Disclaimer: I am not a Cisco IOS expert. I have dealt with them mostly in dialup (access server) capacity, but I have some QoS experience with these routers. I have worked mainly with the 2600-series.
First things first: If you do not have control over the hardware at BOTH ends of your link, you will have suboptimal performance. However I have found that with a little work it's not quite so bad. I will be talking about my real-world setup: a point-to-point HDSL DS1 to MCI, and a similar T1, but with a 2500-series router and AT&T.
Both routers try to keep the incoming traffic UNDER the maximum link speed in order to prevent the upstream router from plugging the link with traffic and drowning out VOIP traffic. Since you cannot shape traffic coming to you, you try and police it instead.
NOTE: This only works with TCP traffic. UDP/ICMP traffic cannot be policed, since these protocols do not try and ensure that data transmission was successful.
I have an access group (105) which matches any of my VOIP traffic: access-list 105 remark VOIP (SIP/IAX/IAX2) traffic gets top priority (5) access-list 105 permit udp any any eq 4569 access-list 105 permit udp any any eq 5004 access-list 105 permit udp any any eq 5036 access-list 105 permit udp any any eq 5060 access-list 105 permit ip host OTHER.VOIP.HOST.HERE any access-list 105 permit ip any host OTHER.VOIP.HOST.HERE
As you can see, I'm matching UDP 4569 (IAX2), 5004 (RTP), 5036 (IAX1) and 5060 (SIP). I am also allowing any traffic from OTHER.VOIP.HOST.HERE to be included. This is a SIP device and I'm trying to also match the actual voice traffic. SIP's an awful little protocol since it uses dynamic port allocation. You may want to alter these rules to taste; You can accidentally include non-VOIP traffic here very easily. I'm not overly worried about it in my particular setup.
Now, to prevent the upstream from plugging up the link, I am going to set up two input rate-limit rules to police the incoming traffic. The first will allow 128k of VOIP traffic in no matter what, set its precedence to high priority (5) and transmit it. The other part of the first rule will allow any excess VOIP traffic (above 128k), but its precedence set to best-effort (0) and the remaining police rule will be evaluated as well. The second rate-limit command will allow no more than 1408kbps through; any excess will be dropped.
Again, this only works for TCP traffic, since dropped packets will cause the sender to back off and try again slower. If your link is full of other protocols without this particular feature, this won't do anything to help:
At any rate, that takes care of the incoming traffic. Ideally you want to be able to control the traffic on both sides of the link, but the world is far from ideal.
Now to handle outgoing traffic. This is where you have all the power.
In the 2600 series of routers you can use service polices and LLQ (Low Latency Queueing) — this queueing discipline was _designed_ for VOIP. I am running IOS 12.1(21) RELEASE.
Setting it up is a snap:
class-map voice match access-group 105 ! policy-map policy1 class voice priority 96 class class-default fair-queue !
The first pair of commands sets up a class called 'voice', which matches any traffic which matches access group 105 (the VOIP ACL I have defined above). The second group actually sets up the police map; it guarantees 96kbps of traffic for the voice class, and everything else is queued using the fair-queue discipline. Now all you have to do is attach this to an interface:
in s0/0 service-policy output policy1
in e0/0 service-policy output policy1
Again, you can only do meaningful QoS on OUTGOING traffic. Once the traffic's in the pipe, you're stuck with it.
Other hints:
My particular setup has an incoming T1 to the 2600, then it is split off to various companies through an SDSL DSLAM. I have set up ACLs to match the companies who are using VOIP in a similar fashion to how I did the s0/0 polcing; I try to keep ther individual links from plugging up so that any VOIP traffic can get through, even under excessive TCP load. An example:
Here ACL 2128 matches one of the companies /30 network (all companies have a /30 network with us, and additional IPs are routed to their end of the /30 if necessary). They have a 768kbps link. The first rate-limit matches the first 512kbps of their traffic, which I send off immediately. Above 512kbps they fall into the second ACL which gives them a second kick at the cat, so to speak. After they exceed 768k total, their traffic starts to get dropped. This "dual-action" rate-limit on traffic to their router seems to work better than a single 768000 rate-limit. I can only guess that it is working with the output service policy in nicer manner.
I need to set up more output policies to enforce minimum VOIP traffic on a per-customer basis in order to get better VOIP functionality.
