Film is a term Movie Reviews Casablanca that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an Movie Reviews Casablanca art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, Movie Reviews Casablanca which reflect those cultures, Movie Reviews Casablanca and, Movie Reviews Casablanca in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular Movie Reviews Casablanca entertainment and Movie Reviews Casablanca a powerful method for Movie Reviews Casablanca educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements Movie Reviews Casablanca of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using Movie Reviews Casablanca dubbing or subtitles Movie Reviews Casablanca that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in Movie Reviews Casablanca succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to Movie Reviews Casablanca an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye Movie Reviews Casablanca retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that Movie Reviews Casablanca photographic film (also called Movie Reviews Casablanca film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Movie Reviews Casablanca Many other terms exist Movie Reviews Casablanca for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines Movie Reviews Casablanca were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and Movie Reviews Casablanca would display sequences of still pictures Movie Reviews Casablanca at sufficient speed for Movie Reviews Casablanca the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be Movie Reviews Casablanca carefully designed to Movie Reviews Casablanca achieve Movie Reviews Casablanca the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development Movie Reviews Casablanca of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development Movie Reviews Casablanca of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the Movie Reviews Casablanca technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine Movie Reviews Casablanca to see the pictures which were Movie Reviews Casablanca separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. Movie Reviews Casablanca The pictures Movie Reviews Casablanca were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 Movie Reviews Casablanca pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Movie Reviews Casablanca Some of these machines were coin operated. Movie Reviews Casablanca By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images Movie Reviews Casablanca to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector Movie Reviews Casablanca to shine light through the Movie Reviews Casablanca processed and printed film and Movie Reviews Casablanca magnify these "moving Movie Reviews Casablanca picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with Movie Reviews Casablanca no Movie Reviews Casablanca editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative Movie Reviews Casablanca silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the Movie Reviews Casablanca turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of Movie Reviews Casablanca varying sizes and Movie Reviews Casablanca angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather Movie Reviews Casablanca than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full Movie Reviews Casablanca orchestra to Movie Reviews Casablanca play Movie Reviews Casablanca music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with Movie Reviews Casablanca a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, Movie Reviews Casablanca with complete film Movie Reviews Casablanca scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune Movie Reviews Casablanca (A Trip Movie Reviews Casablanca to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I Movie Reviews Casablanca while Movie Reviews Casablanca the film industry in United Movie Reviews Casablanca States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. Movie Reviews Casablanca However Movie Reviews Casablanca in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. Movie Reviews Casablanca W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In Movie Reviews Casablanca the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and Movie Reviews Casablanca sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were Movie Reviews Casablanca initially distinguished by calling Movie Reviews Casablanca them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The Movie Tv Crossword Puzzles next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public Movie Reviews Casablanca was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white Movie Reviews Casablanca film, Upcoming Nude Movie Scenes more and Movie Reviews Casablanca more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as Movie Reviews Casablanca the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since Movie Reviews Casablanca the decline of the studio Movie Reviews Casablanca system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Movie Reviews Casablanca Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change Movie Reviews Casablanca throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise Movie Reviews Casablanca and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Movie Reviews Casablanca Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in Movie Reviews Casablanca its differences from reality, and this gave rise to Movie Reviews Casablanca realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis Movie Reviews Casablanca and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Movie Reviews Casablanca Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works Movie Reviews Casablanca can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and Movie Reviews Casablanca broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally Movie Reviews Casablanca they only see any given film once and Movie Reviews Casablanca have only Movie Reviews Casablanca a Movie Reviews Casablanca day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact Movie Reviews Casablanca on Movie Reviews Casablanca films, especially those of certain Movie Reviews Casablanca genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's Movie Reviews Casablanca overall judgment of a film. The Movie Reviews Casablanca plot summary and Movie Reviews Casablanca description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, Movie Reviews Casablanca the influence of reviews is extremely Movie Reviews Casablanca important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The Movie Reviews Casablanca impact of Movie Reviews Casablanca a reviewer Movie Reviews Casablanca on a Movie Reviews Casablanca given Movie Reviews Casablanca film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well Movie Reviews Casablanca financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. Movie Reviews Casablanca However, the cataclysmic failure Movie Reviews Casablanca of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions Movie Reviews Casablanca can have considerable Movie Reviews Casablanca influence. Movie Reviews Casablanca Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been Movie Reviews Casablanca several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse Defending Our Lives Movie to give Movie Reviews Casablanca reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise Movie Reviews Casablanca The Game Plane The Movie to the tactic and Movie Reviews Casablanca warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the Movie Reviews Casablanca Palladium Movie Theater films Movie Reviews Casablanca often Movie Reviews Casablanca do Movie Reviews Casablanca poorly as a result.
