My Lib.Res Notebook
Last edited November 12, 2008
More by dek0000 »
Global : Ideas : Bank - Each constituency has to have both a male and a female MP
www.globalideasbank.org/site/bank/idea.php?ideaId=...
The Problem:
All female shortlists causing resentment in certain sections of the electorate and women being grossly under-represented in our political system

The Social Invention:
Why not have both a male and a female Member of Parliament for each constituency? This would get round the problem of having to have all female shortlists for candidates which causes a lot of resentment in certain sections of the electorate and gets around the problem of women being grossly under-represented in our political system.

sure they'd both have to be from the same party and agree on policies and the issues and the house of commons would have to be enlarged and more seats put in. Why not? it's fairer than the old fashioned way they do things now.....
Requirements for Anarcho Capitalism
www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/My_Posts/Reqmts...

Three conditions are necessary for anarcho-capitalism to be a stable and attractive system; two of them may already be satisfied:

 

1. There must be no public good problems whose private solution is catastrophically inadequate. The obvious candidate for such a problem is national defense. Unlike some anarchists (and Objectivists), I don't think there is a clear argument that shows one can always get adequate defense without coercing people into paying for it. When I wrote _Machinery of Freedom_, I thought that was the hardest problem, and was uncertain whether or not an anarcho-capitalist America in the setting of the U.S. c. 1970 could defend itself adequately. Since then the Soviet Union has conveniently collapsed, making national defense a much easier problem.

2. Economies of scale in law enforcement have to be small enough so that the market equilibrium produces enough enforcement agencies so that an enforcement agency cartel designed to reinvent government for its members' profit is unstable. My guess is that this condition is already met.

3. One has to have a set of working anarcho-capitalist institutions that people are used to.

 

Requirement 3 looks like a catch-22; how can you get such institutions if you have to already have them? But the answer is that societies evolve over time.

 

My preferred scenario is one in which more and more government actions get privatized, whether from above (voucher initiatives would be a partial step) or from below (UPS and FedEx). As more and more legal disputes are being handled by private arbitration, and more and more law enforcement is being done privately (still with at least nominal government permission), and the government is getting more and more short of money (for a variety of reasons, possibly including the growth of on-line commerce, which is hard to monitor, hence hard to tax), people get used to the idea that if you want your rights competently defended you hire a private enforcement agency, if you want disputes settled in this decade you go to private arbitration (already true for a lot of commercial disputes), that you therefore should be unwilling to support politicians who want to spend money for things you are already paying for yourself (the current attitude of parents whose children go to private schools), ... . There are other possible scenarios, including ones relying more heavily on cyberspace and encryption a la Tim May's ideas (I have a link to him on my web page).

 

The basic point here is that people in general are rationally conservative. What I mean by that is that they trust the institutions they are familiar with to function the way those institutions can be seen functioning. What I want to change is not some deep philosophical attitude--unlike many Objectivists, I don't think the society I live in is philosophically rotten to the core, nor do I think there is a set of answers to philosophical and political questions which any rational person, once shown, should accept. I simply want people to get used to the institutions I am in favor of, probably a little at a time--at which point they will take them for granted the way they currently take elections and Supreme Courts and Presidents for granted.

 

David Friedman

 

For a further discussion of anarcho-capitalism, see my book The Machinery of Freedom, several chapters of which are up on my web site.


I can be reached at DDFr@Best.com

The Freetimea Project

It is necessary that children have the freedom to learn directly that fire burns; it is not necessary that such lessons involve destruction of life on earth. Child-proofing a home is not about reducing children's freedom; it is about reducing adverse consequences of exercising freedom.

The Freetimea Project is (in part) about child-proofing the planet. Currently there are frisky young souls playing with large matches all around the globe.

Child-proofing the planet will take (at least) another 70 years to accomplish, and involves various "lines of work":

  • Bringing in energy
  • Bringing in ideas
  • Connecting people
  • Manifesting ideas (experimental communities, software systems, ...)
  • Negative shocks (Anti-Christ, Armageddon, earth changes, ...)
  • Positive shocks (Second Coming, Ascension, ...)
  • Production
  • Services
  • ...

All the various lines of work are complementary; all are necessary.
This particular site has to do with bringing in ideas.

Global : Ideas : Bank - An end to government, a beginning to the servicement movement
www.globalideasbank.org/site/bank/idea.php?ideaId=...
An end to government, a beginning to the servicement movement
Score
87%
188 votes, Feasibility 67% Originality 63% Humour 20%
The central organizing institutions of every society are called its government. Is government the best name to have for central organizing institutions? I say no.

To govern means to control and limit. Do we really want our central organizing institutions to operate with a mentality that seeks to control, limit, and subjugate us? I say no.

There is an alternative to government. I call it servicement. If people insist on having their central organizing institutions called servicement, our representatives, senators, president, judges, and servicers (as opposed to governors) would be constantly reminded that voters want to be served and not governed.

Politicians would see that we do not want them bugging our homes and computers. It would also be made clear that we do not want to be dictate to in regards to our personal and private behaviors.

In a servicement our officials would be better able to focus on deterring and punishing people who violate us or our property. This focus is achieved by eliminating attempts to control or govern non-malicious personal behaviors.

Please join a servicement movement and let me know what you think. You can contact me by clicking on my name above...

Thanks for your attention and consideration.

Warmly and Sincerely,

Scott Pleune

The Author - Scott Pleune
Scott is a social worker who has a strong interest in human empowerment and lives in Los Angeles, California.
Sophistry and the Naturalistic Fallacy
members.aol.com/DrHumph/sophist.htm

The Naturalistic Fallacy

The naturalistic fallacy is the logical inference of value from fact, for instance the inference of value from a policy which as a matter of fact does or might provide the greatest pleasure for the greatest number of people. This may sound plausible, but it really is a logical fallacy, and I do not commit it anywhere in Utopian Analysis. Ideals are tested by pursuing them long enough in a political experiment. In this way, the Soviet Empire gave the socialist ideal ("from each according to ability; to each according to need") a pretty thorough test, which it failed. Therefore, we know the socialist ideal is false. The failure of the Soviet Empire is what I call a normative particular, which is a particular matter of value discovered by experience. "Failure" is a normative term. It is a matter of history that the Soviet Empire collapsed; a normative particular that it failed. I shall not analyze a normative particular more than this. We learn things from political experiments, both matters of value and matters of fact. Let's leave it at that.

But notice, the failure of socialism does not imply the truth of the ideal of reciprocity and its corollary, the ideal of free enterprise. It is just that free enterprise is left as the only surviving alternative. That is always the way of it in science. As Sherlock Holmes said, "When you have eliminated the alternatives, whatever remains, no matter how improbable, must be the truth." When there is only one known alternative, all others having refuted, we call it well-established. That is the rule in physics, and it is the rule in utopian analysis. Ideals play the role of theories. Scientific theories are never proven. They are merely well-established. Why then should we believe in them? Well, it is up to you whether you believe in them. But if you wish to make any progress in your field you had better make use of them, since they are the only known solution to a set of problems.

In the creation of utopian analysis, the avoidance of the naturalistic fallacy was the least of my problems. But why were my professors and colleagues so adamant that it was unavoidable? I believe it is because academic philosophers after the time of Newton and Locke no longer understand the epistemology of our time, which is scientific method. They are stuck in the epistemology of ancient time, which was mathematical method.

The only knowledge-discipline known to philosophers before Galileo and Newton was mathematics, put in its rigorous modern form by a Greek philosopher working in the great library of Alexandria, a man named Euclid, building on a long tradition of mathematical philosophy. In mathematics, justification is proof.

However, Galileo and Newton invented a new kind of justification which we call scientific method, logically rigorous, but not based on an inference from facts to theories. In scientific method, justification is not proof. Hume never grasped the nature and significance of scientific method. He, and all the sophists who follow, remain in the Euclidean framework. They think justification is and must be proof, a logical inference from fact to theory. They call this inductive logic.

So how did Hume go so wrong? Perhaps he went wrong because science is "paradigmatic," as T. S. Kuhn pointed out in his famous book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Galileo and Newton never stated the essence of scientific method in abstract terms, and neither has any scientist since. Scientists learn their craft by example, master to pupil, Nobel prize winner to postdoc.

Or Hume may have been fooled by the form of Newton's Principia, where Newton sets forth his revolutionary new physics. The Principia is cast in the form of a Euclidean proof from three axioms and one force function. This makes the Principia virtually unreadable today. But that may be why the philosophers never made the turn, and remain in the Euclidean framework.

In the entire history of mankind, there have been very few philosophers. Jesus, Buddha, Confucius, Lao-Tse, and Mohammed are creators of guru-disciple traditions, not philosophers in the western sense. If the function of philosophy is the founding of sciences, then only those who have contributed to that task are philosophers: Thales, Pythagoras, Aristotle, Euclid, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Hobbes, Locke, Harvey, Adam Smith, Hutton, Darwin, William James, C.G. Jung, Toynbee and me. Fewer than two dozen.

So what are all these thousands of people who teach philosophy in the universities? I shall make the same complaint about them that Socrates (a stonecutter) made about the professional teachers of philosophy in his day, who called themselves "sophists." Thus, "sophist" just means "professional philosopher."