Another example:
class-map match-any VOIP-SIGNAL match ip dscp cs5 match ip precedence 4 match ip precedence 3 class-map match-any VOIP-RTP match ip dscp ef match ip precedence 5 ! ! policy-map QOS-Policy class VOIP-SIGNAL priority percent 5 class VOIP-RTP priority percent 70 class class-default fair-queue random-detect ! interface Serial0/0/0:0 service-policy output QOS-Policy
Yet another example, this time for routers using sub-interfaces:
no access-list 117 access-list 117 remark VOIP (SIP/IAX/IAX2) signaling gets ensured bandwidth (16) access-list 117 permit udp any any eq 4569 access-list 117 permit udp any any eq 5036 access-list 117 permit udp any any eq 5060
no access-list 118 access-list 118 remark VOIP (RTP) traffic gets top priority (5) access-list 118 permit udp any any range 16384 32767
class-map match-all voice-traffic match access-group 118 class-map match-all voice-signaling match access-group 117
policy-map qos-voice class voice-traffic priority 240 class voice-signaling bandwidth 16
policy-map qos-parent class class-default shape average 2000000 service-policy qos-voice
interface FastEthernet0/0.1 service-policy output qos-parent
-b
Configuring Cisco Switches for QoS with Cisco 79xx IP Phones:
interface FastEthernet0/1 description IP Phone port switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport trunk native vlan 106 !subsitute "106" for your data vlan switchport mode trunk switchport voice vlan 103 !subsitute "103" for your voice vlan switchport priority extend cos 0 !ensures PCs connected to IP Phone don't also classify traffic spanning-tree portfast
With this configuration all voice traffic will get an L2 COS tag of 5 and a L3 IP Precedence of 5. All data traffic from the connected PC will get an L2 COS of 0.
Additionally ensure the the speed and duplex settings for the port are set to auto. If the port is statically configured to 100baseT full-duplex, the phone will configure it's port to 100baseT half-duplex, resulting in a duplex mismatch.
If your switch supports inline power, add the following:
power inline auto
Sorry for the repeat comments, I have some problems whit the internet explorer...
Here is my config for a Cisco 837 Router whit IOS show in the topic, that support QoS services.. But I still having problems whit jitter when some protocol overhead the connection..
In my case, I share a DSL connection for terminal services and VOIP, and the problem is when any TS user prints, this solve at 80% the problem, but still whit problems.
class-map match-any SDMVoice-Ethernet0 match protocol rtp audio class-map match-any SDMTrans-Ethernet0 match protocol citrix match protocol finger match protocol secure-telnet match protocol sqlnet match protocol sqlserver match protocol ssh match protocol telnet match protocol xwindows class-map match-any SDMScave-Ethernet0 match protocol napster match protocol fasttrack match protocol gnutella class-map match-any SDMBulk-Ethernet0 match protocol exchange match protocol ftp match protocol irc match protocol nntp match protocol pop3 match protocol printer match protocol secure-ftp match protocol secure-irc match protocol secure-nntp match protocol secure-pop3 match protocol smtp match protocol tftp class-map match-any SDMSignal-Ethernet0 match protocol h323 match protocol rtcp class-map match-any SDMRout-Ethernet0 match protocol bgp match protocol eigrp match protocol ospf match protocol rip match protocol rsvp class-map match-any SDMManage-Ethernet0 match protocol dhcp match protocol dns match protocol imap match protocol kerberos match protocol ldap match protocol secure-imap match protocol secure-ldap match protocol snmp match protocol socks match protocol syslog class-map match-any SDMIVideo-Ethernet0 match protocol rtp video class-map match-any SDMSVideo-Ethernet0 match protocol cuseeme match protocol netshow match protocol rtsp match protocol streamwork match protocol vdolive
policy-map SDM-Pol-Ethernet0 class SDMSignal-Ethernet0 bandwidth remaining percent 10 set dscp cs3 class SDMManage-Ethernet0 bandwidth remaining percent 7 set dscp cs2 class SDMRout-Ethernet0 bandwidth remaining percent 7 set dscp cs6 class SDMTrans-Ethernet0 bandwidth remaining percent 75 set dscp af21 class SDMVoice-Ethernet0 priority percent 58 set dscp ef
QoS in Cisco C837 (IOS C837-K9O3SY6-M Ver 12.4(3) )
by Jon Carnes on Thursday 03 of August, 2006 [09:10:55]
Here is a standard config we use on Cisco routers for prioritizing Voice when the data hits a network bottle-neck. In this example the bottle-neck is the data/voice moving off the local 100Mb LAN over a T-1 link (1.5Mb).
