Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an Movie Gallery Post Links art form, Movie Gallery Post Links and the motion Movie Gallery Post Links picture industry. Films are Movie Gallery Post Links produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect Movie Gallery Post Links those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, Movie Gallery Post Links a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating Movie Gallery Post Links � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Movie Gallery Post Links Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the Movie Gallery Post Links dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly Movie Gallery Post Links in succession, a viewer has the illusion Movie Gallery Post Links that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see Movie Gallery Post Links the flickering between frames due to an effect known Movie Gallery Post Links as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a Movie Gallery Post Links
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion Movie Gallery Post Links picture, including Movie Gallery Post Links picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big Movie Gallery Post Links screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, Movie Gallery Post Links two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated Movie Gallery Post Links with devices such as the zoetrope Movie Gallery Post Links and Movie Gallery Post Links the praxinoscope. Movie Gallery Post Links These machines were Movie Gallery Post Links outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at Movie Gallery Post Links sufficient speed for the images on Movie Gallery Post Links the pictures to Movie Gallery Post Links appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images Movie Gallery Post Links needed to be carefully designed to achieve the Movie Gallery Post Links desired effect � and the underlying principle became Movie Gallery Post Links the basis for the development Movie Gallery Post Links of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible Movie Gallery Post Links to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions Movie Gallery Post Links of the technology sometimes required a person to look Movie Gallery Post Links into a viewing machine to Movie Gallery Post Links see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was Movie Gallery Post Links turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of Movie Gallery Post Links a motion picture projector to shine light Caligula The Movie through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or Movie Gallery Post Links other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial Movie Gallery Post Links motion pictures were purely visual art Movie Gallery Post Links through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, Movie Gallery Post Links films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to Movie Gallery Post Links tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques Movie Gallery Post Links such Movie Gallery Post Links as camera Movie Gallery Post Links movement Movie Gallery Post Links were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience Movie Gallery Post Links in silence, theater Movie Gallery Post Links owners would hire a Movie Gallery Post Links pianist or organist or a full orchestra to Movie Gallery Post Links play Movie Gallery Post Links music fitting the mood Movie Gallery Post Links of the film at any given moment. By the early Movie Gallery Post Links 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed Movie Gallery Post Links for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers Movie Gallery Post Links such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Movie Gallery Post Links Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith Movie Gallery Post Links and the Movie Gallery Post Links contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance Movie Gallery Post Links the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially Movie Gallery Post Links distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of Movie Gallery Post Links sound quickly Movie Gallery Post Links eclipsed silent film Movie Gallery Post Links and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost Movie Gallery Post Links effective to produce "natural color" Movie Gallery Post Links films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed Movie Gallery Post Links to Movie Gallery Post Links black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became Movie Gallery Post Links as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as Movie Gallery Post Links essential to attracting audiences Movie Gallery Post Links in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end Movie Gallery Post Links of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes Movie Gallery Post Links in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the Movie Gallery Post Links changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in Movie Gallery Post Links change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to Movie Gallery Post Links the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by Movie Gallery Post Links arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not Movie Gallery Post Links in its differences from reality, and this gave Movie Gallery Post Links rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist Movie Gallery Post Links film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main Movie Gallery Post Links article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film Movie Gallery Post Links criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film Movie Gallery Post Links critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given Wild Party Girls Movie film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, Movie Gallery Post Links critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment Movie Gallery Post Links of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important Movie Gallery Post Links impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely Movie Gallery Post Links important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The Movie Gallery Post Links impact of a reviewer on a given film's box Movie Gallery Post Links office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing Movie Gallery Post Links is now Movie Gallery Post Links so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies Movie Gallery Post Links indicates that extreme critical reactions can Movie Gallery Post Links have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have Movie Gallery Post Links been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence Movie Gallery Post Links that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid Movie Gallery Post Links widespread panning of the Movie Gallery Post Links film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn Movie Gallery Post Links the public that the film may not be Movie Gallery Post Links worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It Movie Gallery Post Links is argued that journalist film Movie Gallery Post Links critics Movie Gallery Post Links should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic Movie Gallery Post Links approach Movie Gallery Post Links to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what Movie Gallery Post Links effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are Movie Gallery Post Links published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main Movie Gallery Post Links article: Film industry
The making and Movie Gallery Post Links showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as Movie Gallery Post Links the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Movie Gallery Post Links Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the Movie Gallery Post Links masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, Movie Gallery Post Links found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, Movie Gallery Post Links export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion Movie Gallery Post Links picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that Movie Gallery Post Links overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin Movie Gallery Post Links had a contract Movie Gallery Post Links that called Movie Gallery Post Links for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Movie Gallery Post Links Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic Movie Gallery Post Links film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the Movie Gallery Post Links expense involved in making movies has led cinema production Movie Gallery Post Links to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making Movie Gallery Post Links equipment have allowed independent Movie Gallery Post Links film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in Movie Gallery Post Links the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Movie Gallery Post Links Awards (also known Movie Gallery Post Links as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition Movie Gallery Post Links each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in Movie Gallery Post Links lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers Movie Gallery Post Links to Movie Gallery Post Links a Movie Gallery Post Links showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the Movie Gallery Post Links public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain Movie Gallery Post Links sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer Movie Gallery Post Links (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be Movie Gallery Post Links exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they Movie Gallery Post Links are shown. Movie Gallery Post Links The Movie Gallery Post Links term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at Movie Gallery Post Links the end of a film programme. That practice did not Movie Gallery Post Links last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater Movie Gallery Post Links after the films ended, but Movie Gallery Post Links the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie Movie Gallery Post Links in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films Movie Gallery Post Links need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, Movie Gallery Post Links a low-budget, independent film may be Movie Gallery Post Links made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different Movie Gallery Post Links technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic Movie Gallery Post Links contexts that Movie Gallery Post Links range Movie Gallery Post Links from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie Movie Gallery Post Links making within the American studio system.
