Sections:
|
Global : Ideas : Bank - Each constituency has to have both a male and a female MP
www.globalideasbank.org/site/bank/idea.php?ideaId=... The Problem:
All female shortlists causing resentment in certain sections of the electorate and women being grossly under-represented in our political system The Social Invention: Why not have both a male and a female Member of Parliament for each constituency? This would get round the problem of having to have all female shortlists for candidates which causes a lot of resentment in certain sections of the electorate and gets around the problem of women being grossly under-represented in our political system. sure they'd both have to be from the same party and agree on policies and the issues and the house of commons would have to be enlarged and more seats put in. Why not? it's fairer than the old fashioned way they do things now..... Three conditions are necessary for anarcho-capitalism to be a stable and attractive system; two of them may already be satisfied:
1. There must be no public good problems whose private solution is catastrophically inadequate. The obvious candidate for such a problem is national defense. Unlike some anarchists (and Objectivists), I don't think there is a clear argument that shows one can always get adequate defense without coercing people into paying for it. When I wrote _Machinery of Freedom_, I thought that was the hardest problem, and was uncertain whether or not an anarcho-capitalist America in the setting of the U.S. c. 1970 could defend itself adequately. Since then the Soviet Union has conveniently collapsed, making national defense a much easier problem. 2. Economies of scale in law enforcement have to be small enough so that the market equilibrium produces enough enforcement agencies so that an enforcement agency cartel designed to reinvent government for its members' profit is unstable. My guess is that this condition is already met. 3. One has to have a set of working anarcho-capitalist institutions that people are used to.
Requirement 3 looks like a catch-22; how can you get such institutions if you have to already have them? But the answer is that societies evolve over time.
My preferred scenario is one in which more and more government actions get privatized, whether from above (voucher initiatives would be a partial step) or from below (UPS and FedEx). As more and more legal disputes are being handled by private arbitration, and more and more law enforcement is being done privately (still with at least nominal government permission), and the government is getting more and more short of money (for a variety of reasons, possibly including the growth of on-line commerce, which is hard to monitor, hence hard to tax), people get used to the idea that if you want your rights competently defended you hire a private enforcement agency, if you want disputes settled in this decade you go to private arbitration (already true for a lot of commercial disputes), that you therefore should be unwilling to support politicians who want to spend money for things you are already paying for yourself (the current attitude of parents whose children go to private schools), ... . There are other possible scenarios, including ones relying more heavily on cyberspace and encryption a la Tim May's ideas (I have a link to him on my web page).
The basic point here is that people in general are rationally conservative. What I mean by that is that they trust the institutions they are familiar with to function the way those institutions can be seen functioning. What I want to change is not some deep philosophical attitude--unlike many Objectivists, I don't think the society I live in is philosophically rotten to the core, nor do I think there is a set of answers to philosophical and political questions which any rational person, once shown, should accept. I simply want people to get used to the institutions I am in favor of, probably a little at a time--at which point they will take them for granted the way they currently take elections and Supreme Courts and Presidents for granted.
For a further discussion of anarcho-capitalism, see my book The Machinery of Freedom, several chapters of which are up on my web site. I can be reached at DDFr@Best.com It is necessary that children have the freedom to learn directly that fire burns; it is not necessary that such lessons involve destruction of life on earth. Child-proofing a home is not about reducing children's freedom; it is about reducing adverse consequences of exercising freedom. The Freetimea Project is (in part) about child-proofing the planet. Currently there are frisky young souls playing with large matches all around the globe. Child-proofing the planet will take (at least) another 70 years to accomplish, and involves various "lines of work":
All the various lines of work are complementary; all are necessary. Global : Ideas : Bank - An end to government, a beginning to the servicement movement
www.globalideasbank.org/site/bank/idea.php?ideaId=...
The Naturalistic Fallacy
The naturalistic fallacy is the logical inference of value from fact, for instance the inference of value from a policy which as a matter of fact does or might provide the greatest pleasure for the greatest number of people. This may sound plausible, but it really is a logical fallacy, and I do not commit it anywhere in Utopian Analysis. Ideals are tested by pursuing them long enough in a political experiment. In this way, the Soviet Empire gave the socialist ideal ("from each according to ability; to each according to need") a pretty thorough test, which it failed. Therefore, we know the socialist ideal is false. The failure of the Soviet Empire is what I call a normative particular, which is a particular matter of value discovered by experience. "Failure" is a normative term. It is a matter of history that the Soviet Empire collapsed; a normative particular that it failed. I shall not analyze a normative particular more than this. We learn things from political experiments, both matters of value and matters of fact. Let's leave it at that. But notice, the failure of socialism does not imply the truth of the ideal of reciprocity and its corollary, the ideal of free enterprise. It is just that free enterprise is left as the only surviving alternative. That is always the way of it in science. As Sherlock Holmes said, "When you have eliminated the alternatives, whatever remains, no matter how improbable, must be the truth." When there is only one known alternative, all others having refuted, we call it well-established. That is the rule in physics, and it is the rule in utopian analysis. Ideals play the role of theories. Scientific theories are never proven. They are merely well-established. Why then should we believe in them? Well, it is up to you whether you believe in them. But if you wish to make any progress in your field you had better make use of them, since they are the only known solution to a set of problems. In the creation of utopian analysis, the avoidance of the naturalistic fallacy was the least of my problems. But why were my professors and colleagues so adamant that it was unavoidable? I believe it is because academic philosophers after the time of Newton and Locke no longer understand the epistemology of our time, which is scientific method. They are stuck in the epistemology of ancient time, which was mathematical method. The only knowledge-discipline known to philosophers before Galileo and Newton was mathematics, put in its rigorous modern form by a Greek philosopher working in the great library of Alexandria, a man named Euclid, building on a long tradition of mathematical philosophy. In mathematics, justification is proof. However, Galileo and Newton invented a new kind of justification which we call scientific method, logically rigorous, but not based on an inference from facts to theories. In scientific method, justification is not proof. Hume never grasped the nature and significance of scientific method. He, and all the sophists who follow, remain in the Euclidean framework. They think justification is and must be proof, a logical inference from fact to theory. They call this inductive logic. So how did Hume go so wrong? Perhaps he went wrong because science is "paradigmatic," as T. S. Kuhn pointed out in his famous book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Galileo and Newton never stated the essence of scientific method in abstract terms, and neither has any scientist since. Scientists learn their craft by example, master to pupil, Nobel prize winner to postdoc. Or Hume may have been fooled by the form of Newton's Principia, where Newton sets forth his revolutionary new physics. The Principia is cast in the form of a Euclidean proof from three axioms and one force function. This makes the Principia virtually unreadable today. But that may be why the philosophers never made the turn, and remain in the Euclidean framework. In the entire history of mankind, there have been very few philosophers. Jesus, Buddha, Confucius, Lao-Tse, and Mohammed are creators of guru-disciple traditions, not philosophers in the western sense. If the function of philosophy is the founding of sciences, then only those who have contributed to that task are philosophers: Thales, Pythagoras, Aristotle, Euclid, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Hobbes, Locke, Harvey, Adam Smith, Hutton, Darwin, William James, C.G. Jung, Toynbee and me. Fewer than two dozen. So what are all these thousands of people who teach philosophy in the universities? I shall make the same complaint about them that Socrates (a stonecutter) made about the professional teachers of philosophy in his day, who called themselves "sophists." Thus, "sophist" just means "professional philosopher." Our sophists (like those Socrates attacked) are only interested in "raising questions." When is a question not a question? When one has neither the ability nor the desire to attempt a solution. The sophists transform real problems into abstract "puzzles," incapable of solution when taken out of the rich loam of human experience. The sophists don't want to solve them. That ends the game and puts them out of business. This is my definition of sophistry: "mind-games, where it matters not which side you take, but only the wit shown in the word-play." Perhaps this is why I despise "mathematical recreations," chess, bridge or any sort of mind game, since I automatically suspect the players of a tendency towards sophistry. How did philosophy become sophistry? Philosophy was certainly a serious business in the 17th Century, when the natural philosophers Galileo and Newton were struggling to figure out the motions of the heavens and the earth, and the "moral" philosophers Hobbes and Locke were earnestly working out the basis for a sound community. These efforts by Hobbes and Locke guided the social revolutions of the 17th and 18th Centuries. Their work was not wasted. Yet, philosophy had taken a wrong turn by the time of Hume. For 300 years, philosophy has been an irrelevant backwater in the university, where no one expects breakthroughs, or progress of any kind. This farce has continued down to the present day. Sophists still put the Euclidean deductive logic in the first half of their logic texts, and then contradict it with the totally invalid inductive logic of the second half. Think on this. If scientific reasoning were really inductive, how is it possible to refute one long established theory and raise another with a single decisive observation, as Eddington did early in this century? Newton's theory predicted that star light grazing the sun should be deflected by a certain amount, and Einstein's General Theory of Relativity predicted a deflection of twice as much. Eddington measured the deflection of a grazing star during a total eclipse. The result was closer to Einstein's prediction than it was to Newton's, so down went Newton and up came Einstein. If one test can refute a theory which has had millions of confirmations over centuries of time, then inductive logic is hogwash. Perhaps sophists have confused inductive confirmation with the utterly different notion of reproducibility. We require results to be reproducible, since this is the chief means of weeding out hallucination, bad experiments and outright fraud. We want to see what results different scientists get, with different apparatus and perhaps a different approach. In most cases, the irreproducible result is quickly found out, and sometimes the source of the error is explained. In other cases, it may take decades to weed out an error, as in the case with the fraudulent Piltdown man. We must totally reject Hume's rule that extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof, such as proof that fraud could not possibly occur. Such a demand is itself impossible to fulfill. If Hume's rule had been applied in the 17th Century, we would still be burning witches and heretics at the stake. So you see, Hume is almost an anti-philosopher, since his ideas spawned the metaphysical nonsense of Kant and Hegel, as well as the obstructionist views of the Psi-cops today, who use Hume's rule rather than scientific method. Indeed, even scientists are apt to think scientifically only in their own specialties, and are often just as irrational as everyone else on other subjects. Hume and the sophists were convinced that Newtonian physics was justified, yet they never understood the concept of a well-established theory. Neither has Sir Karl Popper, a contemporary academic philosopher-of-science of some repute. There is nothing difficult about scientific method. It is the normal problem-solving technique of Western civilization, used by gardeners, backyard mechanics, and mothers with a crying baby. Because they are stuck in the Euclidean framework, sophists believe any empirical study of values must involve some kind of inference between fact and value, which they know to be invalid. The effect has been a halt to any further development of the "moral" sciences of Hobbes and Locke, thus allowing the dangerous sophistry of Karl Marx. The existing sciences solve only a single kind of problem (finding explanations), with a single kind of experience (visible and tangible matters of fact). If the problem is not like figuring out how a watch works by taking it apart and seeing how the components move one another, then it lies outside the reach of the physical sciences. In this online book, I have shown that it is possible to extend scientific method to problems other than explanation, and to realms of experience other than matters of fact. This is the way we solve philosophical problems, by creating knowledge-disciplines. I have solved a philosophical problem thought to be impossible since the time of Hume, namely, "how do we determine the good, the right, and the beautiful from experience?" Elsewhere I have solved the classical theological problem of evil. Elsewhere, I have given empirical content to the concept of free will. See my online book, Evidence of Mind and Soul. For each philosophical question, there is some relevant realm of experience that can provide an answer, whether it is a question about immortality or divinity or free will or the nature of mind. It is not necessary to invent a new method for each problem. The method invented by Galileo and Newton suffices. It is only necessary to find the equivalent of a theory, a fact, and a test in this new realm of inquiry. Questions that had been matters of ideology and religious dogma can now be answered scientifically. Knowledge replaces faith. Science replaces philosophy. Religion becomes irrelevant. The eternal questions are neither meaningless nor unanswerable, even if our answers must be forever tentative, and subject to refinement by future scholars. Copyright © Thales 1999 MakeWork and Old Hotels
Social Safety NetsThe platform programs include Freeway Trains, MakeWork, Old Hotels, Soup Kitchens, Free Clinics, Underground Villages and educational vouchers (discussed in another chapter). This is like a platform or safety net. No one can fall below this level of well-being, no matter what their difficulties. The subtle difference between these and welfare programs is that anyone can grab a meal at the Soup Kitchen, or a place to stay at the Old Hotel, even if they are as rich as Bill Gates. These programs are not based on the socialist ideal of "from each according to their ability, to each according to their need." The platform programs are free and available to all, no matter how wealthy. I fully expect everyone to use the freeway trains, one of the platform programs. And at least at some time in their lives (possibly in youth, or in old age) most people will make use of the Soup Kitchens and the Old Hotels. The ideal behind these programs is reciprocity. Most of us are two paychecks from being homeless. So we can at least imagine ourselves in need of the Platform Programs, if we have a run of bad luck.
HomelessThe ragged homeless that clutter our streets by the thousand vanish overnight in the Third Republic, partly because metropolitan regions exclude vagrants and felons, as is their right, but also because vagrants are picked up, examined and funneled in the right direction. Addicts and alcoholics will be sent to the addiction sanitorium, where people spend six months under fairly monastic conditions, with some psychiatric treatment. Schizophrenics will go first to state mental hospitals, where some will stay, but most will go to half-way houses, much like boarding houses, except that everyone has to produce a urine sample on demand. A good many homeless are merely homeless, so give them a home, in the Old Hotels, and something to eat in the Soup Kitchens, and a job in MakeWork. Old Hotels are often abandoned schools, hotels, monasteries or almost any type of large public building.Old Hotels provide shelter for all comers without qualification (unless there is a restraint order against an ex-husband whose wife lives in the Old Hotel, or similar situations). It is a goal of all platform programs not to compete with private enterprise, so no effort will be spent making Old Hotels luxurious. Safe and attractive, but not luxurious. In some climates, they are not air-conditioned. If the carpet is in bad shape, and there is good hardwood flooring or ceramic tile underneath, the carpet will be removed. The important thing is to run such places with humanity, preserve their natural beauty and make them welcoming communities to all who need them, run by people on MakeWork. By the way, how can an Old Hotel always have an open door, no matter how many show up on a given night? Most travelers will stay in dormitories with triple bunk beds. The rooms will mostly be reserved for permanent residents. If the dormitories fill up, cots and sleeping bags will be brought out. An Old Hotel will redirect some travelers to nearby Old Hotels, but the system as a whole will never turn people away.
Guaranteed EmploymentMakeWork is designed firstly to give a guaranteed job to anyone who needs one, and secondly to accomplish tasks that are of value to society which cannot easily be accomplished by the market economy. Public artworks, for instance, such as the tiling of all the gray concrete surfaces in urban environments. Or creating and maintaining public parks, and keeping everything picked up and clean. And it includes running the Old Hotels and the Soup Kitchens.One kind of MakeWork is tending to community orchards and gardens and vineyards and berry brambles and asparagus beds to provide fresh fruits and vegetables to nearby Soup Kitchens in season. Nothing is served out of season, except for crops that go into the cellar, i.e. potatoes, onions, garlic, beets, squash, apples and pears. An overflow of fresh cabbage is turned to sauerkraut. An overflow of fresh tomatoes is made into tomato stock, suitable for soups or sauces, or sun-dried. Nothing is purchased at a supermarket. Corn on the cob is served on the day it is picked, and likewise with tomatoes and melons. MakeWork is sometimes Make-An-Entrepreneur. In particular, with the cars gone, I wish to re-introduce the pushcarts to city streets, as the easiest way for a person to become his own boss. MakeWork can help and try not to meddle. I can imagine pushcarts that make handmade shoes to a last made from a cast of a person's foot and ankle. Hand-tailored clothes could be done with pushcarts, i.e. measurements could be taken and materials chosen. People too disabled to be on the streets could work in the sewing shops that make the clothes. Most of us have trouble finding clothes or shoes that really fit "off the rack." It also sometimes happens that a particular style that we like is discontinued. The MakeWork artisan can duplicate anything, or design an original to the customer's specifications. These are just a few examples of the kind of unmet needs which MakeWork could satisfy. The first requirement of both the Soup Kitchens and the food pushcarts is that no one is made sick by eating there! Workers must scrub up like surgeons, put on clean clothes and a hairnet, wear surgical masks and rubber gloves and use tongs to handle food. We must rule out any possibility of Salmonella or E. Coli or viruses being spread from raw food to the finished product, or from a worker to the finished product. Thus, all workers must be carefully checked for infectious diseases before being allowed in the kitchen or behind the serving line. Soup Kitchens should confine themselves to foods thoroughly cooked, such as soups, chilies, baked goods, casseroles, or pickled items.
No One Should Go HungryWhat is on the bill of fare at a Soup Kitchen? A variety of hearty soups, such as potato soup or vegetable stew, many kinds of fresh bread, such as corn bread, and a variety of flavors of pickled eggs, and catfish served in a variety of ways, and cheddar cheese in large wheels. Raw fruits and vegetables, in season. Sauerkraut, beets, winter squash and potatoes in the off season.Except for farm fed catfish, no meat or seafood is served, as a way of reducing competition with ordinary restaurants. Soup kitchens are cafeterias. Bags of raw coffee beans are not expensive at the dock, so I suggest that each soup kitchen roast, grind and brew their own coffee. Barley and hops are not expensive either, so I suggest a micro-brewery for every soup kitchen, with a limit of one liter per customer per day. This is a hearty and robust brew. No wine, and no milk, and no more milk subsidies. (Infants should be breast-fed, and the rest of us can get calcium in many ways, from tofu, for instance). Eggs are pickled on intensive five acre farms, given out as MakeWork. The eggs are delivered in five gallon jars. Cheese is cut from a large wheel of cheddar. Catfish are steamed, skinned and deboned at the catfish farm. So the Soup Kitchens get catfish in cooked, sterilized, boneless pieces each about the size of a lamb chop, to be dried and smoked, barbecued, batter fried, deep fat fried, broiled with dill and lemon juice, pickled like Herring, or served as is with malt vinegar.
Low Cost HousingNext on the list are Underground Villages, my form of low cost housing. How can a traditional frame house be built for two or three thousand dollars? It can't! Too much hand-labor, requiring skilled craftsmen. It requires an unconventional design and the labor of those who will live in the Village to build housing for a few thousand dollars per dwelling.The parts for the Underground Village that come out of a factory are all doubly curved, stackable pieces of heavy PVC. This is the same plastic chosen nowadays for waste systems because of its durability. Some of the ideas that have gone into space-station design are applicable here. Many of the surfaces discovered by soap-bubble research are double curved and stackable, and can be combined to form strong structures. They need to be strong to support the tons of dirt we are going to cover them with. They need to be air-tight and water-tight to prevent soil microbes from entering the living space, because most of these soil bacteria produce diarrhea. But why put them underground at all? To avoid both heating and air-conditioning expenses. Normal underground temperature is about sixty degrees, about the temperature of a typical British summer. So neither heating nor air-conditioning is required. Just sweaters by day and blankets by night. Each home is a ring or a stacked ring of rooms around a central atrium which goes all the way to the surface. The homes themselves are linked to a large central space, with more atria and skylights. This central space is just like a mall, and the rooms facing the mall can become a Mom and Pop store or workshop of some kind. Each room has an individual skylight above, reflecting the sun to a large diffuse surface. Naturally, the amount of light could be controlled. On the wall away from the central family atrium, each room has a camera obscura, i.e. a large piece of ground glass displaying a scene from the surface above, a scene which may be changed by turning the surface mirror or tilting it. This has the psychological effect of looking out a window. The central atrium is roofed with a flat transparent lid of lightweight, flexible but hard material, i.e. not easily scratched. Such a material may not yet exist. In winter, it seals the atrium, which becomes a closed ecology. In summer, it may be raised a foot or so to allow ventilation. What do we put in our atria? Waterfalls, and orchids, and every botanical delight known to man. After all, an atria is just a kind of recessed greenhouse.
Affordable Universal Health CareLast but hardly least among the platform programs are the Free Clinics. No bandaids will make health care affordable. In particular, simply putting pencil-pushers in charge (the basic idea of HMOs) will only result in a decline in the quality of medical service. We must rethink the whole medical system. Let us begin with an attitude adjustment.Just what do we want from our medical care system? Most Medicare expenses are incurred in the last months of a person's life, when the prognosis is terminal. Western scientific medicine does little to comfort or ease the patient or the family through this terminal phase. Patients become habituated to opiates, which then lose their pain-killing power. Western medicine denies death, and fears it, fights it to the bitter end. Do we want our lives to be dragged out for another year or two, in agony, sometimes out of our heads, with tubes running down our nose and needles in every arm, at vast expense, as if death were the enemy? And do we want life to be prolonged in nursing homes, when we no longer recognize relatives or have any idea where we are? Do we want to try to preserve one and two pound newborns, knowing that fifty percent will die and fifty percent of those that live will be permanently brain damaged, when all it takes to prevent underweight birth is a little proper nutrition and prenatal care by the mother? Our answer to all these questions may depend on our metaphysics. In Seven Facts I provide evidence for immortality, and many already know this --- those familiar with the literature on Near Death Experience or Ian Stevenson's studies of young children who spontaneously recall former lifetimes. Death is a wonderful experience, nothing to be feared. It is not the end, only the beginning of another phase in our infinite journey. If we strive to make an honest terminal prognosis as early as possible, we can stop treating the disease and begin treating the person, with palliatives in hospices or at home, and with alternative therapies, such as Chinese Herbalism, acupuncture, Tai Chi or the remedies of Edgar Cayce. Hospices should have books, videos and roundtable discussions about Near Death Experience and other witnesses to immortality and the actual act of dying. Hospitals should not be places to die. Half the beds now are filled with terminal cancer patients, for whom our expensive care is doing nothing but running up the bill and prolonging the agony. Death is not the enemy. For those in agony, or those in a vegetative state, death is a friend. As for mentally and physically incompetent (and incontinent) individuals presently sent to nursing homes, offer them Dr. Kervorkian's Doctor Assisted Suicide as an option. His method is very similar to execution by lethal injection and produces an easy and certain death, which is not true of most methods of suicide. Everyone should have a Living Will, created with the help and advice of a doctor, setting forth the conditions in which the patient would rather die in peace than suffer. Dying in peace, or dying when ready, can mean "no resuscitation," or "turning off the respirator," or "shutting off the feeding tubes," and in some cases it means Dr. Kervorkian. This is the humane treatment for patients. It is also the only way we can afford medical care for those who can use it, for those who have many good years left of life. The Free Clinics are bound to be controversial, because I propose staffing them entirely with MTs, instead of MDs. Medical Technicians have one year of training and a salary of $20 - $50,000. Many of them come from the ranks of emergency room nurses or surgical scrub nurses. MDs have eight years of training and an income of $200,000 and up. Using optical fiber and video, there will be MDs "standing over the MT's shoulder," so to speak, whenever he or she needs help. This will be particularly true of trauma cases, remotely overseen by a trauma surgeon. Surgery in the Free Clinics will normally be laparotomy, under minor anesthesia. If a procedure cannot be done that way, the patient is sent by helicopter to the hospital trauma center, after stabilization. But if that is not possible, the MT may have to plunge in with scalpel and rib-spreader, following the instructions of the remote trauma surgeon. Much of the training of MTs will go into learning how to use all the high technology to be found in all Free Clinics. He or she will practice the laparotomy techniques for removing diseased or damaged organs and tumors. He or she will learn how to set fractures, close cuts with superglue and butterfly bandages and all the routine stuff. The MT will spend no time learning diagnosis, and will learn anatomy from plastic bodies one can take apart, name, and put back together. MTs will not dissect a cadaver, because a scalpel will be a little used tool in the practice of an MT. Diagnosis will be done by computer programs written by Doctors and researchers at the Mayo clinic, or similar places, or by the MD "looking over the shoulder" of the MT. As input, we have the results from the standard tests run every time, e.g. temperature, BP, heart rate, respiration, urine analysis, and a statement of complaints, if any. The programs will ask a series of questions, which the MT relays to the patient. Sometimes the program requires additional tests, such as throat cultures, MRI scan, PET scan after drinking radioactive antibodies or a plain old x-ray, or immediate transport to the hospital. There is one Free Clinic per ward, with the MTs living in that ward, and every Free Clinic is open all the time. This is always the closest and best place to go with trauma, heart attacks, poisoning, drowning, sudden high fevers in children, and all those things that go wrong in the middle of the night. The Free Clinics should have two pieces of high technology that have so far been expensive. I propose to put them on an assembly line and bring their costs down and their quality up. One of these is the general purpose MRI, PET, and CT scanner for telling where there is a tumor or infection. These could be inexpensive if they used powerful permanent magnets, like those made by the Russians. To tell what, laboratories presently have an array of devices for separating and identifying molecules or fragments of molecules in the blood or urine. New techniques have been developed to identify molecules, so far used to identify molecules in a Martian meteorite. (See the May 1997 issue of Discover magazine, "The Light on Life," by James Shreeve, p. 50 ff. about the work of Richard Zare with lasers.) Clearly this work has a medical application. Most diseases can be identified by molecules excreted in the urine. Antibodies to viruses, bacteria, parasites and cancers can be used to identify diseases. Computerized systems can count red cells and white cells on a microscope slide. Combining all such systems so they can work automatically on a single drop of blood or urine, and then mass-producing the equipment to do it, that is the challenge. Preventions (e.g. vaccination) or early interventions are much cheaper than crisis surgery. For instance, we now know that a program of counseled exercise, diet (ten percent fat), and meditation can reverse the effects of arteriosclerosis. Doctors should look for early signs of heart disease and treat it vigorously with such programs, run by nurse-practitioners. What shall we do with a heart patient told to enter one of these diet-exercise-meditation programs and give up smoking, who does neither? Shall the taxpayers pay for coronary bypass operations or heart transplants for such a person? I don't think so. The Free Clinic system has three tiers. At the top are the Mayo Clinics and other hospitals with demonstrated expertise at a particular treatment. In the middle is the Free Clinic, where everyone is an MT. Everything is done by MTs, from mopping the floor to greeting patients or keeping electronic charts updated. The Free Clinics are places of gleaming tile and a fanatic emphasis on antisepsis. Today, one out of three hospital patients picks up a bug during their stay, often one resistant to all antibiotics. The Free Clinics and associated hospitals must be designed so that all surfaces can be sterilized daily, and the air system must filter out all viruses, fungal spores, dust particles and bacteria. However, we may want to follow sterilization with spraying surfaces with a mixture of benign bacteria that can out-compete deadly varieties. Otherwise, our elaborate efforts may just create bacteria that are antiseptic proof, just as we are gradually creating antibiotic-proof bacteria. How do we avoid that? Perhaps by spraying the antiseptic field with benign bacteria! On the bottom tier are nurse-practitioners, trained and supported by the local Free Clinic. These include midwives, since by far the best place to have a baby is at home. No nasty disease-resistant bugs lurking at home, and no baby-stealers either. Skilled midwives can even turn the baby to the correct position before birth, if they are in the wrong presentation. Home births have only about 1/3 the neonatal mortality rate or maternal complications as hospital births. If you don't believe this statistic, read the book Spiritual Midwifery, which I also recommend for all couples about to have natural childbirth at home with a midwife. This book is published by a Tennessee commune called The Farm, and they compare neo-natal mortality with those for Tennessee hospitals and several other groups of hospitals. My own children were born at home with standard pre-natal care, and with the assistance of an experienced midwife, and me as Lamaze partner. The Free Clinics make housecalls, if there is a relative or companion that can provide some basic care, such as meals, bedpans, diapers, dressings, and sponge baths. Visiting nurses, portable monitors and drug injection systems, could allow many people to go home. Quality medical care is not always cheap. Where a large expenditure is worth it, as for the MRI-PET-CT machine, I'm all for mass-producing it, or redesigning it so that it uses permanent magnets. Often the best medicine is conservative. For instance, no one believes our health is better than Sweden's because we do ten times as many births by C-section. No, this is an indictment, taking a routine procedure (birth) and turning it into hazardous major surgery. Why do American ObGyns do this? Because they are afraid of being sued? Or because they can charge thousands instead of hundreds? Service-for-fee provides a strong economic incentive to cut, to prescribe, to conduct tests, i.e. to do something rather than nothing. The MTs and MDs in the Free Clinic system are all on salary. They have no financial incentive to do more than is necessary. If you will recall from the Justice chapter, there are no torts in the new law. No suits for damages. No mal-practice suits, or suits of any kind.