It is argued Movie Reviews Casablanca that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This Movie Reviews Casablanca line of work is more often known Movie Reviews Casablanca as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, Movie Reviews Casablanca and what effect they have on Movie Reviews Casablanca people. Rather than having their works published Movie Reviews Casablanca in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source Movie Reviews Casablanca of Movie Reviews Casablanca profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new Movie Reviews Casablanca invention, and its product, Movie Reviews Casablanca was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly Movie Reviews Casablanca set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately Movie Reviews Casablanca to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add Movie Reviews Casablanca new, local scenes Movie Reviews Casablanca to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various Movie Reviews Casablanca countries of Europe Movie Reviews Casablanca to buy their equipment and photograph, export, Movie Reviews Casablanca import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation Movie Reviews Casablanca needed] was the first Movie Reviews Casablanca commercial motion picture ever produced. Other Movie Reviews Casablanca pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their Movie Reviews Casablanca performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Movie Reviews Casablanca Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual Movie Reviews Casablanca salary of one million dollars.
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In Movie Reviews Casablanca the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest Movie Reviews Casablanca number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year Movie Reviews Casablanca produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation Movie Reviews Casablanca needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances Movie Reviews Casablanca in affordable film making equipment have Movie Reviews Casablanca allowed independent film Movie Reviews Casablanca productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many Movie Reviews Casablanca films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive Movie Reviews Casablanca to create works of lasting social significance. The Movie Reviews Casablanca Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for Movie Reviews Casablanca educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to Movie Reviews Casablanca a showing of a movie to Movie Reviews Casablanca a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting Movie Reviews Casablanca or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" Movie Reviews Casablanca comes from their having originally been shown Movie Reviews Casablanca at the end of a film programme. That practice did Movie Reviews Casablanca not last long, because patrons tended to leave the Movie Reviews Casablanca theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines Movie Reviews Casablanca the size and type of crew required Movie Reviews Casablanca during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), Movie Reviews Casablanca created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, Movie Reviews Casablanca often paid very Movie Reviews Casablanca little. Movie Reviews Casablanca Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative Movie Reviews Casablanca processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, Movie Reviews Casablanca and is produced Movie Reviews Casablanca in a variety of Movie Reviews Casablanca economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented Movie Reviews Casablanca movie Movie Reviews Casablanca making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken Movie Reviews Casablanca up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. Movie Reviews Casablanca The third year, Movie Reviews Casablanca post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by Movie Reviews Casablanca a film company, Movie Reviews Casablanca employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters Movie Reviews Casablanca in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the Movie Reviews Casablanca production Movie Reviews Casablanca staff, consisting of producers, Movie Reviews Casablanca managers, company representatives, their Movie Reviews Casablanca assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in Movie Reviews Casablanca pre-production or post-production Movie Reviews Casablanca phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the Movie Reviews Casablanca director and Movie Reviews Casablanca his/her staff Movie Reviews Casablanca of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with Movie Reviews Casablanca well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and Movie Reviews Casablanca costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers Movie Reviews Casablanca (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock Movie Reviews Casablanca consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion Movie Reviews Casablanca containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced Movie Reviews Casablanca by safer materials. Stock Movie Reviews Casablanca widths and Movie Reviews Casablanca the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was Movie Reviews Casablanca shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though Movie Reviews Casablanca 1000 frames per minute Movie Reviews Casablanca (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research Movie Reviews Casablanca indicates most films were shot Movie Reviews Casablanca between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was Movie Reviews Casablanca introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the Movie Reviews Casablanca slowest (and thus cheapest) Movie Reviews Casablanca speed which allowed for sufficient Movie Reviews Casablanca sound quality. Improvements since the late Movie Reviews Casablanca 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to Movie Reviews Casablanca record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase Stepmom Movie the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks Movie Reviews Casablanca and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can Movie Reviews Casablanca be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of Movie Reviews Casablanca the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a Movie Reviews Casablanca medium, film is not Movie Reviews Casablanca limited to Movie Reviews Casablanca motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images Movie Reviews Casablanca in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into Movie Reviews Casablanca multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical Movie Reviews Casablanca documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion Movie Reviews Casablanca picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies Movie Reviews Casablanca on Movie Reviews Casablanca cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives Movie Reviews Casablanca each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor Movie Reviews Casablanca choice for long-term Hocus Pocus Movie Watch preservation. Film preservation Movie Reviews Casablanca of decaying Movie Reviews Casablanca film stock is a matter of concern to Movie Reviews Casablanca both film historians and archivists, and Movie Reviews Casablanca to companies interested in preserving Movie Reviews Casablanca their existing products in order to make them available to Movie Reviews Casablanca future generations (and thereby increase Movie Reviews Casablanca revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their Movie Reviews Casablanca high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved Movie Reviews Casablanca on Technicolor imbibition prints tend Movie Reviews Casablanca to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to Movie Reviews Casablanca that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are Movie Reviews Casablanca gaining ground as well. These approaches are Movie Reviews Casablanca extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Movie Reviews Casablanca Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent Movie Reviews Casablanca filmmaking often takes place outside Movie Reviews Casablanca of Hollywood, or Movie Reviews Casablanca other Topeka Movie Theater major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without Movie Reviews Casablanca financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the Movie Reviews Casablanca late 20th and early Movie Reviews Casablanca 21st Movie Reviews Casablanca century.