Client side router
Using 1427 out of 29688 bytes
version 12.3 service timestamps debug datetime msec localtime service timestamps log datetime msec localtime service password-encryption
hostname Cisco1721
enable secret 0 BIGsecret enable password 0 bigsecret
memory-size iomem 15 clock timezone EST -5 clock summer-time EST recurring no aaa new-model ip subnet-zero
no ip domain lookup
ip cef
class-map match-all VOIP-CONTROL match access-group 101 class-map match-all VOIP-RTP match ip rtp 16383 16383 match ip precedence 5
policy-map QOS-POLICY-1544K class VOIP-CONTROL bandwidth 80 class VOIP-RTP priority 384 class class-default fair-queue
interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 192.168.30.1255.255.255.0 speed auto
interface Serial0/0 bandwidth 1536 ip address 10.192.168.30255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp load-interval 30 no cdp enable service-policy output QOS-POLICY-1544K hold-queue 200 in hold-queue 200 out
ip classless ip route 0.0.0.00.0.0.010.129.168.29 no ip http server
access-list 101 permit ip any any precedence flash access-list 101 permit ip any any dscp af31
These mark the control protocols used by our Cisco phones
Look at your phones and see what DSCP they use for call control
no cdp run
line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password 0 BIGpass login
sntp server 10.192.168.11 end
Notes: The Class-Map VOIP-CONTROL matches the control packets sent out by our Cisco Phones. The Class-Map VOIP-RTP matches the packets carrying the actual Voice stream
The Policy-Map QOS-POLICY-1544K sets aside 80kb of the available bandwidth for the control packets, and 384kb for the Voice stream - it also gives the Voice stream priority to the CPU so the Voice packets always cut to the head of the line (no FIFO here!).
The serial interface is set to use the Policy-Map QOS-POLICY-1544K for all outbound traffic. We are only concerned about Outbound traffic since the traffic on this interface is moving from an inbound 100Mb to an outbound 1.5Mb... which is quite a bottle-neck. If you can't do any fancy Policy-Maps (due to router limitations), then the next best thing is to use the built in priorities of the packets. You can do this by adding "fair-queue" as one of the interface options listed under the Serial interface. By default all interfaces use FIFO which is a very poor choice for a bottle-neck on a VoIP network. Using Fair-Queueing gives noticably better results, though not as good as a Policy Map that prioritizes voice traffic and reserves bandwidth for voice to use... Note that we also increase the size of the Holding Queues for the Serial interface. This keeps the buffers from filling up during high traffic use. If the buffers filled up then no packets would make it into the interface - and all packets (Voice and Data) would be bounced for a few ms till enough packets in the buffer were processed to allow new packets in.
You can use the exact same programming on the other router's serial interface. This gives Voice priority in passing through the bottle-neck caused by the small bandwidth of the T-1.
Hi, has someone got a cisco adsl router with approved voip prioritisation up and running? i need such a config for a cisco 826. tnanks, borghart
Need help setting up QoS on Cisco 2621 running 12.2 IOS
by cmattfletcher on Thursday 04 of August, 2005 [11:29:44]
I need help getting QoS configured. I've been reading about different setups and guarenteed bandwidth, priority, blah blah, etc. I have a full T and will cap it about 10% to 1408. I want to set aside 512k for voice priority and 896k for data. 499 is the max I would ever use for VoIP because I have 8 phones @ 62.4k per IP. I want data to be able to creep over into the priority side as needed. Any ideas? There is a Netscreen firewall in front of the cisco and a Nortel Phone system behind it. I will be serving three other offices for VoIP from this Cisco 2621 and eventually plan to have Cisco 1750's on the other end at each office. Any assistance getting this off the ground is much appreciaited. Thanks!
priority vs bandwidth
by SeanWalberg on Monday 11 of April, 2005 [16:20:52]
bandwidth doesn't control jitter. priority is what you want to use. The priority value you give in your policy-map should be the maximum you will use, ie 5 G.711 calls @80Kbit = "priority 400". If you're not using all 400K, your other classes can use it.
I once put together a great example of two pcs and two phones going through a small network link using the CBWFQ+PQ Without the PQ SQL*Slammer kills everything, with it, the voice is clear as a bell.
priority doesn't do what you think it does
by alan on Saturday 23 of October, 2004 [15:27:45]
The priority command is useful when you have a fixed amount of bandwidth being selected but breaks down badly when you go past it.
Another issue is that LLQ causes that part of your overall bandwidth to be unuseable except for what you are promoting.
From the 12.2 IOS docs:
Guaranteed allowed bandwidth, in kbps, for the priority traffic. The amount of guaranteed bandwidth varies according to the interface and platform in use. Beyond the guaranteed bandwidth, the priority traffic will be dropped in the event of congestion to ensure that the nonpriority traffic is not starved
I have a variable amount of QOS traffic depending on how many folks are calling people over the WAN so I use the bandwidth command instead.
Voice traffic above the bandwidth limit will roll over into the CBWFQ. If you aren't moving any voice traffic, the regular traffic can use the full span.
policy-map wan-edge-out class voice-sip bandwidth 300 class class-default fair-queue
Alan
Additional info
by Anonymous on Sunday 05 of September, 2004 [21:20:17]
Looks good. I've also been playing with various configurations for Voice use. I find that it helps to break up larger data packets so that your voice packets don't get stuck waiting form them to leave the interface. One way of doing this in Cisco is you use a multilink for your serial connection and then: ppp multilink interleave
interface Multilink1 no ip address no ip mroute-cache service-policy output QoS no cdp enable ppp multilink ppp multilink interleave multilink-group 1
interface Serial1/0 description Connection to Voice T1 bandwidth 1536 ip address 10.10.12.1255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp load-interval 30 no fair-queue no cdp enable ppp multilink multilink-group 1
=== Additionally I've found that managed switches can really help with Voice in larger companies. I've got one company where the data travels out a cheap DSL connection and the voice goes across a nailed up T1 connection straight to my switches.