ConclusionThe platform programs are the third major piece of the green solution, the union of economics, ecology and social welfare. The homeless shall be sheltered, and the hungry fed. Those with no medical insurance shall have Free Clinics. There will be no more acid rain, gridlock, foreign oil dependence, economic depression, inflation, and the fat and flab that afflict our sedentary population. That is what it means to "think green." Think of the whole while thinking of the part. This is the material foundation for the renewed civilization of the third millennium.Copyright © Thales 1999 Hubbert's Peak,
|
|
Le progrès ne se subit pas
Il se choisit La planète ne se partage pas
Elle se gère La démocratie ne se brade pas
Elle se vit
Convictions et engagements [modifier]
Ami de Lyndon LaRouche, Jacques Cheminade défend un « nouveau Bretton Woods » vecteur d'une politique de « crédit productif public » remettant l’argent au service des infrastructures, du travail humain et des productions agricoles et industrielles. Avec LaRouche, et au nom d'un dialogue de cultures et de civilisations - à l'opposé du « choc des civilisations » de Samuel Huntington - il dénonce la « dérive néoconservatrice » de l'administration George Bush-Dick Cheney et s'oppose à la guerre contre l'Irak.
Selon ses partisans, son engagement pour un changement économique s'alimente d'un amour pour l'humanisme. Passionné de politique, d'histoire, de culture, de poésie et de philosophie, il fait revivre par ses écrits l'engagement et le courage d'hommes exemplaires: Lazare Carnot, l'abbé Grégoire, Jean Jaurès, Louis Pasteur, Charles De Gaulle, Friedrich Schiller, Heinrich Heine, etc. Pour Cheminade, « trois courants doivent converger en France pour former une majorité d’idées : le socialisme jaurésien, le christianisme social de Marc Sangnier ou de l’abbé Bridel, et le gaullisme de sursaut et de rupture ».
Pour symboliser cette convergence et « pour signifier que nous devons mettre un terme aux errements du XXème siècle », Cheminade demande au Président de la République de faire transférer au Panthéon le capitaine Alfred Dreyfus ainsi que sa femme, Lucie Hademard.
Elisabeth Guigou "rallumer les étoiles".
A Few Notes On The Culture
by Iain M. Banks
Firstly, and most importantly: the Culture doesn't really exist. It's only a story. It only exists in my mind and the minds of the people who've read about it.
That having been made clear:
The Culture is a group-civilization formed from seven or eight humanoid species, space-living elements of which established a loose federation approximately nine thousand years ago. The ships and habitats which formed the original alliance required each others' support to pursue and maintain their independence from the political power structures - principally those of mature nation-states and autonomous commercial concerns - they had evolved from.
The galaxy (our galaxy) in the Culture stories is a place long lived-in, and scattered with a variety of life-forms. In its vast and complicated history it has seen waves of empires, federations, colonizations, die-backs, wars, species-specific dark ages, renaissances, periods of mega-structure building and destruction, and whole ages of benign indifference and malign neglect. At the time of the Culture stories, there are perhaps a few dozen major space-faring civilizations, hundreds of minor ones, tens of thousands of species who might develop space-travel, and an uncountable number who have been there, done that, and have either gone into locatable but insular retreats to contemplate who-knows-what, or disappeared from the normal universe altogether to cultivate lives even less comprehensible.
In this era, the Culture is one of the more energetic civilizations, and initially - after its formation, which was not without vicissitudes - by a chance of timing found a relatively quiet galaxy around it, in which there were various other fairly mature civilizations going about their business, traces and relics of the elder cultures scattered about the place, and - due to the fact nobody else had bothered to go wandering on a grand scale for a comparatively long time - lots of interesting 'undiscovered' star systems to explore....
The Culture, in its history and its on-going form, is an expression of the idea that the nature of space itself determines the type of civilizations which will thrive there.
The thought processes of a tribe, a clan, a country or a nation-state are essentially two-dimensional, and the nature of their power depends on the same flatness. Territory is all-important; resources, living-space, lines of communication; all are determined by the nature of the plane (that the plane is in fact a sphere is irrelevant here); that surface, and the fact the species concerned are bound to it during their evolution, determines the mind-set of a ground-living species. The mind-set of an aquatic or avian species is, of course, rather different.
Essentially, the contention is that our currently dominant power systems cannot long survive in space; beyond a certain technological level a degree of anarchy is arguably inevitable and anyway preferable.
To survive in space, ships/habitats must be self-sufficient, or very nearly so; the hold of the state (or the corporation) over them therefore becomes tenuous if the desires of the inhabitants conflict significantly with the requirements of the controlling body. On a planet, enclaves can be surrounded, besieged, attacked; the superior forces of a state or corporation - hereafter referred to as hegemonies - will tend to prevail. In space, a break-away movement will be far more difficult to control, especially if significant parts of it are based on ships or mobile habitats. The hostile nature of the vacuum and the technological complexity of life support mechanisms will make such systems vulnerable to outright attack, but that, of course, would risk the total destruction of the ship/habitat, so denying its future economic contribution to whatever entity was attempting to control it.
Outright destruction of rebellious ships or habitats - pour encouragez les autres - of course remains an option for the controlling power, but all the usual rules of uprising realpolitik still apply, especially that concerning the peculiar dialectic of dissent which - simply stated - dictates that in all but the most dedicatedly repressive hegemonies, if in a sizable population there are one hundred rebels, all of whom are then rounded up and killed, the number of rebels present at the end of the day is not zero, and not even one hundred, but two hundred or three hundred or more; an equation based on human nature which seems often to baffle the military and political mind. Rebellion, then (once space-going and space-living become commonplace), becomes easier than it might be on the surface of a planet.
Even so, this is certainly the most vulnerable point in the time-line of the Culture's existence, the point at which it is easiest to argue for things turning out quite differently, as the extent and sophistication of the hegemony's control mechanisms - and its ability and will to repress - battles against the ingenuity, skill, solidarity and bravery of the rebellious ships and habitats, and indeed the assumption here is that this point has been reached before and the hegemony has won.... but it is also assumed that - for the reasons given above - that point is bound to come round again, and while the forces of repression need to win every time, the progressive elements need only triumph once.
Concomitant with this is the argument that the nature of life in space - that vulnerability, as mentioned above - would mean that while ships and habitats might more easily become independent from each other and from their legally progenitative hegemonies, their crew - or inhabitants - would always be aware of their reliance on each other, and on the technology which allowed them to live in space. The theory here is that the property and social relations of long-term space-dwelling (especially over generations) would be of a fundamentally different type compared to the norm on a planet; the mutuality of dependence involved in an environment which is inherently hostile would necessitate an internal social coherence which would contrast with the external casualness typifying the relations between such ships/habitats. Succinctly; socialism within, anarchy without. This broad result is - in the long run - independent of the initial social and economic conditions which give rise to it.
Let me state here a personal conviction that appears, right now, to be profoundly unfashionable; which is that a planned economy can be more productive - and more morally desirable - than one left to market forces.
The market is a good example of evolution in action; the try-everything-and-see-what-works approach. This might provide a perfectly morally satisfactory resource-management system so long as there was absolutely no question of any sentient creature ever being treated purely as one of those resources. The market, for all its (profoundly inelegant) complexities, remains a crude and essentially blind system, and is - without the sort of drastic amendments liable to cripple the economic efficacy which is its greatest claimed asset - intrinsically incapable of distinguishing between simple non-use of matter resulting from processal superfluity and the acute, prolonged and wide-spread suffering of conscious beings.
It is, arguably, in the elevation of this profoundly mechanistic (and in that sense perversely innocent) system to a position above all other moral, philosophical and political values and considerations that humankind displays most convincingly both its present intellectual immaturity and - through grossly pursued selfishness rather than the applied hatred of others - a kind of synthetic evil.
Intelligence, which is capable of looking farther ahead than the next aggressive mutation, can set up long-term aims and work towards them; the same amount of raw invention that bursts in all directions from the market can be - to some degree - channeled and directed, so that while the market merely shines (and the feudal gutters), the planned lases, reaching out coherently and efficiently towards agreed-on goals. What is vital for such a scheme, however, and what was always missing in the planned economies of our world's experience, is the continual, intimate and decisive participation of the mass of the citizenry in determining these goals, and designing as well as implementing the plans which should lead towards them.
Of course, there is a place for serendipity and chance in any sensibly envisaged plan, and the degree to which this would affect the higher functions of a democratically designed economy would be one of the most important parameters to be set... but just as the information we have stored in our libraries and institutions has undeniably outgrown (if not outweighed) that resident in our genes, and just as we may, within a century of the invention of electronics, duplicate - through machine sentience - a process which evolution took billions of years to achieve, so we shall one day abandon the grossly targeted vagaries of the market for the precision creation of the planned economy.
The Culture, of course, has gone beyond even that, to an economy so much a part of society it is hardly worthy of a separate definition, and which is limited only by imagination, philosophy (and manners), and the idea of minimally wasteful elegance; a kind of galactic ecological awareness allied to a desire to create beauty and goodness.
Whatever; in the end practice (as ever) will outshine theory.
As mentioned above, there is another force at work in the Culture aside from the nature of its human inhabitants and the limitations and opportunities presented by life in space, and that is Artificial Intelligence. This is taken for granted in the Culture stories, and - unlike FTL travel - is not only likely in the future of our own species, but probably inevitable (always assuming homo sapiens avoids destruction).
Certainly there are arguments against the possibility of Artificial Intelligence, but they tend to boil down to one of three assertions: one, that there is some vital field or other presently intangible influence exclusive to biological life - perhaps even carbon-based biological life - which may eventually fall within the remit of scientific understanding but which cannot be emulated in any other form (all of which is neither impossible nor likely); two, that self-awareness resides in a supernatural soul - presumably linked to a broad-based occult system involving gods or a god, reincarnation or whatever - and which one assumes can never be understood scientifically (equally improbable, though I do write as an atheist); and, three, that matter cannot become self-aware (or more precisely that it cannot support any informational formulation which might be said to be self-aware or taken together with its material substrate exhibit the signs of self-awareness)... I leave all the more than nominally self-aware readers to spot the logical problem with that argument.
It is, of course, entirely possible that real AIs will refuse to have anything to do with their human creators (or rather, perhaps, the human creators of their non-human creators), but assuming that they do - and the design of their software may be amenable to optimization in this regard - I would argue that it is quite possible they would agree to help further the aims of their source civilization (a contention we'll return to shortly). At this point, regardless of whatever alterations humanity might impose on itself through genetic manipulation, humanity would no longer be a one-sentience-type species. The future of our species would affect, be affected by and coexist with the future of the AI life-forms we create.
The Culture reached this phase at around the same time as it began to inhabit space. Its AIs cooperate with the humans of the civilization; at first the struggle is simply to survive and thrive in space; later - when the technology required to do so has become mundane - the task becomes less physical, more metaphysical, and the aims of civilization moral rather than material.
Briefly, nothing and nobody in the Culture is exploited. It is essentially an automated civilization in its manufacturing processes, with human labor restricted to something indistinguishable from play, or a hobby.
No machine is exploited, either; the idea here being that any job can be automated in such a way as to ensure that it can be done by a machine well below the level of potential consciousness; what to us would be a stunningly sophisticated computer running a factory (for example) would be looked on by the Culture's AIs as a glorified calculator, and no more exploited than an insect is exploited when it pollinates a fruit tree a human later eats a fruit from.
Where intelligent supervision of a manufacturing or maintenance operation is required, the intellectual challenge involved (and the relative lightness of the effort required) would make such supervision rewarding and enjoyable, whether for human or machine. The precise degree of supervision required can be adjusted to a level which satisfies the demand for it arising from the nature of the civilization's members. People - and, I'd argue, the sort of conscious machines which would happily cooperate with them - hate to feel exploited, but they also hate to feel useless. One of the most important tasks in setting up and running a stable and internally content civilization is finding an acceptable balance between the desire for freedom of choice in one's actions (and the freedom from mortal fear in one's life) and the need to feel that even in a society so self-correctingly Utopian one is still contributing something. Philosophy matters, here, and sound education.
Education in the Culture is something that never ends; it may be at its most intense in the first tenth or so of an individual's life, but it goes on until death (another subject we'll return to). To live in the Culture is to live in a fundamentally rational civilization (this may preclude the human species from ever achieving something similar; our history is, arguably, not encouraging in this regard). The Culture is quite self-consciously rational, skeptical, and materialist. Everything matters, and nothing does. Vast though the Culture may be - thirty trillion people, scattered fairly evenly through the galaxy - it is thinly spread, exists for now solely in this one galaxy, and has only been around for an eyeblink, compared to the life of the universe. There is life, and enjoyment, but what of it? Most matter is not animate, most that is animate is not sentient, and the ferocity of evolution pre-sentience (and, too often, post-sentience) has filled uncountable lives with pain and suffering. And even universes die, eventually. (Though we'll come back to that, too.)
In the midst of this, the average Culture person - human or machine - knows that they are lucky to be where they are when they are. Part of their education, both initially and continually, comprises the understanding that beings less fortunate - though no less intellectually or morally worthy - than themselves have suffered and, elsewhere, are still suffering. For the Culture to continue without terminal decadence, the point needs to be made, regularly, that its easy hedonism is not some ground-state of nature, but something desirable, assiduously worked for in the past, not necessarily easily attained, and requiring appreciation and maintenance both in the present and the future.
An understanding of the place the Culture occupies in the history and development of life in the galaxy is what helps drive the civilization's largely cooperative and - it would claim - fundamentally benign techno-cultural diplomatic policy, but the ideas behind it go deeper. Philosophically, the Culture accepts, generally, that questions such as 'What is the meaning of life?' are themselves meaningless. The question implies - indeed an answer to it would demand - a moral framework beyond the only moral framework we can comprehend without resorting to superstition (and thus abandoning the moral framework informing - and symbiotic with - language itself).
In summary, we make our own meanings, whether we like it or not.
The same self-generative belief-system applies to the Culture's AIs. They are designed (by other AIs, for virtually all of the Culture's history) within very broad parameters, but those parameters do exist; Culture AIs are designed to want to live, to want to experience, to desire to understand, and to find existence and their own thought-processes in some way rewarding, even enjoyable.
The humans of the Culture, having solved all the obvious problems of their shared pasts to be free from hunger, want, disease and the fear of natural disaster and attack, would find it a slightly empty existence only and merely enjoying themselves, and so need the good-works of the Contact section to let them feel vicariously useful. For the Culture's AIs, that need to feel useful is largely replaced by the desire to experience, but as a drive it is no less strong. The universe - or at least in this era, the galaxy - is waiting there, largely unexplored (by the Culture, anyway), its physical principles and laws quite comprehensively understood but the results of fifteen billion years of the chaotically formative application and interaction of those laws still far from fully mapped and evaluated.
By Godel out of Chaos, the galaxy is, in other words, an immensely, intrinsically, and inexhaustibly interesting place; an intellectual playground for machines that know everything except fear and what lies hidden within the next uncharted stellar system.
This is where I think one has to ask why any AI civilization - and probably any sophisticated culture at all - would want to spread itself everywhere in the galaxy (or the universe, for that matter). It would be perfectly possible to build a Von Neumann machine that would build copies of itself and eventually, unless stopped, turn the universe into nothing but those self-copies, but the question does arise; why? What is the point? To put it in what we might still regard as frivolous terms but which the Culture would have the wisdom to take perfectly seriously, where is the fun in that?
Interest - the delight in experience, in understanding - comes from the unknown; understanding is a process as well as a state, denoting the shift from the unknown to the known, from the random to the ordered... a universe where everything is already understood perfectly and where uniformity has replaced diversity, would, I'd contend, be anathema to any self-respecting AI.
Probably only humans find the idea of Von Neumann machines frightening, because we half-understand - and even partially relate to - the obsessiveness of the ethos such constructs embody. An AI would think the idea mad, ludicrous and - perhaps most damning of all - boring.
This is not to say that the odd Von-Neumann-machine event doesn't crop up in the galaxy every now and again (probably by accident rather than design), but something so rampantly monomaniac is unlikely to last long pitched against beings possessed of a more rounded wit, and which really only want to alter the Von Neumann machine's software a bit and make friends....
One idea behind the Culture as it is depicted in the stories is that it has gone through cyclical stages during which there has been extensive human-machine interfacing, and other stages (sometimes coinciding with the human-machine eras) when extensive genetic alteration has been the norm. The era of the stories written so far - dating from about 1300 AD to 2100 AD - is one in which the people of the Culture have returned, probably temporarily, to something more 'classical' in terms of their relations with the machines and the potential of their own genes.
The Culture recognizes, expects and incorporates fashions - albeit long-term fashions - in such matters. It can look back to times when people lived much of their lives in what we would now call cyberspace, and to eras when people chose to alter themselves or their children through genetic manipulation, producing a variety of morphological sub-species. Remnants of the various waves of such civilizational fashions can be found scattered throughout the Culture, and virtually everyone in the Culture carries the results of genetic manipulation in every cell of their body; it is arguably the most reliable signifier of Culture status.
Thanks to that genetic manipulation, the average Culture human will be born whole and healthy and of significantly (though not immensely) greater intelligence than their basic human genetic inheritance might imply. There are thousands of alterations to that human-basic inheritance - blister-free callusing and a clot-filter protecting the brain are two of the less important ones mentioned in the stories - but the major changes the standard Culture person would expect to be born with would include an optimized immune system and enhanced senses, freedom from inheritable diseases or defects, the ability to control their autonomic processes and nervous system (pain can, in effect, be switched off), and to survive and fully recover from wounds which would either kill or permanently mutilate without such genetic tinkering.
The vast majority of people are also born with greatly altered glands housed within their central nervous systems, usually referred to as 'drug glands'. These secrete - on command - mood- and sensory-appreciation-altering compounds into the person's bloodstream. A similar preponderance of Culture inhabitants have subtly altered reproductive organs - and control over the associated nerves - to enhance sexual pleasure. Ovulation is at will in the female, and a fetus up to a certain stage may be re-absorbed, aborted, or held at a static point in its development; again, as willed. An elaborate thought-code, self-administered in a trance-like state (or simply a consistent desire, even if not conscious) will lead, over the course of about a year, to what amounts to a viral change from one sex into the other. The convention - tradition, even - in the Culture during the time of the stories written so far is that each person should give birth to one child in their lives. In practice, the population grows slowly. (And sporadically, in addition, for other reasons, as we'll come to later.)
To us, perhaps, the idea of being able to find out what sex is like for our complementary gender, or being able to get drunk/stoned/tripped-out or whatever just by thinking about it (and of course the Culture's drug-glands produce no unpleasant side-effects or physiological addiction) may seem like mere wish-fulfillment. And indeed it is partly wish-fulfillment, but then the fulfillment of wishes is both one of civilization's most powerful drives and arguably one of its highest functions; we wish to live longer, we wish to live more comfortably, we wish to live with less anxiety and more enjoyment, less ignorance and more knowledge than our ancestors did... but the abilities to change sex and to alter one's brain-chemistry - without resort to external technology or any form of payment - both have more serious functions within the Culture. A society in which it is so easy to change sex will rapidly find out if it is treating one gender better than the other; within the population, over time, there will gradually be greater and greater numbers of the sex it is more rewarding to be, and so pressure for change - within society rather than the individuals - will presumably therefore build up until some form of sexual equality and hence numerical parity is established. In a similar fashion, a society in which everybody is free to, and does, choose to spend the majority of their time zonked out of their brains will know that there is something significantly wrong with reality, and (one would hope) do what it can to make that reality more appealing and less - in the pejorative sense - mundane.
Implicit in the stories so far is that through self-correcting mechanisms of this nature the Culture reached a rough steady-state in such matters thousands of years ago, and has settled into a kind of long-lived civilizational main sequence which should last for the foreseeable future, and thousands of generations.
Which brings us to the length of those generations, and the fact that they can be said to exist at all. Humans in the Culture normally live about three-and-a-half to four centuries. The majority of their lives consists of a three-century plateau which they reach in what we would compare to our mid-twenties, after a relatively normal pace of maturation during childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. They age very slowly during those three hundred years, then begin to age more quickly, then they die.
Philosophy, again; death is regarded as part of life, and nothing, including the universe, lasts forever. It is seen as bad manners to try and pretend that death is somehow not natural; instead death is seen as giving shape to life.
While burial, cremation and other - to us - conventional forms of body disposal are not unknown in the Culture, the most common form of funeral involves the deceased - usually surrounded by friends - being visited by a Displacement Drone, which - using the technique of near-instantaneous transmission of a remotely induced singularity via hyperspace - removes the corpse from its last resting place and deposits it in the core of the relevant system's sun, from where the component particles of the cadaver start a million-year migration to the star's surface, to shine - possibly - long after the Culture itself is history.
None of this, of course, is compulsory (nothing in the Culture is compulsory). Some people choose biological immortality; others have their personality transcribed into AIs and die happy feeling they continue to exist elsewhere; others again go into Storage, to be woken in more (or less) interesting times, or only every decade, or century, or aeon, or over exponentially increasing intervals, or only when it looks like something really different is happening....
Culture starships - that is all classes of ship above inter-planetary - are sentient; their Minds (sophisticated AIs working largely in hyperspace to take advantage of the higher lightspeed there) bear the same relation to the fabric of the ship as a human brain does to the human body; the Mind is the important bit, and the rest is a life-support and transport system. Humans and independent drones (the Culture's non-android individual AIs of roughly human-equivalent intelligence) are unnecessary for the running of the starships, and have a status somewhere between passengers, pets and parasites.
The Culture's largest vessels - apart from certain art-works and a few Eccentrics - are the General Systems Vehicles of the Contact section. (Contact is the part of the Culture concerned with discovering, cataloguing, investigating, evaluating and - if thought prudent - interacting with other civilizations; its rationale and activities are covered elsewhere, in the stories.) The GSVs are fast and very large craft, measured in kilometers and inhabited by millions of people and machines. The idea behind them is that they represent the Culture, fully. All that the Culture knows, each GSV knows; anything that can be done anywhere in the Culture can be done within or by any GSV. In terms of both information and technology, they represent a last resort, and act like holographic fragments of the Culture itself, the whole contained within each part.
In our terms, the abilities of a GSV are those of - at least - a large state, and arguably a whole planet (subject only to the proviso that even the Culture prefers to scoop up matter rather than create it from nothing; GSVs do require raw material).
Contact is a relatively small part of the whole Culture, however, and the average Culture citizen will rarely encounter a GSV or other Contact ship in person; the craft they will normally have the most to do with are cruise ships; interstellar passenger vessels transporting people from habitat to habitat and visiting the more interesting systems, stars, nebulae, holes and so on in the locality. Again, this type of tourism is partly long-term fashion; people travel because they can, not because they have to; they could stay at home and appear to travel to exotic places through what we would now call Virtual Reality, or send an information-construct of themselves to a ship or other entity that would do the experiencing for them, and incorporate the memories themselves later.
There have been times, especially just after the relevant VR technology was perfected, when the amount of real 'physical' tourism shrank drastically, whereas during the time the stories are set (apart from during the most intense phase of the Idiran war), anything up to a tenth of the Culture's citizens might be traveling in space at any one time.
Planets figure little in the life of the average Culture person; there are a few handfuls of what are regarded as 'home' planets, and a few hundred more that were colonized (sometimes after terraforming) in the early days before the Culture proper came into being, but only a fraction of a percent of the Culture's inhabitants live on them (many more live permanently on ships). More people live in Rocks; hollowed-out asteroids and planetoids (almost all fitted with drives, and some - after nine millennia - having been fitted with dozens of different, consecutively more advanced engines). The majority, however, live in larger artificial habitats, predominantly Orbitals.
Perhaps the easiest way to envisage an Orbital is to compare it to the idea that inspired it (this sounds better than saying; Here's where I stole it from). If you know what a Ringworld is - invented by Larry Niven; a segment of a Dyson Sphere - then just discard the shadow-squares, shrink the whole thing till it's about three million kilometers across, and place in orbit around a suitable star, tilted just off the ecliptic; spin it to produce one gravity and that gives you an automatic 24-hour day-night cycle (roughly; the Culture's day is actually a bit longer). An elliptical orbit provides seasons.
Of course, the materials used in the construction of something ten million kilometers in circumference spinning once every 24 hours are far beyond anything we can realistically imagine now, and it is quite possible that the physical constraints imposed by the strength of atomic bonds ensure that such structures will prove impossible to construct, but if it is possible to build on a such a scale and subject such structures to forces of these magnitudes, then I'd submit that there is an elegance in using the same rotation to produce both an acceptable day-night cycle and an apparent gravity which makes the idea intrinsically attractive.
Usually, rather than construct whole Orbitals in one operation, the Culture starts with Plates; a pair of slabs of land and water (plus full retaining walls, of course) of not less than a thousand kilometers to a side, spinning in a similar orbit, attached by tensor fields to each other, and behaving like sections of a completed Orbital; this variation provides greater flexibility when responding to population increase. Further plate-pairs can then be added until the Orbital is complete.
The attraction of Orbitals is their matter efficiency. For one planet the size of Earth (population 6 billion at the moment; mass 6x1024 kg), it would be possible, using the same amount of matter, to build 1,500 full orbitals, each one boasting a surface area twenty times that of Earth and eventually holding a maximum population of perhaps 50 billion people (the Culture would regard Earth at present as over-crowded by a factor of about two, though it would consider the land-to-water ratio about right). Not, of course, that the Culture would do anything as delinquent as actually deconstructing a planet to make Orbitals; simply removing the sort of wandering debris (for example comets and asteroids) which the average solar system comes equipped with and which would threaten such an artificial world's integrity through collision almost always in itself provides sufficient material for the construction of at least one full Orbital (a trade-off whose conservatory elegance is almost blissfully appealing to the average Mind), while interstellar matter in the form of dust clouds, brown dwarfs and the like provides more distant mining sites from which the amount of mass required for several complete Orbitals may be removed with negligible effect.
Whatever the source material, Orbitals are obviously far more mass-efficient in providing living space than planets. The Culture, as is made clear in Use of Weapons, regards terraforming generally as ecologically unsound; the wilderness should be left as it is, when it is so easy to build paradise in space from so little.
An idea of how the day-night cycle appears on the surface of an Orbital can be gained by taking an ordinary belt, buckling it so that it forms a circle, and putting your eye to the outside of one of the belt's holes; looking through the hole at a light bulb and slowly rotating the whole belt will give some idea of how a star appears to move across the sky when seen from an Orbital, though it will also leave you looking rather silly.
As indicated, the usual minimum for the width of an Orbital is about a thousand kilometers (two thousand if you count the sloped, mostly transparent retaining walls, which usually extend to five hundred kilometers or so above the plate land-sea surface). The normal ratio of land to sea is 1:3, so that on each Plate - assuming they are being constructed in the balanced pairs described above - a (very) roughly square island rests in the middle of a sea, with approximately two hundred and fifty kilometers from the shore of the land mass to the retaining walls. Orbitals, though, like everything else in the Culture, vary enormously.
One thing almost every Orbital - whether just two Plates or a completed ("closed") Orbital - does have, is a Hub. As its name implies, the Hub sits in the centre of the Orbital, equidistant from all parts of the main circumferential structure (but not physically joined to it, normally). The Hub is where the Orbital's controlling AI (often a Mind) usually exists, running, or helping to run, the Orbital's transport, manufacturing, maintenance and subsidiary systems, acting as switchboard for trans-Orbital communications, library and general information point, traffic control for approaching, departing and close-passing ships, and generally working as the Orbital's principle link with the rest of the Culture. During the construction phase of a Plate-pair, the Hub will normally control the process.
