Film is Wild Party Girls Movie a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films Wild Party Girls Movie are cultural artifacts created Wild Party Girls Movie by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, Wild Party Girls Movie affect Wild Party Girls Movie them. Film is considered to Wild Party Girls Movie be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment Wild Party Girls Movie and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a Wild Party Girls Movie viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. Wild Party Girls Movie The viewer cannot see Wild Party Girls Movie the flickering Wild Party Girls Movie between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, Wild Party Girls Movie whereby the eye retains Wild Party Girls Movie a
The origin of the name "film" comes Wild Party Girls Movie from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual Wild Party Girls Movie motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, Wild Party Girls Movie flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the Wild Party Girls Movie movies.In Wild Party Girls Movie the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in Wild Party Girls Movie motion were demonstrated with devices such as the Wild Party Girls Movie zoetrope and the Wild Party Girls Movie praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of Wild Party Girls Movie still pictures at sufficient speed for Wild Party Girls Movie the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired Wild Party Girls Movie effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to Wild Party Girls Movie look into a viewing machine to see the pictures Wild Party Girls Movie which were separate paper prints Wild Party Girls Movie attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were Wild Party Girls Movie shown at a variable Wild Party Girls Movie speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly Wild Party Girls Movie the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin Wild Party Girls Movie operated. By the 1880s, Wild Party Girls Movie the development of the motion picture Wild Party Girls Movie camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single Wild Party Girls Movie reel, and led quickly to the Wild Party Girls Movie development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed Wild Party Girls Movie film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an Wild Party Girls Movie entire audience. Wild Party Girls Movie These reels, so Wild Party Girls Movie exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other Wild Party Girls Movie cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial Wild Party Girls Movie motion pictures were purely visual Wild Party Girls Movie art Wild Party Girls Movie through the late 19th century, but these innovative Wild Party Girls Movie silent Wild Party Girls Movie films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a Wild Party Girls Movie story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist Wild Party Girls Movie or organist or a full Wild Party Girls Movie orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the Wild Party Girls Movie early 1920s, most films Wild Party Girls Movie came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A Wild Party Girls Movie shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans Wild Party Girls Movie la Lune (A Trip to the Wild Party Girls Movie Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of Wild Party Girls Movie European cinema was interrupted Wild Party Girls Movie by the breakout of World War I while Wild Party Girls Movie the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to Wild Party Girls Movie advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers Wild Party Girls Movie to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. Wild Party Girls Movie These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction Wild Party Girls Movie of Wild Party Girls Movie so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was Wild Party Girls Movie adopted more gradually as methods Wild Party Girls Movie evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The Wild Party Girls Movie public was relatively indifferent Wild Party Girls Movie to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and Wild Party Girls Movie became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after Wild Party Girls Movie the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in Wild Party Girls Movie its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of Wild Party Girls Movie the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of Wild Party Girls Movie film school educated independent filmmakers were Wild Party Girls Movie all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology Wild Party Girls Movie has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film Wild Party Girls Movie theory seeks to develop concise and systematic Wild Party Girls Movie concepts that apply to the Wild Party Girls Movie study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed Wild Party Girls Movie from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay Wild Party Girls Movie in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist Wild Party Girls Movie theory. More recent analysis Wild Party Girls Movie spurred Wild Party Girls Movie by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other Wild Party Girls Movie things has Wild Party Girls Movie given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film Wild Party Girls Movie theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the Wild Party Girls Movie analysis Wild Party Girls Movie and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in Wild Party Girls Movie newspapers and Wild Party Girls Movie other media.
Film critics working for Wild Party Girls Movie newspapers, magazines, and broadcast Wild Party Girls Movie media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of Wild Party Girls Movie certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by Wild Party Girls Movie a critic's overall Wild Party Girls Movie judgment Wild Party Girls Movie of a film. The plot Wild Party Girls Movie summary and description of a film that Wild Party Girls Movie makes up the majority Wild Party Girls Movie of any film review can still have an important Wild Party Girls Movie impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of Wild Party Girls Movie reviews is extremely Wild Party Girls Movie important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box Wild Party Girls Movie office performance Wild Party Girls Movie is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers Wild Party Girls Movie cannot make an impact against it. Wild Party Girls Movie However, the Wild Party Girls Movie cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as Wild Party Girls Movie the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive Wild Party Girls Movie film Wild Party Girls Movie reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in Wild Party Girls Movie which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced Wild Party Girls Movie viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be Wild Party Girls Movie known as film reviewers, Wild Party Girls Movie and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to Wild Party Girls Movie films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand Wild Party Girls Movie how film and filming techniques work, and Wild Party Girls Movie what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works Wild Party Girls Movie published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing Wild Party Girls Movie of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon Wild Party Girls Movie as the process was invented. Upon Wild Party Girls Movie seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in Wild Party Girls Movie their native France, Wild Party Girls Movie the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly Wild Party Girls Movie to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy Wild Party Girls Movie their equipment and photograph, export, import Wild Party Girls Movie and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation Wild Party Girls Movie needed] was the first commercial motion Wild Party Girls Movie picture ever Wild Party Girls Movie produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Wild Party Girls Movie Chaplin had a contract that called for Wild Party Girls Movie an annual salary of one million dollars.