In that setup I use Cisco3500 or Cisco2900xlt switches and disable vlan1 (which of course you can't really do - so it's still used for the data), and then activate a second Vlan, Vlan10 which is then used for Voice.
interface FastEthernet0/1 description Connection to Internet Router duplex full speed 10 spanning-tree portfast
interface FastEthernet0/2 description connection to VoIP router duplex full speed 100 switchport access vlan 10 spanning-tree portfast
interface FastEthernet0/3 switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport mode trunk switchport voice vlan 10
interface FastEthernet0/4 switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport mode trunk switchport voice vlan 10
Ports 3 on up are all used for phone/computer connections. In many cases the computers are using the phones as a switch (Cisco 7940 and 7960 phones with additional PC network connections in the back of the phones).
So far this setup is bulletproof. Even when the data side was dragged to a slow crawl by a virus outbreak, the voice quality stayed clear and untroubled.
Jon Carnes FeatureTel - Hosted Telephony company based in RTP, NC
Subject: VoIP Bandwidth Reqirements by the numbers
There has been some confusion on how much bandwith it takes to make a phone call, so here are the numbers Cisco gives as voice bandwith requirements. All of the below numbers include overhead and assume a 20ms sampling rate (the default). These should help with sales calls, capacity planning and QoS engineering.
Frame Relay Circuits:
G711: 81.6kbs without header compression, 67kbs with header compression
G729: 25.6kbs without header compression, 11.2kbs with header compression
PPP Circuits:
G711: 82.4kbs without header compression, 68kbs with header compression
G729: 26.4kbs without header compression, 12kbs with header compression
I have yet to see a reason not to use header compression.
By lowering the sampling rate, we can reduce the bandwidht requirement, BUT at the expense of voice quality. Cisco does not recommend anything lower than a 30ms sampling rate.
This document describes the procedure to recover an enable password or enable secret password. These passwords are used to protect access to privileged EXEC and configuration modes. The enable password can be recovered. However, the enable secret password is encrypted, and can only be replaced with a new password, for which this document provides the procedure.
The enable password or the enable-secret password is stored in the startup-configuration file in the nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM). The password recovery procedure involves booting the router while ignoring the startup-configuration file in the NVRAM. To achieve this, set the 6th bit in the configuration register. The router then boots with the default configuration and all the interfaces in "shutdown" state. Since the default configuration does not have a password, anyone can now enter the enable mode on the router. To get back the original configuration of the router, the startup-configuration file can be copied into the router memory. If you are already in the enable mode, you can either view or change the enable password, but can only change the enable secret password, because it is always encrypted in the show commands. This document details this procedure.
Before you use the information in this document, see Possible Key Combinations for Break Sequence During Password Recovery. You should also be aware of concepts related to loading the Cisco IOS® Software such as, ROM monitor (ROMmon), bootflash, and the configuration register values.
The information in this document is based on these software and hardware versions:
Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(10b).
Cisco 2500 Series Router.
Note: Although a Cisco 2500 Series Router is used as an example in this document, the password recovery procedure presented here applies to all the platforms listed above.
If you still have access to the router, enter the show version command, and record the setting of the configuration register; it is usually 0x2102 or 0x102.
For a sample output of a show version command, see the Sample Output section.
If you do not have access to the router (because of a lost login or TACACS password), you can safely assume that your configuration register is set to 0x2102.
Note: Password recovery procedures cannot be done through telnet connections.
Turn the power switch of the router off, and then turn it back on.
Send a break sequence from the terminal keyboard within 60 seconds of the power-up to put the router into ROMmon. The break sequence depends on your Operating System or Terminal Emulator. See Standard Break Key Sequence Combinations During Password Recovery for different key combinations.
Type o and press ENTER at the > prompt, and record the current value of the configuration register (usually 0x2102, or 0x102):
>o
!--- Shows the configuration register option settings.
Configuration register = 0x2102 at last boot
Bit# Configuration register option settings:
15 Diagnostic mode disabled
!--- Output supressed.
Type o/r 0x2142 and press ENTER at the > prompt to boot from Flash without loading the configuration.
Type i at the > prompt and press ENTER.
The router reboots, but ignores its saved configuration.
Type no after each setup question or press CTRL + C to skip the initial setup procedure.
Type enable at the Router> prompt.
You will be in enable mode, and see the Router# prompt.
Type configure memory or copy startup-config running-config to copy the NVRAM into memory. Do not type write memory or copy running startup-config.