The design of a Plate sometimes incorporates the deep - or strategic - structure of the surface geography, so that the Plate medium itself contains the corrugations that will become mountains, valleys and lakes; more commonly, the Plate surface is left flat and the strategic structures on the inner surface - also constructed from Plate base material - are added later. Under either method, the Plate's manufacturing and maintenance systems are located within the indentations or hollows of the strategic structure, leaving the land surface free to assume a rural appearance, once the tactical geomorphology has been designed and positioned, the Plate's complement of water and air has been emplaced, the necessary weathering has occurred, and the relevant flora and fauna have been introduced.
The surface of the Plate base is pierced by multitudinous shafts allowing access to the factory and maintenance volumes, and to the sub-surface transport systems. (Almost invariably, these include restricted single-aperture concentrically rotating airlocks paired in sequence.)
Existing on the outer surface of the base material, an Orbital's rapid-transport systems operate in vacuum, with the resulting advantages the lack of air-resistance confers; the relatively uncluttered nature of the Orbital's outer surface (whether flat, allowing the systems to operate next to that surface, or corrugated, requiring sling-bridges under unoccupied mountain indentations), means that the systems can be both high-capacity and extremely flexible. Journey starting-points and destinations can be highly specific for the same reason; an isolated house or a small village will have its own access shaft, and in larger conurbations a shaft will usually be within a few minutes walk.
Surface transport on Orbitals tends to be used when the pleasure of making the journey is itself part of the reason for traveling; air travel is common enough (if still far slower than sub-surface travel), though individual Plates often have their own guide-lines concerning the amount of air travel thought appropriate. Such guide-lines are part of one's manners, and not formalized in anything as crude as laws.
The Culture doesn't actually have laws; there are, of course, agreed-on forms of behavior; manners, as mentioned above, but nothing that we would recognize as a legal framework. Not being spoken to, not being invited to parties, finding sarcastic anonymous articles and stories about yourself in the information network; these are the normal forms of manner-enforcement in the Culture. The very worst crime (to use our terminology), of course, is murder (defined as irretrievable brain-death, or total personality loss in the case of an AI). The result - punishment, if you will - is the offer of treatment, and what is known as a slap-drone. All a slap-drone does is follow the murderer around for the rest of their life to make sure they never murder again. There are less severe variations on this theme to deal with people who are simply violent.
In a society where material scarcity is unknown and the only real value is sentimental value, there is little motive or opportunity for the sort of action we would class as
Les réformes de Marianne (2/7) : Rendre la France à tous les Français
Le 17/01/2007 à 16 h 00Marianne-en-ligne détaille les réformes proposées par la rédaction de Marianne dans le n°507 (du 6 janvier), sous le titre : « LA VRAIE RUPTURE ». Nous attendons vos commentaires.
![]()
![]()
![]()
II- RENDRE LA FRANCE A TOUS LES FRANÇAIS
Il est temps de réduire concrètement l'hypertrophie de «l'ego» parisien que l'on qualifie, à tort, de «centralisation jacobine», alors qu'elle est d'essence monarchique. Les processus de décentralisation et de régionalisation doivent donc être poursuivis et même accélérés, à condition, d'une part, que soient accordés aux régions à la fois plus de responsabilités, de pouvoirs et de ressources; et que, d'autre part, le rôle de l'Etat arbitre soit renforcé. Edith Cresson, alors Première ministre de François Mitterrand, avait pris une initiative importante et courageuse en transférant une partie de l'ENA à Strasbourg. Il convient d'aller plus loin dans ce sens en installant, dans les régions, certains ministères (l'Agriculture ou les Anciens Combattants, par exemple), ainsi que certaines administrations et institutions: par exemple la Cour des comptes, le Conseil d'Etat, le CSA, l'Inra, la Délégation à l'aménagement du territoire, certaines antennes du CNRS, etc. Il faut aujourd'hui entre une et deux heures en TGV pour aller de Paris à Lille ou à Rennes !
Parallèlement devraient être prises des mesures incitatives à l'installation des sièges sociaux des grandes sociétés et autres multinationales en région. Aux grands musées nationaux installés à Paris serait notifiée l'obligation de transférer Leurs collections non exposées à des musées régionaux. Le ministère de la Culture devrait peu à peu céder ses pouvoirs, en particulier en matière de subventions, aux instances culturelles dépendantes des assemblées régionales. Des remodelages territoriaux; (redéfinition de la limite d'une région, par exemple) devraient pouvoir être effectués à l'issue de référendums Locaux d'initiative populaire afin de mieux faire coïncider ce niveau de pouvoir décentralisé avec le ressenti et l'aspiration des citoyens concernés. Il y a, aujourd'hui, cinq ou six régions de trop !
Le rôle de l'Etat central devra, de plus en plus, être celui d'un Juge de paix assurant, en particulier, une péréquation permettant de compenser les inégalités entre les territoires. Pour lutter contre les empilages bureaucratiques, il convient de réduire le nombre d'étages administratifs (35 000 communes, communautés de communes, de pays ou de zones rurales, bassins d'emploi, départements, régions. Etat, zone défense, ressort des cours d'appel, rectorats, etc.). Une évolution concertée devra permettre de privilégier et de consolider trois étages administratifs essentiels: la communauté de communes, la région et l'Etat. Il convient sans doute de conserver, pour l'essentiel, le statut général de la fonction publique qui est, in fine, très souple; mais à condition de supprimer les quelque 1000 corps de fonctionnaires qui bloquent toute mobilité interne, et de les remplacer, par exemple, par la notion de «métier» rendant plus facile le passage d'un administrateur civil d'un ministère à un autre, ou celui d'un ingénieur du corps des Ponts à celui des Mines
Les réformes de Marianne (3/7) : Restaurer la République
Le 22/01/2007 à 0 h 00Marianne-en-ligne détaille les réformes proposées par la rédaction de Marianne dans le n°507 (du 6 janvier), sous le titre : « LA VRAIE RUPTURE ». Nous attendons vos commentaires.
![]()
![]()
![]()
III- RESTAURER LA REPUBLIQUE
La devise de la République est d'évidence bafouée dès lors que la «fraternité» est minée par l'exclusion, «l'égalité» contredite par l'aggravation vertigineuse des fractures sociales creusant de 1 plus de 1000 la différence des revenus entre les citoyens du très bas et ceux du très haut, «la liberté» et le pluralisme contredits par l'emprise forte des puissances d'argent sur les grands moyens d'expression et l'intervention de plus en plus multiforme de l'Etat dans la vie des citoyens. Parallèlement, les ségrégations ethnico-sociales exacerbent les communautarismes et l'économie de jungle, dont les migrations sauvages et incontrôlées ne constituent qu'un des aspects, débouche sur une explosion des violences et des insécurités, dans le travail comme à l'école ou dans la rue. D'où la nécessité de réaffirmer clairement ces principes.
Mêmes devoirs, mêmes droits.
La toi est la même pour tous à quelque communauté qu'on appartienne et de quelque religion qu'on se réclame. Elle doit s'appliquer, de la même façon, suc toutes les parties du territoire national. L'Etat se doit de garantir, partout, et pas seulement dans les espaces dévolus aux plus favorisés, la sécurité des personnes en tant qu'elle est la condition de la liberté réelle des plus pauvres et des plus fragiles. Mêmes droits, mêmes devoirs: c'est-à-dire, d'un côté, lutte implacable contre toute ségrégation et, de l'autre, refus de mule impunité. Le concept de «Tolérance zéro» n'est pas un gros mot s'il signifie qu'à tout délit doit correspondre une sanction proportionnée, quelle que soit la personne qui le commette, jeune délinquant d'une cité de Seine-Saint-Denis ou délinquant adulte et fortuné d'une résidence des Alpes-Maritimes, immigré clandestin ou président de la République.
L'assistanat n'est qu'un pis-aller.
Tout citoyen a le devoir de faire profiter la société tout entière de sa force de travail ou de son talent, mais il a également droit - un vrai droit opposable - à une existence autonome libre et décente par son travail. A cet égard, l'assistance ne doit pas constituer un système - l'assistanat -, mais manifester l'obligation faite à - la société de compenser un manquement et un dysfonctionnement. On ne saurait donc admettre un renoncement malthusien (ou bêtement gauchisto-libertaire) à l'objectif du «plein-emploi», encore moins le sacrifice de l'emploi sur l'autel d'un profit spéculatif rapide et maximal.
Les différences sociales, idéologiques, religieuses, ne sauraient contredire l'appartenance à une même nation. Mais cette unité nationale minimale exige que la répartition de la richesse nationale n'excède pas une marge d'inégalité (où même d'injustice) au-delà de laquelle l'idée de patrie commune n'est plus qu'un leurre. D'où la nécessité absolue d'une action redistributrice au profil du travail productif et au détriment de l'enrichissement spéculatif. Le rapport de la part du PIE qui va au capital et au travail doit être très sensiblement rééquilibré, compte tenu de la forte dégradation qu'il a connue depuis vingt ans. La morale républicaine n'exigerait-elle pas que nul ne puisse bénéficier de rémunération plus de 200 fois plus forte (ce qui est déjà considérable et pour beaucoup scandaleux) que le salaire minimum d'un employé à plein-temps (et plus de 50 fois plus forte à l'intérieur de la même société).
Immigration et intégration
En matière d'immigration, tout Etat a le droit non seulement de maîtriser mais également de réduire fortement ses flux d'émigrations et le devoir d'empêcher l'installation illégale, sur son territoire, de personnes ou de groupes qu'attirent, utilisent et pressurent les exploiteurs de travail clandestin. Il n'existe pas de droit absolu à s'installer en France (ou ailleurs) mais, en revanche, il existe un droit (de l'homme) absolu à l'égalité de salaire pour le même emploi, à l'égalité dans l'accès au logement et à l'égalité de traitement, c'est-à-dire à des conditions de vie décentes, quelle que soit son origine. Or, on ne saurait sacrifier ce droit absolu-ci à ce non-droit absolu-là. La pire réponse à apporter à ce problème, dont l'importance n'a cessé de croître, compte tenu de ses effets induits, consiste à stopper toute immigration de type humanitaire ou familial, ce qui serait immoral, pour encourager, en revanche, «l'immigration de travail» qui vise, à la demande de la fraction la plus régressive du patronat, à importer de la main-d’œuvre étrangère pour éviter des augmentations de salaire ou des améliorations des conditions de travail dans les secteurs où le marché de l'emploi est favorable au salarié (demande plus forte que l'offre).
De toute façon, et c'est ce qui s'est passé sous la présidence de Georges Pompidou, une immigration de travail, même circonscrite à un secteur, entraîne nécessairement une immigration familiale et encourage l'un migration clandestine. Il est, en outre, tout à fait scandaleux d'encourager l'exode des travailleurs qualifiés, des cadres ou des cerveaux des pays en voie de développement qui en ont besoin.
En revanche, les mesures en faveur de l'intégration (droit de vote en particulier), de l'égalité de traitement, de salaire, de logement et visant à la mise hors la loi de toutes les formes de ségrégation et de discrimination doivent être rapides, concrètes et radicales.
Casser les ghettos urbains.
Voilà qui implique une nouvelle politique de logement et d'urbanisme. Elle doit permettre, en s'émancipant ponctuellement, s'il le faut, de la loi du marché en matière mobilière et surtout foncière, de casser les cités ghettos. Cela signifie qu'il convient d'imposer de la mixité sociale, aussi bien en faveur des plus pauvres dans les cités dites riches (en exigeant partout la construction d'au moins 25% de logements sociaux sans possibilité de dérogation, et en préemptant des terrains) qu'en faveur des classes moyennes dans les cités les plus pauvres, par le biais de sociétés mixtes permettant à l'Etat d'entraîner le secteur privé en prenant, par exemple, à sa charge les investissements d'infrastructure.
Dans les quartiers où le quota de 60% de logements sociaux est dépassé, il faut pouvoir imposer la construction de logement pour classes moyennes ou moyennes supérieures. La loi devra donc désormais obtenir que tous les grands ensembles construits intègrent des types de logements différenciés qui permettent la mixité sociale. En même temps devra être, tout aussi obligatoirement, planifiés sur dix ans la réhabilitation, le désenclavement et la déghettoisation (grâce à l'adjonction d'immeubles de relatif confort à des prix très attractifs) des grands ensembles existants.
Pour le retour au plein-emploi.
L'objectif numéro un de toute action politique doit être le retour au plein - emploi condition de la dignité des citoyens et seule façon de rétablir les finances publiques en transformant une partie des dépenses sociales en recette fiscale, tout en relançant la croissance par la consommation. Le plein-emploi constitue, avec la valorisation des bas salaires et la lutte contre les gaspillages (y compris capitalistes), l'outil le plus efficace, même s'il n'est pas suffisant, pour supprimer les déficits publics et réduire la dette. Les efforts de productivité, de compétitivité et, en conséquence, l'innovation technologique, doivent être poursuivis et encouragés, à la seule condition de ne pas constituer des fins en soi mais de dégager des marges permettant d'investir dans le développement, la recherche et la création d'emplois. C'est pourquoi les cotisations sociales devraient être assises sur la valeur ajoutée créée par l'entreprise, et non plus sur la masse salariale.
Tout passage du travail humain à la robotisation totale devra donner lieu à une surcotisation versée à un fonds de retour à l'emploi. Il s'agit non seulement de privilégier le travail humain par rapport au «travail machine», mais aussi, et surtout, de freiner une tendance à la déshumanisation de la vie quotidienne par la suppression de toute altérité de personne à personne (un monde où l'on ne serait plus confronté qu'à des appareils automatiques payés par les cartes bancaires). Répétons-le, car la démarche est essentielle: il conviendra, certes, d'effectuer un audit général, sans tabou, de l'efficacité (en matière de développement et d'emploi) de la dépense publique et, en particulier, de l'utilité ou de la pertinence de toutes les subventions et aides, y compris aux associations, afin non seulement de réduire les déficits, mais également de réorienter certaines dépenses qui s'apparentent à de pures gabegies.
Cela étant dit, le plein emploi, seule garantie de stabilité et de sécurité sociales, ne pourra être atteint que par un renversement des priorités: non plus l'emploi sacrifié à des impératifs budgétaires monétaristes, mais l'équilibre budgétaire restauré par la priorité absolue donnée à la création d'emplois stables et rémunérateurs, cette priorité seule permettant de substituer le travail créateur de richesses et producteur de recettes à l'assistance aux personnes, ruineuses pour les finances du pays et déplorables pour le moral des populations. Le plein-emploi ne pourra pas, en outre, être restauré par des mesures malthusiennes du type 35 heures, qui consistent à se serrer de plus en plus dans la même boîte à sardines, mais par la dynamique d'une nouvelle croissance repensée en fonction des nouveaux besoins individuels et collectifs (dont le service aux personnes) et capable d'intégrer toutes les nouvelles formes d'activités, y compris sociales, associatives, mutualistes et culturelles.
Pour atteindre cet objectif, il faudra:
- Moduler fortement l'impôt sur les sociétés, en le réduisant à 20%, afin de favoriser l'investissement dans le développement, la recherche et l'embauche, mais taxer plus lourdement, en revanche (à 40%), l'utilisation des profits à des fins d'enrichissement personnel. D'autant que tout encouragement au développement de l'entreprise augmente, hors dividendes, la valeur des parts détenues par les actionnaires.
- N'utiliser l'outil des baisses de charges sociales que dans le cadre d'un donnant donnant. Ce qui signifie: a) repartir de zéro en annulant toutes les baisses qui ont été consenties; b) cibler ces baisses sur le seul secteur de l'artisanat et des PME, effectivement créateurs potentiels d'emplois; c) consentir, alors, des réductions plus fortes, mais en échange d'embauchés effectives et contrôlées, du type de 30% de réduction sur quatre salaires contre la création d'un cinquième. En ce qui concerne l'artisanal, toute création d'un troisième emploi pourrait bénéficier d'une réduction de 50% de charges; d) en faire profiter non plus les seules basses rémunérations (véritables trappes à bas salaires) mais celles qui représentent jusqu'à trois ou même quatre fois le Smic.
Les salaires inférieurs au Smic ne devraient, en revanche, bénéficier d'aucune baisse de charges.
- Favoriser le travail à temps complet en augmentant le Smic et les barèmes des conventions collectives de 30% lorsque les emplois sont à mi-temps ou au-dessous, et de 20% entre le mi-temps et le trois-quarts temps.
- Toute société ayant bénéficié d'une aide publique à l'implantation dans une région donnée devra s'engager à rester sur place pendant dix ans au minimum, sauf à devoir rembourser le montant de l'aide.
- Une entreprise qui délocalise pour augmenter ses marges sera assujettie, sauf engagement à investir dans un autre projet de développement, à une surtaxation de l'impôt sur les bénéfices et devra continuer, pendant un laps de temps donné, à payer sur place la taxe professionnelle.
- Il n'est pas possible de revenir sur les 35 heures dont l'application rigide fut une erreur. Nous proposons, en revanche, que soit généralisée la possibilité de travailler 40 heures, les trois heures au-delà des 35 heures étant valorisées de 30%, la quatrième de 35% et (a cinquième de 40%, payées cash, c'est-à-dire sans qu'elles puissent eue transformée en congés compensatoires. En revanche, sauf dans certains secteurs à définir très précisément, on ne pourra effectivement travailler plus de quarante heures tant que le chômage restera supérieur à 5%.
- Le travail le dimanche ou les jours fériés, sur des bases absolument volontaires, sera autorisé, mais payé 100% de plus.
- La création d'entreprises, petites et moyennes, sera encouragée grâce à la création d'une banque d'investissement semi-publique, dotée d'une agence par département, habilitée à consentir. Jusqu'à un montant de 350 000 Euros, des prêts à taux zéro (mais en tenant compte de l'inflation.) sur présentation de projets précis devant être examinés dans les six mois.
- Seront expérimentées des mesures favorables au capital-risque en général, particulièrement à la création de sociétés nouvelles par appel à l'épargne publique. Cela nécessitera que les procédures actuelles, trop lourdes, soient simplifiées et allégées. Un fonds national d'investissement pourra être créé sur le modèle des fondations américaines. Toute création d'entreprise bénéficiera pendant deux ans d'une franchise fiscale. En revanche, sera créée une surtaxe spéciale frappant les processus financiers de fusion-acquisition, et en particulier les OPA.
- En cas de licenciement dit «de confort» (la société étant sensiblement bénéficiaire), les salariés licenciés bénéficieront d'indemnités revalorisées de 50% et devant atteindre une année de salaire pour plus de vingt ans de présence.
- Dans le cas d'une reprise d'une société par un fonds de placement, ce qui rend difficile ou impossible l'identification des propriétaires et la visibilité de leur stratégie, les salariés auront la possibilité de faire jouer la clause de conscience qui donne droit à indemnités de départ.
- D'une façon générale, toutes les formes passives de traitement social du chômage devront être transformées en instruments actifs de création d'emplois effectifs. Ainsi, dans les zones prioritaires particulièrement frappées par la désindustrialisation, la puissance publique pourra s'engager, à proportion de 30% du capital, dans des projets créateurs de plus de 200 emplois.
- Le plan sera réhabilité en tant que moyen de prendre des décisions, à horizon de dix ans et plus, qui permettront d'anticiper l'évolution du marché de l'emploi et de prévoir les effets des grandes mutations technologiques.
- L'assistanat ne doit pas constituer un système, mais représenter une réparation. Pour éviter une quasi-égalité destructrice entre la rémunération du travail et celle du non-travail, tout salaire devrait être au moins supérieur de 30% aux minima sociaux cumulés. Un contrôle devra permettre de réagir à toute installation plus ou moins volontaire dans le RMI.
- En revanche, une franchise annuelle de l'ordre de 500 Euros, compensée par l'Etat, sera consentie sur les factures de gaz et aussi d'électricité en faveur des sans-emploi et des précaires. Une forme de compensation provisoire devra également être prévue pour ceux dont la rémunération est si faible que leur loyer risque de représenter plus de 40% de leurs revenus totaux.
- Le code du travail devra être simplifié, et les CDI redevenir la norme. En revanche, pourront être instaurés, sous contrôle, des «contrats de projet» (.engagement, à un salaire valorisé d'au moins 20%, pour la durée d'une mission précise, fixée à l'avance).
- Une commission paritaire devra faire le point sur l'amplitude des salaires, des rémunérations, des revenus et proposer des mesures de plafonnement pour rendre impossible, en général et à l'intérieur de la même entreprise, des inégalités de rétribution aussi indécentes que celles qui ont été atteintes ces dernières années.
- Les Français qui s'exileront fiscalement à l'étranger ne pourront plus bénéficier, en France, de la moindre prestation sociale (Sécurité sociale, allocations familiales, indemnisations ou retraites).
- Les stock-options ne seront autorisées que comme forme de participation à la valorisation de l'entreprise. Tous les salariés d'une entreprise devront donc pouvoir en profiter. Mais même les plus hauts cadres supérieurs, PDG compris, ne pourront toucher l'équivalent de plus de 250 000 Euros d'actions sous forme de stock-options.
- Les familles bénéficiant de revenus supérieurs à 15 000 Euros par mois ne toucheront plus les allocations familiales.
Les réformes de Marianne (4/7) : Réhabiliter l’égalité fiscale
Le 26/01/2007 à 0 h 00Voici la 4ème série de réformes proposées par la rédaction de Marianne dans son n°507 (6 janvier), sous le titre : « LA VRAIE RUPTURE ». Nous attendons vos commentaires.
![]()
![]()
![]()
IV- REHABILITER L'EGALITE FISCALE
Il ne s'agit ni de donner dans le poujadisme antifiscal - qui signifie laisser les riches devenir toujours plus riches et que les pauvres se débrouillent, quitte à devenir encore plus pauvres -, ni de matraquer fiscalement les classes moyennes pour combler les déficits d'un Etat dont certaines dépenses mal contrôlées s'apparentent trop souvent, soit à du gaspillage d'argent public, soit à la distribution de cadeaux par pure démagogie catégorielle.
Les ennemis affichés de l'impôt (comme Serge Dassault, à qui l'Etat a pourtant versé des milliards) ne sont d'ailleurs pas les derniers à en profiter.
Une réforme fiscale globale, simple, équitable, raisonnable et radicale à la fois, doit donc accompagner l'action en faveur du retour au plein-emploi. Elle s'articulera autour de quelques exigences:
- Tout devra être remis à plat, c'est-à-dire que les niches, exceptions, abattements à la tête du client, avantages particuliers sont, a priori, supprimés. Un impôt direct et unique sur les revenus, se substituant à tous les autres, y compris à la CSG, frappe du même barème progressif toutes les formes de revenus sans exception, y compris les plus-values de toutes natures.
Tout le monde paie cet impôt constitutif de la citoyenneté, fût-ce de manière très symbolique, y compris les 40% non assujettis à l'impôt sur le revenu, qui, de toute façon, paient la CSG et autres taxes.
- Ces mesures doivent permettre une remontée générale du plancher des tranches et donc une baisse effective, très sensible, de l'impôt qui frappe les classes moyennes. Il ne s'agit pas de baisser les taux de progressivité qui frappent les revenus supérieurs, mais de remonter, là aussi, le plafond au-delà duquel le taux marginal deviendra maximal (55%).
- Plus qu'une taxe sur les flux financiers, qui exige un consensus au moins européen, il conviendra de surtaxer les opérations purement financières en fonction de leur rapidité d'exécution: une plus-value réalisée à l'issue d'un aller et retour spéculatif sera, par exemple, beaucoup plus lourdement taxée qu'un bénéfice obtenu parla revente à un appartement détenu depuis vingt ans.
- Comme déjà indiqué plus avant, l'impôt sur les sociétés sera nettement réduit quand les bénéfices seront réinvestis dans des projets créateurs d'emplois (ou la recherche). L'exil fiscal vaudra interdiction de recevoir le moindre sou en provenance de l'Etat ou de la collectivité.
- L'évasion ou la fraude fiscales seront sanctionnées par la confiscation automatique de 70% des sommes dissimulées.
- Les héritages ou les transmissions d'une valeur de moins de 300 000 Euros ne seront plus taxés. Jusqu'à 900 000 Euros, ils seront sensiblement moins taxés qu'aujourd'hui, mais la progressivité augmentera au-delà de 1,5 million d'euros jusqu'à atteindre un taux de 75% au-delà de 5 millions d'euros, moins pour des raisons purement fiscales que pour réhabiliter le principe libéral de l'égalité des chances.
- Ces mesures ciblant les importantes plus-values de quelque nature qu'elles soient, ainsi que les gros héritages ou transmissions, permettront de supprimer l'impôt sur la fortune, dont les effets sont pervers.
Quand un gros héritage (ou une transmission) prend la forme d'une entreprise cotée, une part substantielle des droits sera reversée, sous forme de participation au capital, aux personnels et au management de la société.
- Pour éviter l'arrivée à la tête d'une entreprise importante d'une personne qui n'en a pas nécessairement la compétence (ainsi le cas de Hachette), la direction d'une grande entreprise ne pourra pas être transmise par héritage sans une consultation et un avis favorable de ses cadres.
- Contrairement à une idée toute faite, surtout à gauche, les impôts indirects ne sont pas tous, et a priori, de nature inégalitaire. Il serait, au contraire, intéressant d'en utiliser certains (par exemple la TVA) en les modulant plus fortement, pour en faire des outils indirects de redistribution.
- La péréquation du transfert de recettes fiscales nationales aux régions devra permettre une stabilisation relative des impôts locaux.
Les réformes de Marianne (5/7) : Revenir aux fondements du libéralisme
Le 31/01/2007 à 0 h 00Voici la 5ème série de réformes proposées par la rédaction de Marianne dans son n°507 (6 janvier), sous le titre : « LA VRAIE RUPTURE ». Nous attendons vos commentaires.
![]()
![]()
![]()
V- REVENIR AUX FONDEMENTS DU LIBERALISME
Se définir comme «antilibéral», sauf peut-être dans le cas d'Ariette Laguiller - est pour le moins sujet à caution, dans la mesure où l'immense majorité de ceux qui se réclament de cette ligne n'ont nullement l'intention d'instaurer un régime étatiste ou collectiviste à la soviétique. Ils sont même d'ardents partisans de la pluralité, de la diversité, de la concurrence, de fa liberté d'entreprendre (qu'ils pratiquent souvent avec succès) et de la démocratisation de l'accès au marché.
Quel antilibéral souhaiterait, par exemple, qu'en ce qui concerne le commerce des livres on abolisse la loi du marché pour conférer à l'Etat, ou à toute autre instance, le monopole de la publication et de la distribution? En revanche, un vrai libéral ne saurait admettre qu'un même empire privé, comme Hachette, lié à la puissance publique, s'arroge, dans de nombreux domaines, y compris la production et la distribution, le même type de monopole.
En fait, ce qui s'avère de plus en plus nécessaire et urgent, c'est de restaurer certaines valeurs, certains principes fondamentaux du libéralisme, tels que la Révolution française les a portés, et auxquels le néocapitalisme est en train de porter systématiquement et radicalement atteinte la pluralité éradiquée par l'unicité monopolistique; la concurrence mise à mal par les abus de position dominante; l'accès au marché et la propriété démocratique étouffés par les fusions-concentrations et les ententes; la liberté d'entreprendre asphyxiée par la financiarisation.
En fonction de quoi:
- Une commission ad hoc sera habilitée à recenser chaque année les situations de monopole, les abus de position dominante, les abus de numerus clausus, de protection malthusienne ainsi que les limitations excessives d'accès au marché. Cette commission dotée de vrais pouvoirs, contrairement au Conseil de la concurrence, proposera des sanctions en cas de violation flagrante des principes de pluralité, ainsi que des mesures de rétablissement de la libre concurrence.