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In the United Wild Party Girls Movie States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such Wild Party Girls Movie as Mumbai-centered Wild Party Girls Movie Bollywood, Wild Party Girls Movie the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year Wild Party Girls Movie produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for Wild Party Girls Movie this title is the Wild Party Girls Movie source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in Wild Party Girls Movie making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices Wild Party Girls Movie of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many Wild Party Girls Movie filmmakers strive to create works of Wild Party Girls Movie lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic Wild Party Girls Movie merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to Wild Party Girls Movie a showing of a Wild Party Girls Movie movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Wild Party Girls Movie Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews Wild Party Girls Movie are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future Wild Party Girls Movie at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. Wild Party Girls Movie That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the Wild Party Girls Movie name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature Wild Party Girls Movie of the film determines the size and type Wild Party Girls Movie of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films Wild Party Girls Movie need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, Wild Party Girls Movie rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often Wild Party Girls Movie paid very little. Wild Party Girls Movie Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that Wild Party Girls Movie range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented Wild Party Girls Movie movie making within Wild Party Girls Movie the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three Wild Party Girls Movie years. The first year Wild Party Girls Movie is taken up with development. The second year Wild Party Girls Movie comprises preproduction and production. The third Wild Party Girls Movie year, post-production and Wild Party Girls Movie distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film Wild Party Girls Movie crew is a group of people hired Wild Party Girls Movie by a film company, employed during Wild Party Girls Movie the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film Wild Party Girls Movie or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for Wild Party Girls Movie characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting Wild Party Girls Movie of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production Wild Party Girls Movie phases, such as writers and Wild Party Girls Movie editors. Communication between Wild Party Girls Movie production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews Wild Party Girls Movie are generally Wild Party Girls Movie divided into departments with well defined Wild Party Girls Movie hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles Wild Party Girls Movie everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry Wild Party Girls Movie as "craft services") are usually Wild Party Girls Movie not Wild Party Girls Movie considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate Wild Party Girls Movie was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the Wild Party Girls Movie film format for images on the reel have Wild Party Girls Movie had Wild Party Girls Movie a Wild Party Girls Movie rich history, though most large commercial films are Wild Party Girls Movie still shot on Wild Party Girls Movie (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and Wild Party Girls Movie projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research Wild Party Girls Movie indicates most films Wild Party Girls Movie were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and Wild Party Girls Movie projected from 18 frame/s on up (often Wild Party Girls Movie reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. Wild Party Girls Movie When sound film Wild Party Girls Movie was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant Wild Party Girls Movie speed was Wild Party Girls Movie required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was Wild Party Girls Movie chosen because it was the slowest Wild Party Girls Movie (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization Wild Party Girls Movie of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing Wild Party Girls Movie sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large Wild Party Girls Movie "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors Wild Party Girls Movie to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. Wild Party Girls Movie The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but Wild Party Girls Movie for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded Wild Party Girls Movie simultaneously.
As a Wild Party Girls Movie medium, film is not limited to motion Wild Party Girls Movie pictures, since the technology developed as the Wild Party Girls Movie basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated Wild Party Girls Movie into multimedia presentations, and often has importance Wild Party Girls Movie as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and Wild Party Girls Movie storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue Wild Party Girls Movie filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have Wild Party Girls Movie also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film Wild Party Girls Movie stock is a matter Wild Party Girls Movie of concern Wild Party Girls Movie to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available Wild Party Girls Movie to future generations (and thereby increase Wild Party Girls Movie revenue). Preservation is Wild Party Girls Movie generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip Wild Party Girls Movie color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color Wild Party Girls Movie films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to Wild Party Girls Movie keep up Wild Party Girls Movie much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar Wild Party Girls Movie to that used in television production. Modern digital video Wild Party Girls Movie cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial Wild Party Girls Movie to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited Wild Party Girls Movie without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most Wild Party Girls Movie major motion pictures are still recorded on Wild Party Girls Movie film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often Wild Party Girls Movie takes Wild Party Girls Movie place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a Wild Party Girls Movie film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major Wild Party Girls Movie movie studio. Creative, Wild Party Girls Movie business, and technological reasons have Wild Party Girls Movie all Wild Party Girls Movie contributed to Wild Party Girls Movie the growth of the indie film scene Wild Party Girls Movie in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, Wild Party Girls Movie the Wild Party Girls Movie costs of big-budget studio films also Wild Party Girls Movie leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is Wild Party Girls Movie a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of Wild Party Girls Movie the films Wild Party Girls Movie put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were Caligula The Movie joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on Wild Party Girls Movie a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with Wild Party Girls Movie unknown actors, Wild Party Girls Movie particularly in lead Wild Party Girls Movie roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the Wild Party Girls Movie cost of professional film Wild Party Girls Movie equipment and stock Wild Party Girls Movie was also a hurdle to being Wild Party Girls Movie able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing Wild Party Girls Movie inflation: in 2002 Wild Party Girls Movie alone, film negative Wild Party Girls Movie costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
