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musical material, or composition, as held in western classical music. Even when music Music Sights is notated precisely, there Music Sights are still many decisions that a performer Music Sights has to make. The Music Sights process of a performer deciding how to perform music that has been Music Sights previously composed and notated is termed interpretation. Different performers' interpretations of the same music can vary widely. Composers and song writers who present their own music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the Music Sights music of others or folk music. The standard body of Music Sights choices and techniques present at a given time and a given place is referred to as performance practice, where as interpretation is generally used to mean either individual Music Sights choices of a performer, or an aspect of music which is Music Sights not clear, and therefore Music Sights has a "standard" interpretation. In some musical genres, such as jazz Music Sights and blues, even more freedom is given to the performer to engage Music Sights in improvisation on a basic melodic, harmonic, or rhythmic framework. The greatest latitude Music Sights is given to the performer in a style of performing called free improvisation, which is material that is spontaneously "thought of" (imagined) while being performed, not preconceived. According to the analysis of Georgiana Costescu,[citation needed] improvised music usually follows stylistic or genre conventions and even "fully composed" includes some freely chosen material. Composition Music Sights does not always mean the Music Sights use of notation, or the known sole authorship of one individual. Music can also be determined by describing Music Sights a "process" which Music Sights may Music Sights create musical sounds; examples of this range from wind chimes, through Music Sights computer programs which select sounds. Music which contains elements selected by chance is called Aleatoric music, and is associated with such composers as John Cage, Morton Feldman, and Witold Lutoslawski. Musical composition is Music Sights a term Music Sights that describes the composition of a piece of music. Methods of composition vary widely from one composer to another, however in analysing Music Sights music all forms �

Music Sights

spontaneous, Music Sights trained, or untrained

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� are built from elements comprising a musical piece. Music can be composed for repeated performance or it can be improvised: composed Music Sights on the spot. The music can be performed entirely from memory, from a written system of

Music Sights

musical notation, or some combination Music Sights of both. Study Music Sights of Music Sights composition has traditionally been dominated by examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough to include spontaneously improvised works like Music Sights those of free jazz performers and African drummers. What is important in understanding the composition of a piece is singling out Music Sights its elements. An understanding of music's formal elements can be Music Sights helpful in Music Sights deciphering Music Sights exactly how a piece is constructed. A universal element Fabsolutely Free Music of music is how sounds occur in time, which Who Invented Music is referred to as the rhythm of a piece of music. When a Music Sights piece appears to have Music Sights a Music Sights changing time-feel, it is considered

Music Sights

to be in rubato time, Music Sights an Italian expression that indicates that the

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tempo of the piece changes to suit the expressive intent Music Sights of the performer. Even random placement of random sounds, which occurs in musical montage, occurs within some kind of time, and thus employs time as a musical element. Notation is Music Sights the written expression of music notes and rhythms on paper using symbols. When music is written down, the pitches and rhythm of the music is notated, along with instructions on Music Sights how to perform the music. The study of how to read notation involves music theory, harmony, Music Sights the study of performance practice, and in some cases an understanding of historical performance methods. Written notation varies with style and period of Music Sights music. In Western Art music, the most common types of written notation are scores, which include all the music parts of an ensemble piece, and parts, which are the music notation for the individual performers or singers. In popular music, jazz, and blues, the standard musical notation is the lead sheet, which notates the melody, chords, lyrics (if it is a vocal piece), Music Sights and structure of the music. Scores and parts are also used in popular music and jazz, particularly in large ensembles such as jazz "big bands." In popular music, guitarists and electric bass players often read Music Sights music notated in tablature, which Music Sights indicates the location of the notes to be played on the instrument using a diagram of the guitar or bass fingerboard. Tabulature was also used in the Baroque era to notate music for Music Sights the lute, a stringed, fretted instrument. Notated music is Music Sights produced as sheet music. To perform music from notation requires an understanding of both the musical style and the performance practice that is associated with a piece of music or genre. Improvisation is the creation of spontaneous Music Sights music. Improvisation is often considered an act of instantaneous composition by composers, where compositional Music Sights techniques are employed with or without preparation. Music theory encompasses the nature and mechanics of music. It often involves identifying patterns that govern composers' techniques. In a Music Sights more detailed sense, music theory (in the western system) also distills and analyzes the elements of music � rhythm, harmony (harmonic function), Music Sights melody, structure, and texture. People who study these properties are known as music theorists. The field of music cognition involves the study of many aspects Music Sights of Music Sights music including how it is processed by listeners. Rather than accepting Music Sights the standard practices of analyzing, composing, and performing music as Music Sights a given, much research in music cognition seeks Music Sights instead to uncover the mental processes Music Sights that underlie Music Sights these practices. Music Sights Also, research in the field seeks to uncover commonalities between the musical traditions of disparate cultures and possible cognitive "constraints" Music Sights that limit these musical Music Sights systems. Questions regarding musical innateness, and emotional responses to music are also major areas of research in the field. Deaf people can experience Music Sights music Music Sights by Music Sights feeling the vibrations in their body, a process which can be enhanced if the individual holds a resonant, hollow object. A well-known deaf musician is the composer Ludwig Music Sights van Beethoven, who composed many famous works even Music Sights after he had completely lost his Music Sights hearing. Recent examples of deaf musicians include Evelyn Glennie, a highly acclaimed percussionist who has been deaf since age twelve, and Chris Buck, a virtuoso violinist who has lost his hearing. This is relevant because it indicates that music Music Sights is a deeper cognitive process Music Sights than unexamined phrases such as, "pleasing Music Sights to the ear" would suggest. Much research Music Sights in music cognition seeks to uncover these complex mental processes involved Music Sights in listening to music, which may Music Sights seem intuitively simple, yet are vastly intricate and complex.The music that composers make Music Sights can be heard through several media; the most traditional way is to hear it Music Sights live, in the presence, or Music Sights as one of the musicians. Live music can also be broadcast over the radio, television or the internet. Music Sights Some musical styles focus on producing a sound for a performance, Music Sights while others focus