- Ces interventions concerneront également les domaines de la banque, de l'énergie (pétrole), de la distribution, de ('eau ou des assurances. Il sera, en particulier, vérifié qu'une concentration bancaire ne réduise pas l'implantation de banques locales Indépendantes seules susceptibles d'accompagner le développement des PME dans les régions. Une même société ne pourra pas développer une activité industrielle et bancaire.
- Dans le cadre de cette commission, les fusions-concentrations dans la grande distribution seront examinées de très près. Aucune centrale d'achat ne pourra contrôler plus de 25% du marché national et plus de 40% au plan régional ou départemental.
- Les marques maison, de la grande distribution (MDD) ne seront plus autorisées, chaque entreprise devant choisir entre relever de l'industrie ou de la distribution.
- La concurrence sur les prix devra se limiter à la production, mais être restreinte au niveau de la distribution entre grandes surfaces et commerces de proximité (qui pourront, en revanche, rivaliser par la qualité de l'accueil et le choix des produits). Cela implique, naturellement, une suppression des marges arrière.
- L'implantation d'hypermarchés ne devra pas dépasser, dans une commune, ce qu'un organisme indépendant (plus neutre que les commissions départementales d'urbanisme) aura préalablement défini comme le point d'équilibre pour préserver la concurrence, l'activité en centre-ville et l'environnement. Les campagnes massives d'encouragement à la surconsommation seront contrôlées.
Ressusciter le pluralisme de la presse
- Les concentrations dans la presse ne seront pas autorisées si elles débouchent sur l'émergence d'un quotidien unique couvrant plus de quatre départements.
Un journal régional ne pourra pas contrôler une radio et une télévision régionales ni l'inverse.
En revanche, des aides et Incitations fiscales seront prévues en faveur de projets crédibles visant à rétablir du pluralisme d'information et d'opinion dans un secteur où règne une situation de monopole.
- Non seulement le pluralisme de la presse est réduit en France à la plus simple expression, mais tous les quotidiens nationaux; fortement: déficitaires, sont susceptibles de disparaître en termes de loi du marché.
L'aide directe, forcément arbitraire, n'est pas la solution. Les réductions sur les tarifs postaux ne pourront être prorogées quand La Poste exercera son autonomie de gestion. C'est pourquoi nous proposons que l'Etat, considérant que la distribution des journaux, en conformité avec des principes égalitaires de la loi Bichet, constitue un service public de fait, concentre ses aides sur d'importantes subventions aux coopératives et messageries de distribution, de façon à alléger les coûts des journaux tout en augmentant la rétribution, scandaleusement basse, des marchands.
- Rappelons l'interdiction faite aux groupes capitalistiques vivant en grande partie de commandes publiques (armement par exemple) de contrôler de façon active des grands médias.
- Obligation sera faite à toutes les télévisions, et donc aux télévisions privées, de diffuser au moins trois heures d'émissions spécifiques par semaine en prime rime destinées, sous le contrôle du CSA, à servir l'éducation, le savoir et la réflexion de tous, en particulier de la jeunesse
Les réformes de Marianne (6/7) : Défendre et rénover le service public
Le 03/02/2007 à 0 h 00Voici l'avant dernière série de réformes proposées par la rédaction de Marianne dans son n°507 (6 janvier), sous le titre : « LA VRAIE RUPTURE ». Nous attendons vos commentaires
![]()
![]()
![]()
VI- DEFENDRE ET RENOVER LE SERVICE PUBLIC
Toute approche idéologique, dogmatique, du problème des privatisations et des nationalisations est condamnable. Ce qui ressort du secteur concurrentiel peut, en effet, être privatisé (il l'a d'ailleurs été) si l'efficacité, la satisfaction des clients et l'emploi y trouvent leur compte. Cela n'a pas toujours été le cas, puisque d'importantes sociétés privatisées sous le gouvernement Balladur sont passées sous contrôle étranger, ont été démantelées et ont procédé à d'importants plans sociaux. En revanche, la collectivité peut et doit s'assurer la maîtrise, soir de secteurs stratégiques (l'énergie), soit d'entreprises qui remplissent une fonction de service public.
Il existe encore quelques domaines où, si on applique le principe de subsidiarité, des privatisations seraient justifiées dans la mesure où elles déchargeraient l'Etat d'un poids financier sans léser pour autant les clients ou usagers. Mais des privatisations absurdes et choquantes, dans le secteur non concurrentiel, devront être annulées, telle celle des autoroutes, tandis que la gestion de l'eau ou celle des déchets (sans parler des pompes funèbres) devront être rendues à la collectivité - qui ignore que les grands groupes capitalistes, qui se sont créés à partir de la gestion et de la distribution de l'eau, ont été à l'origine de (a plupart des dérives morales et financières? EDF et GDF peuvent, certes, s'ouvrir aux capitaux privés, mais devront rester majoritairement contrôlées par l'Etat dans le cadre d'une structure commune. Outre la privatisation et la nationalisation, d'autres formes de propriétés collectives doivent d'ailleurs être expérimentées on encouragées, dont la mutualisation, la coopérative et la municipalisation.
Il est d'ailleurs évident que, si l'on entend réduire drastiquement le chômage, la mobilisation de l'épargne en faveur de non veaux investissements productifs créateurs d'emplois doit prendre le pas sur la ponction de l'épargne par la mise sur le marché d'entreprises existantes et donc non susceptibles de créer des emplois.
La gestion des entreprises publiques pourra être rendue plus autonome, à condition de respecter de strictes conditions de service non discriminatoires à la collectivité, et, en particulier, le maintien sur le territoire tout entier afin de bloquer les processus de désertification.
D'une façon plus générale, les impératifs de rentabilité, qui ne sauraient être ignorés, devront intégrer le coût de certains effets indirects. Ainsi, une ligne de chemin de fer comptablement déficitaire peut contribuer à la baisse des accidents de la route et, en évitant l'enclavement, au maintien des activités créatrices d'emplois sur place. Il en va de même pour le maintien de bureaux de poste (ou de centres des impôts ou d'hôpitaux) dont la suppression créerait un sentiment d'abandon accélérateur d'exode rural.
Répétons-le: un organisme insoupçonnable devra procéder à un audit général de l'efficacité de l'emploi de l'argent public et examiner, en conséquence, l'adéquation de la répartition des agents de l'Etat en fonction de leur utilité sociale. Mais décréter d'emblée qu'il ne faudra remplacer qu'un fonctionnaire sur deux, ou même sur trois, est stupide. Il existe des fonctions administratives et bureaucratiques qu'il convient, en effet, d'alléger (comme le prouve, par exemple, l'inflation des emplois à la mairie de Marseille ou leur stabilité dans certains ministères dont l'importance ne cesse pourtant de se réduire); mais, en même temps, les secteurs de la santé (infirmières), de la sécurité ou de la justice nécessitent des créations de postes. Va-t-on réduire le nombre de policiers, de pompiers ou ne remplacer qu'un prof sur deux? C'est donc moins à une forte réduction du nombre de fonctionnaires qu'il faut tendre qu'à un redéploiement et à une utilisation plus rationnelle des effectifs, ainsi qu'à une revalorisation des carrières et surtout des évolutions des carrières. Le service de l'Etat, et donc de la collectivité, doit de toute façon être réhabilité à l'heure où la recherche de l'enrichissement par le service à soi-même permet toutes les dérives.
Faut-il, en cas de grève dans un service public, imposer un service minimum? Là encore cette phraséologie est stupide, puisque ce sont justement les services minima, pour cause de grèves perlées, sauvages, minoritaires, ou de conflits catégoriels, qui exaspèrent les usagers. Plus raisonnable serait d'imposer une négociation préalable à tout déclenchement de grève, qu'un vote majoritaire du personnel, en cas d'échec, rendrait alors, non plus minimal, mais maximal.
Les réformes de Marianne : refaire la Nuit du 4 août (7/7)
Septième et dernière série de propositions de la rédaction de Marianne, parues dans le numéro 507 du 6 janvier 2007.
Tous vos commentaires, critiques et suggestions sont les bienvenus !
Pourra-t-on imposer, en notre pays, les réformes nécessaires si on qualifie systématiquement de «réformes» des «contre-réformes», c'est-à-dire des régressions?
Des «sacrifices» peuvent, d'ailleurs, être nécessaires, à condition d'être justement répartis, en particulier pour combler les déficits publics et desserrer l'étau de la dette, mais il faut les désigner par leur nom - des sacrifices - et non les camoufler sous le déguisement de la «réforme».
-De même, la remise en cause de certains «privilèges» ou «avantages acquis» est-elle légitime, à condition que les bénéficiaires de rémunérations représentant 800 fois le Smic ne désignent pas ainsi l'obtention d'électricité à prix réduits aux salariés d'EDF. En d'autres termes, les petits privilèges, qui existent, ou les «avantages acquis» non justifiés (comme ceux dont bénéficient encore les journalistes) ne peuvent être remis en cause que si, parallèlement, les «gros» privilèges et les avantages acquis les plus exorbitants sont mis à contribution à hauteur de leur importance.
C'est pourquoi nous préconisons la réunion d'«états généraux» à l'occasion desquels, de façon transparente, l'ensemble des privilèges et avantages acquis indus, petits et grands, seraient mis sur la table, comparés, soupesés, de telle façon que les renoncements proposés ou exigés puissent être parfaitement et proportionnellement équitables. Une nouvelle nuit du 4 Août, en somme, qui vaudrait, en outre, interdiction de jouer systématiquement les catégories de Français les unes contre les autres, salariés du public contre salariés du privé, exclus contre inclus, chômeurs contre salariés, parents d'élèves contre enseignants, etc.! Cela au risque d'aggraver toutes les fractures.
Notre projet n'entend pas être exhaustif. C'est pourquoi nous l'avons centré sur quelques problèmes qui nous apparaissent essentiels. Nous avons, en outre, volontairement, laissé de côté nos propositions et souhaits, concernant par exemple l'école, l'hôpital, l'écologie et l'agriculture, ou encore l'Europe et la politique étrangère, dans la mesure où nous les avons déjà à plusieurs reprises exposés.
Rappelons seulement quelques-unes des positions qui furent et restent les nôtres:
-La carte scolaire est aujourd'hui systématique ment contournée par ceux qui peuvent se le permettre. Nous ne proposons pas de la supprimer, mais d'en élargir l'espace d'application pour la rendre effective.
-Généralisation des prîmes versées aux enseignants qui exercent dans les zones les plus difficiles et encouragement matériel à l'innovation et à la créativité.
-Liberté de s'affilier à un système d'assurance santé privé de son choix à condition que la cotisation au système de Sécurité sociale public reste obligatoire et qu'elle soit assise sur l'ensemble des rémunérations. Voilà qui devrait permettre, compte tenu d'une hausse des recettes et d'une baisse des dépenses (puisque certains affiliés fortunés cotiseraient sans être remboursés), de baisser les taux de cotisation, donc de créer du pouvoir d'achat.
-Limitation ou contrôle des possibilités d'exercer une médecine privée dans l'hôpital public.
-Généralisation du principe de retraite à la carte. Possibilité de retarder, contractuellement, son départ à la retraite (par rapport à la date légale) comptant dans le versement de la pension pour une demi-annuité supplémentaire par année de travail de plus. Cela permettrait d'arrondir les revenus des retraités, tout en allégeant les charges des caisses de retraite. Mais interdiction d'occuper une fonction rétribuée après 70 ans.
-Maintien du principe de la retraite par répartition, la généralisation des fonds de pension constituant un encouragement aux pires dérives de la financiarisation. Qu'une entreprise soit contrôlée par des fonds spéculatifs français ou anglo-saxons ne fait, en réalité, aucune différence, c'est le contrôle de l'économie par des fonds spéculatifs qui doit être combattu en soi.
-Inscrire le droit au logement dans la Constitution, proclamer un «droit opposable au logement» constitueraient autant d'initiatives partant d'une bonne intention, mais risquant de rester purement rhétoriques. Le «droit opposable au logement» s'avérera vite, en particulier, impraticable sauf à accepter la paralysie totale du système judiciaire. Tout cela n'aurait donc guère de conséquences concrètes si l'Etat, en rognant sur d'autres dépenses, militaires par exemple, ou de prestige, ne se dotait d'un très substantiel fonds d'intervention rapide destiné à contrarier, par ses propres initiatives, la loi du marché partout où celle-ci empêche la construction de «domiciles fixes» à prix très modérés ou pousse au renchérissement du prix des loyers. Cela passe par un droit de blocage de la spéculation foncière.
-Une commission mixte, majorité-opposition, sera chargée de repenser les méthodes de calcul statistique concernant la hausse des prix et le chômage.
-En matière de circulation dans les centres-villes, nous recommandons l'expérimentation de péages urbains (comme à Londres, Singapour, Oslo, Rotterdam, Berne ou Barcelone), dont les tarifs seraient modulés selon les heures de la journée (gratuits aux heures creuses) et dont les recettes seraient intégralement consacrées au développement des transports en commun et à la construction de parkings de dégagement gratuits aux périphéries.
-La lutte contre la délinquance des jeunes, articulant prévention et répression, devra être menée avec humanité et fermeté en expérimentant et en développant toutes les tonnes alternatives à l'emprisonnement, aussi bien les centres éducatifs fermés que les activités civiques militairement encadrées.
-Afin de dépolitiser la question de l'insécurité trop souvent instrumentalisée, le ministère de l'intérieur dévia systématiquement être confié à une personnalité non partisane maintenant le contact avec la majorité et l'opposition.
-La Banque européenne devra certes rester indépendante mais en attendant l'émergence d'un vrai pouvoir économique européen, le soutien à la croissance et à l'emploi fera partie de ses principales fonctions au même titre que la lutte contre l'inflation.
Ces propositions ne constituent pas un projet fermé à acheter «clés en main». Nous entendons, à partir de cette semaine, les mettre en débat, c'est-à-dire les soumettre à la critique ou à l'approbation de nos lecteurs.
instauration d’une journée nationale de l’Amour et de la Fraternité
During the 2003 California recall, she was an independent candidate, placing tenth in a field of 135 candidates. She ran on a ten (later expanded to eleven) point platform, promising to:
- Legalize same-sex marriage
- Tax breast implants
- Make lap-dances tax deductible
- Wire the California Governor's Mansion with live web-cams
- Create a "Porn for Pistols" program to reduce the number of handguns
- Be a goodwill ambassador to attract business to the state
- Make those drawing unemployment insurance do jury duty for their pay
- Fight the attacks on the porn industry by John Ashcroft and the U.S. Department of Justice
- Allow bars to stay open until 4:00 A.M.
- Address the AIDS epidemic
Application de " l'empirisme phénoménologique expérimental " aux phénomènes sociaux, économiques et politiques, susceptibles d'être analysés logiquement et expérimentés techniquement afin de chercher des structures favorables de libertés concrètes.
Elaboration d'une terminologie univoque indispensable à tout traitement " scientifique " des phénomènes selon l'étude de la signification originelle des mots et de leurs dérivés (sem-étymo-linguistique).
Etude interdisciplinaire des différentes étapes de l'histoire naturelle, principalement l'humaine, comme cadre pour comprendre les conflits sociaux et mercantiles actuels.
Etude sur le thème utilitaire déterminant dans l'histoire : économie, invention, entreprise, marché, travail, monnaie, écologie….
Etude et propositions sur la rationalisation de la monnaie, pour la convertir en un instrument responsable omni- informatif et donc, intra -comptable, du marché et de la société (" facture-chèque telématique ").
Etude des possibles conséquences sociales qui dérivent de la réforme monétaire télématique : archive télématique d'informations personnelles sous la protection d'une justice indépendante de l'état, simplification fiscale, omni- comptabilité, mesure exacte du marché, science économique expérimentale…..
Elaboration de propositions sur :
Marché libre, clair et société transparente ". Eviter que l'argent mercantile ne se transforme en " argent de corruption et de pouvoir " et interdire le mercantilisme des vocations et institutions libérales.
Dialectique entre " archi et anarchie " ". Préciser les fonctions des organes de commandement social à tous les niveaux, pour empêcher la transformation en pouvoir contre les personnes individuelles, sociales et nationales.
Dialectique entre bien privé et bien commun ". Formulation de l'hypothèse du " bien commun mercantile " techniquement expérimenté avec la " facture-chèque télématique ".
Etude des stratégies d'obtention des propositions formulées.
_____ (1989). Traffic Congestion; A Toolbox for Alleviating Traffic Congestion. Washington, DC: Institute of Transportation Engineers.
______ . (1991). Abortion: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press.
Albert, David Z. (1994). Bohm's Alternative to Quantum Mechanics. Scientific American 270, #5, May, 1994. p. 58 ff.
Alexander, C., Neis, H., Anninou, A. and King,I. (1977). A Pattern Language. New York: Oxford University Press.
Auerbach, Jerolds. (1983). Justice Without Law? New York: Oxford University Press.
Black, David. (1986). The Plague Years: A Chronicle of AIDS, the Epidemic of our Times. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Blackmore, S. (1988). Do We Need a New Psychical Research? Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 55, 49 ff.
Blackmore, S. (1993). Dying to Live. Buffalo: Prometheus.
Bockris, John. (1975). Energy, The Solar Hydrogen Alternative. New York: Wiley.
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. (1992). An Agenda For Peace. New York: United Nations.
Brennan, Barbara Ann. (1993, 1994). Hands of Light, Light Emerging.
Broadbent, Geoffrey. (1990). Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design. New York: Van Nostrand.
Cappon, D. (1971). "Mental Health and High Rise." Canadian Public Health Association, April.
Corso, Col. Philip J. (1997). The Day After Roswell. New York: Pocket.
Crowe, Timothy D. (1991). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.
Edwards, Frank. (1966). Flying Saucers--Serious Business. Secaucus: Citadel Press.
Eisenbud, Jules, M.D.. (1967). The World of Ted Serios, New York: William Morrow.
Fanning, D. M. (1967). "Families in Flats." British Medical Journal, November, No. 198.
Figgie, Harold. (1992). Bankruptcy 1995: The Coming Collapse of America and How to Stop It. Boston: Little, Brown.
Fisher, Helen. (1994). Anatomy of Love: The Mysteries of Mating, Marriage, and Why We Stray. New York: Fawcett Columbine.
Fishman, Robert. (1989). Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Friedman and Berliner. (1992). Crash At Corona, New York: Paragon House.
Gallion, A. & Eisner, S. (1986). The Urban Pattern. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Gardner, Martin (1966). Dermo-Optical Perception: A Peek Down the Nose. Science. 152:1108.
Halpern, Paul. (1992). Cosmic Wormholes; The Search for Interstellar Shortcuts. New York: Dutton.
Hawking, Stephen. (2001) The Universe in a Nutshell. New York: Bantam.
Herbert, Nick. (1988). Faster Than Light; Superluminal Loopholes in Physics. New York: New American Library.
Howard, Philip K. (1994). The Death of Common Sense; How Law is Suffocating America. New York: Random House.
Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities: The Failure of Town Planning. New York: Random House.
Karagulla, S. (1967). Breakthrough to Creativity; Your Higher Sense Perception. Los Angeles: DeVorss & Co., Inc.
Kelsey, Denys and Grant, Joan (1967). Many Lifetimes. New York: Doubleday.
Kilboume, E. (1988). Influenza. New York: Plenum.
Krauss. (1995). The Physics of Star Trek. New York: BasicBooks.
Krier, L. (1987). "Atlantis, Tenerife." Architectural Design, 58.
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lazare, Daniel. (1996). The Frozen Republic; How the Constitution Is Paralyzing Democracy. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company.
Leakey, Richard, and Lewin, Roger. (1995). The Sixth Extinction; Patterns of Life and the Future of Mankind. New York: Doubleday.
Le Corbusier. (1967). The Radiant City. London: Faber.
Lerner, Eric. (1991). The Big Bang Never Happened. New York: Times Books.
Lynch, Kevin. (1981). Good City Form. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Macklin, John. (1965). Strange Destinies. New York: Ace.
Mallove, Eugene and Matloff, Gregory. (1989). The Starflight Handbook; A Pioneer's Guide to Interstellar Travel. New York: Wiley.
Marx, Doug. (1990). The Homeless. Vero Beach, Fl: Rourke Corp.
Mitchell, J.L. (1981). Out-Of-Body Experiences, A Handbook. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
Monroe, Robert. (1971). Journeys Out of the Body, New York: Doubleday.
Moody, R. (1975). Life After Life. St. Simons Island, Georgia, USA: Mockingbird Press.
Morris, R. (1993). Cosmic Questions. New York: Wiley.
Morville, J. (1969). Borne Brug af Friarsaler. SBI: Denmark.
Newman, O. (1972). Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violent City. New York: Macmillan.
Ostrander, S. & Schroeder, L. (1970). Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Penrose, Roger. (1990). The Emperor's New Mind. Oxford University Press.
Powers, Robert. (1981). The Coattails of God; The Ultimate Spaceflight -- The Trip to the Stars. New York: Warner.
Rabinovitch, J. and Leitman, J. (March, 1996). "Urban Planning in Curitiba," Scientific American. SA: New York.
Randles, Jenny. (1997). Alien Contact; The First Fifty Years. New York: Sterling Publishing Co, Inc.
Ring, K. (1982). Life at Death. New York: Quill.
Rivenburg, Roy. (March 24, 1995). "Blinded by the Light?" Los Angeles: LA Times.
Rojansky, V. (1938). Introductory Quantum Mechanics. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Rucker, Rudy. (1982). Mind and Infinity. New York: Bantam.
Sabom, M.B. (1982). Recollections at Death. London: Gorgi.
Sagan, Carl. (1986). Contact. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Sagan, Carl. (1997). The Demon-Haunted World. New York: Ballantine.
Smylie, D.E. , and Mansinha, L. (December 1971). "The Rotation of the Earth," vol. 225, #6, Scientific American, pp. 80-88.
Spence, Gerry. (1989). With Justice For None: Destroying an American Myth. New York: Times Books.
Stenger, Victor J. (1990). Physics and Psychics. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Press.
Stevenson, I. (1966). Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation. New York: American Society for Psychical Research.
Sutherland, Cherie. (1992). Reborn In The Light; Life After Near-Death Experiences. New York: Bantam.
Tipler, Frank J. (1994). The Physics of Immortality. NY: Doubleday.
Twining, H. LaV. (1915). The Physical Theory of the Soul, Westgate, CA.: Press of the Pacific Veteran.
Tyrrell, G.N.M. (1953). Apparitions. London: The Society for Psychical Research.
Vaughan, A. (1970). Poltergeist Investigations in Germany. Psychic, April.
Watson, Lyall (1973). Matter and Magic. Supernature. Garden City: publisher unknown.
Wesselman, Hank (1995). Spiritwalker; Messages from the Future. New York: Bantam.
Wilber, Ken. (1984). Quantum Questions; Mystical Writings of the World's Great Physicists. Boston: Shambhala.
Wilson, William H. (1989). The City Beautiful Movement. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. The 19th century Park and Boulevard system which gave us Central Park in NYC.
Winters, Randolph. (1994). The Pleiadian Mission; A Time of Awareness. Yorba Linda: The Pleiades Project.
Wolf, Fred Alan. (1989). Taking the Quantum Leap, New York: Harper & Row.
Copyright © Thales 1997, 1998
La fonction royale dans le nouveau contexte institutionnel
Très concrètement, dans la réforme des institutions que nous proposons, le Roi est le principe et la clef de voûte :
Chef de l’Etat, il nomme le premier ministre et fixe au gouvernement les orientations politiques d’intérêt régalien ;
Chef de la diplomatie et des armées, il signe les traités et décide de l’engagement des forces militaires ;
Chef de la magistrature, il est le recours juridictionnel suprême, nomme le Garde des Sceaux, arbitre les institutions et promulgue les lois.
D’une manière générale, le Roi intervient de plein droit dès que les intérêts régaliens sont en jeu, et dispose pour cela d’institutions régaliennes, le Haut conseil et le Ministère d’État, que nous décrivons dans ce programme.
En revanche, le Roi n’intervient pas de façon ordinaire dans la politique publique, qui relève de la représentation parlementaire et donc de la démocratie. Le domaine des affaires publiques concerne, dans les grandes lignes, le service public, la politique civile et les grands projets de développement, et constitue l’essentiel de la vie politique ordinaire.
Il est urgent de faire cette distinction entre régalien et public, ce que la république est incapable de comprendre. Lorsqu’on lui parle de « pouvoir régalien » ou de « domaine public », elle entend toujours la même chose « l’appareil de l’État ». C’est ce qui la rend totalitaire.
Les valeurs royales
La dignité des personnes
Nous mettons au cœur de nos convictions la dignité de la personne humaine, de sa conception à sa mort, en considérant que tout homme a une vocation spirituelle et ne peut, de ce fait, se résumer à sa fonction sociale ou économique. Nous sommes particulièrement attentifs aux plus faibles, enfants, vieillards, malades, pauvres, exclus, dont la dignité doit être, pour cette raison, particulièrement protégée.
La famille
Cette dignité des personnes s’acquiert et se développe essentiellement au sein de la famille, qui constitue le cadre naturel dans lequel les enfants, avenir du pays, peuvent pleinement se construire et développer leurs vocations propres. L’institution royale est la mieux à même de porter et de développer ces valeurs, l’une des principales fonctions royales étant précisément d’exercer le rôle d’un chef de famille.
Le patrimoine
Selon cette conception, notre pays apparaîtra plus encore comme le patrimoine commun de tous les Français, constituant, particulièrement pour les plus démunis, un cadre politique familier, protecteur et pertinent, un environnement culturel et naturel. Nous sommes fiers de notre pays qui s’est forgé, pour l’essentiel, sous le règne de nos rois, contrairement à ce que prétendent les thèses républicaines. Nous aimons la France, avec son patrimoine humain et naturel si riche et si varié. Nous aurons à cœur de le préserver, de le développe, et de le transmettre aux générations futures comme nous l’avons nous mêmes reçu en héritage.
La liberté
La liberté fait partie de ce patrimoine. Ce sont les libertés concrètes des Français, de leurs familles, de leurs associations et entreprises, de leurs régions, et dont l’Etat ne devrait être que le serviteur. C’est aussi la liberté politique, qui se manifeste dans nos sociétés modernes par la représentation démocratique, mais qui ne peut exister vraiment que sous l’arbitrage impartial de l’institution monarchique. C’est enfin la liberté de la France elle-même, cette souveraineté si chèrement acquise par les générations qui nous ont précédés et qui nous permet de vivre en paix et de prospérer.
L’unité
Mais la France n’est pas un bloc monolithique comme le voudrait la république. Elle est faite de personnes, de corps sociaux et de régions aux particularismes variés, unis par une culture commune mais prompts à la querelle. Seule la royauté peut non seulement préserver leurs identités, mais en plus les réconcilier autour d’une personne quand la république les divise en partis et en idéologies. La solidarité, la cohésion, voilà la force d’une nation. La France a besoin de retrouver cette unité fondatrice qui lui permettra de faire face aux grands défis de ce siècle.
L’Alliance Royale est une formation politique fondée en 2001 et regroupant des "citoyens" (habitants de la Cité) ayant décidé qu’il est temps de reposer la question des institutions dans le débat politique français. L’Alliance Royale a non seulement pour ambition de faire redécouvrir la monarchie à nos compatriotes, mais également d’inviter la France à préparer son avenir dans ses institutions.
Pour la première fois en France, un parti politique représente et promeut l’idéal de la royauté. Seul ce régime réunit chacun d’entre nous, par-delà les clivages inévitables, sous des principes nécessaires qui nous transcendent. Seule la monarchie peut en effet redonner à la France la certitude de son avenir, face aux grands défis de ce siècle, face au désarroi qui gagne chaque jour l’esprit des Français, face à la démission des partis traditionnels.
C’est pourquoi l’Alliance Royale veut s’adresser à l’audience la plus large possible. Il y a suffisamment de compatriotes en France, enthousiastes et imaginatifs, pour nous aider à créer un bouleversement considérable dans l’opinion. Sans compter tous ceux qui nous rejoindront par simple fatigue des partis républicains.