Our sophists (like those Socrates attacked) are only interested in "raising questions." When is a question not a question? When one has neither the ability nor the desire to attempt a solution. The sophists transform real problems into abstract "puzzles," incapable of solution when taken out of the rich loam of human experience. The sophists don't want to solve them. That ends the game and puts them out of business. This is my definition of sophistry: "mind-games, where it matters not which side you take, but only the wit shown in the word-play." Perhaps this is why I despise "mathematical recreations," chess, bridge or any sort of mind game, since I automatically suspect the players of a tendency towards sophistry.

How did philosophy become sophistry? Philosophy was certainly a serious business in the 17th Century, when the natural philosophers Galileo and Newton were struggling to figure out the motions of the heavens and the earth, and the "moral" philosophers Hobbes and Locke were earnestly working out the basis for a sound community. These efforts by Hobbes and Locke guided the social revolutions of the 17th and 18th Centuries. Their work was not wasted. Yet, philosophy had taken a wrong turn by the time of Hume. For 300 years, philosophy has been an irrelevant backwater in the university, where no one expects breakthroughs, or progress of any kind.

This farce has continued down to the present day. Sophists still put the Euclidean deductive logic in the first half of their logic texts, and then contradict it with the totally invalid inductive logic of the second half. Think on this. If scientific reasoning were really inductive, how is it possible to refute one long established theory and raise another with a single decisive observation, as Eddington did early in this century?

Newton's theory predicted that star light grazing the sun should be deflected by a certain amount, and Einstein's General Theory of Relativity predicted a deflection of twice as much. Eddington measured the deflection of a grazing star during a total eclipse. The result was closer to Einstein's prediction than it was to Newton's, so down went Newton and up came Einstein. If one test can refute a theory which has had millions of confirmations over centuries of time, then inductive logic is hogwash.

Perhaps sophists have confused inductive confirmation with the utterly different notion of reproducibility. We require results to be reproducible, since this is the chief means of weeding out hallucination, bad experiments and outright fraud. We want to see what results different scientists get, with different apparatus and perhaps a different approach. In most cases, the irreproducible result is quickly found out, and sometimes the source of the error is explained. In other cases, it may take decades to weed out an error, as in the case with the fraudulent Piltdown man.

We must totally reject Hume's rule that extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof, such as proof that fraud could not possibly occur. Such a demand is itself impossible to fulfill. If Hume's rule had been applied in the 17th Century, we would still be burning witches and heretics at the stake. So you see, Hume is almost an anti-philosopher, since his ideas spawned the metaphysical nonsense of Kant and Hegel, as well as the obstructionist views of the Psi-cops today, who use Hume's rule rather than scientific method. Indeed, even scientists are apt to think scientifically only in their own specialties, and are often just as irrational as everyone else on other subjects.

Hume and the sophists were convinced that Newtonian physics was justified, yet they never understood the concept of a well-established theory. Neither has Sir Karl Popper, a contemporary academic philosopher-of-science of some repute. There is nothing difficult about scientific method. It is the normal problem-solving technique of Western civilization, used by gardeners, backyard mechanics, and mothers with a crying baby.

Because they are stuck in the Euclidean framework, sophists believe any empirical study of values must involve some kind of inference between fact and value, which they know to be invalid. The effect has been a halt to any further development of the "moral" sciences of Hobbes and Locke, thus allowing the dangerous sophistry of Karl Marx.

The existing sciences solve only a single kind of problem (finding explanations), with a single kind of experience (visible and tangible matters of fact). If the problem is not like figuring out how a watch works by taking it apart and seeing how the components move one another, then it lies outside the reach of the physical sciences.

In this online book, I have shown that it is possible to extend scientific method to problems other than explanation, and to realms of experience other than matters of fact. This is the way we solve philosophical problems, by creating knowledge-disciplines. I have solved a philosophical problem thought to be impossible since the time of Hume, namely, "how do we determine the good, the right, and the beautiful from experience?" Elsewhere I have solved the classical theological problem of evil. Elsewhere, I have given empirical content to the concept of free will. See my online book, Evidence of Mind and Soul.

For each philosophical question, there is some relevant realm of experience that can provide an answer, whether it is a question about immortality or divinity or free will or the nature of mind. It is not necessary to invent a new method for each problem. The method invented by Galileo and Newton suffices. It is only necessary to find the equivalent of a theory, a fact, and a test in this new realm of inquiry. Questions that had been matters of ideology and religious dogma can now be answered scientifically. Knowledge replaces faith. Science replaces philosophy. Religion becomes irrelevant. The eternal questions are neither meaningless nor unanswerable, even if our answers must be forever tentative, and subject to refinement by future scholars.

Copyright © Thales 1999

Freeway trains MakeWork Old Hotels Soup Kitchens
members.aol.com/DrHumph/platform.htm

MakeWork and Old Hotels

Social Safety Nets

The platform programs include Freeway Trains, MakeWork, Old Hotels, Soup Kitchens, Free Clinics, Underground Villages and educational vouchers (discussed in another chapter). This is like a platform or safety net. No one can fall below this level of well-being, no matter what their difficulties. The subtle difference between these and welfare programs is that anyone can grab a meal at the Soup Kitchen, or a place to stay at the Old Hotel, even if they are as rich as Bill Gates. These programs are not based on the socialist ideal of "from each according to their ability, to each according to their need." The platform programs are free and available to all, no matter how wealthy. I fully expect everyone to use the freeway trains, one of the platform programs. And at least at some time in their lives (possibly in youth, or in old age) most people will make use of the Soup Kitchens and the Old Hotels. The ideal behind these programs is reciprocity. Most of us are two paychecks from being homeless. So we can at least imagine ourselves in need of the Platform Programs, if we have a run of bad luck.

Homeless

The ragged homeless that clutter our streets by the thousand vanish overnight in the Third Republic, partly because metropolitan regions exclude vagrants and felons, as is their right, but also because vagrants are picked up, examined and funneled in the right direction. Addicts and alcoholics will be sent to the addiction sanitorium, where people spend six months under fairly monastic conditions, with some psychiatric treatment. Schizophrenics will go first to state mental hospitals, where some will stay, but most will go to half-way houses, much like boarding houses, except that everyone has to produce a urine sample on demand. A good many homeless are merely homeless, so give them a home, in the Old Hotels, and something to eat in the Soup Kitchens, and a job in MakeWork. Old Hotels are often abandoned schools, hotels, monasteries or almost any type of large public building.

Old Hotels provide shelter for all comers without qualification (unless there is a restraint order against an ex-husband whose wife lives in the Old Hotel, or similar situations). It is a goal of all platform programs not to compete with private enterprise, so no effort will be spent making Old Hotels luxurious. Safe and attractive, but not luxurious. In some climates, they are not air-conditioned. If the carpet is in bad shape, and there is good hardwood flooring or ceramic tile underneath, the carpet will be removed. The important thing is to run such places with humanity, preserve their natural beauty and make them welcoming communities to all who need them, run by people on MakeWork.

By the way, how can an Old Hotel always have an open door, no matter how many show up on a given night? Most travelers will stay in dormitories with triple bunk beds. The rooms will mostly be reserved for permanent residents. If the dormitories fill up, cots and sleeping bags will be brought out. An Old Hotel will redirect some travelers to nearby Old Hotels, but the system as a whole will never turn people away.

Guaranteed Employment

MakeWork is designed firstly to give a guaranteed job to anyone who needs one, and secondly to accomplish tasks that are of value to society which cannot easily be accomplished by the market economy. Public artworks, for instance, such as the tiling of all the gray concrete surfaces in urban environments. Or creating and maintaining public parks, and keeping everything picked up and clean. And it includes running the Old Hotels and the Soup Kitchens.

One kind of MakeWork is tending to community orchards and gardens and vineyards and berry brambles and asparagus beds to provide fresh fruits and vegetables to nearby Soup Kitchens in season. Nothing is served out of season, except for crops that go into the cellar, i.e. potatoes, onions, garlic, beets, squash, apples and pears. An overflow of fresh cabbage is turned to sauerkraut. An overflow of fresh tomatoes is made into tomato stock, suitable for soups or sauces, or sun-dried. Nothing is purchased at a supermarket. Corn on the cob is served on the day it is picked, and likewise with tomatoes and melons.

MakeWork is sometimes Make-An-Entrepreneur. In particular, with the cars gone, I wish to re-introduce the pushcarts to city streets, as the easiest way for a person to become his own boss. MakeWork can help and try not to meddle. I can imagine pushcarts that make handmade shoes to a last made from a cast of a person's foot and ankle. Hand-tailored clothes could be done with pushcarts, i.e. measurements could be taken and materials chosen. People too disabled to be on the streets could work in the sewing shops that make the clothes. Most of us have trouble finding clothes or shoes that really fit "off the rack." It also sometimes happens that a particular style that we like is discontinued. The MakeWork artisan can duplicate anything, or design an original to the customer's specifications. These are just a few examples of the kind of unmet needs which MakeWork could satisfy.