This production Movie Gallery Post Links cycle typically takes Movie Gallery Post Links three years. The first Movie Gallery Post Links year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and Movie Gallery Post Links distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people Movie Gallery Post Links hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The Movie Gallery Post Links crew interacts with but Movie Gallery Post Links is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or Movie Gallery Post Links post-production Movie Gallery Post Links phases, Movie Gallery Post Links such Movie Gallery Post Links as writers and editors. Communication Movie Gallery Post Links between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of Movie Gallery Post Links assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined Movie Gallery Post Links hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles Movie Gallery Post Links everything Movie Gallery Post Links in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers Movie Gallery Post Links (known in the film industry as "craft services") Movie Gallery Post Links are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated Movie Gallery Post Links with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first Movie Gallery Post Links type of Movie Gallery Post Links film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have Movie Gallery Post Links had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
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Originally Movie Gallery Post Links moving picture film was shot and projected at various Movie Gallery Post Links speeds using hand-cranked cameras Movie Gallery Post Links and projectors; though 1000 Movie Gallery Post Links frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited Movie Gallery Post Links as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were Movie Gallery Post Links shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 Movie Gallery Post Links frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound Movie Gallery Post Links film was introduced in Movie Gallery Post Links the late 1920s, a constant speed was required Movie Gallery Post Links for the sound head. 24 Movie Gallery Post Links frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which Movie Gallery Post Links allowed for sufficient Movie Gallery Post Links sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include Movie Gallery Post Links the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet Movie Gallery Post Links camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set Movie Gallery Post Links to Movie Gallery Post Links be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, Movie Gallery Post Links and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same Movie Gallery Post Links speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for Movie Gallery Post Links live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not Movie Gallery Post Links limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as Movie Gallery Post Links the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence Movie Gallery Post Links of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, Movie Gallery Post Links and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation Movie Gallery Post Links and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies Movie Gallery Post Links on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a Movie Gallery Post Links reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to Movie Gallery Post Links restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle Movie Gallery Post Links makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Movie Gallery Post Links Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing Movie Gallery Post Links products in order Movie Gallery Post Links to Movie Gallery Post Links make them Movie Gallery Post Links available to future generations Movie Gallery Post Links (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because Movie Gallery Post Links footage can be evaluated Movie Gallery Post Links and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, Movie Gallery Post Links and Movie Gallery Post Links Cast Of Transformers Movie as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still Movie Gallery Post Links recorded on Movie Gallery Post Links film.
