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The earliest known shoes date from about 8000 to 7000 BCE and were found Bostonian Shoes in Oregon, USA in 1938[1]. However, the materials used for Bostonian Shoes making shoes do not normally last for thousands of years, Bostonian Shoes so shoes were probably in Bostonian Shoes use long before this. Physical anthropologist Erik Bostonian Shoes Trinkaus Bostonian Shoes believes he has Bostonian Shoes found evidence that the use of shoes began in Bostonian Shoes the period between about 40,000 and 26,000 years ago, based on the fact that the thickness of the bones of the toes (other than the

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big toe) decreased during this Bostonian Shoes period, on Bostonian Shoes the premise that going barefoot results in greater bone growth before this period.[1] Parts of a shoe Gluing a new outsole to an athletic shoe Sole The bottom of a shoe is called the sole. Insole The insole is the interior bottom of a shoe, which

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sits directly beneath the Bostonian Shoes foot. Many shoes have removable and replaceable insoles, and extra Bostonian Shoes insoles are often added for comfort or health reasons (to control the shape, moisture, or smell of the shoe). Outsole The outsole is the layer in direct contact with the Bostonian Shoes ground. Dress shoes have leather outsoles; casual or work-oriented

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shoes have outsoles made of natural Bostonian Shoes rubber or a synthetic imitation. The outsole may comprise a single piece, or may comprise separate pieces of different materials. Often the heel of the sole is rubber for durability and traction, while Bostonian Shoes the front is leather for style. Specialized Bostonian Shoes shoes will often have modifications on this design: athletic Bostonian Shoes cleats have spikes Bostonian Shoes embedded in the outsole to grip the ground; many Bostonian Shoes kinds of dancing Bostonian Shoes shoes Bostonian Shoes have much softer or harder soles. Midsole The layer in between the outsole and Bostonian Shoes the insole that is typically there for shock absorption. Some Bostonian Shoes types of shoes, like Bostonian Shoes running shoes, have another material for shock absorption, Bostonian Shoes usually beneath the heel where one puts the most pressure down. Different companies use different materials Ugg Shoes for the midsoles of their shoes. Some shoes may not have Bostonian Shoes a midsole Bostonian Shoes at all. Heel Women's fashion boots The bottom rear part of Bostonian Shoes a shoe is the heel. Its function is to support the heel of the foot. They are often made of the same Bostonian Shoes material as the sole of Bostonian Shoes the shoe. This part can Bostonian Shoes be high for fashion or to make the person look taller, or flat Bostonian Shoes for a more practical use. Vamp, or upper Any Bostonian Shoes shoe has an upper part that helps hold the shoe onto the foot. In the simplest cases, such as sandals or flip flops, this may be nothing more than Bostonian Shoes a Bostonian Shoes few straps Bostonian Shoes for holding the sole in place. Closed footwear, such as boots, sneakers and most men's shoes, Bostonian Shoes will have a more complex upper. This part is often decorated or is made in a certain style to look attractive. The U.S. Patent 3,355,535 , from 1967, describes a method for producing a shoe-upper (Hain 1967). Accessories to shoes Shoehorn: can be used to insert a foot Bostonian Shoes into a shoe by keeping the shoe open and providing a smooth surface for the foot to slide upon. Shoe tree: placed inside the shoe when user is not Bostonian Shoes wearing it, to help maintain Bostonian Shoes the shoe's shape. Shoe polishing equipment: Shoe polish: a waxy material spread on shoes to improve appearance, glossiness, and Bostonian Shoes provide protection. Shoe brush and polishing cloth: used to apply polish to shoes. Overshoes or galoshes: a rubber covering placed over shoes for rain and snow protection. (Orthopedic) shoe insert: insert of various materials for cushioning, improved fit, or reduced abrasion. These include padding and inner linings. Inserts may also be used to correct foot problems. Shoe bag: a bag that protects shoes against damage when they are Bostonian Shoes not being worn. Shoe stretcher: a tool for Bostonian Shoes making a shoe longer or wider or for reducing discomfort in areas Bostonian Shoes of a shoe. Snow shoe: a wooden or leather piece which increases the area of ground covered by the shoe. Shoelaces: a system Bostonian Shoes used to secure shoes. Types of shoes Shoes made from real crocodile skin, in a conservation Bostonian Shoes exhibit at Bristol Zoo, England. Dress and casual shoes Dress shoes are categorized by smooth and supple leather uppers, leather soles, and narrow sleek figure. Casual shoes are characterized by sturdy leather uppers, non-leather outsoles, and wide profile. Some Bostonian Shoes designs of dress shoes can be worn

