School Psychologist of action already initiated.�
The employment relationship is thus a difficult challenge for employers to manage, as all three facets are often in direct competition with each other, with Job Description School Psychologist interests, control and motivation often Job Description School Psychologist clashing in the equally important quest for individual employee autonomy ,employer command and ultimate profits. |