The first requirement of both the Soup Kitchens and the food pushcarts is that no one is made sick by eating there! Workers must scrub up like surgeons, put on clean clothes and a hairnet, wear surgical masks and rubber gloves and use tongs to handle food. We must rule out any possibility of Salmonella or E. Coli or viruses being spread from raw food to the finished product, or from a worker to the finished product. Thus, all workers must be carefully checked for infectious diseases before being allowed in the kitchen or behind the serving line. Soup Kitchens should confine themselves to foods thoroughly cooked, such as soups, chilies, baked goods, casseroles, or pickled items.

No One Should Go Hungry

What is on the bill of fare at a Soup Kitchen? A variety of hearty soups, such as potato soup or vegetable stew, many kinds of fresh bread, such as corn bread, and a variety of flavors of pickled eggs, and catfish served in a variety of ways, and cheddar cheese in large wheels. Raw fruits and vegetables, in season. Sauerkraut, beets, winter squash and potatoes in the off season.

Except for farm fed catfish, no meat or seafood is served, as a way of reducing competition with ordinary restaurants. Soup kitchens are cafeterias. Bags of raw coffee beans are not expensive at the dock, so I suggest that each soup kitchen roast, grind and brew their own coffee. Barley and hops are not expensive either, so I suggest a micro-brewery for every soup kitchen, with a limit of one liter per customer per day. This is a hearty and robust brew. No wine, and no milk, and no more milk subsidies. (Infants should be breast-fed, and the rest of us can get calcium in many ways, from tofu, for instance).

Eggs are pickled on intensive five acre farms, given out as MakeWork. The eggs are delivered in five gallon jars. Cheese is cut from a large wheel of cheddar. Catfish are steamed, skinned and deboned at the catfish farm. So the Soup Kitchens get catfish in cooked, sterilized, boneless pieces each about the size of a lamb chop, to be dried and smoked, barbecued, batter fried, deep fat fried, broiled with dill and lemon juice, pickled like Herring, or served as is with malt vinegar.

Low Cost Housing

Next on the list are Underground Villages, my form of low cost housing. How can a traditional frame house be built for two or three thousand dollars? It can't! Too much hand-labor, requiring skilled craftsmen. It requires an unconventional design and the labor of those who will live in the Village to build housing for a few thousand dollars per dwelling.

The parts for the Underground Village that come out of a factory are all doubly curved, stackable pieces of heavy PVC. This is the same plastic chosen nowadays for waste systems because of its durability. Some of the ideas that have gone into space-station design are applicable here. Many of the surfaces discovered by soap-bubble research are double curved and stackable, and can be combined to form strong structures. They need to be strong to support the tons of dirt we are going to cover them with. They need to be air-tight and water-tight to prevent soil microbes from entering the living space, because most of these soil bacteria produce diarrhea.

But why put them underground at all? To avoid both heating and air-conditioning expenses. Normal underground temperature is about sixty degrees, about the temperature of a typical British summer. So neither heating nor air-conditioning is required. Just sweaters by day and blankets by night. Each home is a ring or a stacked ring of rooms around a central atrium which goes all the way to the surface. The homes themselves are linked to a large central space, with more atria and skylights.

This central space is just like a mall, and the rooms facing the mall can become a Mom and Pop store or workshop of some kind. Each room has an individual skylight above, reflecting the sun to a large diffuse surface. Naturally, the amount of light could be controlled. On the wall away from the central family atrium, each room has a camera obscura, i.e. a large piece of ground glass displaying a scene from the surface above, a scene which may be changed by turning the surface mirror or tilting it. This has the psychological effect of looking out a window. The central atrium is roofed with a flat transparent lid of lightweight, flexible but hard material, i.e. not easily scratched. Such a material may not yet exist. In winter, it seals the atrium, which becomes a closed ecology. In summer, it may be raised a foot or so to allow ventilation. What do we put in our atria? Waterfalls, and orchids, and every botanical delight known to man. After all, an atria is just a kind of recessed greenhouse.

Affordable Universal Health Care

Last but hardly least among the platform programs are the Free Clinics. No bandaids will make health care affordable. In particular, simply putting pencil-pushers in charge (the basic idea of HMOs) will only result in a decline in the quality of medical service. We must rethink the whole medical system. Let us begin with an attitude adjustment.

Just what do we want from our medical care system? Most Medicare expenses are incurred in the last months of a person's life, when the prognosis is terminal. Western scientific medicine does little to comfort or ease the patient or the family through this terminal phase. Patients become habituated to opiates, which then lose their pain-killing power. Western medicine denies death, and fears it, fights it to the bitter end.

Do we want our lives to be dragged out for another year or two, in agony, sometimes out of our heads, with tubes running down our nose and needles in every arm, at vast expense, as if death were the enemy? And do we want life to be prolonged in nursing homes, when we no longer recognize relatives or have any idea where we are? Do we want to try to preserve one and two pound newborns, knowing that fifty percent will die and fifty percent of those that live will be permanently brain damaged, when all it takes to prevent underweight birth is a little proper nutrition and prenatal care by the mother? Our answer to all these questions may depend on our metaphysics.

In Seven Facts I provide evidence for immortality, and many already know this --- those familiar with the literature on Near Death Experience or Ian Stevenson's studies of young children who spontaneously recall former lifetimes. Death is a wonderful experience, nothing to be feared. It is not the end, only the beginning of another phase in our infinite journey.

If we strive to make an honest terminal prognosis as early as possible, we can stop treating the disease and begin treating the person, with palliatives in hospices or at home, and with alternative therapies, such as Chinese Herbalism, acupuncture, Tai Chi or the remedies of Edgar Cayce. Hospices should have books, videos and roundtable discussions about Near Death Experience and other witnesses to immortality and the actual act of dying.

Hospitals should not be places to die. Half the beds now are filled with terminal cancer patients, for whom our expensive care is doing nothing but running up the bill and prolonging the agony. Death is not the enemy. For those in agony, or those in a vegetative state, death is a friend.

As for mentally and physically incompetent (and incontinent) individuals presently sent to nursing homes, offer them Dr. Kervorkian's Doctor Assisted Suicide as an option. His method is very similar to execution by lethal injection and produces an easy and certain death, which is not true of most methods of suicide. Everyone should have a Living Will, created with the help and advice of a doctor, setting forth the conditions in which the patient would rather die in peace than suffer. Dying in peace, or dying when ready, can mean "no resuscitation," or "turning off the respirator," or "shutting off the feeding tubes," and in some cases it means Dr. Kervorkian. This is the humane treatment for patients. It is also the only way we can afford medical care for those who can use it, for those who have many good years left of life.

The Free Clinics are bound to be controversial, because I propose staffing them entirely with MTs, instead of MDs. Medical Technicians have one year of training and a salary of $20 - $50,000. Many of them come from the ranks of emergency room nurses or surgical scrub nurses. MDs have eight years of training and an income of $200,000 and up.

Using optical fiber and video, there will be MDs "standing over the MT's shoulder," so to speak, whenever he or she needs help. This will be particularly true of trauma cases, remotely overseen by a trauma surgeon. Surgery in the Free Clinics will normally be laparotomy, under minor anesthesia. If a procedure cannot be done that way, the patient is sent by helicopter to the hospital trauma center, after stabilization. But if that is not possible, the MT may have to plunge in with scalpel and rib-spreader, following the instructions of the remote trauma surgeon.

Much of the training of MTs will go into learning how to use all the high technology to be found in all Free Clinics. He or she will practice the laparotomy techniques for removing diseased or damaged organs and tumors. He or she will learn how to set fractures, close cuts with superglue and butterfly bandages and all the routine stuff. The MT will spend no time learning diagnosis, and will learn anatomy from plastic bodies one can take apart, name, and put back together. MTs will not dissect a cadaver, because a scalpel will be a little used tool in the practice of an MT.

Diagnosis will be done by computer programs written by Doctors and researchers at the Mayo clinic, or similar places, or by the MD "looking over the shoulder" of the MT. As input, we have the results from the standard tests run every time, e.g. temperature, BP, heart rate, respiration, urine analysis, and a statement of complaints, if any. The programs will ask a series of questions, which the MT relays to the patient. Sometimes the program requires additional tests, such as throat cultures, MRI scan, PET scan after drinking radioactive antibodies or a plain old x-ray, or immediate transport to the hospital.

There is one Free Clinic per ward, with the MTs living in that ward, and every Free Clinic is open all the time. This is always the closest and best place to go with trauma, heart attacks, poisoning, drowning, sudden high fevers in children, and all those things that go wrong in the middle of the night.

The Free Clinics should have two pieces of high technology that have so far been expensive. I propose to put them on an assembly line and bring their costs down and their quality up. One of these is the general purpose MRI, PET, and CT scanner for telling where there is a tumor or infection. These could be inexpensive if they used powerful permanent magnets, like those made by the Russians.

To tell what, laboratories presently have an array of devices for separating and identifying molecules or fragments of molecules in the blood or urine. New techniques have been developed to identify molecules, so far used to identify molecules in a Martian meteorite. (See the May 1997 issue of Discover magazine, "The Light on Life," by James Shreeve, p. 50 ff. about the work of Richard Zare with lasers.)