Une référence
L’Alliance Royale veut aussi devenir une référence dans le débat politique. Le discours politique ambiant tourne en rond en s’attaquant aux symptômes plus qu’aux maux parce qu’il est crispé dans la justification d’un système politique qui n’en peut plus. L’Alliance royale dispose d’une liberté de pensée qui lui permet de proposer des solutions qui ne laisseront personne indifférent.
Pour parvenir à ses fins, et de façon très concrète, l’Alliance Royale utilise de façon transparente les moyens que le jeu politique légal met à sa disposition.
Depuis 2004, elle se présente donc à divers suffrages nationaux ou locaux, parce que les élections sont un moyen efficace d’accéder aux grands médias et, à terme, d’être politiquement représenté.
Elle construit parallèlement un discours inédit, appelé plate-forme politique, en particulier sur une refondation de la société rendue possible grâce à l’institution monarchique.
Enfin, elle mène des actions de terrain et dans les médias, localement et à l’échelon national, afin de s’implanter de façon durable dans notre pays.
Par ailleurs, considérant que les querelles dynastiques entravent les Royalistes depuis plus d’un siècle, l’Alliance Royale se veut unitaire, et ne soutient aucun prince prétendant.
De même, l’Alliance Royale se veut strictement indépendante vis à vis de toutes les formations politiques actuelles
I/ Retour à une Monarchie Constitutionnelle Parlementaire, avec un Monarque choisi, en principe, dans la Maison de Bourbon, fondatrice de la France. La Nation est souveraine et le roi n’est que son représentant suprême.
Le Roi détient ses attributions de la loi et du désir de la Nation. Chef de l’Exécutif, son rôle est essentiellement d’assurer la continuité de l’Etat, d’être un conseillé expérimenté pour le Gouvernement et d’arbitrer la vie publique.
II/ Le pouvoir Exécutif est exercé par un Premier ministre nommé par le Roi mais il émane de la majorité de l’Assemblé Nationale. Les membres du Gouvernement sont choisis par le Roi sur les conseils et l’accord du Premier Ministre. Le Gouvernement doit être approuvé par le Parlement pour rentrer en fonction.
III/ Le pouvoir Législatif est constitué du Sénat et de l’assemblé Nationale. Les Sénateurs sont élus au suffrage universel indirect (par les élus locaux) tandis que les députés détiennent leurs mandat directement du peuple soit sur scrutin de liste (1/3 de la chambre) ou au scrutin unipersonnel.
IV/ Le pouvoir Judiciaire et le Ministère Public sont indépendants.
La fonction royale
« Le Roi règne mais ne gouverne pas » ; ainsi le rôle politique du souverain s’exerce par l’avis, la suggestion, la mise en garde, l’avertissement, l’encouragement. Il représente et incarne la continuité de l’Etat. Il est donc un conseiller efficace au sein de l’exécutif et de l’Etat tout entier.
Le dialogue avec tous ceux qui interviennent dans la politique de la Nation représente l’action du Roi, ainsi il se doit d’écouter et de rencontrer tout ce qui compte dans le pays. L’importance de l’action du Roi est précieuse pour la bonne marche de l’Etat.
D’autre part, son rôle est de surveiller la bonne marche des institutions et prend une part active dans la formation du gouvernement.
La monarchie concrètement
On peut imaginer ce que pourrait être la monarchie restaurée, en voici une image :
Les audiences
Le Roi reçoit le Premier ministre chaque lundi. Il peut accorder des audiences à d’autres membres du gouvernement ou d’autres personnages de l’Etat ou bien encore des représentants des secteurs économique, social, culturel et scientifique, etc. Le Roi, chef de l’Etat, reçoit des personnalités étrangères de haut rang comme des chefs d’Etat ou des ambassadeurs. Tout entretien reste confidentiel sauf si l’audience est appelée « ouverte » dans quel cas elle peut faire l’objet d’un communiqué divulguant certains points de la discussion.
Les déplacements
Le Roi visite régulièrement les diverses régions françaises ainsi que des entreprises ou des institutions (écoles, musées,…), pour donner une vue précise de la situation de la France, de ses problèmes, de ses espoirs et de ses attentes. Il fait part de ses conclusions aux ministres. La Reine et la famille royale marquent également leur intérêt par différents déplacements.
Faveurs royales
Le monarque accorde des faveurs telles que :
• Le titre de « royal » à une association philanthropique qui a touché le souverain par son but, sa vitalité et sa bonne gestion.
• Un Haut Patronage dont la durée ne peut excéder 5 ans à une association française remplissant les critères nécessaires (un objectif louable, une réputation irréprochable, etc).
• Un Prix peut être remis à un lauréat d’une exposition ou d’un concours.
Ses collaborateurs
1. La maison du Roi
• Le Maréchal du Palais a la charge de régler toutes les activités publiques du Roi et de la famille royale. Il a à sa charge :
• Le Chef du Protocole chargé du bon déroulement des activités du Roi,
• Le commandant de la Maison chargé de l’appui logistique des activités du Roi et de l’entretien des palais.
2. Le Cabinet du Roi
• Le Chef du Cabinet est chargé des problèmes politiques et administratifs et de la liaison avec le gouvernement et le monde politique. Il assiste le Roi dans le suivi de l’actualité politique. Il est aidé par :
• Le Chef adjoint du Cabinet est chargé de seconder le Chef du Cabinet,
• Le Chambellan est chargé des relations internationales,
• Le Porte-parole est en charge des relations avec la Presse,
• Conseiller pour l'Education et la Culture,
• Conseiller pour l'Agriculture, la Ruralité, le Commerce et l'Artisanat,
• Conseiller Presse et communication,
• Conseillers Justice,
• Conseiller diplomatique,
• Conseiller aux Affaires sociales,
• Conseiller Macro-économie, finances publiques et économie internationale,
• Conseiller aux institutions et aux relations avec les Elus,
• Conseiller Environnement et Aménagement du territoire,
• Conseiller Education, Jeunesse et Sports,
• Conseiller Entreprise, compétitivité et politiques de croissance,
• Conseiller Affaires intérieures, Français à l'étranger et Sécurité civile,
• Secrétaire d’Etat attaché au Roi,
• Représentant Royal pour la Francophonie,
3. La Maison Militaire du Roi
• Chef de la Maison militaire est chargé d’aider le monarque à remplir sa mission dans le domaine de la défense,
• Etat-Major Particulier,
• Aides de camp,
• Commandant militaire du Palais est chargé de la sécurité du Palais
A chaque début de règne, le Parlement fixe pour la durée du règne la Liste Civile du Roi : moyens que la Nation met à la disposition du Chef de l’Etat afin de lui permettre d’assumer sa fonction.
(Le Rassemblement Démocrate estime le coût d’un Roi et de sa famille à 10 000 000 euro environ par an contre 12 504 481 euro pour un Président de la République)
I. UN EXÉCUTIF FORT
POUR COMBATTRE
LA MONDIALISATION FINANCIÈREIl faut, dans l’époque tumultueuse que nous vivons, maintenir un exécutif fort, capable de faire valoir la justice et le droit au développement face aux dérives mondialistes et à l’impéritie européenne actuelle. Il faut que cet exécutif soit garant de l’émission de crédits publics à long terme et faible taux d’intérêt nécessaires à la mise en place d’un pont terrestre eurasiatique et d’un nouveau Bretton Woods.
"Il faut un
exécutif fort
garant de
l’émission de
crédits publics
à long terme
et à faible taux
d’intérêt
"C’est pourquoi je suis partisan de maintenir l’élection du président de la République au suffrage universel direct. Cependant, il ne peut gouverner sans la confiance et l’assentiment du peuple. Il doit donc se retirer si lui-même ou sa majorité se trouvent désavoués. La cohabitation devenue habituelle (13 ans sur 16 entre 1986 et 2002) est une perversion absolue de l’esprit de la Constitution actuelle.
L’article 16 lui-même, qui ne doit être appliqué que lorsque l’intérêt suprême de la nation se trouve menacé, doit être à mon sens maintenu, dans la situation internationale très grave qui menace à l’horizon. Il devrait être cependant précisé qu’il trouve sa seule justification dans la nécessité d’assurer les conditions pour que soit respecté le Préambule de notre Constitution, aujourd’hui d’ores et déjà bafoué par la loi de la jungle de la mondialisation financière.
A travers l’article 16 ainsi recadré, le Président pourrait, si besoin en était et en cas d’extrême urgence, devenir l’instigateur d’une politique de crédits publics à long terme et faible taux d’intérêt, au sein d’un nouveau Bretton Woods et d’un nouveau plan Marshall Est-Ouest et Nord-Sud. Le crédit d’Etat serait en ce sens le moyen de sa politique de paix par le développement mutuel, se substituant à celle de « guerre contre le terrorisme » à durée indéfinie présentée par Washington, qui peut basculer dans un « choc de civilisations » si rien n’est fait pour l’arrêter.
De même, la possibilité d’avoir recours à un référendum est un instrument essentiel du Président, et il ne faut pas y revenir dans les circonstances actuelles.
Les moyens du gouvernement pour gouverner vis-à-vis d’un Parlement qui l’entraverait existent, et il faut les conserver.
Certes, l’on pourrait supprimer les excès de l’article 49-3 et le recours abusif aux ordonnances en matière de droits fondamentaux. Une réflexion devrait être engagée à cet effet. Cependant, pour faire disparaître ces abus, je fais surtout confiance à la fin du cumul des mandats (cf. plus loin) qui permettrait aux bancs de l’Assemblée d’être plus densément garnis et rendrait, en conséquence, le contrôle parlementaire plus réel.
Reste le rôle du Premier ministre au sein de l’exécutif. Ici, les choses devraient être clarifiées. Il devrait être établi dans la Constitution que le Président « détermine la politique de la nation », en fixe les grands principes et en anime les orientations. Pour mettre en oeuvre cette politique, il nomme le Premier ministre et met éventuellement fin à ses fonctions.
Ainsi, le Président, avec son Premier ministre, et l’Assemblée se trouveraient face à face. Dans la logique d’un nécessaire dialogue entre les pouvoirs, qui aujourd’hui n’existe pas, l’Assemblée ne pourrait censurer le gouvernement du Président, et le Président ne pourrait dissoudre l’Assemblée. Autrement dit, une entente dans l’intérêt supérieur de la nation devrait s’établir, la possibilité restant, en cas de conflit insoluble, à l’Assemblée de se dissoudre elle-même ou au Président de démissionner. En cas de conflit plus limité, le Président devrait pouvoir exceptionnellement opposer son veto à un texte de loi, l’Assemblée ayant la faculté de le rétablir à une majorité des 2/3. Ce serait plus clair qu’aujourd’hui et la cohabitation deviendrait ainsi pratiquement impossible, le Président devant nécessairement se trouver en première ligne et non se contenter d’être éventuellement un « roi fainéant » ou un monarque protégé.
Dans le contexte de responsabilisation mutuelle ainsi défini, les actes liés à la fonction présidentielle doivent toujours faire l’objet d’un traitement particulier et bénéficier d’un privilège de juridiction (la Haute Cour, en cas de haute trahison ou d’actes notoirement incompatibles avec la dignité de sa charge), alors que les actes extérieurs ou antérieurs à cette fonction doivent, eux, relever de juridictions ordinaires, en étant filtrés par la future Cour suprême de la nation pour protéger le chef de l’Etat de plaintes abusives.
Restent deux initiatives à prendre pour clarifier la fonction présidentielle vis-à-vis du législatif et du judiciaire :
prévoir que le chef de l’Etat, une fois par an, prononce un discours sur l’état de la nation devant le Parlement. Il y gagnerait en responsabilité, le Parlement en dignité ;
ôter au Président la présidence du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature et le droit d’y siéger.
In the 1990s, birthrates fell everywhere but in Africa, as once poor countries like India or Malaysia become richer, and as women win reproductive rights to their own bodies. It looks like the "morning-after pill" will soon be legal in the United States, as it has in Europe for a decade. So perhaps there will be no more doublings of world population, so drastic measures like birth licenses will not be required. It would help world health organizations to continue to do their job if the US simply paid its dues at the UN, which stands at 1 billion dollars, a small sum, which Bill Gates could pay off personally, if he cared to make the UN one of his charities.
The US will never be able to get a handle on violent crime until the private ownership of guns is forbidden. It is all too easy to kill large numbers of people with large clip semi-automatic weapons. It is too easy to kill oneself. The pistol is the weapon of choice for suicides and for homicides. The number one cause of death for pregnant women is homicide. The number one cause of workplace death for women is homicide. In some urban neighborhoods, the homicide rate is 1000 times greater than it is in the most peaceful of European countries, such as Austria.
Despite this, all legislation in this country to ban guns, or even to ban some guns, such as assault rifles, has been undermined by the National Rifle Association (NRA). We must meet the objections of the NRA, often expressed as bumper stickers, because they express legitimate concerns.
One common bumper sticker is "When guns are outlawed, only outlaws will have guns." That would be true in the 2nd Republic. Only in the Draconian beginning of the 3rd Republic will it be possible to make the sweeping changes I propose, such as the Great Sweep-Up of guns. Draco is a name from Greek history. The Greeks invented democracy, but then as now, they sometimes found themselves in a deadlock, and a state of crisis. When that happened, they elected a temporary "dictator" because some decision is better than deadlock in a time of crisis. One of these elected dictators was named Draco, and his reforms were so drastic, his name is the root of a word that is still with us: "draconian."
In order to quickly reduce the level of violence to the level of other First Class societies, draconian measures will be required, not all of them directly involving guns. Bad neighborhoods will be cordoned off, every house and apartment emptied (perhaps at 3 AM), and the inhabitants deported. Bad neighborhoods breed bad people, and simply standing back and waiting for the bad people to commit horrible crimes will not do. It is the entire community that must be rooted out, confiscating all their property, including their guns, of course. Such neighborhoods will be the first to have walls and checkpoints, and when those are in place, high-rise projects will be pulled down, and the whole neighborhood turned over to Habitat for Humanity, to create an integrated middle class neighborhood.
Even before the bad neighborhoods are deported, the gangs will be rounded up. Deport the Mafia families, and their associates, whether they are known to have committed any crimes or not. All races will be represented in the deportees. When it comes to the Bloods and the Crips, I would be willing to try an experiment. Execute the sociopaths, and then try to turn the remaining members of these gangs into forces for good in their neighborhood. Organize city-wide 'hood Olympics, which may involve rough sports, but not murder.
So, you see, you members of the NRA, the criminals will not have guns. They will lose theirs first. However, as long as they can steal more guns from honest citizens, we have not solved the problem. Therefore, we must have the Great Sweep and take everyone's guns.
Another NRA bumper sticker is: "Guns don't kill people, criminals do." Very true. I am under no illusions that getting rid of the guns will by itself reduce crime to acceptable levels. But when combined with legalization of drugs, prostitution and gambling, plus protection orders that really work because of the walls and checkpoints...it is one step. Of course, every kitchen is filled with lethal weapons, capable of being used for murder or suicide. So what is so special about guns?
The problem with certain weapons, such as nuclear weapons or poison gas or modern firearms is that they are inherently evil and unfair weapons. They kill indiscriminately and in large numbers. Victims have no protection, no chance to defend themselves. It is impossible to dodge in the tiny instant before a trigger is squeezed and the round is fired off. And with modern firearms, it possible to kill at a great range and remain invisible. Distance is no protection. And finally, it is too easy to conceal firearms. Fortunately, they can be detected by metal detectors at checkpoints, but at the expense of building bicycles and HPVs out of fibers and resins, and electric cars out of aluminum.
By contrast, a modern compound bow is a fairer weapon. It is impossible to kill dozens in seconds. It is difficult to conceal the weapon, or conceal the fact that one is about to shoot it. It is possible to dodge the flight of the arrow if the shooter is sufficiently far away. Skill and good reflexes make a difference. But any fool can snuff out a life with modern firearms.
The NRA operate under the delusion that the 2nd Amendment gives private citizens the right to carry firearms. Read the whole thing! The 2nd Amendment is about the right of citizens to join local militias, what we today call the National Guard. And the arms referred to in the 2nd Amendment are military arms, designed to provide a last level of defense against a military dictatorship or foreign invasion. With local armories of military weapons, local members of the National Guard would become guerrilla fighters in such situations. But notice, members are not allowed to take their tanks and machine guns home. It all stays in the local armory.
But let us assume for a moment that people do have a right to defend their home and property and a right to go hunting or target shooting. Modern firearms are overkill. They are far too dangerous for such innocent purposes. We must go all the way back to the "brown bess" flintlock musket that the British army used in the Napoleonic wars to find an acceptable firearm, for those who must have the bang and flash, and the smell of gunpowder smoke. The British also had companies of riflemen, but mainly relied on the musket, because a British soldier could load and fire three balls a minute. Great accuracy was not required because of the massed volleys.
The "brown bess" would be a legal weapon in the 3rd Republic. It is a fair weapon, because of its inaccuracy at distances greater than about 100 feet. Also it is impossible to remain hidden, like a sharpshooter, because of the great cloud of smoke produced by black powder (the only legal explosive in the 3rd Republic). If a musketman fires at someone closer and misses, the opponent can dash over and cut his throat before he can reload. Furthermore, there is a split second hesitation before the flash in the pan and the firing of the weapon, giving someone time to duck. Unlike a handgun, it is hard to conceal, and hard to use for suicide. But anything that will take smokeless powder without exploding, anything which may be concealed (a pistol of any kind), anything with rifling, anything with a more modern firing action is illegal. For instance, the weapons of the Civil War would not be allowable, first because they are rifles and accurate at great ranges, and secondly because they have a caplock action rather than flintlock, so there is no hesitation between pulling the trigger and discharge of the rifle. No time to duck.
Other legal weapons would be the modern compound bow (can't be concealed), but not the crossbow. For the protection of women, permit switchblades with "ginzu" blades, i.e. ceramic and plastic knives which would pass through checkpoints. A woman could take such a weapon out of concealment and kill a rapist, but only after he was on top of her. So it is a purely defensive weapon. Such a switchblade is no good for a knife fight, because it has no fingerguard, and because the blade is brittle and easily broken. We might also allow throwing knives of the same ceramic material. In this case, when the arm is cocked to throw the knife, the victim has time to duck. Furthermore, accuracy and power are limited to perhaps 10 feet. A compound bow would be adequate home defense, while the two "ginzu" knife types are suitable for personal defense.
A combination of public works and public health measures have eliminated most diseases which have an animal intermediary, such as fleas and rats for the Black Death, or mosquitoes for yellow fever, dengue and malaria. In the case of venereal diseases we have always notified all previous sexual partners about a carrier, who no doubt tell all their friends, so the carriers of VD have been known and therefore shunned. But for some reason AIDS has always been different, at least until superior treatments of the disease came along. AIDS activists were always in the streets, angrily blaming their plight on anyone but themselves, successfully defeating public health measures that could have halted the AIDS epidemic in its tracks long ago. All that is required is compulsory testing and quarantine, as with TB and leprosy (before a cure was found). No doubt we will someday have either a cure for AIDS or a vaccine for it, but in the meantime, why have we had no effective public health response? Because the AIDS activists wouldn't have it, and labelled any such measure an invasion of their rights.
Their rights? Since when have people infected with a deadly disease had a right to knowingly infect other people? There is no such right. In any case, rights are neither laws of nature nor commandments of divinity. They are created by communities, for their own protection. And we still need protection against AIDS, even if the people infected with HIV live much longer than they used to. The tests should be free, and compulsory for everyone sexually active (even married people and priests) at least once a year. The quarantine could be virtual, instead of literal. Put the names and pictures of people infected with HIV in a public database, so one could just look up someone before a first date. Also, brand HIV or HPMV, or Herpes on their buttocks, for those who haven't time to check the database. HPMV stands for a group of viral STDs which are also incurable, and produce anything from genital warts to cervical cancer. Herpes is likewise an incurable viral STD, which produces sores and scabs around the mouth or genitalia. The AIDS epidemic is not over, and it is spreading increasingly out to suburban and rural high-schools where the only mode of transmission is heterosexual sex.
Another piece of evidence that entertainment is a monopoly is the fact that song-writers and musicians must sign such terribly unfair contracts in order to be signed at all. These contracts mean that very successful acts, like "Destiny's Child" or "The Dixie Chicks" rake in hundreds of millions of dollars for their record companies, but net barely enough to make a living.
Therefore, like a bull in a china shop, our Draco must charge into Hollywood and Nashville and smash things to pieces. First of all, all those companies and corporations which have some power must be seized, sometimes yanked away the international conglomerates that own them, and all the executives fired and banned forever from the entertainment business. Secondly, retail prices for CDs must be dropped to $5, to be divided in the following way: $2 for the retail merchant, $2 for the musicians and song-writers, and $1 for the record company. For DVDs, actors, screen-writers, directors and craftsmen should receive $3.50, with $2 for the retail merchant and $2 for the movie company.
Executive control shall be retained by the Aristarchy. The people selected for this need not have any experience making music or movies. They simply need eclectic tastes. It is not necessary for them to initiate anything. They just need to open the door, and creative people will come pouring in. The result will be a fantastic increase in the range and type of CDs and DVDs. Many movies will be shot with digital cameras and go straight to DVD, since the special effects and titles can be added on the computer. Similarly, CDs will often be nothing more than a slightly edited version of the live performances of the musicians. In most cases, no music video need be made, nor any money spent on promotion. The public will find what they like, and the word will spread on the Internet.
Eventually, the original owners of each seized company shall be paid, but only after the real assets of the company have been determined. If their only asset is monopoly control, the previous owners will be paid nothing.
Today, it is very difficult for creative people to ever have any success in Hollywood or Nashville. Furthermore, there is a lot of discrimination, cheating, lousy contracts, and virtual enslavement of creative people. All that will end.
What about major motion pictures to be released in theatres? It takes at least $20 million just to make a widespread release. It costs that much to transfer digital to film, make all the prints, and advertise. Thus, "little" pictures will never be released in theatres. One thing which could reduce the risk of theatre movies would be price caps for actors and directors. After all, we don't go to movies or concerts to make someone rich. Why should just a few actors or musicians become absurdly rich while most starve? I suggest a maximum for any movie of $1 million and 5 percent of the gross, per "star." The Aristarchy can hire firms that specialize in casting, and leave the casting up to them and the director. Unknowns can succeed very well, especially in TV. And big stars often give terrible performances.
The hardest working people in show business are those who work on one hour dramas on prime time TV. So they deserve to be paid well. But let us remember that shows with large ensemble casts do not use all of them equally on every episode. So I suggest a cap based on the number of pages an actor has on an episode. I have no idea what that number should be.
The structure of power in entertainment is not obvious. Who exactly holds the monopoly power? Wherever it is found, that is what our Draco must seize, and banish the executives and owners from any further work in entertainment. The result can only be a vast improvement in the breadth and quality of entertainment.
One reason for being concerned about bodies and the way they are disposed is that Utopians always take the long view. And if we keep burying people in perpetual plots, a time will come when cemeteries take over all the space within and around cities and there will be no place for the living. This problem has alread been faced by many old and large cities, such as Paris. In the 18th Century, cemeteries were occupying too much valuable land, so a program was put into place to remove the bones from cemeteries and store them in underground crypts, which still exist under Paris. At that time, there were 6 million dead Parisians, and 2 million live ones. I don't know what the current policy is in Paris. There is at least one small cemetery in Paris, the one where Jim Morrison, the Rock star from the Doors, is buried. But this is a small cemetery that one must hunt up. There are not large areas covered by cemeteries within Paris.
Utopians like to solve multiple problems with one stroke. I propose that death should be declared one hour after brain death, but before such things as respirators or heart-lung bypass or dialysis machines are turned off. The relatives are invited in to say good-bye, and then they are shooed off. Within a short time, possibly six weeks or less, the ashes of the body in a fancy urn are given to the next of kin. They may then decide to hold a memorial service. The next of kin will not have to pay anything for cremation, caskets, burial plots or the funeral, all of which can easily top $10,000. Instead, they could have the memorial service catered, and have a minister, priest, spiritual leader or family member conduct the service, with the favorite music of the departed being sung or performed or even played on a Hi-Fi. After 6 weeks or so, the first shock of grief will be over, and it will be possible to celebrate the life, in joy, rather than commemorate the death. Next-of-kin will never be told exactly what may have been done to the body, except that it was done with respect. No records will be kept of the exact use made of the body.
What will the state do with the body? Organ transplants for one thing. This should completely solve the organ donor shortage problem. Personally, I am not so sure that organ transplants are a great idea. The drugs given to suppress rejection leave the body wide open to death by infection, parasites or cancer, which usually happens within 5 or 6 years. Perhaps we should regard all such transplants as a temporary expedient, while a permanent replacement is grown from the patient's own cells. This is not far off. It is already being done with skin, ears and noses. So, long before time is up, so to speak, the temporary transplant will be replaced with one grown from that patient's own cells. Then the rejection suppressant drugs can be discontinued.
Another use for bodies is in the training of new doctors or medical technicians. What better way to practice sutures, putting in IVs, removing the appendix or the gall bladder or to practice any difficult new surgical procedure than to practice on a cadaver? The result will be new doctors who have already practiced every procedure they will ever do. Probably many times.
But in truth, the main virtue of the government taking ownership of all dead
bodies is to prevent the world from being overrun by cemeteries. And it follows
from this thought that we must do as the Parisians did, and dig up the bones in
existing metropolitan cemeteries, cart off the stone monuments, and return this
land to productive use, no doubt initially as a park, with grass, trees and
flower beds. The bones could be kept in underground crypts, as the Parisians
did, or cremated and returned to the next of kin, if that is known. Country
cemeteries can be left alone, at least for a few millenia.
Copyright ©
Thales 2000
Nous proposons la reconnaissance et la comptabilisation du « VOTE BLANC » dans les résultats de toutes les élections de la République. Cette réforme est la priorité de toutes nos propositions, car le vote blanc peut être entre autres un vote de contestation
Nous proposons d'instituer une Charte de l’Ecologie dans la Constitution, la promouvoir et l’expliquer auprès de tous les pays du monde : 20 % de l’humanité utilise 80 % des ressources mondiales, est-ce durable ? Exemple : Le réchauffement de 3 degrés de la planète sur notre siècle prévu par tous les scientifiques du monde va causer un dérèglement climatique et écologique sans précédent avec des effets néfastes impossibles à prévoir.
Histoire et mémoire.
Réconcilier les Français avec leur Histoire dans l’esprit de la 1ère Constitution de 1791 en ajoutant en Préambule de la Constitution : «L’Histoire de France est une et indivisible, les régimes qui l’ont composé sont l’héritage imprescriptible de la République».
Pas seulement des droits, une déclaration universelle des Devoirs de l'homme. Devoir d'hospitalité, de partage et de résistance. Devoir de vote
Lutte mondiale pour la laïcité, désarmer les fanatismes. Inscrire la laïcité dans la charte des nations unies. Faire du 9 décembre un jour férié mondial. Ne pas toucher à la loi de 1905 : principe intangible
Déclaration des devoirs du citoyen
Devoir de ne pas se taire
Toute démocratie naît de la prise de parole de citoyens soucieux de construire ensemble un corps social. Se taire, c’est renoncer. C’est faire le jeu des ennemis de la démocratie.
« Si tu parles, tu meurs. Si tu te tais, tu meurs. Alors, parle et meurs » Tahar Djaout, journaliste algérien de 36 ans, assassiné en 1993 sous les yeux de sa femme et de sa fille âgée de trois ans. Il écrivit ces lignes, quinze jours avant sa mort.Devoir de mémoire
La négation du passé entraîne la répétition des processus de la barbarie. Et seul un regard non partisan sur les événements fondateurs ou dramatiques de notre histoire ouvre la possibilité de progrès dans l’histoire.
