Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an Transformers Movie Character Profiles art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or Transformers Movie Character Profiles special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those Transformers Movie Character Profiles cultures, and, Transformers Movie Character Profiles in Transformers Movie Character Profiles turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a Transformers Movie Character Profiles source of popular Transformers Movie Character Profiles entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures Transformers Movie Character Profiles a universal power of communication. Some films Transformers Movie Character Profiles have become popular worldwide attractions by Transformers Movie Character Profiles using dubbing Transformers Movie Character Profiles or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly Transformers Movie Character Profiles in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is Transformers Movie Character Profiles occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between Transformers Movie Character Profiles frames due to an effect known as Transformers Movie Character Profiles persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin Transformers Movie Character Profiles of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general Transformers Movie Character Profiles include the big screen, the silver Transformers Movie Character Profiles screen, the cinema, and the Dvd Ipod Movie Transfer movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images Transformers Movie Character Profiles in motion were demonstrated with devices such as Transformers Movie Character Profiles the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would Transformers Movie Character Profiles display sequences of still pictures at sufficient Transformers Movie Character Profiles speed for the images Transformers Movie Character Profiles on the pictures to appear to be moving, Transformers Movie Character Profiles a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the Transformers Movie Character Profiles world's earliest film, Transformers Movie Character Profiles by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid Transformers Movie Character Profiles film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Transformers Movie Character Profiles Early versions of the technology sometimes required Transformers Movie Character Profiles a person to look into a viewing machine to Transformers Movie Character Profiles see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 Transformers Movie Character Profiles pictures per second depending Transformers Movie Character Profiles on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these Transformers Movie Character Profiles machines were coin operated. By Transformers Movie Character Profiles the 1880s, Transformers Movie Character Profiles the development of the motion picture camera allowed Transformers Movie Character Profiles the individual component images to be captured Transformers Movie Character Profiles and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a Transformers Movie Character Profiles motion picture projector to shine light through the processed Transformers Movie Character Profiles and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These Transformers Movie Character Profiles reels, so exhibited, came to be known Transformers Movie Character Profiles as Transformers Movie Character Profiles "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action Transformers Movie Character Profiles with no Transformers Movie Character Profiles editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound Transformers Movie Character Profiles experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late Transformers Movie Character Profiles 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing Transformers Movie Character Profiles scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were Transformers Movie Character Profiles realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films Transformers Movie Character Profiles came with a prepared list of sheet music for this Transformers Movie Character Profiles purpose, with complete film scores being Transformers Movie Character Profiles composed for major productions.
A shot from Transformers Movie Character Profiles Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip Transformers Movie Character Profiles to the Moon) Transformers Movie Character Profiles (1902), an early narrative film.
The Transformers Movie Character Profiles rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World Transformers Movie Character Profiles War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise Transformers Movie Character Profiles of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. Transformers Movie Character Profiles In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a Transformers Movie Character Profiles soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on Transformers Movie Character Profiles the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the Transformers Movie Character Profiles addition of sound quickly Transformers Movie Character Profiles eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] Transformers Movie Character Profiles but as Transformers Movie Character Profiles color processes improved Transformers Movie Character Profiles and became as affordable as Transformers Movie Character Profiles black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World Transformers Movie Character Profiles War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential Transformers Movie Character Profiles to Transformers Movie Character Profiles attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production Transformers Movie Character Profiles and style of Transformers Movie Character Profiles film. New Hollywood, French Transformers Movie Character Profiles New Wave and the rise of film Transformers Movie Character Profiles school educated independent filmmakers were all part of Transformers Movie Character Profiles the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in Transformers Movie Character Profiles change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film Transformers Movie Character Profiles theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid Transformers Movie Character Profiles fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence Transformers Movie Character Profiles lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce Transformers Movie Character Profiles reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis Transformers Movie Character Profiles and Ferdinand de Transformers Movie Character Profiles Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film Transformers Movie Character Profiles criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, Transformers Movie Character Profiles these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by Transformers Movie Character Profiles film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly Transformers Movie Character Profiles in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given Transformers Movie Character Profiles film once and have only a Transformers Movie Character Profiles day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact Transformers Movie Character Profiles on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a Transformers Movie Character Profiles critic's overall judgment of Transformers Movie Character Profiles a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any Transformers Movie Character Profiles film review can still have an important impact on whether Transformers Movie Character Profiles people decide to see a film. For Transformers Movie Character Profiles prestige Transformers Movie Character Profiles films Transformers Movie Character Profiles such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity Transformers Movie Character Profiles and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of Transformers Movie Character Profiles debate. Some claim that movie marketing is Transformers Movie Character Profiles now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of Transformers Movie Character Profiles some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as Transformers Movie Character Profiles well as the unexpected success of critically Transformers Movie Character Profiles praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film Transformers Movie Character Profiles reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse Transformers Movie Character Profiles to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the Transformers Movie Character Profiles film may not be worth Transformers Movie Character Profiles seeing and the Transformers Movie Character Profiles films often do poorly as a result.