Clearly this work has a medical application. Most diseases can be identified by molecules excreted in the urine. Antibodies to viruses, bacteria, parasites and cancers can be used to identify diseases. Computerized systems can count red cells and white cells on a microscope slide. Combining all such systems so they can work automatically on a single drop of blood or urine, and then mass-producing the equipment to do it, that is the challenge.

Preventions (e.g. vaccination) or early interventions are much cheaper than crisis surgery. For instance, we now know that a program of counseled exercise, diet (ten percent fat), and meditation can reverse the effects of arteriosclerosis. Doctors should look for early signs of heart disease and treat it vigorously with such programs, run by nurse-practitioners. What shall we do with a heart patient told to enter one of these diet-exercise-meditation programs and give up smoking, who does neither? Shall the taxpayers pay for coronary bypass operations or heart transplants for such a person? I don't think so.

The Free Clinic system has three tiers. At the top are the Mayo Clinics and other hospitals with demonstrated expertise at a particular treatment. In the middle is the Free Clinic, where everyone is an MT. Everything is done by MTs, from mopping the floor to greeting patients or keeping electronic charts updated. The Free Clinics are places of gleaming tile and a fanatic emphasis on antisepsis. Today, one out of three hospital patients picks up a bug during their stay, often one resistant to all antibiotics.

The Free Clinics and associated hospitals must be designed so that all surfaces can be sterilized daily, and the air system must filter out all viruses, fungal spores, dust particles and bacteria. However, we may want to follow sterilization with spraying surfaces with a mixture of benign bacteria that can out-compete deadly varieties. Otherwise, our elaborate efforts may just create bacteria that are antiseptic proof, just as we are gradually creating antibiotic-proof bacteria. How do we avoid that? Perhaps by spraying the antiseptic field with benign bacteria!

On the bottom tier are nurse-practitioners, trained and supported by the local Free Clinic. These include midwives, since by far the best place to have a baby is at home. No nasty disease-resistant bugs lurking at home, and no baby-stealers either. Skilled midwives can even turn the baby to the correct position before birth, if they are in the wrong presentation. Home births have only about 1/3 the neonatal mortality rate or maternal complications as hospital births. If you don't believe this statistic, read the book Spiritual Midwifery, which I also recommend for all couples about to have natural childbirth at home with a midwife. This book is published by a Tennessee commune called The Farm, and they compare neo-natal mortality with those for Tennessee hospitals and several other groups of hospitals. My own children were born at home with standard pre-natal care, and with the assistance of an experienced midwife, and me as Lamaze partner.

The Free Clinics make housecalls, if there is a relative or companion that can provide some basic care, such as meals, bedpans, diapers, dressings, and sponge baths. Visiting nurses, portable monitors and drug injection systems, could allow many people to go home.

Quality medical care is not always cheap. Where a large expenditure is worth it, as for the MRI-PET-CT machine, I'm all for mass-producing it, or redesigning it so that it uses permanent magnets.

Often the best medicine is conservative. For instance, no one believes our health is better than Sweden's because we do ten times as many births by C-section. No, this is an indictment, taking a routine procedure (birth) and turning it into hazardous major surgery. Why do American ObGyns do this? Because they are afraid of being sued? Or because they can charge thousands instead of hundreds?

Service-for-fee provides a strong economic incentive to cut, to prescribe, to conduct tests, i.e. to do something rather than nothing. The MTs and MDs in the Free Clinic system are all on salary. They have no financial incentive to do more than is necessary. If you will recall from the Justice chapter, there are no torts in the new law. No suits for damages. No mal-practice suits, or suits of any kind.

Conclusion

The platform programs are the third major piece of the green solution, the union of economics, ecology and social welfare. The homeless shall be sheltered, and the hungry fed. Those with no medical insurance shall have Free Clinics. There will be no more acid rain, gridlock, foreign oil dependence, economic depression, inflation, and the fat and flab that afflict our sedentary population. That is what it means to "think green." Think of the whole while thinking of the part. This is the material foundation for the renewed civilization of the third millennium.

Copyright © Thales 1999

Hubbert's Peak, The Impending World Oil Shortage
members.aol.com/DrHumph/hubbert.htm

Hubbert's Peak,
The Impending World Oil Shortage

In a book called Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage, Princeton professor Kenneth Deffeyes predicts that global oil production will peak between 2004 and 2008 and begin to slowly decline after that. Such gloomy predictions have been made before, for instance, in the 1970s book by the Club of Rome called The Limits to Growth, and they were wrong. So why should we believe this one? Because Professor Deffeyes uses the same techniques as M. King Hubbert, a Shell geologist who in 1956 predicted that US oil production would peak in the 1970s and forever after decline. He was absolutely right. Hubbert knew that the oil production in any particular field follows a Bell curve. He also knew that when the rate of new discoveries does not keep up with the growth of oil production, the amount remaining underground begins to fall. Globally, there have been no new fields discovered since the 1970s, despite the heroic efforts of geologists to look everywhere.

A second problem is that the supply and demand curves for oil are like those for food; they are inelastic. Let me explain. If we plot the supply vs price curve for any commodity, it is generally true that the higher the price, the higher the supply. It is also generally true that if we plot the demand vs price curve for that same commodity, the higher the price, the less the demand. The point at which these two curves cross sets both the market price, and the production level. In the short run at least, the supply and demand curves are pretty flat, both for food and for gasoline. People who have no alternative to cars for getting to work or to go shopping will buy about the same amount of gasoline whatever the price. The demand declines slowly with price. Similarly, the availability of gasoline does not go up instantly when the price goes up. The supply curve increases slowly with price. The result is price volatility, which we have seen in 2001. Small shortages led to huge increases in the price of gasoline. Small declines in demand led to an equally dramatic fall in the price of gasoline.

What we must consider is a time not far off when no increase in price will increase the supply of crude oil. Only the richest nations will be able to afford crude oil at all. And as time goes on, even the demand of rich nations can no longer be met, and in one way or another, supply will be rationed. It is hard to believe that we are close to such a time, but according to the Hubbert analysis, expect it by the end of this decade or soon after. The Century of Oil will have come to an end.

If we assume that this Cassandra warning by Professor Deffeyes is ignored, and no efforts are made to create alternatives, then a global economic depression in the 2010s can be expected. Assuming world leaders were not distracted by the war on terrorists and decided to create alternatives, we must start now.

In the long run, we must have the Solar-Hydrogen economy, and we must have mass transit, run on electricity. But there are still some technological hurdles to be overcome to make that practical. It would be nice if water could be separated into hydrogen and oxygen by pure sunlight in the presence of a catalyst. Both the hydrogen and the oxygen would be shipped in pipelines and stored in vast tanks. It would be nice if we had affordable fuel cells to use that stored hydrogen and oxygen and convert it to electricity, in an efficient manner which only has water as its final product. No pollution of any kind. The final part of that equation would be mass transit and freight trains drawing electrical power from overhead wires, while some personal transportation of people and goods would operate on batteries.

If Al Gore had been elected President in the year 2000, perhaps a major technological effort would have been mounted to create the Solar-Hydrogen economy, with electrical mass transit and electrical trains. It is more likely, I think, that nothing will be done until the price of oil becomes astronomical, and it finally becomes clear to everyone that we are finally going to run out of it.

Assuming the US supply of natural gas holds up for awhile, it would be fairly easy to convert vehicles to run on Liquified Natural Gas, or LNG. Modest pressures suffice to liquify it. It would take up all of the trunk space on a car, but I suspect that a rapid conversion to Natural Gas and to LNG would be the first response. People who rely on oil fired furnaces for winter heating would have to convert to natural gas or to a large tank of LNG. However, the supply of natural gas is also finite. I have not seen a Hubbert analysis of natural gas, but I think this would only postpone the inevitable by a few decades.

Many countries, including China and the US, have vast deposits of coal. If a way could be found to use coal without polluting the atmosphere, that is likely to be the next option. I suspect that nuclear power will come back into favor as well, and I am confident that we now know how to avoid incidents like Chernobyl or Three Mile Island. Of course, a great deal of our coal will probably be exported to Japan, which has none. Even LNG may be exported to Japan, because they have no natural gas deposits either. Undoubtedly, Japan will increasingly resort to nuclear power.

In the long run, over the course of this millennium, first uranium, then coal will run out. The supply may be large, but it is not infinite. And both are non-renewable resources. Those countries that convert earliest to Solar-Hydrogen and electrical mass transit will have the fewest bumps in its path. Eventually, all must do so.