On the business side, Movie Reviews Casablanca the costs of big-budget studio films also leads Movie Reviews Casablanca to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or Movie Reviews Casablanca she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead Movie Reviews Casablanca roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to Movie Reviews Casablanca produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost Movie Reviews Casablanca of Movie Reviews Casablanca 35 mm film is Movie Reviews Casablanca outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative Movie Reviews Casablanca costs were Movie Reviews Casablanca up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But Movie Reviews Casablanca the advent of consumer Movie Reviews Casablanca camcorders Movie Reviews Casablanca in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival Movie Reviews Casablanca of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, Movie Reviews Casablanca have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs Movie Reviews Casablanca have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for Movie Reviews Casablanca post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, Movie Reviews Casablanca FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
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Since Movie Reviews Casablanca the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and Movie Reviews Casablanca edit a Movie Reviews Casablanca movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. Movie Reviews Casablanca However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, Movie Reviews Casablanca distribution, and marketing remain difficult to Movie Reviews Casablanca accomplish outside Movie Reviews Casablanca the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The Movie Reviews Casablanca arrival of Movie Reviews Casablanca internet-based Movie Reviews Casablanca video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are Movie Reviews Casablanca still to Movie Reviews Casablanca be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Movie Reviews Casablanca Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is Movie Reviews Casablanca available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film Movie Reviews Casablanca or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to Movie Reviews Casablanca rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether Movie Reviews Casablanca generated as a computer graphic, or Movie Reviews Casablanca by photographing a Find Movie drawn image, or by Movie Reviews Casablanca repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing Movie Reviews Casablanca the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film Movie Reviews Casablanca is viewed Movie Reviews Casablanca at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous Movie Reviews Casablanca movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating Movie Reviews Casablanca such a film is very labour Movie Reviews Casablanca intensive and tedious, though the Movie Reviews Casablanca development of Movie Reviews Casablanca computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File Movie Reviews Casablanca formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be Grandma Lesbian Movie Galleries viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to Movie Reviews Casablanca produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the Movie Reviews Casablanca field of independent animation has existed at Movie Reviews Casablanca least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by Movie Reviews Casablanca independent studios (and sometimes by a Movie Reviews Casablanca single person). Several independent animation producers have Movie Reviews Casablanca gone Movie Reviews Casablanca on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is Movie Reviews Casablanca a way of increasing Movie Economics production and decreasing costs of animation Movie Reviews Casablanca by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that Movie Reviews Casablanca depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn Movie Reviews Casablanca directly onto pieces of Movie Reviews Casablanca film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in Movie Reviews Casablanca a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Movie Reviews Casablanca Thousands of Movie Reviews Casablanca such theaters were built Movie Reviews Casablanca or converted from Movie Reviews Casablanca existing facilities within a Movie Reviews Casablanca few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film Movie Reviews Casablanca is the featured Movie Reviews Casablanca presentation (or feature film). Before Movie Reviews Casablanca the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and Movie Reviews Casablanca paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, Movie Reviews Casablanca usually after the film Movie Reviews Casablanca is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the Movie Reviews Casablanca film companies. Some films are Movie Reviews Casablanca now made specifically for these other Movie Reviews Casablanca venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. Movie Reviews Casablanca The production values on these films are often Movie Reviews Casablanca considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, Movie Reviews Casablanca and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon Movie Reviews Casablanca completion are distributed through Movie Reviews Casablanca these Movie Reviews Casablanca markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of Movie Reviews Casablanca its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher Movie Monsters Ball than that, and Movie Reviews Casablanca decreases as the duration Movie Reviews Casablanca of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 Movie Reviews Casablanca weeks. There Movie Reviews Casablanca are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often Movie Reviews Casablanca limited-release movies that start in only a Movie Reviews Casablanca few theaters and actually Movie Reviews Casablanca grow their theater count through good Movie Reviews Casablanca word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN Movie Reviews Casablanca AMRO, about Movie Reviews Casablanca 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and Movie Reviews Casablanca 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a Movie Reviews Casablanca century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological Movie Reviews Casablanca sophistication Movie Reviews Casablanca over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and Spongebob Squarepants Movie Download large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled Movie Reviews Casablanca people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens Movie Reviews Casablanca enabled people to Movie Reviews Casablanca select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a Movie Reviews Casablanca large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again Movie Reviews Casablanca industry analysts predicted the demise of the Movie Reviews Casablanca local cinema. Local cinemas will |