Type write terminal or show running-config.
The show running-config and write terminal commands show the configuration of the router. In this configuration you see under all the interfaces the shutdown command, which means all interfaces are currently shutdown. Also, you can see the passwords either in encrypted or unencrypted format.
Type configure terminal and make the changes.
The prompt is now:
hostname(config)#
Type enable secret <password> to change the enable secret password, for example..
Issue the no shutdown command on every interface that is used. If you issue a show ip interface brief command after you exit configuration mode, every interface that you want to use should be "up up".
Type config-register 0x2102, or the value you recorded in step 4.
This causes the router to load the Cisco IOS software from the Flash with the configuration from NVRAM at the next reload.
Press CTRL + Z to leave the configuration mode.
The prompt is now:
hostname#
Type write memory or copy running-config startup-config to commit the changes.
Type Reload to restart the router with the Cisco IOS software booting from the Flash.
The example below presents an actual password recovery procedure. We created this example using a Cisco 2500 series router. Even if you do not use a Cisco 2500, the example shown here will be almost similar to what you experience on your product.
Router>enable
Password:
Password:
Password:
% Bad secrets
Router>show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.2(24a)
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc3)
Copyright (c) 1986-2004 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 28-May-04 19:30 by pwade
Image text-base: 0x0306C4E0, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c),
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Router uptime is 5 minutes
System returned to ROM by power-on
System image file is "flash:/c2500-js-l.122-24a.bin"
cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision D) with 14336K/2048K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID 02315272, with hardware revision 00000000
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).
TN3270 Emulation software.
1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
1 Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 interface(s)
2 Serial network interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
Configuration register is 0x2102
!--- This is the current value of the configuration register.
Router>
!--- The router was just power cycled and during bootup a
!--- break sequence was sent to the router.
System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWARE
Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by cisco Systems
2500 processor with 16384 Kbytes of main memory
Abort at 0x10EA83C (PC)
>oConfiguration register = 0x2102 at last boot
!--- You can also view the configuration register settings value
!--- by issuing the command "o" in the ROMmon prompt.
Bit# Configuration register option settings:
15 Diagnostic mode disabled
14 IP broadcasts do not have network numbers
13 Boot default ROM software if network boot fails
12-11 Console speed is 9600 baud
10 IP broadcasts with ones
08 Break disabled
07 OEM disabled
06 Ignore configuration disabled
03-00 Boot file is cisco2-2500 (or 'boot system' command)
>o/r 0x2142
!--- Changes the value of config-register to 2142, so that the Router boots,
!--- and ignores the NVRAM contents.
>i
!--- Initializes or resets the router; the
!--- Router boots with the default configuration.
System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE
Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by cisco Systems
2500 processor with 8192 Kbytes of main memory
F3: 13626872+197596+780568 at 0x3000060
Restricted Rights Legend
Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is
subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph
(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted
Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph
(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer
Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.
cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, California 95134-1706
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.2(24a),
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 28-May-04 19:30 by pwade
Image text-base: 0x0306C4E0, data-base: 0x00001000
cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision D) with 14336K/2048K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID 02315272, with hardware revision 00000000
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).
TN3270 Emulation software.
1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
1 Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 interface(s)
2 Serial network interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
--- System Configuration Dialog ---
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
!--- Ctrl+C pressed.
!
Press RETURN to get started!
00:00:08: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up
00:00:08: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to up
00:00:08: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial1, changed state to up
00:00:09: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0,
changed state to up
00:00:09: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1,
changed state to up
00:01:29: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0,
changed state to up
00:01:29: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0Translating "Router"...
domain server (255.255.255.255), changed state to up
00:01:30: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1,
changed state to up
00:01:31: %SYS-5-RESTART: System restarted --
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.2(24a),
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 28-May-04 19:30 by pwade
00:01:32: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0,
changed state to down
00:01:33: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to
administratively down
00:01:33: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0, changed state to
administratively down
00:01:33: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial1, changed state to
administratively down
00:01:33: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface TokenRing0, changed state to
administratively down
00:01:34: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0,
changed state to down
00:01:34: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1,
changed state to down
00:01:34: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface TokenRing0,
changed state to down
Router>enable
Router#copy startup-config running-config
Destination filename [running-config]?
!--- Press ENTER.
1278 bytes copied in 10.448 secs (127 bytes/sec)
Note: After you copy the configuration file from NVRAM to RAM, based on how the password is last configured, you can:
Either perform a password recovery, if the enable password is configured (which is in plain text format).
Or, perform a password replacement, if the enable secret password is configured (which is in encrypted format).
Note: To check the format in which the password is configured on the router, use the show running-config command, and look for enable password or enable secret password in the configuration.
The following show running-config output shows that enable password is configured. Password recovery can be done as shown below:
Router#show running-config
!--- This command can be used to view the unencrypted password.