It is Transformers Movie Character Profiles argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, Transformers Movie Character Profiles or sometimes in Transformers Movie Character Profiles up-market magazines. They also tend to be Transformers Movie Character Profiles affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as Transformers Movie Character Profiles soon as the process was Transformers Movie Character Profiles invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in Transformers Movie Character Profiles their native France, the Lumieres quickly Transformers Movie Character Profiles set Transformers Movie Character Profiles about touring the Transformers Movie Character Profiles Continent to exhibit Transformers Movie Character Profiles the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries Transformers Movie Character Profiles of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product Transformers Movie Character Profiles commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville Transformers Movie Character Profiles world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge Transformers Movie Character Profiles fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for The Marine Movie Cast an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of Transformers Movie Character Profiles the Transformers Movie Character Profiles world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film Transformers Movie Character Profiles industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Transformers Movie Character Profiles Valley pornographic film industry should qualify Transformers Movie Character Profiles for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Transformers Movie Character Profiles Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the Transformers Movie Character Profiles auspices of movie studios, recent advances Transformers Movie Character Profiles in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent Transformers Movie Character Profiles film productions to flourish.
Profit is a Transformers Movie Character Profiles key Transformers Movie Character Profiles force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many Transformers Movie Character Profiles filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Transformers Movie Character Profiles Academy Transformers Movie Character Profiles Awards (also known as Transformers Movie Character Profiles "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu Transformers Movie Character Profiles of Transformers Movie Character Profiles or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of Transformers Movie Character Profiles a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before Transformers Movie Character Profiles the public film Transformers Movie Character Profiles premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or Transformers Movie Character Profiles even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. Transformers Movie Character Profiles That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are Transformers Movie Character Profiles now shown before the Transformers Movie Character Profiles film (or the Transformers Movie Character Profiles A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated Songs From Shrek The Movie imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. Free Girls Mastarbating Movie Clips However, a low-budget, independent film Transformers Movie Character Profiles may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, Transformers Movie Character Profiles and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle Transformers Movie Character Profiles typically takes Transformers Movie Character Profiles three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, Transformers Movie Character Profiles post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed Transformers Movie Character Profiles during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing Transformers Movie Character Profiles a film or motion picture. Transformers Movie Character Profiles Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from Transformers Movie Character Profiles the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company Transformers Movie Character Profiles representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility Transformers Movie Character Profiles falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are Transformers Movie Character Profiles generally divided into departments with well Transformers Movie Character Profiles defined hierarchies and Transformers Movie Character Profiles standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography Transformers Movie Character Profiles phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., Transformers Movie Character Profiles lights), Transformers Movie Character Profiles sets, and production special effects. Transformers Movie Character Profiles Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of Transformers Movie Character Profiles transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated Transformers Movie Character Profiles with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type The Audition Movie of film base Transformers Movie Character Profiles used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock Transformers Movie Character Profiles widths and the film format for images on the Transformers Movie Character Profiles reel have had a rich history, Transformers Movie Character Profiles though most large Transformers Movie Character Profiles commercial films Transformers Movie Character Profiles are still shot on Transformers Movie Character Profiles (and distributed to theaters) as Transformers Movie Character Profiles 35 mm prints.