Bostonian Shoes

by either gender. The Bostonian Shoes majority of dress shoes have an upper covering, commonly made of leather, enclosing most of the lower foot, but not covering the ankles. Bostonian Shoes This upper part of the shoe is often made without apertures or openings, but may also be made with openings or even itself consist of a series of Bostonian Shoes straps, e.g. Bostonian Shoes an Bostonian Shoes open toe featured in women's shoes. Shoes with uppers made high to Bostonian Shoes cover the ankles are Bostonian Shoes also available; a shoe with the upper Bostonian Shoes rising above the ankle is usually considered a Bostonian Shoes boot but certain styles may be referred to as high-topped shoes or high-tops. Usually, a high-topped shoe is secured by laces or zippers, although some styles have elastic inserts Bostonian Shoes to ease slipping the shoe on. Men's shoes Men's shoes can be categorized by how they are closed: Balmorals: the vamp has a V-shaped slit to which the laces are attached; also known as Bostonian Shoes "closed lacing". In England, the balmoral is known as the Bostonian Shoes Oxford. The word "Oxford" is used by American clothing companies to Bostonian Shoes market shoes that Bostonian Shoes are Bostonian Shoes not balmorals, such Bostonian Shoes as rubber-sole bluchers. Bluchers: Bostonian Shoes the laces are tied to two pieces of Bostonian Shoes leather independently attached to the vamp; also Bostonian Shoes known as "open lacing". In England, the Blucher is known as the Derby shoe. Monk-straps: a buckle and Bostonian Shoes strap instead of lacing Various other closings exist but are less popular such as side-elastic closings. Men's shoes can also be decorated in various ways: Plain-toes: have a sleek appearance and no extra decorations on Bostonian Shoes the vamp. Cap-toes: has an extra layer of leather that "caps" the toe. This is possibly Bostonian Shoes the most popular decoration. Brogues (American: wing-tips): The

Bostonian Shoes

toe of the Bostonian Shoes shoe is covered with a perforated panel, the wing-tip, which extends down Bostonian Shoes either Bostonian Shoes side of the shoe. Brogues can be found in both balmoral and blucher styles. Please help improve this section by

Bostonian Shoes

expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. Specific concerns may be found on Bostonian Shoes the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide Bostonian Shoes to writing Bostonian Shoes better articles for suggestions.(December 2007) Women's shoes There is a large variety of shoes available for Bostonian Shoes women, in addition to most of the men's styles being more accepted as unisex. Some broad categories are: Pumps, known in the US and UK as ballerinas, Bostonian Shoes ballet pumps or skimmers, Bostonian Shoes are shoes with a very low heel Bostonian Shoes and a relatively short vamp, exposing much of the instep. They are popular for warm-weather wear, and may be seen as more comfortable than shoes with a higher heel. High heels may be shoes with heels 2 inches (5 cm) or higher. They are often seen Bostonian Shoes as having more sex appeal than low heels (see article for discussion) and are thus commonly worn by women for formal occasions or social outings. Sneaker boot and Bostonian Shoes sneaker pump: a Bostonian Shoes shoe that looks like an athletic shoe, but Bostonian Shoes is Bostonian Shoes equipped Bostonian Shoes with a heel, making it a kind of novelty dress shoe. Either

Bostonian Shoes

gender Women's sandals Clog Platform shoe: Bostonian Shoes shoe with very thick soles and heels Moccasin: originated by Bostonian Shoes Native Americans, a soft shoe without a heel and usually made of leather. Sandals: Bostonian Shoes open shoes consisting of a sole and Bostonian Shoes various Bostonian Shoes straps, leaving much of Bostonian Shoes the foot exposed to air. They are thus popular for warm-weather wear, because they let the foot be cooler

Bostonian Shoes

than a closed-toed shoe would. Saddle shoe: leather shoe with a contrasting saddle-shaped band Bostonian Shoes over the instep, typically white uppers with Bostonian Shoes black "saddle". Loafer: a dress or casual shoe without laces; often with tassels, buckles, or coin-holders (penny loafers). Boating shoes, also known as boat shoes and deck shoes:

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similar to a Bostonian Shoes loafer, but more casual. Laces, if present, are usually simple leather (often two-tone) with no frills. Often made of

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canvas or featuring a white sole. They have soft soles/heels to avoid marring Bostonian Shoes or scratching a boat Bostonian Shoes deck. Boots: Long Bostonian Shoes shoes (covering the ankle) frequently made of leather. Some are Bostonian Shoes designed to be used in times of bad weather, or simply as an alternate style of casual or dress wear. Styles include rubber boots and snow boots, as well as work boots and hiking boots. Slippers: For indoor use, commonly worn