Building configuration...
Current configuration : 431 bytes
!
version 12.2
service timestamps debug uptime
service timestamps log uptime
no service password-encryption
!
hostname Router
!
enable password XxXxXx
!--- Here the Password is plain clear text. We can either maintain
!--- the same password or replace with a new password for security reasons.
!--- Output Suppressed.
The following output from a show running-config shows that the enable secret password is configured. As a result, password replacement can be performed as shown below:
Router#show running-config
Building configuration...
Current configuration : 835 bytes
!
version 12.2
service timestamps debug uptime
service timestamps log uptime
no service password-encryption
!
hostname Router
!
enable secret 5 $1$Oea234/6Ppi0PZYzAj/vX0
!--- Password replacement has to be done as the password is in encrypted format.
!--- Output suppressed.
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#enable secret xxxxxxx
Router(config)#
00:03:39: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
When the password recovery or replacement is done, the remaining steps are the same, as shown below:
Router#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
Ethernet0 10.3.4.4 YES TFTP administratively down down
Serial0 172.16.1.4 YES TFTP administratively down down
Serial1 192.168.1.4 YES TFTP administratively down down
TokenRing0 unassigned YES TFTP administratively down down
Router(config)#interface ethernet 0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
*Mar 1 00:04:12.863: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0,
changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:04:13.947: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0,
changed state to up
Router(config-if)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
*Mar 1 00:04:18.107: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0,
changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:04:19.167: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0,
changed state to up
Router(config-if)#interface serial 1
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#
*Mar 1 00:04:27.055: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial1,
changed state to up
*Mar 1 00:04:28.071: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1,
changed state to up #
Router(config-if)#^Z
Router#
00:02:35: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
After you have recovered or replaced the password we have to reset the Configuration register value to 0x2102, which was earlier changed to 0x2142 to ignore the Start-up configuration, and to boot the Router. You can verify the configuration register value. To do so, issue the show version command.
Router#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.2(24a)RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc3)
Copyright (c) 1986-2004 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 28-May-04 19:30 by pwade
Image text-base: 0x0306C4E0, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c),
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Router uptime is 5 minutes
System returned to ROM by power-on
System image file is "flash:/c2500-js-l.122-24a.bin"
cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision D) with 14336K/2048K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID 02315272, with hardware revision 00000000
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).
TN3270 Emulation software.
1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
1 Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 interface(s)
2 Serial network interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
Configuration register is 0x2142
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#config-register 0x2102
!--- The config-register is changed back to load the router
!--- with NVRAM configuration.
Router(config)#^Z
00:03:20: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
When you issue the config-reg 0x2102 command, the new configuration register value does not take effect immediately. The new value will be effective only after the router is reloaded. The show version command shows the current value (0x2142), and the value that will be effective after the next reload (0x2102).
Router#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.2(24a)RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc3)
Copyright (c) 1986-2004 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 28-May-04 19:30 by pwade
Image text-base: 0x0306C4E0, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c),
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Router uptime is 5 minutes
System returned to ROM by power-on
System image file is "flash:/c2500-js-l.122-24a.bin"
cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision D) with 14336K/2048K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID 02315272, with hardware revision 00000000
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).
TN3270 Emulation software.
1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
1 Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 interface(s)
2 Serial network interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
Configuration register is 0x2142 (will be 0x2102 at next reload)
Router#
After you save the configuartion, reload the router, and verify the configuration register value is 0x2102, as shown here:
Router#write memory
*Mar 1 00:05:09.035: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#
Router#reload
Proceed with reload? [confirm]
!--- Press Enter to continue.
!--- Starts to load the Cisco IOS from Flash,
and takes the configuration from the NVRAM.
00:17:36: %SYS-5-RELOAD: Reload requested by console.
System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWARE
Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by cisco Systems
2500 processor with 14336 Kbytes of main memory
F3: 15011856+968960+947120 at 0x3000060
!--- Output suppressed.
Router#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.2(24a)RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc3)
Copyright (c) 1986-2004 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 28-May-04 19:30 by pwade
Image text-base: 0x0306C4E0, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c),
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Router uptime is 5 minutes
System returned to ROM by reload
System image file is "flash:/c2500-js-l.122-24a.bin"
cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision D) with 14336K/2048K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID 02315272, with hardware revision 00000000
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).
TN3270 Emulation software.
1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
1 Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 interface(s)
2 Serial network interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
Configuration register is 0x2102
Router#
This document describes the procedure to recover an enable password or enable secret password. These passwords are used to protect access to privileged EXEC and configuration modes. The enable password can be recovered but the enable secret password is encrypted and can only be replaced with a new password with the help of the procedure in this document.
Note: This password recovery procedure works for these Cisco products:
If you do not have access to the router (because of a lost login or TACACS password), you can safely assume that your configuration register is set to 0x2102.