Copyright © Dr.H 2001

Details About Banishing Cars and Trucks from the Metroplex
members.aol.com/DrHumph/details.htm

Airplanes and Tube Trains



Modified 2 Dec 2001

ecause of the great distance between cities in the United States, I have not proposed any change to our present system of transportation, which is the airplane. There is a possible alternative, and that is the evacuated magneto-levitation tube train, or "tube" for short. Magneto-levitation eliminates rolling friction; evacuating the air from the tube eliminates air friction. The next limit to velocity is going orbital, so such tube trains could reach a velocity of 17,000 mph, at least on straight stretches. And the arrangement of the continents in our present epoch makes it possible to connect every coastal city to the tube, on every continent, without ever needing to place the tube in water deeper than about 600 feet. It is important to note that the tube mainly lies on continental shelf, for its flatness, and the great circle routes it allows. And it makes getting right-of-ways much simpler. There are no pre-existing buildings that must be purchased and demolished.

f we look at a globe which exposes the ocean bottom, we can see that the continental coast surrounding the Arctic Ocean can serve as a "roundabout" or traffic circle, connecting all of the continents. Suppose we start at New York City. A northern branch of the tube goes through the fabled Northwest Passage (only a seafloor tube can freely use this route) and divides off Point Barrow, with the West Coast tube dropping Southeast, cutting through a tunnel through the Aleutian peninsula, and then down the West side of the Americas. A SouthWest branch takes the continental shelf to the once fabled Orient, to Tokyo and Hong Kong, Singapore and Sydney (having to bridge deep water in one place). This Oriental tube might be buried in the bottom of the Suez Canal to take it into the Mediterranean.

ow go back to the three-way split at Point Barrow. One branch would simply continue around the edge of the Arctic Ocean, having stations at the mouth of each of the major rivers in Russia which feed into the Arctic, and cutting a trench to wind up at St. Petersburg, or Petrograd, or whatever they call it this month. This branch gains access to the Baltic, with stops at all the major cities on the edge of the Baltic. This branch of the tube might meet up with the Oriental branch at Amsterdam.

uilding the tube would be a colossal construction project. I propose using voidless concrete, with micro-fibers to stop crack propagation. A tube of such stuff would have nearly the tensile strength of steel, and a much greater compressive strength. Of course, the weight of the water would provide mostly compressive forces on it, however, the rare earthquake might provide tensile forces. Riding the tube in airtight cars should be a pleasure. No need for any sudden accelerations, so no need to buckle into seat belts. No worry about weather or season. With a double tube, where trains run in opposite directions, it should be possible to travel from one sea-side city to another anywhere in the world in half an hour, far faster than any airplane on the drawing boards, with no pollution or noise, no danger from terrorists or weather or birds or pilot error or the breakdown of the air controller's system. Sounds pretty utopian, doesn't it? Well, utopian dreaming is my greatest pleasure

Gridlock


Modified 6 Aug 2002

he hybrid gas/electric car is being touted now as the 21st Century car. However, the car IS the problem. It is the greatest killer of young people by accidents. 40,000 people die in ICV crashes in the US every year. At least another 20,000 pedestrians are killled by cars. ICVs are the sole cause of smog, acid rain and gridlock. They are the main cause of the national epidemic of obesity. We have stupidly created all these "labor-saving" devices, and then have to carve out another part of the day just for going to the gym. There would be no problem with obesity if we used our muscles every day to travel a few miles as part of our commute to and from work. There is no improvement to cars which makes the conventional automobile any part of the solution to travel around the 21st Century metroplex.

n any case, by 2010, all the smaller oil reserves will be gone (see ch. 9, "Hubbert's Peak") and we will be utterly dependent on the mad sheikhs and mullahs of the Middle East, who presently have 66.5% of all the oil reserves (Newsweek, November 19, 2001). That might be their ultimate weapon against the West. They could decide who gets oil and who doesn't. Thus, we must end our dependence on oil, and do it soon.

o we love our cars? If we believe the commercials, owning a luxury sedan brings almost mystical joy. And in the commercials, the car is speeding far beyond the speed limit, on a narrow and winding road through the mountains, with no other traffic. Have you ever driven on a road like that in your entire lifetime? Only once in my case, while driving an MGB through West Virginia. Even if you find such a road, you will be stuck behind a logging truck, or an Airstream trailer, with no place to pass.

o, the reality of cars is choking gridlock, sitting idling, breathing the fumes of the car in front of you. It is an amazing sight to see all 8 lanes (each way) of a Los Angeles freeway coming to a complete stop on a sunny Sunday afternoon, when it isn't even rush hour. Why? An accident? No. No reason. When the carrying capacity of a freeway is exceeded, it suddenly gels and comes to a complete stop. Which would you rather have? Easy travel around the Metroplex or the "thrill" of owning a new Lexus. I drive a 1983 Buick myself, one with measles of gray primer paint. And it is just as good a car as that Lexus or Mercedes. My car always starts, always runs, and has never stranded me anywhere. And I can break the speed limit if I have to.

o get rid of the cars, and all other Internal Combustion Vehicles (ICVs). Banish them from the Metroplex if you value your sanity. What replaces them is subways and freeway trains. A train is the only way of transporting an unlimited number of people from A to B at rush hour. Simply add more cars to the train.

reeway trains draw power from overhead lines, are rubber-tired, entirely robotic, and they break apart into individual cars which are also entirely robotic and spend most of the day and night going up and down one street. It is only at rush hour that they congregate on freeways into a train, either going to a suburb, or from a suburb. Where freeways cross, the trains will stop and people can transfer to a train going up or down one of the crossing freeways. As a train goes along a freeway, it sheds cars which take exits to streets, where it takes up its duty as a bus, going up and down that street until the next rush hour.

o will we have no mode of personal transportation? I have seen a tiny 1 person 3-wheel car which runs on batteries and also has a generator which one pumps like a bicycle. With advanced paper batteries, it should be light enough to go about 10 mph on a flat battery, and as fast as 55 mph on a full charge, with a range of about 50 miles, sufficient for commuters. This tiny vehicle would mix well with the mix of traffic I envision, and would contribute no pollution or noise, unlike the hybrid cars. So let us call this vehicle an "electric HPV" and not a "car," a term reserved for the conventional automobile.

ne other thing. People should be allowed to bring their bicycles right on the freeway train. The combination of bicycles and trains works well in good weather. They are even feasible in the rain, so long as there are no ICVs on the roads. They are not good in snow. I suggest skis. Either way, using muscle power every day to get to work and back is a good thing, not a bad thing. It is the only way we will ever shed our huge load of fat. We are a nation of fatties. We don't get enough exercise. Exercise should be part of the daily business of getting to work and coming home again, whether it is walking, roller-blading, bicycling, or skiing. And I reject taxis, even in Manhattan. Especially in Manhattan. There would be no room for bicycles (and it would be unsafe to ride them) if taxis are allowed.

t is much easier to replace cars and buses than trucks. Our economy depends on trucks in numerous ways we hardly notice. The general rule, however, is that heavy traffic must go back to the rails. This will be supplemented with a modification of the freeway train. Where we now see 18 wheelers blasting down the freeway, we will then see a steady stream of freeway trains in the fast lanes. Some will carry passengers, but many will be carrying freight, and will have a driver. If an object needs to be moved that is so large and heavy that it must go on a tractor trailer, then the tractor shall be battery electric, with movement restricted to the wee hours of night, with that section of road and side streets temporally closed off (by setting the traffic lights to red). No diesel engines will be permitted in the Metroplex, because of the fine particulates (that ugly black smoke!) which they put into the air. Even freight trains must switch to overhead-wire electric locomotives before entering the metroplex.

ike passenger cars, freight freeway trains will be controlled robotically, by computer, when on the freeway train routes. The operator must get in the adjoining lane and request entrance to the train lane, just as the operator must request turns, and request exit from the train lane. Much of the time, the freeway freight trains will be creeping around side streets and truck routes on batteries alone. There is no reason for passenger freeway trains to have batteries. Made of high strength steel, they will be light in weight, low to the ground, and capable of 200 mph.

ou may notice that I have left a loophole for semi-trucks, provided that the tractor that pulls it is electrically powered. However, they must stay off the freeways, and take prescribed truck routes into and out of the metroplex. Garbage must be handled in a different way -- no more garbage trucks. Firefighting and police work must also be handled in a different way. No more firefighting trucks, and no more police cars. There are cities which have no garbage pickup. Everyone has garbage disposals and trash compactors. Everyone is responsible for taking their own compacted trash to a rail spur, where it is loaded onto rail cars. Buildings must be retrofitted with sprinkler systems to handle fires. Local policemen must "walk the beat" as they did before cars. Fast response teams may come by helicopter.

ome American cities already have the nucleus of an excellent subway system, only needing to be extended and improved. At the very least, they should be extended out to the airports and to distant suburbs. Freeway trains supplement the subways, going as far as the most distant bedroom communities along the freeways.

ow what about inter-city travel and commerce? For passengers and fast packages or freight going from one coast to the other, there is a choice between a 15-20 hour trip in a freeway train, or a 6 hour trip on an airplane, or a one hour trip on the tube train. See Tube Trains. Long distance express trains would have a bar-restroom car. They would have to slow down to 100 mph when passing through a metroplex.

liminate the frustrations of travel in NYC and Los Angeles, and we shall see an immediate improvement in mood. The LA basin is beautiful when we can see it, and the mountains that rim the basin will be visible every day, instead of one day in a year, once ICVs have been banned from the basin. And since most people will be riding bicycles or HPVs, we will all become fit as a nation and heart disease will disappear.