Independent
Main article: Independent Movie Gallery Post Links film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place Movie Gallery Post Links outside of Hollywood, Movie Gallery Post Links or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is Movie Gallery Post Links a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie Movie Gallery Post Links studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene Movie Gallery Post Links in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of Movie Gallery Post Links the films put out by Warner Bros. in Movie Gallery Post Links 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he Movie Gallery Post Links or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely Movie Gallery Post Links produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead Movie Gallery Post Links roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the Movie Gallery Post Links cost of professional film Movie Gallery Post Links equipment and stock was also a hurdle Movie Gallery Post Links to being able to produce, direct, or Movie Gallery Post Links star in Movie Gallery Post Links a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 Movie Gallery Post Links mm film Movie Gallery Post Links is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were Movie Gallery Post Links up Movie Gallery Post Links 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology Movie Gallery Post Links barrier to movie production significantly. Both production Movie Gallery Post Links and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies Movie Gallery Post Links such as DVDs, FireWire connections Movie Gallery Post Links and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Movie Gallery Post Links Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level Movie Gallery Post Links software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the Movie Gallery Post Links means Movie Gallery Post Links of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix Movie Gallery Post Links the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production Movie Gallery Post Links may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely Movie Gallery Post Links on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making Movie Gallery Post Links landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like Movie Gallery Post Links an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is Movie Gallery Post Links permissive enough to allow other parties to create Movie Gallery Post Links fan fiction or Movie Gallery Post Links derivative works, than a Movie Gallery Post Links traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking Movie Gallery Post Links takes place outside of Hollywood, Movie Gallery Post Links or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main Movie Gallery Post Links article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book Movie Gallery Post Links or a similar source, created by Movie Gallery Post Links fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional Movie Gallery Post Links filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures Movie Gallery Post Links to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation Movie Gallery Post Links is the technique in which each frame of a film is Movie Gallery Post Links produced individually, whether generated Wanted Dead Or Alive Movie as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of Movie Gallery Post Links continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer Movie Gallery Post Links or over the Movie Gallery Post Links Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority Movie Gallery Post Links of animation for Movie Gallery Post Links TV and movies comes Movie Gallery Post Links from professional animation studios. However, the field Movie Gallery Post Links of independent Movie Gallery Post Links animation has existed at Movie Gallery Post Links least since the Movie Gallery Post Links 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter Movie Gallery Post Links the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production Movie Gallery Post Links and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the Movie Gallery Post Links animation process. This method Movie Gallery Post Links was pioneered by UPA Movie Gallery Post Links and Movie Gallery Post Links popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other Movie Gallery Post Links studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although Movie Gallery Post Links most animation studios Movie Gallery Post Links are now using Movie Gallery Post Links digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on Movie Gallery Post Links film. Cameraless animation, made famous Movie Gallery Post Links by moviemakers like Movie Gallery Post Links Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted Movie Gallery Post Links and drawn Movie Gallery Post Links directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in Movie Gallery Post Links a movie theater or cinema. The Movie Gallery Post Links first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel Movie Gallery Post Links (five cents).
Typically, one film is the Movie Gallery Post Links featured presentation (or feature film). Movie Gallery Post Links Before the 1970s, there Movie Gallery Post Links were "double features"; typically, a Movie Gallery Post Links high quality "A picture" rented by an independent Movie Gallery Post Links theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" Movie Gallery Post Links of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film Movie Gallery Post Links consists Movie Gallery Post Links of previews for upcoming Movie Gallery Post Links movies and paid advertisements (also known Movie Gallery Post Links as Movie Gallery Post Links trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed Movie Gallery Post Links feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast Movie Gallery Post Links to larger audiences, Movie Gallery Post Links usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to Movie Gallery Post Links rent Movie Gallery Post Links or buy copies of films Movie Gallery Post Links on VHS or DVD (and Movie Gallery Post Links the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), Movie Gallery Post Links and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources Movie Gallery Post Links for Movie Gallery Post Links the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, Movie Gallery Post Links being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video Movie Gallery Post Links movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of Movie Gallery Post Links inferior Movie Gallery Post Links quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by Movie Gallery Post Links their Movie Gallery Post Links own studios upon completion Movie Gallery Post Links are distributed Movie Gallery Post Links through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket Movie Gallery Post Links sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as Movie Gallery Post Links the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive Movie Gallery Post Links to theaters to keep movies Movie Gallery Post Links in the theater longer. However, Movie Gallery Post Links today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown Movie Gallery Post Links in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by Movie Gallery Post Links ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from Movie Gallery Post Links VHS and DVD sales Movie Gallery Post Links to consumers; and 28% came Movie Gallery Post Links from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion Movie Gallery Post Links picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the Movie Gallery Post Links pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts Movie Gallery Post Links predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Movie Gallery Post Links development of color television Movie Gallery Post Links and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for Movie Gallery Post Links home Movie Gallery Post Links viewing, industry analysts again Movie Gallery Post Links wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, Movie Gallery Post Links home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and Movie Gallery Post Links large LCD or Movie Gallery Post Links plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home Movie Gallery Post Links with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will Movie Gallery Post Links be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital Tentacle Hentai Movie screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films Movie Gallery Post Links (via satellite or hard disks), Movie Gallery Post Links a Movie Gallery Post Links development which Movie Gallery Post Links may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The Movie Gallery Post Links cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide Movie Gallery Post Links full HD 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that Movie Gallery Post Links film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering Movie Gallery Post Links of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home Movie Gallery Post Links video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or Movie Gallery Post Links |