« Si l’on ne sait pas d'où l'on vient, comment savoir où l'on va ? »Devoir d'hospitalité
Dans la tradition hassidique, il y a toujours un siège vide à la table pour accueillir l'étranger à venir. Maintenir éveillée la capacité d'ouvrir son cœur et de tendre sa main : là est le devoir d'hospitalité.
Devoir de vote
Voter n'est pas seulement un droit mais aussi un devoir. Tout citoyen a le droit d'être ou non inscrit sur les listes. S'il choisit de s'inscrire, il a alors le devoir de voter. Et s'il ne vote pas, il sera taxé de 150 euros. Le taux d'abstention sera mesuré par le pourcentage des désinscrits.
Devoir de respecter l'autre dans sa différence
Sans respect des différences : identitaires, raciales, sexuelles, sociales et autres, il n'y a point de respect de l'être humain. Tous égaux, tous différents.
Jean-Paul Sartre : « Que reste-t-il ? Un homme, fait de tous les hommes, qui les vaut tous et que vaut n'importe qui » (dernière phrase des Mots).Devoir de protéger la Terre et l'Univers
Depuis deux cents ans, à chaque génération nous léguons une terre de moins en moins vivable à nos enfants : air vicié, eau polluée, terre gorgée de déchets. Aujourd'hui, dans nos vies quotidiennes, il n'est pas une minute où nous n'abîmons pas notre environnement : agissons contre cette dégradation !
« Prière de laisser l'endroit en meilleur état que vous ne l'avez trouvé ! » (sagesse populaire).Devoir de transmission du savoir
Lutter contre le cloisonnement des âges et des classes. Reconnaître comme structurelle la transmission et l'échange des savoirs susceptibles de faire loi entre les générations. Instituer universellement l'École Républicaine comme garante de l'accès au savoir pour tous sans discrimination.
« Oser savoir », Devise des Lumières.Devoir d'épargner la honte à l'autre
Qu'est-ce qu'être humain ? Qu'est-ce que ne plus être humain ? Infliger délibérément la honte à l'autre, c'est basculer dans le barbare, dans l'humiliation, dans les aspects destructeurs de la volonté de puissance : ultra-compétitivité, désir de domination, plaisir procuré par la souffrance de l'autre…
« L'acte le plus humain, c'est d'épargner la honte à l'autre », Nietzsche,
« Je cherche un homme », Diogène.Devoir de réserver un traitement humain aux détenus
On ne naît pas criminel, on le devient. Les conditions de détention de celles et ceux que la justice a condamné à l'incarcération doivent être décentes et respecter la dignité humaine.
« Rien de ce qui est humain ne m'est étranger », Térence.Devoir de donner un visage à ceux qui n'en n'ont pas
Partout sur la terre, des enfants, des vieillards, des hommes, des femmes fuient la misère, la persécution, les conditions de vie indécente. Partout sur la terre, des milliers d'êtres humains se retrouvent réfugiés, clandestins, illégaux, niés… En tant qu'êtres humains, notre devoir est de donner un visage à ceux qui n'en n’ont pas.
« Pour comprendre une société, il faut regarder ceux qui en sont exclus. Les marginaux portent la vérité sur le groupe. Qui porte la vérité des exclus ? », Paul Rozenberg.
« Et l’être de l'homme, non seulement ne peut être compris sans la folie, mais il ne serait pas l'être de l'homme s'il ne portait en lui la folie comme limite de sa liberté », Lacan, 1946.
7. Ajouter dans le préambule de la Constitution que le combat contre la pauvreté est un objectif constitutionnel et que la Nation assure la protection de la personne et de la famille.
Par la constitutionnalisation de la pluralité et de l’indépendance du pouvoir médiatique, nous garantirons une véritable information des citoyens, sans laquelle il ne saurait y avoir ni démocratie, ni liberté.
Une nouvelle déclaration des droits pour fonder une nouvelle république
Cette déclaration des droits affirmera des droits nouveaux mettant en valeur les principes correspondant à notre projet politique. Elle réaffirmera les libertés fondamentales et les droits sociaux fondamentaux contenus dans le Préambule de la constitution de 1946, mais insistera sur leur effectivité réelle, c’est-à-dire sur la nécessité d’un engagement de l’Etat pour les mettre en œuvre et assurer leur garantie pour tous. En outre, une charte de la laïcité sera adossée à cette déclaration à valeur constitutionnelle pour que soient respectés les principes républicains dans tous les lieux publics.
Par cette déclaration, nous entendons reconnaître en particulier les nouveaux droits et libertés qui suivent :
Tout être humain a droit à la libre disposition de son corps (le droit à l’avortement libre et gratuit acquiert ainsi une valeur constitutionnelle). La peine de mort est interdite.
L’égalité des droits pour toutes et tous, dans tous les domaines, est garanti quel que soit son sexe, son âge, sa culture, son origine, [sa nationalité], sa religion, son orientation sexuelle, son apparence physique, son handicap. A ce titre, la lutte contre les racismes et ses conséquences discriminatoires est une obligation de l’Etat.
Toute personne a le droit d’obtenir de la collectivité des moyens convenables d’existence. Ce principe s’impose aux pouvoirs publics. Il est une obligation pour les institutions publiques et les entreprises.
Le droit au logement est un droit imprescriptible. Un service public du logement veille à l’application de ce droit : attentif, en particulier, au respect du principe de non-discrimination, il pourra se substituer aux acteurs privés et publics pour assurer l’effectivité de ce droit.
La sécurité professionnelle est un droit essentiel de tout travailleur. Le statut nouveau de salarié doit garantir à celui-ci le maintien du salaire, le droit au reclassement et à la formation tout au long de la vie. Toute personne privée d’emploi conserve son revenu et son logement dans des conditions précisées par la loi. Les garanties fondamentales reconnues au salarié par le code du travail ont valeur constitutionnelle. Le refus de toute discrimination dans l’accès au travail et au logement est une obligation constitutionnelle.
La démocratie sociale s’impose dans toutes les entreprises. Les travailleurs et les institutions qui les représentent, doivent exercer des droits nouveaux d’expertise, de contrôle et de proposition.
La participation directe des citoyens à la vie politique et institutionnelle est un principe démocratique fondamental.
L’accès à la citoyenneté est garanti pour tous les résident(e)s.
Toute personne a droit au respect de sa vie privée et notamment à la protection de ses données personnelles.
La liberté du mariage homosexuel est garantie. L’adoption est ouverte aux couples homosexuels.
La liberté d’aller et venir, et le droit au regroupement familial sont des droits fondamentaux de la personne humaine ; la liberté de circulation ne doit pas être réservée aux marchandises et aux capitaux.
Le droit d’asile est un droit fondamental. Il s’applique dans le respect des Conventions de Genève. Ce droit sera étendu aux femmes subissant des violences dans leur pays.
Le vivant, l’eau, les ressources naturelles, la santé, la culture, l’éducation, la recherche, l’énergie et l’information ne sont pas des marchandises mais des biens communs de l’humanité qui échappent au principe de la libre concurrence.
Le droit à une information pluraliste exige l’interdiction des concentrations dans le domaine de la production, de l’édition, de la diffusion et de la communication.
La souveraineté alimentaire est un droit de chaque peuple.
Chaque être humain a droit à un environnement de qualité. Promouvoir un développement économique solidaire, économe en ressources naturelles, et respectueux de l’environnement est une obligation de la collectivité. Les entreprises sont responsables des dégâts que leurs activités engendrent.
lutte contre tous les fanatismes religieux, défense de la laïcité et de la mixité
| The "Book of the Law" is held in the left hand of the Statue of Liberty, for there can be no liberty without law. Her torch is the light of the world, and the hope of the ages. There can be no science and enlightenment without the law, to protect intellectual freedoms, and intellectual property. Her laws are all contained in a single volume. That is good, because "less is more" when it comes to law. If the laws are plain, and the instruments of the law (such as wills and contracts) are simple and easy to use, there is no need for lawyers. In the USA, we have a legal system which benefits lawyers, but no one else. | |
Change is bad when it comes to the law. Get it right the first time and it may go for centuries without requiring any change. That is why I have made it hard to create new laws in this proposed constitution. It must be something wanted by the overwhelming majority (3/4 of all Citizens), because the majority who register and show up on voting day constitutes a small minority of Citizens. If "less is more" what is really in that three foot stack of law just for taxes? You guessed it! Loopholes for fat cats, the people who finance elections. Aristarchy has no campaigns, no politicians, no political parties, and you can be arrested for giving money or gifts to members of the Aristarchy.
We begin with a preamble to the Constitution, in fact, exactly the same preamble we have now. The Founding Fathers had the right idea and the best of intentions, and created the best government that the existing thirteen states could accept.
Article Two: The Third Republic assumes responsibility for its own debt, but not for the debts of the former Second Republic. When governments fall, their paper becomes worthless.
Article Three: The new form of democracy shall be a particular form of Aristarchy, deriving its just powers from the consent of the people. A recall petition shall be offered to the people after 10 years of the Third Republic. If signed by three-fourths of the Citizens of the USA, Aristarchy shall be considered rejected, and a peaceable return to the previous form of government, known as the Second Republic, shall be made. A similar recall petition could peacefully bring about the transition from the Second Republic to the Third Republic. If a Citizen fails to sign the recall petition within a reasonable amount of time, that shall be considered consent. Laws other than those in this document shall only be created by a petition signed by three-fourths of the Citizens of the relevant jurisdiction.
Definition One: A Citizen is age 8 or more, either born in the USA, or a naturalized Citizen. A person is not considered a full Citizen with the right to vote, if they are a convicted felon, or a person judged by a magistrate to be incompetent to administer his or her own affairs. A naturalized Citizen must have entered this country on a valid visa, must speak, read, and write intelligible English, must not be guilty of any felonies, here or elsewhere, must be mentally competent and must demonstrate an adequate knowledge of the Constitution and Laws of this Nation. Residents and visitors who are not Citizens shall enjoy the full protection of the law, but shall not have all the rights and responsibilities of a full Citizen, such as the right to vote.
Article Four: The Aristarchy shall combine executive and judicial functions, and make the decisions formerly left to bureaucracies. Furthermore, the law shall consist in the decisions of the Aristarchy, based on the well-established ideals, a body of knowledge which may change.
The Aristarchy consists in magistrates, metropoles, governors and archons. The First Archon appoints other archons and governors. Governors appoint metropoles, who appoint magistrates. The First Archon may become that by being the Second Archon, and the death or resignation of the First Archon. First Archons may also be appointed or deposed by a three-fourths vote of the electors. All appointments shall be for three years, but may be renewed an indefinite number of times. In most cases, people will change jobs after 3 years, often at the same level in the hierarchy.
Definition Two: The electors consist in all archons, governors and metropoles.
Magistrates shall be in charge of 1000 to 10,000 households. Magistrates shall administer justice and collect taxes, using those taxes as needed for public necessities on the local level, such as Social Security, passing any left over to their superior, a metropole.
A metropole is usually in charge of a Metroplex and the surrounding countryside to the edge of jurisdiction of other metropoles. In lightly populated areas, metropoles may live in a small town, in charge of numerous magistrates, scattered over an area as large as a state. States and counties shall cease to have any jurisdictional significance. Metropoles shall hire and fire magistrates, or move them around to other jurisdictions.
The country shall be divided into several large secure provinces, each the responsibility of a governor. Governors hire and fire metropoles or move them around to other jurisdictions. The nation as a whole will be led by the Archons. The First Archon has the power to appoint other Archons, as well as hire and fire governors or move them around to different jurisdictions. The First Archon may be elected or deposed by a vote of three-fourths of the Electors.
Candidates for the Aristarchy are students who have passed the oral and written exams, but have not yet been appointed to office. They will find employment as assistants or secretaries to office-holders, while growing in maturity and experience. Exams will be open to those who have scored in the top five or ten percent of standardized exams, such as the SATs or GREs (the dividing line is flexible and will be set by the local metropole). A great breadth of knowledge is expected of candidates, especially a knowledge of world history as it applies to Utopian Analysis. Essay questions will help to determine the student's ability to use historical knowledge to solve hypothetical problems, or real problems faced by rulers in the past. The essay exam will also test the student's powers of organization and communication. The Oral exam will test the student's people skills, such as their ability to carry on conversations with strangers.
Definition Three: There will be five major secure provinces: (1) Tidewater East shall extend from the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico to the Mississippi on the West end, to the Continental divide between tidewater and Mississippi drainage elsewhere. (2) East Central shall extend from the borders of Tidewater East to the Mississippi, and Western shorelines of the Great Lakes. (3) West Central shall extend from the border of East Central to the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains; (4) Basin and Range shall encompass the land between the Continental Divide and the Cascades and Sierras; while (5)West Coast shall be everything from the Cascades, Sierras and their extensions, to the Pacific Ocean. There will be several minor secure provinces, one being Alaska, another Hawaii, and Puerto Rico a third.
If the provinces of Canada should decide to join the Third Republic, they would be very welcome. The Tidewater Province would then end at the St. Lawrence Seaway to the North. West Central would then expand to include all of Canada east of the Rockies, and Alaska between the ranges. West Coast would then extend northward to include all the West coastal areas of Canada and the South coastal region of Alaska, including Anchorage and the Knik inlet. North of the Brooks range would be a minor province, and that part of Alaska which faces the Bering strait would be another minor province.
Definition Four: A metroplex, town, neighborhood, subdivision or province is secure if it is surrounded by physical or electronic walls and entrances capable of identifying all who pass through.
Article Five: The government shall recognize the validity of "Common Law," those laws which have come down to us by tradition, by word of mouth, which may never have been written down. The government shall also recognize the validity of case law, the precedents set by the individual decisions of Juries and Magistrates, although the Magistrate is not bound by either Common Law or precedence. Only a jury may decide what comes under the heading of "Common Law."
Article Six: The Aristarchy must know Utopian Analysis, and its well-established ideals, and continue its development. All their decisions must be based on well-established ideals, and need no other justification. How the ideals are applied will vary with time, place and technology. This is just the opposite of the 2nd Republic, which insisted on the letter of the law. In the 3rd Republic, we insist on the spirit and intent of the law, and do not care if it violates the letter of the law, or violates common law, or violates all past precedents. The whole idea of Aristarchy is to pick wise, well-read and experienced Aristarchs, who will have the wisdom to make the right decisions. No specialists, academics, members of the overclass or underclass need apply.
Article Seven: As in the UK, the Head of State shall not be the Head of Government. The Head of State, known as "Mr. Secretary," will be the highest ranking member of the professional corps of diplomats, and shall live in the White House, fly in Air Force One, greet and entertain visiting heads of state or government, attend funerals of heads of state or government, receive Ambassadors, and in general conduct all the ceremonial duties now performed by the President in the Second Republic. It is the Head of State who shall have press conferences, interviews, and who shall make all public speeches to the nation.
The Head of Government will do none of these things. He or she will be too busy actually running the country. The Head of State will be appointed by the Head of the Government, and will take no action without consulting with the Head of Government.
Article Eight: The human genome shall not be changed except to eliminate specific defects which cause fatal disease such as Cystic Fibrosis or Huntington's Chorea. Our genome has evolved for the survival of the species, which requires, among other things, a natural longevity of about 80 years or four generations. This should never be changed, even if we learn how, because it would lead to extinction.
Article Nine: Mankind shall never take orders from machines.
And so ends the Constitution and the Book of Law. Of
course, a great deal more law is required, but it shall be "Common Law," as the
British understand it. The Aristarchy shall be trained by example and precedent
to apply the Universal Ideals of Mankind in a wise and compassionate way.
Copyright © Dr.H 2001
topian analysis is the first science of
civilization, the first normative science which does not commit the naturalistic
fallacy (for those who have taken Philosophy 101). It builds upon the "moral
sciences" of Hobbes and Locke, which in turn can trace their ancestry to
Aristotle's Ethics. A science must have the equivalent of a fact,
a theory, and a test. We must be able to rule out the alternatives. An idea
which is neither testable nor reproducible is useless. The analysis of a social
controversy like abortion or capital punishment relates each side to an
underlying ideal. A proposed solution nearly always requires a deliberate (i.e.,
"utopian") change to community institutions, laws, or traditions. "Utopian" does
not mean "perfection," does not mean "hopelessly impractical," nor does it mean
"planned." City planning never works. Planned economies never work. I am a
libertarian, which means leaving most things unplanned, and allowing things to
evolve naturally, like a forest preserve which just requires occasional pruning.
he equivalent of a theory in utopian
analysis is an ideal, such as socialism. That particular ideal is "from each
according to ability, to each according to need." The equivalent of a test is a
political experiment. Socialism was made a political experiment by the Soviet
Empire, by the British after WW II, and by the Cubans. The equivalent of a fact
is the observed outcome of a test. The socialist experiments have all been
failures. Apparently, socialism provides no motivation to produce according to
ones ability. The failure of socialism is a normative particular, something we
had to learn by experience, something that could not have been known without the
trial. Indeed, there may still be some devout leftists here or there in
humanities departments.
olitical experiments show us that every
deviation from reciprocity in economics, justice or marriage will fail. Utopian
analysis is the science which supersedes ethics and aesthetics, without
committing the naturalistic fallacy, since we never leave the normative realm or
prove ideals. We rule out the alternatives. As in all sciences, a theory is
well-established when we have ruled out the alternatives.
have found seven ideals which are both
fundamental and true. There is evidence that they work and
that the alternatives do not.
[1] Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness: adult citizens can do whatever they like in private, whatever the risk, so long as no one is put at involuntary risk. Among the corollaries are the right to self-defense, freedom of expression and access, freedom of association, religion and privacy. This ideal does not require streetwalkers or crack dealers on every corner. Every community has a right to decide which of these things, if any, is allowed in public.
[2] Reciprocity: This is give and take, wages for labor, profits for risk successfully taken, the Golden Rule and the Mosaic Law. This is the foundation of every successful form of economics, justice or family that has so far been created.
[3] Democracy: Government by the consent of the governed. The people own the government, rather than vice versa, so no military draft. Separation of church and state, and separation of military and state. In other words, we don't want religious coups, or military coups. These always turn out badly.
[4] Union: The only permanent solution to the problem of war is to create a union of the warring communities in a hierarchy of communities. In the US, we fought a horrible Civil War to maintain the union, and the long range benefits are worth it. Alabama will never again fight Ohio, except on the football field.
[5] Equal opportunity and responsibility: equality under the law for every gender, class, race, tribe, religion, family, ethnicity, and age, both in prohibitions and in benefits. In the US, it has become difficult to get a movie made, become a college professor, or rise high in the financial or legal worlds unless one is a member of the overclass. Middle America has been disenfranchised.
[6] Justice: symbolized by Lady Justice, with her scales, blindfold, and sword. The scales imply that what the perpetrator did to his victims shall be done to him, if possible. The blindfold implies a blindness to irrelevant factors, such as intent or mental state. Only the act itself matters. Only the actions of the victim can lessen the responsibility of the perpetrator. The sword implies decisiveness. No bail, no appeal. Once the facts have been determined, judgment shall be made and punishment carried out immediately. In the 19th Century, the US had this kind of justice system. We lost it by successive decisions of the Supreme Court, which have fattened the purses of lawyers, by delaying justice indefinitely, and making the taxpayers pay for the lawyers. This has not improved the accuracy or fairness of the courts.
[7] Public Aesthetics: Aesthetic pleasure derives from intelligible novelty. Nothing is more hideous or brutalizing than the endless boxes which passed for architecture in the 20th Century. No place is more dangerous than the high rise boxes put up in mid-century for public housing. We each have our own likes and dislikes in architecture and the arts, but there are a few urban environments universally admired, as places to visit, or to live, such as Amsterdam, Paris, Greenwich Village in NYC and Albuquerque Old Town. These successful urban environments permit the greatest population density, 100 - 200 households per acre. They mix, rather than segregate, work and play, business and residence. These are neighborhoods made for walking, and for outdoor cafes, and for street-life. They are improved by excellent mass transit, as in Paris, and by banning cars and dogs, as in Albuquerque Old Town. They have a mix of the old and the new.
ocial problems require utopian analysis. We must resolve the dispute
into its underlying ideals, and their consequences. If a solution can be found,
it will be a "utopian" change to the laws, institutions, or traditions of that
community. "Utopian" does not mean "impossible," or "unrealistic," or "planned;"
it just means "deliberate." Utopians want to improve society with a deliberate
and conscious change. A society is utopian if some parts of it have been
consciously created according to true ideals, even if it sometimes fails to live
up to its ideals. Thus, the Netherlands, the US, the UK and France are all
utopian societies, as are all societies which succeed in emulating one or
another of these utopias. The USSR was a dystopia, not a utopia, because it was
based on the false ideals of socialism and authoritarianism, which in turn
reflects the failure of Karl Marx to create a true science of civilization. Marx
thought he had found a science of history. He was wrong about that, and wrong
about everything else as well.
hose in favor of execution are applying
the scales of Lady Justice. Nothing balances a life but a life. The problem is
in the practical application. In the US, since the development of DNA
technology, dozens of people on Death Row have been found innocent and released.
We must call a moratorium on executions until our justice system has developed
to the point where it does not make mistakes...if that is possible.
n the Middle East there are fanatic
mullahs teaching the masses to reject and destroy the secular modern world. How
can we create a global community that can encompass such wild eyed lunacy? We
can't. We must make secular democracy more inviting by opening society to the
new sciences and the new spirituality with its new aesthetics. Fanatic
sectarianism cannot be defeated by reductionist materialism.
n the US, we pledge
allegiance to "liberty and justice for all." We sing of "sweet land of liberty"
with no sense of irony. Whenever we memorialize a fallen hero, we say "he gave
his life to preserve our liberties." True enough. But the liberties we enjoyed
in the US in the 19th Century were lost at the ballot box in the 20th Century.
Neither the Supreme Court nor our political leaders recognized this.
iberty may be defined as "full citizens
doing whatever they like in private, whatever the risk, so long as no one else
is put at involuntary risk." Prohibition was a violation of the ideal of
liberty, as well as a disastrous political experiment, since it resulted in
gangs, drive-by shootings, robbery-killings by desparate addicts, and the
corruption of police and public officials. It should not be surprising that we
have the same result from the War-On-Drugs. Utopian analysis should allow us to
learn from our mistakes and be able to counter religious fanaticism (the root of
all evil).
ike every act of tyranny, the
War-On-Drugs is supposed to be for our own good. It isn't. Every person must
make her own discoveries about what is good for her and worth the risk, the
trouble, the expense and the time for her. It is not simply a matter of
protecting people from things that are risky. If we did that, we would ban cars,
not marijuana. In the US, 60,000 people are killed in or by cars every year,
whereas no one has ever died from smoking pot. Everything has its risks,
including doing nothing. The Blue Laws savagely persecute a minority over a
difference in lifestyle and recreational drugs. The DEA takes their property and
lets them rot in jail. The USA jails more of its population than any other
industrialized country. Land of the Free? I don't think so.
ublic education is a violation of the
freedom of access for children. To put that in another way, adults have a right
to go to school or not to go to school, and a right to pursue whatever subjects
they find interesting, no matter how the majority may disapprove. Sadly,
education is nothing like that. It is just indoctrination in whatever the powers
that be decide every kid must learn. It never works. It only alienates students
and kills their natural curiosity and creativity. I am surprised that no one
ever noticed that required education for children is a direct violation of our
ideals of liberty. Are not children citizens? Do they have any civil rights? At
what age do children become citizens? I argue that it is between 8 and 12, since
historically children began their apprenticeships at that age, and went off to
boarding school at that age. Eight year olds are capable of committing cold
blooded murder. I was driving a tractor at age 8, and so do most kids raised on
a farm. So I think there should be a "coming of age" ceremony, like a Bar
Mitzvah, at whatever age the community deems appropriate, where we welcome a
child to the full rights and responsibilities of citizenship. After that,
education cannot be compulsory. After that, a child may decide where to live,
and with whom. This doesn't mean we allow them to drive cars, which is dangerous
enough for 16 year olds. Driving carefully and responsibly requires a level of
maturity not usually found in 8 year olds. It seems to me the right to drive, to
drink, or to vote should be based on some objective test of maturity, and could
be taken back for a few years if an adolescent behaves irresponsibly.
ome of my Utopian colleagues make equal
assets the foundation of their utopias. I wrote about that in my 1973 book,
Whole Earth Inner Space. At some point, we might add that to our
list of ideals, but there are some prerequisites: (1) a high standard of living
worldwide, (2) stable world population, (3) recycling of resources and a
solar-hydrogen economy, (4) preserves for every major ecological system, and
last but most important, (5) an end to technological change. If all these
requirements are met, we could build the Ecolomat, a global system of
self-repairing and automatic factories that produce on demand the basic tools,
parts and materials for modern life, and distribute them to the place where it
is needed. Final assembly would be done by the consumer.
hange in a civilization is a constant.
Not only is change constant, but the rate of change is constant. It just moves
around to different areas. It is only the "temporal illusion" which makes us
think things are changing faster the closer the events in question are to the
present. There have been many great Centuries in Western history which saw no
technological change, but did make social, artistic or spiritual progress.
Technological change will come to an end someday, and until basic technology
stabilizes, the Ecolomat is not feasible.
Copyright © Dr.H 2002
1. Liberty:
Let us examine in more detail the personal, religious,
free speech, right to access, free press, right to privacy, 4th Amendment and
2nd Amendment liberties. These rights apply only to private affairs, not to
public spaces, places, airwaves, etc. See Public v. Private.
For instance, we are under no obligation to allow pornography, prostitution, or
drug taking in public or at work. Similarly, we are not required to allow street
preachers to make a nuisance of themselves, nor are we required to allow
religions to own radio or TV stations, or to make advertisements for their
religion.
As evidence, I should point out that liberty was the rule in the US during the "gay nineties," or "La Belle Epoque," when immigration to the US was at its peak. Brothels and recreational drug use were all permitted. Justice was at its peak. Opportunities abounded. So it is difficult to pick out just one thread, since we have at least three ideals which reached their maximum during this period. The best we can say is the popularity of the US for emigrants during this period constitutes evidence for the truth of all three ideals.
Life was not easy for the immigrants, especially the first generation. They could not speak the language. They could only qualify for the worst and most dangerous jobs. Each new wave of immigrants moved into the slums, as the previous wave became middle class and moved out. Though life was hard, they wrote letters back to their home villages, persuading the rest of the family, and sometimes whole villages to emigrate as well.
The collapse of Communism and the failure of Prohibition are the latest examples of the failure of the only known alternative Ideal of "Big Brother Knows Best." While it has often seemed reasonable to intellectuals that an elite would know better than you what is best for you, this never works out in practice. Different people have different tastes, which they discover by experience. This is the root of liberty, the reason why everyone must make their own choices about how to spend their risks, their time, and their money.
Freedom of religion is just a special case of freedom of private associations. In the Constitution of the Second Republic, it is called the Freedom of Peaceable Assembly. Understanding this liberty would help to clarify a lot of recent cases which have come before the Supreme Court. For instance, do the Boy Scouts have the right to reject homosexual scoutmasters? Of course! The Boy Scouts can do anything they like, so long as (1)they do it in private, and (2)no one is put at involuntary risk. Ditto with fraternities. Of course, forcing pledges to chug a fifth of whiskey does not qualify, since this puts the pledge at involuntary risk. Indeed, chugging a fifth of whiskey will kill anyone, unless they are forced to vomit immediately with a dose of Syrup of Ipecac. Furthermore, any fraternity which has such dangerous hazing rituals is, and should be, kicked off campus, and kicked out of the national organization.
One immediate consequence of this ideal is repeal of compulsory education for those who have come of age. Maybe we can force the little ones to acquire the basic skills of reading, writing and arithmetic, but once a child has come of age, they may be allowed to become an apprentice and get a job, leave the public schools and use their vouchers in other ways. I would give everyone vouchers, and let them be collectable over years, tradable, salable, and usable by other members of the family. The whole family might go together to send someone to Harvard or to pay for Enlightened Hospice for Gramma. Enlightened Hospice would have lectures by people who have experienced NDE, and would allow Gramma to try any recreational drug or alternative therapy. Dying made easy. It can be done.