Bostonian Shoes

with pajamas. Athletic shoes Men's and women's athletic shoes and special function shoes often have less difference between the sexes than in dress shoes. In many cases Bostonian Shoes these shoes can be worn by either sex. Emphasis tends to be more on function than style. Sneakers/trainers (also called gym shoes or tennis shoes): general Bostonian Shoes purpose athletic shoes; Bostonian Shoes made out of Bostonian Shoes rubber, cloth, and/or plastic to be lightweight, flexible, and have good traction. Special varieties are available for basketball or tennis. Running shoes: very similar Bostonian Shoes to above, with additional emphasis on cushioning. Track shoes: lightweight; often with plastic or metal cleats A shoe for the right foot. Cleat (shoe): a type of shoe featuring molded or removable studs. Usually worn while playing sports such Bostonian Shoes as rugby, football, American football, or Bostonian Shoes baseball. A shoe for the right foot. Golf shoes: with "spikes" for better grip in grass and wet ground. Originally the spikes or "cleats" were made of metal Bostonian Shoes but Bostonian Shoes replaceable "soft spikes" made of synthetic plastic-like materials with prongs distributed radially around the edge of each spike are Bostonian Shoes much more common today (and are required Bostonian Shoes on many golf courses since they cause less damage to Bostonian Shoes the Bostonian Shoes greens). Bowling shoes: intermediate style between

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ordinary dress shoes and athletic shoes. They have harder rubber soles/heels so as not to Bostonian Shoes damage bowling alley floors. They are often

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rented or loaned Bostonian Shoes at bowling alleys. Climbing shoes: a shoe Bostonian Shoes designed for rock climbing. They typically have Bostonian Shoes a close fit, little if Bostonian Shoes any padding, and Bostonian Shoes a smooth sticky rubber sole with an extended rubber rand. Hiking shoes or boots: usually have a high somewhat stiff upper with many lace eyelets, to provide ankle support on uneven Bostonian Shoes terrain, with extra large traction on the sole. Walking shoes: have

Bostonian Shoes

a more flexible sole than the running shoe, lighter in weight than the hiking boot, Bostonian Shoes may have air holes, may not Bostonian Shoes be water proof. Skating shoes: typically called skates. They have various attachments for skating on the bottom Bostonian Shoes of the shoe portion. Ice skates Roller Bostonian Shoes skates Inline skates Ski boot: Bostonian Shoes a large, thick plastic boot Bostonian Shoes specially Bostonian Shoes designed for attachment to Bostonian Shoes the ski. Skateboarding Bostonian Shoes shoes have Bostonian Shoes flat soles for a better grip on a skateboard. They are very Bostonian Shoes wide and have extra layers of padding to protect the skateboarders feet. Cycling shoes are Bostonian Shoes equipped Bostonian Shoes with a metal or plastic cleat to interface with clipless pedals, as well as a stiff sole to maximize power Bostonian Shoes transfer

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and support the foot. Snowshoes are special shoes for walking Bostonian Shoes in thick snow. In temperate climates, snowshoes are used for mostly recreational purposes Bostonian Shoes in winter. Wrestling shoes are light, flexible shoes that mimic bare feet while providing additional traction and protection. Orthopedic shoes Orthopedic or "comfort" shoes are made with pedorthic and anatomically-correct comfort qualities, such as padded removable footbeds, wide toe boxes and arch support are made especially for those with problematic feet. Dance shoes Pointe shoes. Designed for ballet dancing. These have a toe box that is stiffened with glue and Bostonian Shoes a Bostonian Shoes hardened sole so the dancer can Bostonian Shoes stand Bostonian Shoes on the tips of their toes. They

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are secured by elastic straps and ribbons that are tied to the dancer's Bostonian Shoes ankles. Ballet shoes Heel-less Bostonian Shoes slippers made Bostonian Shoes of

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canvas or leather, with either continuous or two-part sole (i.e., split-sole). The sole is typically made of leather, with thicker material under the ball and Bostonian Shoes heel of Bostonian Shoes the foot, and Bostonian Shoes thinner and thus more flexible material under the arch so that the foot can be pointed to its utmost. Bostonian Shoes Ballet slippers are usually secured by elastics that cross over the top of the foot. They are most commonly pink, white, black, or pale tan, although they may be Bostonian Shoes made in specialty colours such as red or blue. Jazz shoes. These typically Bostonian Shoes have a two-part, rubberized sole (i.e., split-sole) to provide both flexibility and traction, and a low (one inch or shorter) heel. They are secured to the foot by laces Bostonian Shoes or elastic inserts. Tango/flamenco dance shoes. Ballroom shoes. They fall into two categories Bostonian Shoes for the two genres of dances as defined by Bostonian Shoes the Bostonian Shoes IDSF (International DanceSport Federation): Ballroom and Latin American. Both are characterised Bostonian Shoes by suede soles. Mens' Ballroom shoes are typically lace-ups with 1-inch heels and patent leather uppers. Ladies' Ballroom shoes are typically court shoes with low 2-inch heels, usually made of fabric so Bostonian Shoes that they can be finished with a greater variety of colours to match the dancer's dress. The low Ballroom heel distributes the dancer's weight across the foot while Latin American shoes have higher heels designed to throw the dancer's weight on to the toes and the soles are more flexible. Men's Latin shoes typically have 1.5-inch to 2-inch shaped heels while Ladies' Latin shoes have 2,5-inch to 3-inch heels, open-toed and strapped. Dance sneakers. Also known as dansneakers, these are a combination of a sneaker and Bostonian Shoes a dance shoe, with a reinforced rubber toe. Character shoes. Shoes with a one to three inch heel, which are usually made