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on producing a recording which mixes together Music Sights sounds which were never played "live". Recording, even of styles which are essentially live, often uses the ability to edit and splice to produce recordings which are considered Music Sights better than the actual Music Sights performance. As talking pictures emerged Music Sights in the early 20th century, with their prerecorded musical tracks,

Music Sights

an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work.[6] During the 1920s live musical performances by orchestras, pianists, and theater organists were common at first-run Music Sights theaters[7] With the coming of the talking Music Hosting motion Music Sights pictures, those featured performances were largely eliminated. The AFM took out newspaper advertisements protesting the Music Sights replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices. One 1929 Music Sights ad Music Sights that appeared in the Music Sights Pittsburgh Music Sights Press features an image of a can labeled "Canned Music / Big Noise Music Sights Brand / Guaranteed to Produce Music Sights No Intellectual or Music Sights Emotional Reaction Music Sights Whatever" Since legislation introduced Music Sights to help protect performers, composers, publishers and producers, including Music Sights the Audio Home Recording Act of Music Sights 1992 in the United States, and the 1979 revised Music Sights Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Music Sights Works Music Sights in the United Kingdom, recordings and live performances have also become more accessible through computers, devices and internet in a form that is commonly known as music-on-demand. In many cultures, there is less Music Sights distinction between performing and listening Music Sights to Classic Oldies Music music, since virtually everyone is involved in some sort Music Sights of musical activity, Music Sights often Music Sights communal. In industrialised countries, listening to Music Sights music through a recorded form, such as sound recording or watching a music video, became more common Music Sights than experiencing live performance, roughly in the middle of the 20th century. Sometimes, live performances incorporate prerecorded sounds. For example, Unlimited Free Music Downloads a DJ Music Sights uses disc records for scratching, and some 20th-century works have a solo for an instrument or voice that is performed along with music that is prerecorded onto a tape. Computers and many keyboards can be programmed to produce and Music Sights play MIDI music. Audiences can Music Sights also become performers by participating in Karaoke, an activity of Japanese origin which centres around a device that plays voice-eliminated versions of well-known

Music Sights

songs. Most karaoke machines also Music Sights have video screens Music Sights that show lyrics to songs being performed; performers can follow the lyrics as they sing over the instrumental tracks. The advent of the Internet has transformed the experience of music, partly through the increased ease of access to Music Sights music and Music Sights the increased choice. Chris Anderson, in his book The Long Tail: Why the future of business is selling Music Sights less of more, suggests that while the economic model of supply and demand describes scarcity, the Internet retail model is based on abundance. Digital storage costs are low, so a company can Music Sights afford to make its Music Sights whole inventory available online, Harlem Renaissance Music giving customers as much choice as possible. It has thus Music Sights become economically viable to offer products that very Music Sights few people are Music Sights interested in. Consumers' growing awareness of their increased choice results in a closer association between listening tastes and social identity, and the creation of thousands of niche markets. Another effect of the Internet arises with Music Sights online communities like Youtube and Myspace. Myspace has made social networking with Music Sights other musicians easier, and greatly facilitates the distribution of one's music. Music Sights Youtube also has a large community Music Sights of both amateur and professional musicians who post videos and comments. Music Sights Professional Music Sights musicians also Music Sights use

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Youtube as a free publisher of Music Sights promotional Music Sights material. Youtube users, for Music Sights example, no longer only download and listen to mp3s, but also actively create their own. According to Tapscott and Williams, there has been a shift from a traditional consumer role to Music Sights what they call Music Sights a "prosumer" role, a consumer who both creates and consumes. Manifestations of this in music include the production of mashes, remixes, and music videos by fans.

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