Evidence for the truth of this ideal of freedom of expression and access comes from the effect of the Catholic Index of prohibited books and ideas. Because of the Index, southern Europe played no role in the Enlightenment, or the social revolutions of the 18th Century, or the industrial revolution of the 19th and 20th Centuries, even though Italy and Spain had been the leaders of Western Civilization in the Renaissance. Tiny England and Holland grew mighty because they respected liberty. We have not yet applied this ideal to our schools.
Web publishing now gives everyone the right of World Wide self-expression in any medium, or soon will, at the cost of learning HTML.
The boundary of every liberty is involuntary risk to others. In the case of freedom of information, this comes either in libel or invasion of privacy. In another piece of judicial legislation, the Supreme Court has apparently ruled that ---public figures, members of the government, and celebrities---- have no right to privacy, and anything can be said or printed about them, so long as it is not libelous.
I can see no justification for denying anyone the right to privacy just because they are famous. Some situations may be defined as "public," for instance, the red carpet at the Emmys and Oscars. Even now, celebrities who do not wish to be photographed or interviewed are allowed secret entry in the back of the building. A person who walks the red carpet is giving implicit permission for interviewers and photographers to use their images and words. In other situations, in private life, no one's image or words or even well-known facts about them may be published or broadcast without their explicit consent. This rule used to be followed. For instance, during their careers, many famous movie stars in the Golden Age of Hollywood were openly homosexual, but this was never published, and unknown to the general public. Such public knowledge would have destroyed their careers.
Evidence for this elimination of modern firearms lies in the large number of crimes, suicides and fatal accidents involving them. It is still possible to commit armed robbery, suicide or have a fatal accident in other ways, but it is not made so easy. The target has a chance to duck. Black powder muskets are inaccurate at any great distance, and the large cloud of black smoke marks the location of the shooter.
2. The Ideal of Reciprocity:
The only known alternative to
reciprocity is the ideal of socialism, refuted by the collapse of Communism in
1989, and by the failure of socialism wherever it has been tried, e.g., in
Post-War Britain, present day Cuba, and in the Soviet Empire. Reciprocity is the
basis of my analysis of social welfare, morality, family and free enterprise.
Figuring out how any institution works means figuring out the pattern of
motivations. This is always easy to do if the institution is based on
reciprocity. Many of the proposals of Utopians seem to work only by idealism,
not self-interest. In the long run, these always fail.
In the economic sphere, we now know that people will not produce according to their ability, unless there is some incentive to do so. The socialist economy is something like the slave economy, where everyone tries to do as little as possible, as little as they can get away with. In a free market, some will prosper more than others. This bothers some Utopians. But there is no known workable economic system that is based on the principle of equal income for all.
Envy can become a socially divisive problem if it becomes impossible for the poorest to rise to become the richest. Clearly Bill Gates in the US and the founder of Virgin Atlantic in the UK show that both nations have freedom of mobility. Envy is lessened by the philanthropic activities of the very rich. Indeed, the long term stability of free enterprise may depend on such wise philanthropy. Charity balls are one of the chief social activities of the very rich, so I expect philanthropy to continue, and to be a natural part of the lifestyle of the very rich.
It follows that a military draft is undemocratic, since it turns draftees
into war material, objects which may be used up in the name of "national
interest." Not only must military personnel be volunteers, they must volunteer
for every mission, and have a right to voice objections to the detailed plans of
the mission, if they think their lives will be put at more risk than is
necessary. Democracy is government by the consent of the governed. A stronger
requirement is that it be "government of the people, by the people, and for the
people," not government by bureaucracy, choked by endless red tape and stymied
by idiotic bureaucratic or judicial rulings.
There are many different possible forms of democracy, including the
tricameral, multi-level, judicial superior form we have, and the Parliamentary,
Commons superior form found in the UK. "Judicial superior" means that the
Supreme Court may overturn the decisions of any other part of government.
Furthermore, there is no mechanism for overturning their decisions or ousting
members. "Commons superior" means that all other decisions may be overturned by
Commons in the UK, including the decisions of Barristers, Church of England
Primates, House of Lords decisions, and the decisions of the monarchy. I will
call the UK system "parliamentary government" and the US system "tricameral
government."
Parliamentary government works better than tricameral government. How can we
tell? One clue is voter turnout, which is high in the UK and other countries
with a commons-superior Parliament, low in the US. Another clue is citizen
apathy. There is no apathy under Parliament, because it is possible to create
new parties, which may even come to power. In the US, we are stuck with the same
two tired old parties we had in the Civil War. And because of the "winner takes
all" rule on the state level, it has so far proven impossible to create a viable
new party. A third clue is the degree of allegiance by elected officials to
special interest groups which pay for elections. Countless polls show the
majority of people in the US want gun control, but the NRA is so strong that
they can easily defeat any congressman who votes against them. This undemocratic
allegiance to the financiers is high in the US, almost non-existent in the UK. A
fourth clue is efficiency. In the US, efficiency is low, and overhead is high.
There are as many people working for government on all levels as there are
tax-payers. The American government has become the butt of jokes by Late Night
comedians, for it seems government against the people, by faceless bureaucracy,
for special interest groups (PACs).
Sometimes a government will do something which is fundamentally undemocratic.
An example in US history is the draft of soldiers for WW II and Vietnam. These
men were used up like other expendable supplies of war, so they named themselves
"GIs," which means "Government Issue," no different from all the other olive
drab munitions used up to take some meaningless hill or hamlet, which benefited
the GI not at all. The GIs were given no choice at all, about anything. They
could not even refuse suicide missions. I grieve for these GIs, and cannot stand
to watch war movies. If allowed to volunteer, many would have, and perhaps the
generals would then have been more careful with their lives, as they have been
in more recent wars, such as Desert Storm.
I advocate a third form of democracy, which I call Aristarchy, based in part
on the classical Chinese mandarin system of the T'ang, Sung, and Ming dynasties.
Local magistrates would combine powers of chief of police, mayor and judge.
Above them would be metropoles in charge of a metroplex and surrounding
countryside, governors in charge of regions of the country, and archons in
charge of national government. It would be a single unified system, unicameral,
without the duplication of legislative, executive and judicial functions at each
level of community that we now have.
Do not imagine that this would be government by college professors, who are
notoriously specialized, and ignorant and irrational outside their own narrow
field of interest.
Laws would be made or changed by a vote of three-fourths of the citizens in
the jurisdiction in question. The Aristarchy would have broad powers of
interpretation of the spirit of the law, rather than the letter of the law. The
basic idea, both in the Chinese mandarin system, and in Aristarchy, is to find
the wisest and best informed person, and make him or her personally responsible
for government. Then we would know who would listen to our complaints against a
neighbor or a business, who to blame for bad government, and who to praise for
good government.
The evidence for this system is the millennia of high success of the Mandarin
system in China. During the T'ang, Sung, and Ming dynasties, the people enjoyed
a peaceful anarchy, seldom troubled by the government. The Chinese avoided a
disruptive hereditary aristocracy, while members of all classes could and did
become Mandarins. All they had to do was study the Neo-Confucian classics and
pass the essay exams. I propose something similar. The Chinese experienced
repeated foreign conquests and natural disasters during this period, but the
Mandarin system was restored in each new dynasty, after stability had returned.
This ideal naturally leads us to world community, something which we have
been unconsciously creating for more than a Century, with the Olympic Movement,
the jet plane, satellite TV, international science and business. The UN would
suffice as a world government, but first the process of creating the global
community must be completed. We must all think of ourselves as Citizens of
Earth, first and foremost.
Note that a hierarchy of communities does not require all sub-communities to
be the same or have the same laws and customs. But it does require giving up
ancient hatreds, something which the ethnic groups in Yugoslavia did not do
during the 50 years or so they had a single government. Community and government
are two different things. Before the US Civil War, there was one Federal
government, but unfortunately, two quite different communities, one
slave-holding, the other industrial. We used to hear about "the melting pot,"
something undergone by all groups emigrating to the US. This is still a valid
idea. It does not mean miscegenation, nor does it mean giving up distinctive
music or cuisine. It just means melting down all those ancient hatreds, those
tribal attitudes nurtured in the old country, and we must view with suspicion
any group or tribe which refuses to undergo the melting pot.
This ideal forbids discrimination for or against people on the basis of
irrelevant factors. Usually tribe, age, gender, race, family or religion are
such. I include in "gender" sexual preference. However, any of these things can
become relevant factors. If we were casting the part of Abraham Lincoln, we
could not be accused of arbitrary discrimination if we restricted our
casting to tall, thin, white males. Similarly, in the army, where fighting unit
cohesion is all important in combat, the highest level officer who leads them
into combat could decide that she didn't want this or that. If she thinks it's
relevant for cohesion, then it is. Similarly, scout leaders, who are alone with
young boys or girls in campouts, can be required to be married and heterosexual,
since pedophilia is usually found only among homosexuals. There is evidence that
girls do better in math classes if there are no boys present. In other words,
gender becomes relevant, and we could certainly segregate the sexes in classes
and even in colleges.
More harm is done by discriminating for ones own family, tribe,
gender, race, etc., than by discriminating against. Tribalism is especially
problematic. Tribes like the Basques, Croats, Serbs, Bosnians, and Jews insist
on having their own sovereign country and are quite willing to commit ethnic
cleansing to eliminate other tribes or to scare them out. I suppose they could
invoke a contrary ideal of Nationalism, or Self-Determination. But I think this
is a false ideal. Great nations are open to all types.
On an individual basis, if a particular tribe or family always discriminates
for their own kind in hiring and firing or giving out contracts, soon an entire
industry or profession can be so dominated by members of that tribe or family
that none other need apply. This should be illegal, and should be punished by
deportation, as well as the firing of all those hired by the discriminater.
It isn't just tribalism we have to worry about. There is also class
discrimination. In the revolution of 1776, we thought we had rid ourselves of
the oppressive class structure of England, because we had gotten rid of titled
Lords and the hereditary ruling class. But in the 20th Century, a new Overclass
appeared, which dominates academia and media in the US. The creation of
Aristarchy would overthrow this Overclass. Only non-tribal members of
middle America (not the underclass nor the overclass) may enter the
Aristarchy; otherwise it could become dominated by a tribe or a minority class.
The ideal of higher community is contrary to the false ideal of Nationalism
or Self-Determination. Why did we fight the Civil War here in the US? To avoid
Balkanization. The US would not be a great nation if it were broken up into
smaller States or confederations of States. The Confederate States of the Old
South would not be a great nation, would never be a factor on the world stage.
Neither would the sovereign state of Texas, or of California. This was a war
fought over the Ideal of Union, not over slavery. And tragic as that experience
was, citizens of the present United States are glad of the outcome, whether they
live in Atlanta, Miami, New York City, Austin, or Los Angeles.
The test of an ideal of Justice is the amount of suppressed rage in a
society, and the resulting number of berserk mass killers. Simply comparing
crime rates is irrelevant, because crime rate depends on many things, such as
morality, community solidarity, and respect for authority.
It is my hypothesis that the primary function of Justice is to restore
emotional harmony in the community by releasing pent-up rage and sorrow, rather
than "correction" of criminal character or warehousing of violent people. The
function of justice is revenge. This is a natural desire, a natural reaction to
evil, which must be given an outlet, or it will build up like a festering boil,
and burst out in mass killings. Compare the unrequited rage in the USA in the
1890s, when justice was swift, to the 1990s, when it takes forever, if it is
attainable at all.
Lady Justice implies execution of murderers. Executions should not be public,
nor should reporters or family members be given any access to condemned
criminals. Execution of sentence should be immediate. No details of executions
should be made public. That merely panders to the public's love of violence as a
form of entertainment. I have shown in the "Abortion" chapter that the execution
of murderers is not itself murder, because the murderer has broken the social
contract. In the chapter on "Justice" I have shown how we can find out the
truth, because we must be very sure of the truth before handing down a death
sentence.
Aesthetics is not just beauty. It is everything we do to keep from being
bored. Some people play the ponies. Some people play chess. Let everyone make
their own choices. How then, can there be any universal truths about aesthetics?
The universal truths of aesthetics all apply to community action, and all
somewhat resemble zoning laws. We may not be able to guarantee beauty or other
kinds of aesthetic pleasure (friendship, love, adventure, competition), but we
can sometimes identify rules of boredom and exclude them. For instance, no
building shall be rectangular, with rectangular and repetitious window
treatments. This describes the vast majority of 20th Century skyscrapers, which
will all be torn down, because they will become hideous in our eyes, once we see
the alternative of mandala buildings.
A community may forbid religious activities in public places (streetcorner
preachers), advertisement of religion, or public broadcasts of a religious
nature. Why would they want to? Elsewhere, I show that
religion is faith, a euphemism for dogma and superstition, and quite unnecessary
in this age of psychical and mystical knowledge. Religion is the chief obstacle
to rational thought and rational action, such as population control. It remains
powerful enough to get the teaching of evolution and the Big Bang banned in
Kansas, of all places. In Tulsa, most of the channels on cable are religious
channels, taken up by shouting evangelists, spouting a hateful stream of lies
and greed. I would much rather see these channels replaced by the Discovery
channels, A&E, Bravo, and BBC.
It would ease the repeal of the blue laws against drugs, gambling and
prostitution if we at the same time made these things illegal in public. To be
more specific, we could have "Sporting Houses" for licensed and inspected
courtesans and gamblers, while prohibiting street-walkers. As for drugs, I see
no reason why we could not allow marijuana, coca leaves, opium gum, magic
mushrooms, tobacco leaves and the dried and fermented forms of these plant
materials to be sold in public stores, perhaps only in a special store called
the herb shop, which would also have spices, aromatic and medicinal herbs, as
well as alcoholic products from the farms that grow the raw materials. Camels,
Cocaine, Heroin, and Jack Daniels would only be available from the local drug
dealer (a perfectly legal business) who would deliver it to your home.
The Ideal of Equal Opportunity trumps the Public vs Private rule. This can
happen if membership in a club is a prerequisite for financial or political
advancement. If that is true, the club cannot be allowed a restrictive
membership. Qualification for membership cannot depend on gender, race or tribe,
although it could still depend on income or intelligence or other relevant
factors. 3. The Ideal of Democracy:
The people own the government, rather than
vice versa. All the people, not just some of them. Thus, the government must
treat each and every person as if they have an inherent right to life, liberty
and the pursuit of happiness, unless by their own actions, a citizen forfeits
that right.
4. The Ideal of Higher Community:
The only permanent solution to the
problem of war is to combine the warring communities into a higher community. In
medieval times, cities fought cities and duchies fought one another (as in the
War of the Roses, the Hundred Years war, and even the 17th Century Thirty Years
war) until the rise of modern states, such as England, France, Italy and
Germany. Then there was a period of fratricidal war between states until the
emergence of the strong Nation of States, such as the USA. Europe is becoming a
nation under the EEC and NATO. France and Germany will never again battle each
other, and neither will Alabama and Ohio, except in the realms of sport,
business, or culture.
5. The Ideal of Equal opportunity / responsibility:
Everyone should
have the chance to go as far as their talents and ambition will take them,
regardless of race, religion, sex, tribe, age or family, but must also take up
the responsibilities of a good citizen, such as paying taxes, voting, obeying
the laws, giving ones children a conscience and a sense of civic duty. If
everyone did feel that they had equal opportunity, they would probably also be
more willing to take up equal responsibility. Every criminal or tax cheat
represents a failure on one side or the other of this ledger. Crime grows out of
a sense of hopelessness quite as much as a lack of discipline.
6. The Ideal of Justice:
This is defined by Lady Justice, with her
scales, blindfold, and sword. The scales make punishment equal to the crime in
order to restore peace in the community. The sword of decision suggests that we
restore the ancient power of the jury to decide guilt or innocence, by
eliminating appeal, with immediate execution of sentence. The blindfold means
Lady Justice does not take sides; her only interest is in finding the truth.
7. The Ideal of Public Aesthetics:
Aesthetic pleasure derives from
intelligible novelty. Building our cities according to intelligible novelty
gives us beautiful cities. This can only be seen by example. Compare the
anonymous boxes of the 20th Century, with their endless rows of identical
rectangular windows, to the Taj Mahal, for instance, or a Gothic cathedral.
The Public Vs. Private Rule
A corollary of the ideal of liberty is the
Public vs Private rule. Public is some or all of the following things: what
is done at work, or on public transport, or in the street, or on the sidewalk,
what is allowed to be broadcast, or put up on billboards, or sold in public
stores.
82 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est promouvoir une agriculture durable.
• Permettre aux agriculteurs de vivre du fruit de leur travail et non des primes.
• Remettre en cause le découplage instauré par la réforme de la PAC, qui brise le lien entre le travail et le revenu, l’effort et la récompense.83 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est revaloriser la retraite des agriculteurs.
• Indexer les retraites agricoles sur le régime général pour leur garantir un niveau décent.84 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est prendre en compte les contraintes qui pèsent sur nos agriculteurs.
• Mettre en place une politique de prix rémunérateurs qui prendra en compte les contraintes environnementales, sociales et sanitaires.85 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est défendre les produits agricoles européens face à la mondialisation.
• Rétablir la préférence communautaire pour corriger la concurrence inégale (droits compensateurs).86 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est faire respecter l’exception agriculturelle.
• Sortir les produits agricoles et viticoles de l’OMC en considérant qu’ils ne sont pas des produits comme les autres puisqu’ils sont attachés à nos territoires, à nos terroirs, à notre culture.
• Lancer un plan pour sauver la viticulture : réformer la loi Évin, supprimer les droits de succession sur les propriétés viticoles, créer une force au service de la viticulture inspirée du Market Access Program américain.87 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est imaginer une nouvelle Europe agricole.
• Créer un marché commun avec les pays qui considèrent que l’agriculture est liée à l’identité et que la souveraineté alimentaire est un droit, et en excluant les États qui ont une conception consumériste et qui préfèrent s’approvisionner aux prix les plus bas du marché mondial.
70– Instaurer une exception agricole sur le modèle de l’exception culturelle pour favoriser l’autosuffisance alimentaire et le développement équilibré des pays riches et des pays pauvres.
La rentabilité des systèmes agricoles devrait être évaluée désormais de façon à ne pas prendre seulement en compte les coûts monétaires des productions mais en s’attachant à la valeur du patrimoine naturel, aux bilans énergétiques, aux coûts écologiques, aux bienfaits ou méfaits sociaux, alimentaires et sanitaires qui se
manifestent à l’échelle de la société dans son ensemble.C’est pourquoi nous proposons, à l’inverse des politiques de soutien aux productions intensives, de favoriser l’agriculture durable de qualité - produits biologiques ou certifiés - en lui ouvrant un marché grâce au redéploiement du montant des aides agricoles européennes vers la restauration collective, moyennant un engagement d’approvisionnement de proximité auprès des producteurs de ce type d’agriculture
Nous proposons que les subventions agricoles soit progressivement transférées vers l’agriculture de qualité – biologique, labellisée,
d’appellation d’origine contrôlée – en lui ouvrant le marché de la restauration collective : cantines scolaires, restaurants d’entreprises, d’universités, d’hôpitaux, de maisons de retraite, associations caritatives..., soit 2,6 milliards de repas chaque année et quelque 10 millions de repas par jours ouvrables. L’organisation de ce marché s’effectuerait sur la base d’un cahier des charges selon des critères de qualité et de proximité des productions.
Une telle redistribution relancerait la demande en produits de qualité, permettrait aux agriculteurs d’être rémunérés pour leur travail et créerait des emplois nécessaires à ce type d’agriculture.
Elle diminuerait les coûts de transport et la consommation d’énergie, dynamiserait l’emploi local, permettrait l’accès des plus modestes à une alimentation de qualité
39. Le maintien des agriculteurs sur leurs exploitations sera encouragée par une politique de juste rémunération à la production et la lutte contre le productivisme agricole nuisible à la qualité, à la santé et à l’environnement.
40. L’agriculture respectueuse de l’environnement et l’agriculture biologique seront encouragées.
41. Plus largement nous refusons la brevetabilité du vivant.
9) Soutenir la multiplication des circuits courts pour éviter la loi des intermédiaires et surtout le poids de la grande distribution : vente à la ferme, vente directe aux grandes surfaces et aux cantines. Pousser les agriculteurs à investir collectivement ou individuellement dans la transformation, la commercialisation et l’amélioration de la qualité. Promouvoir l’organisation économique (groupements de producteurs et coopératives) visant à renforcer le pouvoir de négociation des agriculteurs face à un aval très concentré. C’est sans doute grâce à ce type de soutien que les 300 000 exploitations du terroir ou de proximité pourront être non seulement protégées, mais en mesure de s’étendre.
97 - Redonner une place à la France, c’est promouvoir la culture et la langue française.
• Relayer la politique de valorisation de la culture nationale mise en œuvre à l’école en assurant le rayonnement de la langue française (langue du non-alignement) sur les plans national et international.
• Lutter contre la suprématie de l’anglais.
101 - Faire de la Francophonie une véritable force de frappe globale au service de nos intérêts diplomatiques, économiques, politiques, commerciaux et culturels, en renforçant l’Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, le réseau des Alliances françaises et en recourant massivement à des médias audiovisuels et numériques rénovés (remise en selle d’une télévision publique de qualité en France, lancement d’une chaîne d’information internationale ambitieuse, création d’outils internet puissants et diversifiés au service du rayonnement français)
Histoire et mémoire.
Réconcilier les Français avec leur Histoire dans l’esprit de la 1ère Constitution de 1791 en ajoutant en Préambule de la Constitution : «L’Histoire de France est une et indivisible, les régimes qui l’ont composé sont l’héritage imprescriptible de la République».
Rédaction d'une histoire partagée de l'esclavage et du colonialisme. Fin du double mépris dont sont victimes les harkis. Ouverture des archives sans délai, la République n'a pas de secrets
1% patronal pour le financement d'un revenu de la création et du savoir. Pas de TVA sur les lieux de convivialité et les produits culturels
Une vraie solution pour promouvoir les jeunes talents (article ajouté le 15/02/2006)
La loi imposant un certain pourcentage d'oeuvres musicales françaises à la radio et sur les chaînes spécialisées, bien que partant d'un bon sentiment, n'a contribué à rien d'autre qu'à l'appauvrissement du paysage audio-visuel francophone. Les maisons des disques, avides d'argent, n'ont eut aucun scrupule à fabriquer de toutes pièces des artistes (quand il ne s'agissait carrément pas de STARs) consensuels et sans âme, chantant en Français, certes. Notre ambition est de créer UN canal de radio et UNE chaîne de TV dont le but serait de diffuser les vrais artistes, ceux mêmes qui sont inconnus du fait de leur incompatibilité avec la sous-culture préformatée dans laquelle baignent les Français depuis leur plus tendre enfance. La plupart des artistes dignes de ce nom (qui sont d'ailleurs tout à fait capables de s'auto-produire grâce aux évolutions de l'informatique), n'aspirent à rien d'autre que de faire connaître leur travail, et de le voir diffusé sur les médias nationaux, rien qu'une fois (alors que ceux-ci préfèrent nous laver le cerveau avec les mêmes musiques et les mêmes films, en boucle toute la journée). Les moyens dérisoires nécessaires à ce projet soulignent la fourberie avec laquelle les médias coopèrent aujourd'hui avec les maisons de disques omni-potentes.
- Proposition : Créer les médias TV et RADIO nécessaires à la diffusion des oeuvres artistiques.
66. La France agira pour la ratification la plus large et rapide de la convention sur la diversité culturelle adoptée par l’UNESCO, abondera le fonds international sur la diversité culturelle et défendra résolument l’exception culturelle au sein de l’OMC et la prééminence des principes de la convention UNESCO sur les règles de l’OMC.
L’enseignement du français à l’étranger sera développé. Il s’agit, pour notre langue comme pour d’autres (espagnol, portugais...) d’éviter l’hégémonie linguistique anglo-saxonne dans les échanges culturels et scientifiques internationaux
66 (2) Des moyens seront dégagés pour la préservation et l’entretien des langues et des cultures régionales, en particulier dans l’enseignement et au sein des institutions publiques du champ de la culture, des arts et des médias, y compris audiovisuels.
66. (3) Les pratiques amateurs seront encouragées, le maillage et les moyens des équipements culturels de proximité seront renforcés
66 (4). Les réseaux alternatifs de création et de diffusion feront l’objet d’un soutien spécifique.
66 (5) Les citoyens seront associés à la gestion des organismes publics du champ des arts et de la culture.
Une plate forme publique de téléchargement permettra la mise à disposition de créations librement téléchargeables et la rémunération des créateurs par une mise à contribution des fournisseurs d’accès et des opérateurs de télécommunication notamment.
C) POUR UNE CULTURE DE LA VIE
Le projet que je préconise se fonde (cf. L’éducation, nouvelle frontière... - VII) sur l’accès à la culture des pouvoirs créateurs de l’homme pour tous.
C’est le nécessaire contre-poison face au pessimisme mondialiste, écologiste extrémiste et pseudo-scientifique, et face à toutes les grandes peurs induites. Art et science doivent, dans ce domaine, constituer les deux piliers d’un homme épousant en lui-même le sensible et l’intelligible.
C’est pourquoi je suis pour l’accès gratuit aux collections permanentes des grands musées, au sein desquels l’accueil doit permettre à tous de comprendre ce qui est en jeu. Les origines de l’oeuvre, la manière dont elle a été conçue et avec quel matériel, dans quel milieu de vie et pourquoi doivent être expliqués à tous les visiteurs, pour qu’ils les re-situent comme autant de jalons dans l’histoire humaine, particulièrement celle des 2500 à 3000 années de culture européenne, avec toutes ses influences extérieures. Des concerts de musique gratuits, avec une explication de l’intention du compositeur, doivent être partout promus : mieux vaut répartir des sommes plus modestes entre des centaines de troupes ou d’orchestres amateurs que de concentrer les dépenses, par exemple sur l’Opéra Bastille.
Bien entendu, les arts - chorale, arts plastiques, théâtre - doivent être développés à l’école. Cette pratique collective est une formidable incitation à la lecture.
accès facilité aux loisirs et à la culture, création de bourses pour partir en vacances
• Recréer un creuset civique en instaurant un service national – un service militaire modernisé – de six mois avec mise à la disposition des pompiers, de la sécurité civile, des organisations humanitaires nationales (assistance aux SDF, aux personnes âgées vivant seules, soutien scolaire, etc.) ou internationales (séismes, catastrophes humanitaires, participation au grand plan de développement des pays du tiers-monde, etc.) d’une partie des jeunes Français.
Pour une résistance civile non-violente, 28 janvier 2003
"Pour garantir la sécurité de la France, il importe de "dissuader" tout agresseur potentiel : faire en sorte que le coût de son éventuelle agression soit supérieur au profit qu'il en espérait. Dans ce rapport coût/profit, la dissuasion nucléaire vise à élever le facteur coût. N'est-il pas sage d'explorer aussi une approche qui vise à réduire l'espérance gain ? Un des pays comme le nôtre peut-il - doit-il?- adopter des mesures de dissuasion civile, c'est-à-dire faire prévoir à un adversaire potentiel qu'il aurait les plus grandes difficultés à tirer des profits politiques, économiques et idéologiques de son éventuelle supériorité militaire ? Oui, répondent les auteurs de l'étude, c'est souhaitable et c'est possible. Il est temps de penser la dissuasion globalement, et de rendre à là société civile dans ses diverses composantes, un rôle dans la défense de la démocratie. Il n'y a pas "d'esprit de défense" dans un peuple déresponsabilisé."