Copyright © Dr.H 2002

The Seeds of Hate, Thoughts about 9/11
members.aol.com/DrHumph/seedsof.htm

The Seeds of Hate

othing can justify the terrible evil of 9/11.   It was a completely unprovoked attack on innocent victims, who never did anything against our attackers.   Our actions since 9/11 are not acts of revenge, but of self-defense, since 9/11 showed us we are vulnerable to suicidal fanatics, domestic or foreign.   We will do whatever we must to protect ourselves from additional attacks.   This will be difficult, though not impossible.   See "Stopping Terrorists," on "The Science of Civilization" at http://hometown.aol.com/drhumph/index.htm

hy do they hate us so much?   At first, we could only attribute it to the outbreak of some unfathomable new evil, like Fascism in the 1930s.   But as we learned more about the terrorists, new hypotheses arose.   It turned out that the terrorists were not the poor and downtrodden, not even people brought up in the fundamentalist tradition of pure Islam, where the only book read was the Koran.   No, the terrorists were rich, urbane, well-educated men, who lived and moved without notice in the West.   Some of them were born in the West, educated in the West.   They begin to seem more like traitors from within, like the American Taliban fighter, than traitors from without.

normous rage is required to turn an intelligent and well-educated person into a suicidal killer.   The presence of an Islamic background leads them to the Mosques of the radical Mullahs, who can give them a specific focus for their rage, and can tell them where to go and who to see to become a suicide pilot or a suicide bomber.   Every religion has within it the seeds of violence and intolerance, so this chapter is not about Islam. It is about the West.

estern religion is not Christianity or Judaism, as you might imagine.   It is the religion of science. The distinction between "science" and "the religion of science" is that the former refers to "anything learned by scientific method," while the latter refers to a specific set of articles of faith.   Followers of the religion of science would probably not see this distinction.   But it can easily be shown that the reality of such things as reincarnation, NDEs, OOBEs and UFOs are well-established by the same rules of scientific method that are used elsewhere.   Here I use the term "UFO" not in its original sense, but in its popular sense as spacecraft piloted by humanoids from other stars.   One can easily detect the followers of the religion of science by offering to show them the studies which establish the reality of reincarnation, NDEs, OOBEs, and UFOs, using scientific method.   If they are not interested, if they simply laugh at you, then it is evident that you have stepped across a line into a forbidden zone.   You are challenging a core set of beliefs which are resistant to empirical refutation. That is the definition of a religion.   It has become the religion of the West, supplanting Christianity and Judaism among the educated elite.

cience is a seductive and powerful religion, draining the lifeblood out of all the older religions, and forcing its way everywhere.   And the reason is, science is not called a religion, but confidently presented as "the truth, which only ignorant fools reject."   Indeed, the high priests of the religion of science chart the spread of irrationality with polls testing to see how many people believe in reincarnation, ESP or UFOs.   In the eyes of the high priests of science, belief in any of these forbidden doctrines is sufficient proof of irrationality.

estern religion is seductive in other ways as well.   People in Pakistan or India or Saudi Arabia can easily see that many good things come along with the religion of science, including Western luxuries, high technology, democracy and wealthy economies.   All it will cost you is the loss of everything sacred.   In the religion of science, there is no soul, no divinity, no life after death, no immortality, no meaning to our existence.   As Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg said at the end of his book The First Three Minutes "The more the universe seems comprehensible, the more it also seems pointless."

nce a sensitive young man recognizes the nihilistic character of the religion of science, he may begin to despise all the outward signs of Westernization, such as the growth of huge, impersonal boxes for architecture, or the spread of tawdry strip malls, or the cancerous spread of McDonalds and Wal-Mart, a cancer which destroys the distinctive souk or the small towns painted by Norman Rockwell.   He may become frustrated that nothing seems capable of halting reductionist materialism.

become pessimistic myself when I see the high priests and Grand Inquisitors of the religion of science (psi-cops) in Scientific American and on the Discovery Science channel on cable TV.   Does no scientist object?  Can't anyone see that this is the end of scientific method?   You have to choose.   Either scientific method applied to all things, known and unknown, or the religion of science. The psi-cops (CSICOP) want to close the books.   No more new sciences to be allowed.   Rationality is now defined as believing the textbooks, and irrationality is everything else.  After three centuries the grand adventure of ideas is over and science becomes just another faith, another superstition.   One can easily see why this leads to a desperate search for any alternative.

slam provides an alternative, one that seeks to destroy the West.   It may now be clear why the most Westernized of Moslems and the most intelligent are the first to raise the bloody flag of Jihad.   They know better than anyone the cost to the soul of the soft luxury and gadgets of the West.  A good example of the core terrorists is Ahmed Omar Sheikh, abductor of the Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl.   Sheikh is Pakistani, but raised in a middle-class neighborhood in East London (Newsweek, 2/18/02/ p.42), educated in an elite private high school and the London School of Economics.   So it would seem that merely educating Moslems in the ways of the West would be counter-productive.  

t is we who must change, and offer kinds of spirituality which are compatible with science.   No spirituality is compatible with the religion of science, which we must vigorously reject, as we reject all other religions, with some regrets, with some sadness.   They have outlived their usefulness.   They all induce sectarian intolerance, and they all teach fear, where there need be no fear.   We need not fear death. It has no terror for those who have had an NDE.   Death has no terror for those who know Professor Stevenson's Twenty Cases.   We need not fear "the endtimes."   This universe has lasted at least 15 giga-years, and will certainly last at least that much longer, without any discontinuities in time.  It is odd that this is a common fear among the religious, perhaps because they do not understand why the sun comes up every day, or why one season follows another.

hat is emerging is a new metaphysics, which shall be the basis for a renaissance of art and architecture.   It will be rich in mysticism and symbolic revelation.   Anyone can have a symbolic revelation.   All they have to do is make a mandala.   This new metaphysics will be open to all seven ways, and there shall be no credo, nor any social hierarchy.   It will be open to ceremonial magick, and to every form of meditation, and to every kind of entheogen, as we party and frolic our way towards a brighter day.   Freedom!   Liberation from our Puritanical past, and a repressive and tyrannical present.   Throw off the shackles!   Begin the long journey.   It will not be a hardship.   It will be a party, as we live, and love, and express ourselves, and grow.   Let spiritual evolution and the divine purpose be our goal.   Sic Itur Ad Astra.   To the stars--and to immortality

The Tyranny of the War-On-Drugs
members.aol.com/DrHumph/liberty.htm

Liberty and Democratic Tyranny


Modified 5 Oct 2001

War on Drugs

e always memorialize the fallen heroes of our wars by saying "They fought to preserve our liberties." True enough. However, no Fascist or Communist has ever taken away any of our liberties. The liberties we lost in the 20th Century were taken away by people who regarded themselves as fine, upstanding citizens. Tyranny was voted by Congress, signed by a President, and upheld by the Supreme Court, despite the First Amendment. It does no good to pledge allegiance to "liberty and justice for all" if we are unable to recognize transgressions, or if we are unwilling to allow people to do things which are disapproved by the majority. I refer, of course, to the War-On-Drugs.

he failure of Prohibition should have told us exactly what the outcomes would be of the War-On-Drugs. They are the same as the outcomes of Prohibition: gangs, drive-by shootings, corruption of the police and other officials and a general decline in law-and-order. It is like the war in Vietnam. It was a war we could not win, a war that should never have been fought in the first place.

he whole point of the science of civilization is to learn from experience. Perhaps as a society we failed to learn anything from the failure of Prohibition because the science of civilization did not exist, so there were no scholars to point out that the War-On-Drugs is a direct violation of the Ideal of Liberty. Social ideals are the hypotheses of this new science, a science which I have invented, and set forth here for the first time. The Ideal of Liberty says that all citizens may do whatever they like in private, no matter how risky, so long as it puts no one at involuntary risk. I can show by many examples that this is the Ideal of Liberty and that the War-On-Drugs violates it.

ome of the illegal drugs are very risky, but fewer people die of them than die directly or indirectly as a result of tobacco and alcohol. Besides, everything is risky. Voluntary risk is irrelevant. We allow people to drive in cars, even though forty thousand people a year die in them. At least another hundred thousand become paralyzed or severely brain damaged. Another twenty thousand pedestrians and bicyclists are killed by cars every year. We allow people to climb eight thousand meter mountains, even though a third of the participants in this sport die of it. For every four people who climb Mount Everest, one will die. The glaciers around Mount Everest are graveyards, containing hundreds of bodies. Voluntary risk is irrelevant.

t is not just the War-On-Drugs that is wrong. It is all the blue laws that were voted in when women got the vote in 1919. This includes the outlawing of drinking, gambling and prostitution. It is not that I advocate or wish to practice these things. Liberty means allowing other people to do things you disapprove of, if they will give you the same right. We all have different lifestyles, different tastes. It doesn't matter if something is a sin according to the preachers. I could say preaching is a sin, since it is a revival of the Puritanism which burned heretics and witches in our early history.