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But the advent of consumer camcorders Wild Party Girls Movie in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of Wild Party Girls Movie high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to Wild Party Girls Movie movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software Wild Party Girls Movie like Adobe Wild Party Girls Movie Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers Wild Party Girls Movie can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of Wild Party Girls Movie internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content Wild Party Girls Movie film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other Wild Party Girls Movie major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film Wild Party Girls Movie is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders Wild Party Girls Movie or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers Wild Party Girls Movie as film Wild Party Girls Movie school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan Wild Party Girls Movie films Wild Party Girls Movie vary tremendously in Wild Party Girls Movie length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent Wild Party Girls Movie motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced Wild Party Girls Movie individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing Wild Party Girls Movie a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the Wild Party Girls Movie result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed Wild Party Girls Movie at a speed of Wild Party Girls Movie 16 or Wild Party Girls Movie more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and Wild Party Girls Movie tedious, though the Wild Party Girls Movie development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a Wild Party Girls Movie computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced Wild Party Girls Movie by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited Wild Party Girls Movie animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in Wild Party Girls Movie the animation process. This method was pioneered by Wild Party Girls Movie UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies Wild Party Girls Movie in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye Wild Party Girls Movie and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of Wild Party Girls Movie film, and then run through Wild Party Girls Movie a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater Wild Party Girls Movie designed Wild Party Girls Movie exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from Wild Party Girls Movie existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters Wild Party Girls Movie came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission Wild Party Girls Movie typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before Wild Party Girls Movie the 1970s, Wild Party Girls Movie there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented Wild Party Girls Movie for a percentage of Wild Party Girls Movie the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material Wild Party Girls Movie shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements Wild Party Girls Movie (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were Wild Party Girls Movie made Wild Party Girls Movie to Wild Party Girls Movie be shown in Wild Party Girls Movie movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to Wild Party Girls Movie be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has Wild Party Girls Movie also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, Wild Party Girls Movie VCD and SelectaVision � see Wild Party Girls Movie also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become Wild Party Girls Movie revenue sources for the film Wild Party Girls Movie companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released Wild Party Girls Movie as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The Wild Party Girls Movie production values on these films are often Wild Party Girls Movie considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that Wild Party Girls Movie are Wild Party Girls Movie rejected by their own Wild Party Girls Movie studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its Wild Party Girls Movie ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's Wild Party Girls Movie barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than Wild Party Girls Movie 8 weeks. There are Wild Party Girls Movie a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to Wild Party Girls Movie a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% Wild Party Girls Movie of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD Wild Party Girls Movie sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie Wild Party Girls Movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such Wild Party Girls Movie as the development of color television and large Wild Party Girls Movie screens, motion picture cinemas Wild Party Girls Movie continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability Wild Party Girls Movie of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted Wild Party Girls Movie the death Wild Party Girls Movie of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification Wild Party Girls Movie systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large Wild Party Girls Movie LCD or plasma Wild Party Girls Movie screens enabled people Wild Party Girls Movie to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. Wild Party Girls Movie These new technologies Wild Party Girls Movie provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation Wild Party Girls Movie of a film Wild Party Girls Movie with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound Wild Party Girls Movie system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Wild Party Girls Movie Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker Wild Party Girls Movie distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema Wild Party Girls Movie now faces a new Wild Party Girls Movie challenge from home video by the Wild Party Girls Movie likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide Wild Party Girls Movie full HD 1080p video playback at near cinema Wild Party Girls Movie quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with Wild Party Girls Movie the resolutions and quality that film Wild Party Girls Movie offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of Wild Party Girls Movie 1920?1080 a leap from Wild Party Girls Movie the DVD offering of 720?480 and the Wild Party Girls Movie paltry 330?480 Wild Party Girls Movie offered by the Wild Party Girls Movie first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions Wild Party Girls Movie that film currently offers are 2485?2970 Wild Party Girls Movie or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. Wild Party Girls Movie The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new technologies, the Wild Party Girls Movie development of the Wild Party Girls Movie home Wild Party Girls Movie video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was Wild Party Girls Movie a record year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Wild Party Girls Movie Many expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed Wild Party Girls Movie above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations for Wild Party Girls Movie the future. |