Use the power switch to turn off the router, and then turn it back on.
Important: To simulate step 4 on a Cisco 6400, pull out and then replace the Node Route Processor (NRP) or Node Switch Processor (NSP) card.
Important: To simulate step 4 on a Cisco 6x00 using NI-2, pull out and then replace the NI-2 card.
Press Break on the terminal keyboard within 60 seconds of the power-up to put the router into ROMMON.
The show running-config and write terminal commands show the configuration of the router. In this configuration you see under all the interfaces the shutdown command, which means all interfaces are currently shutdown. Also, you can see the passwords (enable password, enable secret, vty, console passwords, and so on), either in encrypted or unencrypted format. The unencrypted passwords can be re-used, the encrypted ones will have to be changed with new passwords.
The example in this section presents an actual password recovery procedure. We have used a Cisco 2600 to create this example. Even if you do not use a Cisco 2600, this example will be almost exactly what you experience on your product.
Router>enable
Password:
Password:
Password:
% Bad secrets
Router>show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-IS-M), Version 12.0(7)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Tue 07-Dec-99 02:21 by phanguye
Image text-base: 0x80008088, data-base: 0x80C524F8
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Router uptime is 3 minutes
System returned to ROM by abort at PC 0x802D0B60
System image file is "flash:c2600-is-mz.120-7.T"
cisco 2611 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x202) with 26624K/6144K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID JAB031202NK (3878188963)
M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
Basic Rate ISDN software, Version 1.1.
2 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 1 (Read/Write)
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 2 (Read/Write)
Configuration register is 0x2102
Router>
!--- The router was just powercycled and during bootup a
!--- break sequence was sent to the router.
!
*** System received an abort due to Break Key ***
signal= 0x3, code= 0x500, context= 0x813ac158
PC = 0x802d0b60, Vector = 0x500, SP = 0x80006030
rommon 1 > confreg 0x2142
You must reset or power cycle for new config to take effect
rommon 2 > reset
System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
TAC:Home:SW:IOS:Specials for info
C2600 platform with 32768 Kbytes of main memory
program load complete, entry point: 0x80008000, size: 0x6fdb4c
Self decompressing the image : ###############################
##############################################################
##############################################################
##############################################################
############################### [OK]
Restricted Rights Legend
Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is
subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph
(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted
Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph
(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer
Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.
cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, California 95134-1706
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-IS-M), Version 12.0(7)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Tue 07-Dec-99 02:21 by phanguye
Image text-base: 0x80008088, data-base: 0x80C524F8
cisco 2611 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x202) with 26624K/6144K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID JAB031202NK (3878188963)
M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
Basic Rate ISDN software, Version 1.1.
2 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 1 (Read/Write)
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 2 (Read/Write)
--- System Configuration Dialog ---
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: n
Press RETURN to get started!
00:00:19: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0/0, changed state to up
00:00:19: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up
00:00:19: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0/1, changed state to up
00:00:19: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
00:00:19: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
00:00:20: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface BRI0/0,
changed state to down
00:00:20: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0,
changed state to up
Router>
00:00:20: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/1,
changed state to up
00:00:20: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0,
changed state to down
00:00:20: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1,
changed state to down
00:00:50: %SYS-5-RESTART: System restarted --
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-IS-M), Version 12.0(7)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Tue 07-Dec-99 02:21 by phanguye
00:00:50: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface BRI0/0,
changed state to administratively down
00:00:52: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Ethernet0/0,
changed state to administratively down
00:00:52: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0,
changed state to administratively down
00:00:52: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Ethernet0/1,
changed state to administratively down
00:00:52: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1,
changed state to administratively down
00:00:53: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0,
changed state to down
00:00:53: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/1,
changed state to down
Router>
Router>enable
Router#copy startup-config running-config
Destination filename [running-config]?
1324 bytes copied in 2.35 secs (662 bytes/sec)
Router#
00:01:24: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface BRI0/0:1,
changed state to down
00:01:24: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface BRI0/0:2,
changed state to down
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#enable secret
Router(config)#^Z
00:01:54: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
Ethernet0/0 10.200.40.37 YES TFTP administratively down down
Serial0/0 unassigned YES TFTP administratively down down
BRI0/0 193.251.121.157 YES unset administratively down down
BRI0/0:1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
BRI0/0:2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Ethernet0/1 unassigned YES TFTP administratively down down
Serial0/1 unassigned YES TFTP administratively down down
Loopback0 193.251.121.157 YES TFTP up up
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface Ethernet0/0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#
00:02:14: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up
00:02:15: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0,
changed state to up
Router(config-if)#interface BRI0/0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#
00:02:26: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0/0:1, changed state to down
00:02:26: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0/0:2, changed state to down
00:02:26: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0/0, changed state to up
00:02:115964116991: %ISDN-6-LAYER2UP: Layer 2 for Interface BR0/0,
TEI 68 changed to up
Router(config-if)#^Z
Router#
00:02:35: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-IS-M), Version 12.0(7)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Tue 07-Dec-99 02:21 by phanguye
Image text-base: 0x80008088, data-base: 0x80C524F8
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Router uptime is 3 minutes
System returned to ROM by abort at PC 0x802D0B60
System image file is "flash:c2600-is-mz.120-7.T"
cisco 2611 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x202)
with 26624K/6144K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID JAB031202NK (3878188963)
M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
Basic Rate ISDN software, Version 1.1.