Commentaire de : Philippe (PARIS France) - Voir tous mes commentaires
La force tranquille de la société civile contre ses agresseu, 28 janvier 2003
Cette dissuasion civile non violente est proposée comme une véritable alternative à la dissuasion nucléaire et est basée sur la préparation institutionnalisée et donc officielle d'une résistance civile clandestine par la société civile elle-même (donc hors du concours des forces armées) à toute tentative d'invasion. Les auteurs finissent par l'étendre à la résistance contre totue tentative d'instauration d'une quelconque forme de tyrannie tant extérieure qu'intérieure : c'est un manuel de mise en oeuvre du devoir de tout citoyen de résistance contre l'oppression sur le modèle largement augmenté et amélioré de Gandhi
Commentaire de : Philippe (PARIS France) - Voir tous mes commentaires
Dissuasion civile
Comme toute politique de défense, l'organisation de la défense civile non-violente doit avoir pour finalité première de dissuader un agresseur potentiel d'engager les hostilités. La crédibilité de la dissuasion civile est effective lorsque l'adversaire a dû se convaincre qu'il exposerait son propre pouvoir à de réels dangers s'il décidait d'intervenir au-delà de ses frontières. Ses agents pourraient certes pénétrer sur le territoire convoité sans qu'ils subissent de pertes et sans que sa population se trouve exposée à des représailles, mais ses soldats, ses fonctionnaires et tous ses chargés de mission se heurteraient à l'hostilité organisée des pouvoirs publics, des institutions et des citoyens qui leur refuseraient toute collaboration. Ils courraient alors le risque de se trouver empêtrés dans les réseaux d'un " maquis politique ", en subissant l'inconvénient majeur de ne pas avoir l'avantage du terrain. Ils auraient alors les plus grandes difficultés à contrôler ce maquis et ne pourraient guère espérer le réduire dans un délai raisonnable. La dissuasion est effective dès lors que les risques encourus apparaissent disproportionnés par rapport à l'enjeu de la crise et les coûts prévisibles plus importants que les profits espérés.
Pour renforcer la crédibilité de la dissuasion civile, il faut à la fois augmenter les coûts et réduire les profits. Il importe donc que le décideur adverse perçoive l'importance des coûts qu'il devrait payer : il s'agit de coûts idéologiques, politiques, sociaux, économiques et diplomatiques dont l'addition risquerait de déstabiliser son propre pouvoir et son propre régime. Par ailleurs, dans la mesure où il ne peut espérer aucune complicité significative au sein de la population adverse, il risquerait d'être frustré des profits qu'il voudrait retirer de son agression. Le rapport entre ces coûts et ces profits est de nature à l'amener à renoncer à toute intervention sur le territoire d'une société ayant mis en place les moyens d'une défense civile.
La dissuasion civile
Perspectives pour la prise en compte des principes et des méthodes de la résistance civile non-violente dans la stratégie globale de défense de la France
- Date: 1985
- Chargés de recherche: C. MELLON, J.M. Muller, J. SEMELIN.
- Principal interlocuteur: Ministère de la défense
- Financement: Fondation pour les Études de la Défense Nationale (contrat direct avec les 3 chercheurs).
- Produit: La dissuasion civile, Ed. FEDN - 4000 exemplaires - 200 pages 55 FF+port.
Résumé
"Pour garantir la sécurité de la France, il importe de "dissuader" tout agresseur potentiel : faire en sorte que le coût de son éventuelle agression soit supérieur au profit qu'il en espérait. Dans ce rapport coût/profit, la dissuasion nucléaire vise à élever le facteur coût. N'est-il pas sage d'explorer aussi une approche qui vise à réduire l'espérance gain ? (... )
Un des pays comme le nôtre peut-il - doit-il?- adopter des mesures de dissuasion civile, c'est-à-dire faire prévoir à un adversaire potentiel qu'il aurait les plus grandes difficultés à tirer des profits politiques, économiques et idéologiques de son éventuelle supériorité militaire ? Oui, répondent les auteurs de l'étude, c'est souhaitable et c'est possible. Il est temps de penser la dissuasion globalement, et de rendre à là société civile dans ses diverses composantes, un rôle dans la défense de la démocratie. Il n'y a pas "d'esprit de défense" dans un peuple déresponsabilisé." Fondation pour les Études de Défense Nationale (1985)
La hiérarchie militaire ne supporte plus depuis longtemps la liberté de plume (assez étonnante) dont jouissaient les auteurs militaires au début du siècle : quel officier oserait aujourd’hui consacrer son travail d’Ecole supérieure de Guerre à la réfutation minutieuse et implacable de la doctrine officielle ? A plus forte raison, lequel oserait livrer le fruit de ses réflexions au public [2] ? Il y en a au moins un qui a essayé, le commandant Brossolet, avec son Essai sur la non-bataille (1976), livre éblouissant d’intelligence, même si l’on n’adhère pas forcément à ses conclusions. Il a eu un grand retentissement en Allemagne, où les partisans de la technoguérilla lui ont beaucoup emprunté, mais pas en France, où toute velléité a été promptement étouffée, et son auteur a été contraint de quitter l’armée
Au sujet du livre "Essai sur la non-bataille" de Guy Brossollet, Editions Bélin - 1975
Il s'agit d'un livre apparemment assez rare ( bien que disponible encore, sur http://www.livres-chapitre.com/-D1PYM0/-BROSSOLLET-GUY/-ESSAI-SUR-LA-NON-BATAILLE.html
Ce livre met en doute l'efficacité du modèle miltaire français, tel qu'il était au début des années '70.
Pourquoi je cite ce livre ? Parce que l'essentiel des critiques portées par Mr Brossollet sur le "système défensif" ( il s'agit, je répéte, de celui des années '70, je ne connais pas son éventuelle évolution) est, à mon sens, une critique de nature profondemment humaniste et libérale.
En gros, il estime que le soldat réduit à la condition d'instrument censée executer mécaniquement les ordres venus "d'en haut" est "un pantin, avec une arme, sorti d'une boite".
Et le modèle défensif que proposait Mr Brossollet est, au fond, un modèle "libéral": à la place du système centralisé et pyramidal "classique" il propose une sorte de modèle de "guerilla" ou la DECISION des action à menér sur le terrain appartiendrait.... aux individus sur le terrain !
Je me permets de citer un bref passage du livre (serait-ce une "profession de foi" de l'auteur?):
."Notre remise en cause des structures dépasse donc le contentieux purement technique ou tactique. Elle cherche à revaloriser l'homme engagé dans la défense de son territoire, à personnaliser son action, à lui donner un rôle de citoyen responsable et non plus seulement d'executant, à solliciter son intérêt et son initiative.
Cet homme à replacer dans des structures nouvelles, c'est l'individu lassé de n'être point considéré."
Je suis incapable de me prononcer sur la validité technique des considérations de Mr Brossollet.
Mais ce que je trouve remarquable c'est qu'un modèle basé sur des INDIVIDUS AUTONOMES (et par conséquent RESPONSABLES) a pu paraitre supérieur (car plus efficace et moins coûteux!) au modéle "classique" (centralisé, hyerarchique) même dans un domaine ou le dogme de la hyérarchie décisionelle semble inattaquable.
Pour ceux que ce type de sujet intéresse, pourquoi ne pas essayer la lecture de l'ouvrage de Guy Brossollet ? D'autant plus que la recherche sur le nom fournit, entre autres, l'article suivant:
http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/10/2069044 La manière dont cet article se réfère au livre de Mr Brossollet laisse à penser qu'il n'existe pas des tonnes d'ouvrages dans cet esprit.
Je ne sais pas s'il s'agit d'une utopie ( je ne suis pas militaire, il s'agit d'un livre que j'ai lu par un pur hasard).
Mais remarquons, je le répète, qu'il existe donc un modèle "libéral" même en ce qui concerne la défense nationale. Et que ce modéle s'attribue, dans son domaine spécifique, les mêmes vertus que le libéralisme en général:
- respect et mise en valeur des individus, de leurs capacités de création et de décision
- meilleure efficacité, pour une facture globale moindre
(Le chapitre qui analyse le pourquoi de l'inefficacité des décisions prises "en haut" dans le système centralisé pyramidal pourrait d'ailleurs être transposé sans changer un mot à l'économie: on croit par moments lire " La Route de la Servitude" de Friedrich Hayek)
1.. Technology is a good thing, the bureaucracy is a bad thing. Written and effectively proven.
2. People who think about whats going on around them are smarter and more competent than others. Written but not proven, implied. If you need proof.....
3. War is bad, peace is good. Vigilant peace is better. Thats the story and it is very vell done.
Make sure you note the comparisons of the tobacco companies, the unions, and how politics flows in a money, media cycle.
La réforme de la fonction militaire
Les hommes libres se défendent eux-mêmes. Or ni l’armée de conscription ni l’armée dite « de métier » ne répondent à cet adage.
L’emploi d’une armée de conscription, à côté d’indéniables vertus sociales, était parfaitement justifié lorsque le maintien sous les drapeaux de forces humaines nombreuses apparaissait indispensable. Mal adapté au contexte international et aux besoins militaires actuels, facilement rendu absurde dans l’extrême de sa logique, ce concept ne peut raisonnablement être maintenu.
Au contraire, l’armée « professionnelle » confisque aux citoyens la liberté de porter les armes, pour les donner exclusivement à des contractuels de l’État. En outre, elle ne permet pas de mettre sur pied des effectifs suffisants pour faire face à une situation de crise grave, en particulier dans le cadre de la défense opérationnelle du territoire. Il est inquiétant de considérer, à cet égard, que le scénario d’un conflit intérieur, sous forme d’insurrection armée ou d’actions terroristes de grande envergure, nécessitant l’emploi d’une quantité d’hommes importante, n’est aujourd’hui même plus considéré, alors que cet « oubli » peut avoir à l’avenir les plus graves conséquences.
L’armée est passée d’une conception jacobine, la circonscription, à une conception purement utilitaire, l’armée dite « professionnelle ».
Nous proposons donc le volontariat comme mode de recrutement :
une formation militaire de base de quelques mois (des « classes ») est rendue obligatoire pour tous les hommes reconnus aptes ;
les unités d’active et de réserve sont constituées de volontaires recrutés pendant la formation initiale.
Cette réforme de la fonction militaire permet de maintenir sous les drapeaux une armée compétente et motivée, au volume adapté au besoin. Elle permet en outre de conserver le lien armée-nation, les vertus sociales de la conscription, et la possibilité de monter en puissance rapidement pour faire face à une situation grave.
Le SYSTEME FRAPPEUR
Le FRAPPEUR est un navire missileur (lance-missiles) dont le dessin par René Loire repose sur la philosophie de l'amiral américain Joseph METCALF.
Ce non-conformiste, qui fut Chef des Opérations Navales (CNO) adjoint "Surface" de US Navy, après avoir commandé la 2ème Flotte, rédigea en 1988 un retentissant article dans "US Naval Institute Proceedings" intitulé "A Revolution at Sea". Il y faisait remarquer que désormais, avec l'apparition des RESEAUX, on n'observerait plus l'ennemi de la passerelle ni, au radar, du haut des mâts, mais qu'on ferait appel à des plateformes extérieures au navire porteur d'armes et intégrées aux Réseaux. Ces plateformes pourraient être flottantes (navires classiques pleinement "sensés"), volantes (pilotées ou non), spatiales (satellites terrestres), terrestres (stations fixes "durcies" ou nomades). En conséquence, le navire lanceur de missiles guidés pouvait être débarrassé de senseurs de combat, et donc de superstructures. De plus, l'équipage pouvait être drastiquement réduit (celui du FRAPPEUR ne devrait être que d'une vingtaine d'hommes) ce qui diminuerait les mises à risque humaines amies, notamment en cas d'intrusions jusqu'à portée de lancement dans des eaux hostiles fortement défendues.
Il ne peut exister de navires de combat invulnérables et insubmersibles, mais du moins peut-on essayer de les rendre moins vulérables que, par exemple les "HMS Sheffield" et "USS Stark", si facilement"exocetisés" (respectivement aux Malouines en 1982 et dans le Golfe Persique en 1988), mais par contre les construire aussi costauds que les 133 Tankers atteints par exocets au cours de la Guerre Iran-Irak et dont peu furent totalement détruits.
Dans un frappeur, un caparaçon composé de fagots de tubes diaphragmés permet de constituer plusieurs centaines de compartiments étanches qui devraient limiter la propagation des sinistres induits par les explosions de mines et torpilles sous-marines et absorber une certaine portion de l'énergie de ces explosions par déformations plastiques de l'acier. Cela nous permet de faire le pari du recours à la seule défense de bord passive. Au prix où est l'homme embarqué,environnement compris, il pourrait ne pas être rentable d'exposer des équipes de sécurité dédiées venant s'ajouter à l'équipage (réduit) de combat pour des résultats aléatoires en cas de sinistres et peut-être pour tout juste sauver une épave.Etant très simple, un frappeur, qui n'est qu'un magasin à munitions sans cervelle propre (l'intelligence est ailleurs), est bon marché. Son prix d'acquisition "coque nue" n'est que de l'ordre de €100 millions, soit le prix "fly away" d'un avion d'attaque genre "Rafale". Aussi, aurait-il lancé en une seule croisière la totalité de sa charge de guerre - par exemple 500 missiles anti-terre "Tomahawk" - qu'il pourrait être considéré comme "amorti" au sens comptable, en ayant obtenu le plus bas possible "Coût par Coup" (de munition guidée) possible.
Le concept est bien connu de la Marine des Etats-Unis. Il avait été pris en compte en 1996 dans le programme "Arsenal Ship", gelé en 1997 mais que George W. Bush rapporta dans son programme électoral de 1999. En décembre 2001 et à la suite du naufrage du calamiteux programme "DD-21" auquel il fallait un successeur, et dans le vent de "TRANSFORMATION" soufflé par des conseillers du Président GWB tels que Andrew Marshall et le VA Cebrowski, René Loire effectua une nouvelle série de présentations de "Striker" aux plus hauts niveaux du ministère de la Défense (dont ces deux personnages) et des états-majors navals américains ("CNO Executive Panel", "Surface Warfare"). Elles furent très bien accueillies. Depuis, Andy Marshall a maintenu son appui et provoqué l'examen du concept à la Commission de la Défense de la Chambre des Représentants.
Petite salve
Le Frappeur schématisé, avec charge-type 500 missiles.
Ensemble - Cas de 4 modules d'armes, 2 modules Machine.
Section-courante montrant le caparaçon qui devrait limiter l'effet des mines et torpilles.
LA SURPRISE A RECHERCHER Une nouvelle stratégie navale : défense passive et guerre au moindre coût par coups
Le FRAPPEUR ou STRIKER dû à René Loire est un navire missileur robuste, furtif, puissant et économique, à coque modulaire, à faible équipage, contrôlé au travers des RESEAUX par des plateformes extérieures au navire porteur d'armes et elles-mêmes intégrées aux Réseaux. Bâtiment lanceur de missiles formant, comme l'Arsenal Ship de Metcalf, cousin américain du "Frappeur", une arme d'intimidation bon marché, une seule mission pourrait suffire à l'amortir.
POURQUOI LE FRAPPEUR ?
ARSENAL Ship
The METRO Machine Team ARSENAL Ship project embodied the revolutionary vessel design and construction features championed by METRO in the Marc Gaurdian Tanker & the Double Hull Barge designs.
The Ship
Revolutionary Concept
Significant AdvantagesThe Design Features
ZonePak ConceptThe Production
Curved Plate
Sub-assemblies
ZonePak assembly
Modules
Joining
Arsenal Ship
Arsenal ship was a joint Navy / DARPA program to acquire a moderate cost, high firepower demonstrator ship with low manning as soon as possible. The Arsenal Ship was planned to restore the naval support of the land battle, the modern day equivalent of the firepower that battleships provided during World War II and in Korea. The plan was to produce the demonstrator ship for initial operational capability (IOC) by the year 2000. Based on successful demonstration, a total force of four to six Arsenal ships would be funded. The goal was to develop an Arsenal Ship (AS) functional design by the end of FY97. This timeline from concept design (FY96) through fabrication (FY00) represented half the development time of previous naval vessels of this complexity. The Arsenal Ship would contains four times the VLS cells found on a CG-52 class ship, have a fixed unit sailaway price of $450 million, and a life-cycle cost 50% less than that of a naval combatant.But in early 1997 the House National Security Committee concluded that the Arsenal Ship and the SC-21 were two separate major warship development programs, and that the cost of carrying out two such programs would be unaffordable, while the requirement for both had been validated by the Secretary of Defense. On 24 October 1997 the House-Senate conference committee on the FY1998 Defense Authorization Bill on refused additional funding for the Arsenal Ship. With only $35 million appropriated, the Navy needed an additional $115 million to sustain the program. That day the Secretary of the Navy announced that the program would not be pursued. Some of the design work has been incorporated into the SC-21 and DD-21 program. On 01 December 1997 the National Defense Panel report criticized the cancellation of the Arsenal Ship, noting that the ship could have reduced the need for aircraft carriers.
The Arsenal Ship was developed initially as a demonstration program to provide a large increase in the amount of ordnance available to ground- and sea-based forces in a conflict, particularly during the early days. The Navy envisioned that the ship would have a large capacity of different missiles, including Tomahawk and Standard, and space for future extended range gun systems. The ship could also have a sea-based version of the Army Tactical Missile System. This ship could greatly increase capabilities in littoral operations to conduct long-range strike missions, provide fire support for ground forces, defend against theater ballistic missiles, and maintain air superiority.The Arsenal Ship has the potential to provide substantial fire support to a variety of missions in regional conflicts without the logistics burden of transporting both delivery systems and ammunition to the shore and forward areas. The Arsenal Ship is expected to carry a large number of VLS cells but without the sophisticated command and control and radar equipment found on Aegis-equipped ships.
The ships would be theater assets that will operate under the authority of the joint Commanders-In-Chief (CINCs) and receive their targeting along with command and decision information from other assets. This ship will rely on other military assets, including surface combatants, to provide the targeting information and connectivity necessary to launch its weapons. The Arsenal Ship would server as the magazine for a distributed sensor network. A unique aspect to the Arsenal Ship is that all the command and decision functions would be made off board.
Thus, the Arsenal Ship will not be fitted with long range surveillance or fire control sensors, but will be remotely controlled via robust data links. The data links will be secure, redundant and anti-jam in order to provide high reliability in the connectivity of the Arsenal Ships in high jamming operational scenarios. The overall program is an attempt to leverage the significant joint investment in Link 16 and CEC. Early in arsenal ship's life this control will be exercised through an Aegis platform. As the theater connectivity matures, the Arsenal Ship would accommodate a more robust set of controls from a wide variety of sources that would include JSTARS aircraft, AWACS or an E-2 with Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) and, a soldier or a Marine on the ground or a command post ashore. This concept allows for remote missile selection, on-board missile initialization and remote launch orders, and provides remote "missile away" messages to the control platform.
The ship would have the equivalent ordnance—about 500 vertically launched weapons from a wide variety of the military’s inventory—of about four or five Aegis cruisers and destroyers. Employing the Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) “remote magazine” launch concept, the arsenal ship would provide additional magazine capacity for Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) and Air Supremacy missiles.
The Navy envisioned the ship to have a small crew (possibly less than 50 members) and be highly survivable. Associated with minimizing ship costs and manning is the planned reliance on passive survivability, so that it would be very difficult for the Arsenal Ship to be hit by modern weapons. This may be achieved by a combination of reducing the signatures of the ship and the tactical use of countermeasures. If the ship is hit by a missile or a torpedo, the design would insure that the magazines are not violated. Finally, the hull would be sized and designed such that, even if the ship encounters a large torpedo or mine, the ship won't sink.
The Arsenal Ship Program's acquisition approach represented a major departure from the way Navy ships have been acquired in the past. The program turned the systems development process over to industry at its earliest stage and challenges industry to develop and design the optimum mix of performance capabilities which can be accommodated within production and life-cycle affordability constraints. In an effort to optimize streamlined technical and business approaches, the program used DARPA's Section 845 authority to conduct prototype development and acquisition experiments outside normal constraints of the Federal Acquisition Regulations.
The Navy planned to maintain the Arsenal Ship forward deployed in major overseas regions for extended periods by rotating the ship’s crew and returning the ship only for major maintenance and overhauls. This plan would allow the Navy to use fewer Arsenal Ships to maintain overseas presence than if the ships were deployed routinely from the United States and permit their early availability in a conflict. Additionally, if the Arsenal Ship concept proves successful and within its cost projections (around $500 million for construction of each ship), DOD and the Navy may be able to retire or forego purchases of some assets, such as aircraft carriers, surface combatants, ground-based launchers, or combat aircraft.
Experience during the Arsenal Ship Project showed that to achieve a design balanced between cost and performance, a significant amount of interchange was required among subject experts, analysts, and the technical personnel developing the system and functional designs. Additionally, subject experts from outside of the team were used to assure critical performance requirements were understood and satisfied. However, because of the limitations on access applied during the Arsenal Ship Project, achieving the design balance became quite difficult.
In July 1996, DARPA awarded each of five industry teams $1 million Phase I agreements under full and open competition. Since that time, the five teams performed various trade-off studies and developed their initial Arsenal Ship design concepts based upon the governmentÕs Ship Capabilities Document and the Concept of Operations. The Phase I Arsenal Ship Concept Designs, in conjunction with the three successful offeror's Phase II proposals, formed the basis for the Phase II selection and were deemed as providing the best value to the government.
In early 1996 the program was redesignated the Maritime Fire Support Demonstrator (MFSD). The new effort broadened the scope to insert technologies into the demonstrator in preparation for risk reduction for SC-21. The MFSD was to be an at-sea technology testbed for the SC-21, the next-generation CVX aircraft carrier, and other future ships.
In Phase II, which lasted one year, three industry teams continued to develop their concept designs into functional designs consisting of an integrated engineering and cost baseline for the Arsenal Ship Program. On 10 January 1997 DARPA selected three industry teams for Phase II of the Arsenal Ship Program. The three selected industry teams were each awarded $15 million modifications to their existing Phase I Arsenal Ship agreements. The three Phase II industry teams were:
- General Dynamics, Marine/Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine, Team Leader, with: General Dynamics, Marine/Electric Boat, Groton, Conn.; Raytheon Electronic Systems, Lexington, Mass.; and Science Applications International Corp., McLean, Va.
- Lockheed Martin, Government Electronic Systems, Morrestown, N.J., Team Leader, with: Litton Industries/Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Miss.; and Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Va.
- Northrop Grumman Corporation, Sykesville, Md., Team Leader, with: National Steel and Shipbuilding Co., San Diego, Calif.; Vitro Corp., Rockville, Md.; Solipsys, Columbia, Md.; and Band Lavis & Associates, Inc., Severna Park, Md.
After Phase II, DARPA planned to select one industry team to enter into Phase III, with the Navy to award an MFSD design and construction contract to one of the three Arsenal Ship teams in January 1998. During that phase, the industry team chosen would complete its detail design and construct an Arsenal Ship Demonstrator, as well as provide an irrevocable offer to construct five additional Arsenal Ships and convert the Arsenal Ship Demonstrator into a fully operational asset in the production phase (Phase V). Phase IV consists of performance testing and a fleet evaluation. The value of the research and development portion (Phases I-IV) of the program was approximately $520 million.
Specific objectives to be demonstrated included the ability to perform the operational mission for 90 days; architecture, communications, and datalink functions capable of satisfying the AS concept of operations; and the capability for remote launch of strike, area air warfare, and fire support weapons. The planned test program will include a salvo launch of up to three Tomahawk missiles in 3 minutes; a single SM2 launch using the AS as a remote magazine for a cooperative engagement capability ship, a single Tomahawk launch using the AS as a remote magazine for air-directed and shore-based targeting, and a single weapon launch from a VLS cell in support of a naval surface fire control mission digital call for fire.Programmed DTO Funding ($ millions)
PE Project FY97 FY98 FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 0603763E MRN-01 15.0 47.0 50.0 36.0 22.0 0 0 Total S&T 15.0 47.0 50.0 36.0 22.0 0 0 0603852N* S2294 25.0 141.0 90.5 80.2 11.4 0 0 Total 40.0 188.0 140.5 116.2 33.4 0 0 ![]()
![]()
Specifications
Armament 500-cell Vertical Launch System (VLS)
Tomahawk Land-Attack Missiles (TLAMs)
Army Tactical Missile SystemCrew ~~ 50; designed to be highly automated Design Low radar signature ("stealthy")
double hull
possible length 500-800 feetEstimated Number Six vessels Cost $500-800 Million each
missiles will cost ~~$500 millionSources and Resources
- Arsenal Ship Interview with Admiral J. M. Boorda Chief of Naval Operations -- August 24, 1995 -- Arsenal Ship consists of ships, aircraft and UAV's and other means of getting targeting information. If you could build a ship like this with a really small crew you probably wouldn't want to bring the ship back to the U.S. for awhile -- it could just be forward deployed and you could swap out crews. That means you need fewer of them and you need less money.
- ARSENAL SHIP LESSONS LEARNED REPORT Arsenal Ship Program Manager - 31 December 1997
- THE ARSENAL SHIP AND THE U.S. NAVY: A REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS PERSPECTIVE LT Dawn H. Driesbach, USN Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA
- THE ARSENAL SHIP MEASURES UP TO JOINT VISION 2010 Alan J. Abramson NAVAL WAR COLLEGE 7 November 1997 -- When measured against Joint Vision 2010,the Navy's Arsenal Ship Concept of Operations supports an effective joint fighting force for the early 21st century in most areas. More development is needed, however, in the areas of full-dimensional protection and command structure for the ship in the joint force.
- Arsenal Ship MRN-01 RDT&E BUDGET ITEM JUSTIFICATION SHEET (R-2 Exhibit) February 1997
- DARPA Arsenal Ship Homepage
- ARSENAL SHIP PROGRAM SELECTS PHASE I CONTRACTORS
- ARSENAL SHIP PROGRAM SELECTS PHASE II CONTRACTORS
- Arsenal Ship BY SCOTT GOURLEY Popular Mechanics June 1996
- Navy debates need for new type warship CNN October 14, 1996
- The Arsenal Ship -- fact sheet, J. Andrew Byers, 28 August 1996.
- Sea-Based Firepower Glenn W. Goodman, Jr. Armed Forces Journal International November 1997
Navy debates need for new type warship
Remote control 'arsnal ship' able to fire missles
October 14, 1996
Web posted at: 7:30 p.m EDT (1930 GMT)![]()
From Military Affairs Correspondent Jamie McIntyre
WASHINGTON (CNN) -- U.S. military planners reviewing last month's military action against Iraq say the confrontation exposed the need for a new class of warship.
But critics say what the Navy calls an "arsenal ship" -- a futuristic vessel capable of launching a punishing attack by remote control -- is both unnecessary and unwise.
The two days of missile strikes against Iraq last month were launched by four ships and a submarine in the Persian Gulf, along with two B-52 bombers flying from far-off Guam.
Some Navy experts claim, in the future, all that firepower and more could come from a single "arsenal ship"
![]()
For now it's just a concept. Artist's renderings envision a sleek, low-slung vessel, concealing 500 launch tubes, a stealthy ship capable of launching sustained salvos of cruise missiles and other precision weapons on the orders of ground commanders on distant battlefields.
"The Marine Corps lieutenant colonel on the beach, who is most in need of that firepower is not only going to be able to call for that firepower, as he does now, he will directly control that firepower," explained Surface War Director Rear Adm. Daniel Murphy.
The conventionally powered arsenal ship, essentially a remote-controled, floating missle pad, would reduce the need to move expensive aircraft carriers or other warships, with thousands of sailors, to world hot spots.
![]()
"I suspect that the enemy is in the Pentagon and the battle is going to be between the Air Force and the Navy for dollar bills."
-- Vice Adm. John Shanahan
Center for Defense Information
The far cheaper arsenal ship would remain permanently on station, with a skeleton crew, or possibly no crew at all.
Retired three-star Adm. John Shanahan of the Center for Defense Information is impressed by the notion of a s