have a lot of Web friends who enjoy marijuana and magic mushrooms. And they are very nice, kind, loving, spiritual people, the best people I know. Yet, they run a terrible risk of persecution at the hands of the jack-booted Nazi thugs of the DEA!! ARGHHH! We should rise up in righteous indignation and overthrow the government that imposes such tyranny upon us. After all, that is why America was founded in the first place. "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, and that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." These stirring words in the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson 225 years ago, set off a rebellion and a revolution. It must have seemed to the Founding Fathers, scions of the Enlightenment, that Puritanism had been put down and rejected forever as a mere superstition of the dark ages. But apparently Puritanism was only lying low, gathering up its energies, to return with a vengeance in the 20th Century. A Puritan can be defined as anyone who is afraid that somewhere, somehow, someone may be having fun. And the hippies of the 1960s did seem to be having lots of fun, with pot and psychedelic drugs, free love, rock and roll, and freedom of expression in art, face-painting, spiritual and metaphysical pursuits. All of this was to be crushed out of existence in the following decades.

hich is the stronger allegiance? Our pledge of allegiance to "liberty and justice for all," or our actual allegiance to stamping out the production, sale and use of illegal drugs, no matter what the cost in money, the corruption of law and order in nations like Columbia, and the cost in blood on the streets here at home, as rival gangs shoot it out in the night? Whole neighborhoods of our big cities are blighted by gangs. Whole generations are swallowed up in the gangster life, with its blood rituals of initiation. These are the fruits of tyranny. There would be no economic basis for gangs if drugs, gambling and prostitution were made legal. And who are these tyrants? They might be your neighbors. They might be your grandmothers. Normal, law-abiding people, who sing the National Anthem without a shred of irony. We have met the enemy and it is us.

grew up in Oklahoma, which remained a dry state long after Prohibition was repealed in every other state. There was a curious alliance between my grandmother's Women's Christian Temperance Union and the bootleggers. Neither wanted Prohibition to be repealed. As the saying went, "The drys have their law, and the wets have their liquor." The WCTU seemed satisfied that the wicked were punished, while bootleggers and moonshiners made a good living, since liquor was made expensive by its illegality. And the same is true today of the Coca leaf, marijuana plants, opium gum and the various natural psychedelics. Prohibition creates another problem. Addicts have to come up with a lot of money to support their heroin or cocaine habit. So they turn to armed robbery of gas stations and convenience stores, which in turn, often leads to the murder of the clerks. Their blood is on your hands, you fine upstanding citizens, if you are one of the tyrants who support the war on drugs!

he violence of American society began with Prohibition, and continues because of the War-On-Drugs. We not only incarcerate more of our population than any other nation, we also have the highest murder rates among First World Industrialized nations.

s one piece of evidence for that claim, I refer you to a New York Times article of June 27, 1990, p. A10, which offers a comparison among industrialized countries of the number of murders per year per 100,000 young men between ages fifteen and twenty-four. The years of the study were 1986-1987. Austria was the safest place, with 0.3 murders per 100,000, followed by Japan with 0.6 per 100,000, followed by West Germany, Denmark, Portugal and England. England had 1.2 murders per 100,000. Over the entire nation, we had twenty-one murders per 100,000, but some regions were much worse. Michigan had a murder rate of 232 young men murdered per 100,000. Detroit's rate was higher still, well over 300, a thousand times worse than the murder rate in Austria. Murder has become the number one occupational hazard for women, in part because of the number of convenience store clerks murdered by utterly sociopathic robbers, and in part due to berserk mass killers. "Going Postal" is what we call it in the US. And this doesn't even count the thousands of young women who just "go missing" every year, and are never found, obviously the victims of dozens of serial killers like Ted Bundy, smart enough to hide the bodies where they will never be found.

s the satisfaction the Puritans get from "punishing the wicked" sufficient to reconcile us to a murder rate 1000 times worse than other First World Nations? That is comparable to Third World countries like Liberia! Can we justify the murder of hundreds of convenience store clerks by desperate crazed junkies? Perhaps the Puritans think that legalization would produce more desperate crazed junkies. It wouldn't if we treated addiction as an illness rather than a crime. How do I know? Look at the example of the Netherlands.

arijuana has never been illegal in Holland for citizens, and they treat addiction to harder drugs as medical conditions, rather than a crime. Addicts from other countries are deported. Treatment usually consists in free maintenance doses of the drug of addiction. And they have seen no increase in addicts nor any rise in other sorts of crime. The rest of Europe is now following their lead, and has begun to introduce a little bit of liberty and common sense into their drug policies. See Newsweek, "Europeans Just Say 'Maybe'," 11/1/99, p. 53.

he Puritan Overclass in the US may be afraid that legalization would result in chaos---streetwalkers on every corner and crack dealers in every schoolyard. But notice that the definition of liberty only applies to private behavior. It does not follow that it must be permitted in public. Every community should have the right to determine its own composition and to set standards for what is done in public, within that community. This is another ideal, that of Public Vs Private behavior. This ideal, one of several which I regard as true and well-established, says that every community has the right to set its own standards for what is allowed in public, what is permitted at work, or in stores, or on public media, or public transportation. See the chapter "True Ideals."

he Ideal of Liberty says we must allow prostitution, but we do not have to allow streetwalkers. We can instead have private "sporting houses," which was, in fact, the pattern in the US in the 19th Century, before the 20th Century wave of Puritanism. I suggest drawing a distinction between the public Herb shops and the private dealers, who must deliver to your home.

n the public Herb shops, we would find natural leaf tobacco, opium gum, local bottled wines and beers, marijuana, magic mushrooms, peyote buds, fresh or dried coca leaves, ayahuasca vines, and herbs and aromatic plants of all kinds. Cocaine, Camels and Jack Daniels would be purchased from a private dealer. Thus, you see that I advocate putting some things in the Private category that are presently in the Public category. Cigarettes and distilled spirits, for instance.

he boundary of all liberties, including religious freedom, freedom of the press, personal liberty, and free speech, is placing others at involuntary risk. Some say that drugs, gambling and prostitution do have involuntary victims, because legalization increases public health problems, such as addiction. While this factual claim is untrue, let us ask if drugs, gambling and prostitution in private would put anyone at involuntary risk. I freely admit that doing it in public would place people at involuntary risk, which is why it should be kept in the private category. Drinking and driving is not allowed in public, either.

ny activity can be said to have unwilling victims, in the grievous loss suffered by friends and relatives of the diver who is now a quadriplegic, or the parents of the toddler drowned in the backyard pool. These are accidental victims, not covered by the rule on involuntary risk. Note that "victimless crime" is an oxymoron. How would you punish it? Make the pot smoker smoke still more pot?

t is possible to do something about the public health problems associated with drug use. Communities with long exposure to a particular drug have developed customs which protect them from addiction and disease. Pre-Columbian Native Americans did not have lung cancer or emphysema, because they didn't smoke all day or every day. Smoking was part of a social ritual, when entertaining visitors, or conducting pow-wows. Italian peasants don't become alcoholics because they use wine as a food. It is only consumed at meals, with grandma and the children present (who get watered wine). It is shameful to become inebriated at the family table. Distilled spirits are avoided. Andean peasants don't have a cocaine addiction, because they chew the raw coca leaves, with lime, and they do so to give them strength and endurance in the rarefied atmosphere of the Andes. Turkish peasants don't have heroin addictions because they use the raw opium gum only to treat toothache and other pain. It is apparent that we should all try to emulate these folk customs. Just to take opium as one example, the experience of physicians is that one never becomes addicted to opium if it is only used to alleviate pain, no matter how much opium it takes to accomplish that.

ut how do we treat addicts? I would suggest two routes. Those who wish to get rid of their addiction can be admitted for a free 6 month stay in the locked grounds of a rehabilitation center. Those who do not should be given a free maintenance injection every day at the local Free Clinic. As for the rehab center, once a person voluntarily signs himself in, she has to stay for 6 months. There would be doctors and medicines to help with the initial detoxification. Everyone who has passed that phase would be put on a low dose of Prozac to increase the Serotonin level in their brains. Serotonin induces neurogenesis. It takes 3-4 weeks for a neuron to become mature, and several more weeks or months for it to be put to use. That is why a person must stay for 6 months. That is long enough for the brain to heal and relearn how to live a sober, unintoxicated life.

ouldn't we have more junkies if we legalized drugs? The Puritans were sure there would be more alcoholics as a result of repealing Prohibition. But that did not happen. So the question now is whether or not the ideal of liberty (now that you understand its implications) is true or not?

ow do we apply scientific method to social ideals? What we need is the equivalent of a theory, a test, and the results. Then, as the Great Detective Sherlock Holmes said, "When you have eliminated the alternatives, my Dear Watson, whatever remains, no matter how unpalatable, must be the truth." I have taken a few liberties with this famous passage from "The Sign of Four." The alternative that survives all testing is the well-established conclusion. Maybe at some future time, a better theory will be thought up, or continued pushing on the envelope of testing may eventually refute even a well-established theory. But for the time being, it is the best we can do. It is the only known solution. See the chapter "Scientific Method" for more details.