2 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 1 (Read/Write)
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 2 (Read/Write)
Configuration register is 0x2142
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#config-register 0x2102
Router(config)#^Z
00:03:20: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-IS-M), Version 12.0(7)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Tue 07-Dec-99 02:21 by phanguye
Image text-base: 0x80008088, data-base: 0x80C524F8
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Router uptime is 3 minutes
System returned to ROM by abort at PC 0x802D0B60
System image file is "flash:c2600-is-mz.120-7.T"
cisco 2611 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x202)
with 26624K/6144K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID JAB031202NK (3878188963)
M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
Basic Rate ISDN software, Version 1.1.
2 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 1 (Read/Write)
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 2 (Read/Write)
Configuration register is 0x2142 (will be 0x2102 at next reload)
Router#
This document describes how to recover a PIX password for PIX software
releases through 7.0. Note that performing password recovery on the PIX erases
only the password, not the configuration. If there are Telnet or console aaa
authentication commands in versions 6.2 and later, the system also prompts
to remove these.
Note: If you have configured AAA on the PIX and the AAA server is
down, you can access the PIX by entering the Telnet password initially, and then
pix as the username and the enable password (enable password password)
for the password. If there is no enable password in the PIX configuration, enter
pix for the username and press ENTER. If the enable and Telnet
passwords are set but not known, continue with the password recovery
process.
The PIX Password Lockout Utility is based on the PIX software release you
run.
rawrite.exe (needed only for PIX
machines with a floppy drive)
TFTP Server Software (needed only for PIX machines without a floppy drive) —
TFTP server software is no longer available from Cisco.com, but you can find
many TFTP servers by searching for "tftp server" on your favorite Internet
search engine. Cisco does not specifically recommend any particular TFTP
implementation.
Execute the rawrite.exe file on your PC and answer the questions on
the screen using the correct password recovery file.
Install a serial terminal or a PC with terminal emulation software on the PIX
console port.
Verify that you have a connection with the PIX, and that characters are going
from the terminal to the PIX, and from the PIX to the terminal.
Note: Because you are locked out, you only see a password prompt.
Insert the PIX Password Lockout Utility disk into the floppy drive of the
PIX.
Push the Reset button on the front of the PIX. The PIX reboots from
the floppy and prints this message:
Erasing Flash Password. Please eject diskette and reboot.
Eject the disk and press the Reset button. You are now able to log in
without a password. Press ENTER when you are prompted for a password.
The default Telnet password after this process is "cisco." There is no
default enable password. Go into configuration mode and issue the passwd
your_password command to change your Telnet password and the
enable password your_enable_passwordcommand to create an enable
password, and then save your configuration.
Note: Sample output from the password
recovery procedure is available in this document.
Install a serial terminal or a PC with terminal emulation software on the PIX
console port.
Verify that you have a connection with the PIX, and that characters are going
from the terminal to the PIX, and from the PIX to the terminal.
Note: Because you are locked out, you only see a password
prompt.
Immediately after you power on the PIX Firewall and the startup messages
appear, send a BREAK character or press the ESC key. The
monitor> prompt is displayed. If needed, type ? (question
mark) to list the available commands.
Use the interface command to specify which interface the ping traffic
should use. For floppiless PIXes with only two interfaces, the monitor
command defaults to the inside interface.
Use the address command to specify the IP address of the PIX
Firewall's interface.
Use the server command to specify the IP address of the remote TFTP
server containing the PIX password recovery file.
Use the file command to specify the filename of the PIX password
recovery file. For example, the 5.1 release uses a file named np51.bin.
If needed, enter the gateway command to specify the IP address of a
router gateway through which the server is accessible.
If needed, use the ping command to verify accessibility. If this
command fails, fix access to the server before continuing.
Use the tftp command to start the download.
As the password recovery file loads, this message is displayed:
Do you wish to erase the passwords? [yn] y
Passwords have been erased.
Note: If there are Telnet or console aaa authentication
commands in version 6.2, the system also prompts to remove these.
The default Telnet password after this process is "cisco." There is no
default enable password. Go into configuration mode and issue the passwd
your_passwordcommand to change your Telnet password and the
enable password your_enable_passwordcommand to create an enable
password, and then save your configuration.
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