Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene are Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the field in general include Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the big screen, the silver Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene screen, the cinema, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene were demonstrated with devices such as the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Prince, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene possible to directly Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene capture objects in motion in real Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene time. Early versions of the technology Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene a variable speed of Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene about Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene 5 to 10 Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene pictures per second depending Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of these machines Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene stored on a single reel, and led Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene an entire audience. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene (1894), commercial motion pictures were Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene purely visual art through the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene late 19th century, but these Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene innovative Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Around Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of sheet Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene War I Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene were initially distinguished by calling Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene was adopted more gradually as methods Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene evolved making Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene was Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene and more movies Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the end of the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene 1960s, col
Since the decline Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of the studio system in the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of the Sixth Art. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Balazs, and Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene reality, and thus could Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene two categories: academic criticism by film scholars Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene a Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene film that makes up the majority Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene film to obscurity and Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene financial loss.
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The impact of a reviewer on a Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene given film's box Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene office performance is Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene reviewers cannot make an Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene critically praised independent movies indicates that Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene extreme critical reactions Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene theory Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene or film studies. These film critics Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene their articles are published in scholarly Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene motion pictures Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Upon seeing how successful their new Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene invention, and its product, was in their native Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene exhibit the first films privately Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene to royalty and Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene to their catalogue and, quickly enough, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene major celebrities Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene and commanded huge fees Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Hindi Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene nature of filmmaking; many Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene films have large cost overruns, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene their having originally Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene open, collaborative processes. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene The Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene is a group of people hired by a film company, employed Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene film or motion picture. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene or provide voices for characters Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene in the film. The crew interacts with but is Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene also Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene distinct from the production Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene or post-production phases, such Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene used to Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene rich history, though Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene most large commercial films are still shot on Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
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Originally moving picture film Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene was shot and projected at various Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene speeds using Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene from 18 frame/s on up (often reels Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene allowed for sufficient Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene be Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene to present Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene presentations, and often has Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Most movies on cellulose nitrate base Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of separation masters Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene (essentially a reverse of Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the Technicolor process). Digital methods Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene existing Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene products in Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene order Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene to Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene make them available to future generations Movie Theatres In Greater Vancouver (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene imbibition prints tend to keep Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene up much better, assuming Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene proper handling and storage.
Some films Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene filmmaking often takes place outside Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene (or indie film) is a film initially produced Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene without Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene films also leads to conservative choices in cast Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene A hopeful Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene director is almost never given the opportunity Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Also, the studios Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene outpacing Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene costs were up Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene in Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene 1985, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene system Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Apple's Final Cut Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene mix the final Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene cut on a home Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene to Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene film or video Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene inspired by a film, television program, comic book Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene motion pictures
Animation is the technique in Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene which each Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene frame of a film is produced Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly Marriage Movie Clips making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene more frames per second, there is an illusion of Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene though the development of computer animation has greatly sped Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene up the process.
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File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene for TV and movies Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene comes Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized Mister Roberts Movie Poster by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of animation that depends Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene such theaters were Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene there were "double features"; typically, a high quality Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene "A picture" rented by an independent theater Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene for Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene a Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene lump sum, and a Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene receipts. Today, the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene bulk of the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene material Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene shown Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene to be shown Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene has Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene sources for the film Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene companies. Some films Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene are now made Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene or direct-to-video Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene movies. Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene The production values on Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene its ticket sales to the movie studio, Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene duration of a film's showing continues, as an Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene for less than 8 weeks. There are a few Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene movies every Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene study by ABN AMRO, about 26% Encyclopedia Lesbian Movie Scene of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% |