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Originally moving picture film was shot and projected Transformers Movie Character Profiles at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a Transformers Movie Character Profiles standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between Transformers Movie Character Profiles 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each Transformers Movie Character Profiles scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was Transformers Movie Character Profiles required for the sound head. 24 frames Transformers Movie Character Profiles per Transformers Movie Character Profiles second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent Transformers Movie Character Profiles speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks Transformers Movie Character Profiles and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack Transformers Movie Character Profiles can be recorded Transformers Movie Character Profiles separately Transformers Movie Character Profiles from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film Transformers Movie Character Profiles is Transformers Movie Character Profiles not limited to motion pictures, since the technology Transformers Movie Character Profiles developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to Transformers Movie Character Profiles present a progressive sequence of Transformers Movie Character Profiles still Transformers Movie Character Profiles images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into Transformers Movie Character Profiles multimedia presentations, Transformers Movie Character Profiles and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation Transformers Movie Character Profiles and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base Transformers Movie Character Profiles have Transformers Movie Character Profiles been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three Transformers Movie Character Profiles B&W Transformers Movie Character Profiles negatives each exposed through Transformers Movie Character Profiles Amc Movie Theater Locations Southern California red, Transformers Movie Character Profiles green, Transformers Movie Character Profiles or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have Transformers Movie Character Profiles also been used to restore Transformers Movie Character Profiles films, although Transformers Movie Character Profiles their continued obsolescence cycle makes them Transformers Movie Character Profiles (as of 2006) Transformers Movie Character Profiles a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies Transformers Movie Character Profiles interested in preserving their existing products in order to make Transformers Movie Character Profiles them available to future generations Transformers Movie Character Profiles (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally Transformers Movie Character Profiles a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due Transformers Movie Character Profiles to their high decay rates; black Transformers Movie Character Profiles and white films on safety bases Transformers Movie Character Profiles and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, Transformers Movie Character Profiles assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in Transformers Movie Character Profiles recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology Transformers Movie Character Profiles similar to that used in Transformers Movie Character Profiles television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital Transformers Movie Character Profiles projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to Transformers Movie Character Profiles moviemakers, especially because footage can Transformers Movie Character Profiles be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion Transformers Movie Character Profiles pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent Transformers Movie Character Profiles film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place Transformers Movie Character Profiles outside of Hollywood, or Transformers Movie Character Profiles other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget Transformers Movie Character Profiles studio films Transformers Movie Character Profiles also Transformers Movie Character Profiles leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. Transformers Movie Character Profiles There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films Transformers Movie Character Profiles put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get Transformers Movie Character Profiles a job on a big-budget studio film Transformers Movie Character Profiles unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce Transformers Movie Character Profiles films with unknown actors, particularly Transformers Movie Character Profiles in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost Transformers Movie Character Profiles of professional film equipment and stock was also Transformers Movie Character Profiles a hurdle to Transformers Movie Character Profiles being able to produce, direct, or star Transformers Movie Character Profiles in Transformers Movie Character Profiles a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm Transformers Movie Character Profiles film Transformers Movie Character Profiles is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film Transformers Movie Character Profiles negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of Transformers Movie Character Profiles high-resolution digital video Transformers Movie Character Profiles in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been Transformers Movie Character Profiles significantly lowered; today, the Transformers Movie Character Profiles hardware and software for post-production can be installed in Transformers Movie Character Profiles a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Transformers Movie Character Profiles Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Transformers Movie Character Profiles Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably Transformers Movie Character Profiles shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. Transformers Movie Character Profiles However, while Transformers Movie Character Profiles the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside Transformers Movie Character Profiles the traditional system. Most independent Transformers Movie Character Profiles filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open Transformers Movie Character Profiles content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open Transformers Movie Character Profiles collaborations; Transformers Movie Character Profiles its Transformers Movie Character Profiles source material is available Transformers Movie Character Profiles under a license which is permissive enough to Transformers Movie Character Profiles allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking Transformers Movie Character Profiles takes place outside Transformers Movie Character Profiles of Hollywood, or other major studio Transformers Movie Character Profiles systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A Transformers Movie Character Profiles fan Transformers Movie Character Profiles film is a film or video inspired by a film, Transformers Movie Character Profiles television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the Transformers Movie Character Profiles source's copyright Transformers Movie Character Profiles holders or Transformers Movie Character Profiles creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally Transformers Movie Character Profiles been amateurs, but some of the more Transformers Movie Character Profiles notable films have actually been produced by professional Transformers Movie Character Profiles filmmakers as Transformers Movie Character Profiles film school class projects or as Transformers Movie Character Profiles demonstration reels. Fan films Transformers Movie Character Profiles vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each Transformers Movie Character Profiles frame of a film is Transformers Movie Character Profiles produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, Transformers Movie Character Profiles or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making Transformers Movie Character Profiles small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed Transformers Movie Character Profiles of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous Transformers Movie Character Profiles movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such Transformers Movie Character Profiles a Transformers Movie Character Profiles film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the Transformers Movie Character Profiles development of Transformers Movie Character Profiles computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Transformers Movie Character Profiles Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over Transformers Movie Character Profiles the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to Transformers Movie Character Profiles produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with Transformers Movie Character Profiles animation being produced Transformers Movie Character Profiles by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using Transformers Movie Character Profiles "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved Transformers Movie Character Profiles from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Transformers Movie Character Profiles Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and Transformers Movie Character Profiles then run Transformers Movie Character Profiles through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within Transformers Movie Character Profiles a Transformers Movie Character Profiles few Transformers Movie Character Profiles years.[5] In the United States, Transformers Movie Character Profiles these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission Transformers Movie Character Profiles typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high Transformers Movie Character Profiles quality "A picture" rented by Transformers Movie Character Profiles an independent theater for a lump sum, and Transformers Movie Character Profiles a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the Transformers Movie Character Profiles gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of Transformers Movie Character Profiles previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made Transformers Movie Character Profiles to be shown Transformers Movie Character Profiles in movie theaters. Transformers Movie Character Profiles The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology Transformers Movie Character Profiles has also enabled consumers to The Guardian Movie Original Soundtrack rent or buy copies Transformers Movie Character |