Bostonian Shoes

of leather, and often have one or Bostonian Shoes more straps across the instep

Bostonian Shoes

to secure the foot during dance. They may come in soft-soled (suede) or hard-soled varieties. Bostonian Shoes They may be converted to tap shoes by attaching taps. Foot Bostonian Shoes thongs. Variously called called Foot Paws Bostonian Shoes and FootUndeez, depending on the manufacturer, these are Bostonian Shoes slip-on, partial foot covers that protect the ball of a dancer's Bostonian Shoes foot from skin abrasions while executing turns. From a distance, flesh colored foot thongs give a dancer the appearance of having bare feet. Modern pointe shoes. Ballet shoes. Jazz shoes. This style Bostonian Shoes is frequently worn by acro dancers. A foot thong, viewed from the underside. Work shoes Work shoes are designed to stand Bostonian Shoes heavy wear, Bostonian Shoes to protect the wearer, and provide high traction. They are Bostonian Shoes generally made from sturdy leather

Bostonian Shoes

uppers and non-leather outsoles. Sometimes they are used for uniforms or comfort by nurses, waitresses, police, military personnel, etc. They are commonly used for protection in industrial settings, construction, mining, and other workplaces. Protective features may include Bostonian Shoes steel-tipped toes and soles or ankle guards. Historical Bostonian Shoes shoes Footwear has been worn for tens of thousands of years. Shoes of the past include: Espadrilles: these sandals, which are still worn today, are found as early as the 14th century. Patten: a European wooden overshoe used Bostonian Shoes to keep a person's feet dry outdoors. First worn in Bostonian Shoes the middle ages, they continued in use even into the early 20th century. Poulaine: a shoe with Bostonian Shoes a long-pointed toe, popular Bostonian Shoes in Europe in the 1400s. Moccasins: the historical shoe of many North American Indian tribes. Maintenance Breaking-in:

Bostonian Shoes

Some shoes are made of hard but deformable material. After a person wears them multiple times, the material reforms to fit the wearer's feet. The Bostonian Shoes person is said to have broken in the Bostonian Shoes shoes. Polishing: for protection,

Bostonian Shoes

water resistance (to some extent) and appearance, especially Bostonian Shoes for leather shoes and boots. Heel replacement: heels Bostonian Shoes periodically wear out. Not all shoes are designed to enable

Bostonian Shoes

this. Sole replacement: soles also wear out. Not Bostonian Shoes all Bostonian Shoes shoes can have their soles replaced. Shoelace replacement. When unfit for use, shoes can be treated as trash or municipal Bostonian Shoes solid waste and disposed of. The exception

Bostonian Shoes

can be with most Bostonian Shoes athletic sneakers which can be recycled and turned into other raw materials. See Nike Grind as an example. Someone who makes or repairs shoes in a shop is called a cobbler. Shoe etiquette In most parts Bostonian Shoes of the world (Asia, Eastern Bostonian Shoes Europe, parts Bostonian Shoes of Bostonian Shoes the Middle East and Africa, much of Northern Europe and Canada, as well as Alaska) it is customary to remove shoes when entering a house. In Bostonian Shoes some areas of the United States, especially the Midwest, it is Carlos Santana Shoes expected that visitors remove their shoes

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unless a Bostonian Shoes host specifically invites them to leave their shoes on. Bostonian Shoes People do this to avoid bringing dirt, mud or snow into the house. For some Bostonian Shoes societies, Bostonian Shoes including those in Asia, indoor footwear may be

Bostonian Shoes

provided Bostonian Shoes for guests. In the Middle East, parts of Africa, Korea Bostonian Shoes and Thailand, Bostonian Shoes it is considered rude to show the soles of the feet to others (even accidentally, such as by crossing the legs). In addition, in Thailand, it is an extreme insult for the foot, socks, or shoes to touch someone's head or be placed over it. Although Bostonian Shoes feet touching heads is an extremely rare occurrence in any society, some Muay Thai boxers insult each other by "kicking" the Bostonian Shoes opponent's head with their foot (most Muay Thai kicks are executed with the shin).

Bostonian Shoes