n the Science of Civilization, which I sometimes call "Utopian Analysis," for reasons to be explained later, the equivalent of a test is a political experiment, such as the 75 years of the Socialist experiment in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or the afore-mentioned experiment in Prohibition. The result of such a test is what I call a "normative particular." I suppose you could call it a "value fact," so long as it is understood that values are not facts, nor facts values, nor can one be inferred from the other, which would commit the Naturalistic Fallacy. What we observe is the failure of socialism, whenever and wherever it has been tried. We also observe the failure of prohibition. The collapse of the Soviet Union is an historical fact, but the failure of the Soviet Union or of Prohibition is an observed normative particular. We did not infer it. We could not have predicted it without making the test. It is an object lesson from history. And we shall see in the course of this book that every social controversy is a consequence of two conflicting social ideals. This is the "analysis" part of Utopian Analysis, digging out the relevant ideals. And we shall also see that every major ideal and its alternatives has been tried, somewhere, at some time. So history provides us with all the political experiments we need to study. I do not regard communes (intentional communities which have withdrawn from the larger societies) as adequate political experiments. A commune can live on idealism or the charisma of its leaders. Real world political experiments cannot.

n ideal is something to be pursued, but rarely perfectly attained. "Utopia" is often taken to mean "perfection," where every true ideal is fully realized. I do not use the term that way. In my usage, any attempt to improve society is utopian, and ideas about improving society should be practical. "Utopia" does not mean "the impossible." In looking for evidence for liberty, we must compare societies which are relatively authoritarian with those which are relatively libertarian. So it is Sparta versus Athens, Rome versus Classical Greece, France of the Sun King versus England of the Glorious Revolution, which made Commons superior to monarchy, Lords or Barrister. More recently, it is 19th Century America versus the monarchies, Czars and Emperors of 19th Century Europe, and during the Cold War, it was the democratic West versus the autocratic East.

he Hellenic world imitated Athens, not Sparta. Two thousand years of scholars have preferred Classical Greek culture over the brutal world of the Roman Empire, at least in most respects. During the Cold War, the Soviets had to put up walls to keep their population in, since it was rapidly evaporating to the West. And 19th Century America was the light of the world. That is why immigrants poured into this country from all over the world, and still do. The people of France gave us the Statue of Liberty because they admired our society above all others. "Send us your tired, your poor, your huddled masses, yearning to breathe free," wrote Emma Lazarus in the famous poem now found on a plaque at the foot of Lady Liberty. "I lift my lamp above the Golden Door," says Lady Liberty, and so she does. Our ideals of liberty are the light of the world, and have spread the ideals from the Book of the Law she holds in her left hand around the world. Now if only she would shine a little light on the darkness we have built right here at home!

Copyright © Dr.H 2001

Mandalas as Divination and Meditation
members.aol.com/DrHumph/mand.htm

MANDALAS


I use the word "mandala" in its Western, Jungian sense. Jung essentially regarded any meaningful doodle as a mandala, and so do I. My chief contribution to the subject is to extend the mandala technique to all media.


Hypertable of Contents

Mandalas create themselves. Anyone may use the mandala technique to create beautiful works which express the high metaphysics found in New Age Revelations. What is original is my extension of the mandala technique to music, dance, drama, architecture, and cloth.

Mandala making is simultaneously a meditation technique, a divination and revelation technique, and a way to tap the hidden aesthetic potential in all of us. And it can be used for ceremonial Magick. To do Magick, first express your intentions symbolically with a layout of Tarot cards, then do the mandalas, for paintings, music, clothing or banners, and finally, do the mandala for the drama of the ceremony itself. This can be a major group project.

A Buddhist mandala is a circle in a square, or a square in a circle, made in a divine trance. They have a center point perspective, rather than a horizon line and vanishing point. They also have symmetry in powers-of-two, i.e. bilateral, quadripartite, etc. C. G. Jung regarded any combination of circle and square as a mandala, even if the circle was sitting perched on top of the square. A Gothic cathedral rose window, a Renaissance church, and Bach's improvised polyphony are all mandalas.

Mandalas can be defined procedurally, as any work of art which creates itself, without prior plan or design or theme, simply following the impulses of the inner self. If this improvisational procedure results in a creation with symbolic meaning, then the result is a mandala. So we have two definitions of the mandala, one in terms of form, and the other in terms of process, and it is impossible to settle exclusively on one definition or the other. In every artistic medium, we shall find some version of the circle and the square, and some form of improvisation.

It is miraculous to me, someone who cannot draw a straight line, that in the unconscious process of making the mandala, something strange and beautiful and filled with symbolic meaning unfolds, in a style like nothing I've ever seen before. And all mandalas are that way. Not only does everyone have their own style, but each mandala has its own style. As for their meaning, it varies enormously.

The last mandala I did turned out to be African shields and masks (when looked at from a distance in a sufficiently dim light). This meant I was hiding behind shields and masks and not opening up emotionally to a female friend who was visiting me at the time.

In the mandalas of groups I have run, a troubled marriage stands out in one mandala, something that individual had never mentioned. In the mandala of an emergency room nurse, pride of the healer and resentment of authority was evident. One very quiet man, who had not said two words the entire semester, created the most beautiful mandala, expressing a life perfectly balanced between spiritual and domestic values. I envied him, and his wife, and told him so. A mandala can be a window into the soul, whether the mandala maker wishes or not.

There are a number of books on mandalas, but none that relate to this chapter, since they are the works either of artists or of therapists. If an artist chooses to imitate the style of a mandala, the result may be beautiful, but can it be a revelation? And how can the mandala create itself if we must follow some Indian guru's teaching in our procedure?

Remember, the Western Path rejects all gurus, guru-disciple traditions and cults. The Western Path progresses by a series of geniuses, who may be very imperfect as human beings. Indeed, we almost expect them to be a little cracked, or at least odd. But this is OK. It is easier to be a genius than it is to be a genuine guru, who is required to be a divine person, as well as possessing divine powers, knowledge and wisdom. This is such a difficult requirement that the intelligentsia of India regard gurus and swamis as frauds, or at least, self-deluded, along with their followers.

The higher arts of Western civilization have come to an end in the 20th Century. Architecture has ceased to be an art, and is merely the engineering of giant boxes. Somewhere between dadaism and minimalism, painting became an elaborate con game, played for fun and profit by the critics with their artspeak, and the collectors hoping for a tidy return. The Emperor is naked, and it is only our own lack of courage that prevents it from being shouted from the rooftops. If it looks like junk or sounds like noise, trust your senses.

And, of course, no professional musical organization can make a living performing 20th Century works. The larger the organization, the more conservative their repertoire. Symphony orchestras confine themselves to boring, bombastic blasts by Beethoven, Brahms and Bruckner. They are lovely the first time, loathsome the twentieth time.

The mandala technique offers a path to renewal of the higher arts, which have the power to transport participants beyond the mundane material world. It is part of a New Age, a golden age, a Renaissance of the Spirit. Go in Beauty. Live in harmony.

Painting

The first rule for making mandalas is that there are no rules. Having said that, we can at least give a few hints for making drawn mandalas. Use a sheet of typing paper for each mandala, taped with masking tape to a hard surface, which can withstand the point of the compass. Get out all your kindergarten art supplies, compasses (for making arcs), small squares, or plastic triangles with a right angle, rulers, liquid crayola, wax crayola, colored pencils, poster paints, regular pencils and erasers. Let the mandala create itself.

Take a break occasionally and get a fresh look at what is being created. At that point one may have a "gestalt" experience, as random lines and blotches suddenly come together as a recognizable object. Work to increase the recognizability, while eliminating superfluous lines.

Some people primarily improvise with compass and square, first in pencil, with much erasing, adding colors in later. Others do it free hand in color with no erasure, and who can say which is the better mandala? If there is a rule to making mandalas, it is to let it create itself. Do not attempt any preconceived design.

Twentieth century painting has had a liberating influence on mandala makers. A house in a mandala may be a Picasso house, showing multiple perspectives at once. We are not stuck with a horizon line and a vanishing point, or realistic portrayal of objects. Objects may be symbolic doodles, like the elements in Navaho sand paintings. Anything is possible. It might be best to stop reading at this point and go make a drawn mandala.

Interpreting mandalas is far more difficult than making them, and may take overnight. Yet it is essential, because of the revelations contained therein. Everyone can be their own source of revelation. It is not necessary to run after trance channellers or gurus. In the groups I've run, no one could interpret mandalas but me. But, of course, they did not have the benefit of "The Alphabet of Symbolism," or years of study. Try turning it this way or that, and looking at it at various distances, in various lights. Take your time. Sleep on it.

In the morning, a sudden gestalt experience may occur, just as a person is suddenly recognized at a distance. Or it may remain a doodle.

The revelation may be highly personal, instant psychoanalysis, or it may contain high metaphysical themes. How do we know it is true? If it is highly personal and the mandala maker recognizes the truth of it, fine.

If it contains universal metaphysical themes, then we expect reproducibility, in the sense that we expect to find the same themes in everyone's metaphysical mandalas, and the same themes in mystical experience. This is the beginning of the science of metaphysics.

In music, we make a distinction between the creation of a piece and the performance of the piece. In fact, the same distinction now arises in sculpture, where the artist may do a small scale sculpture in clay and at the shop it will be reproduced on any scale in marble or bronze. I apply this same distinction to all the arts, even if the creator and the performer are one and the same person. The creation and the performance remain separate and distinct acts. A drawn mandala is made on a piece of cheap typing paper, held down to a hard board with masking tape. While creating a mandala, we don't worry about staying within the lines. Mandalas can be quite sloppy in the creation. But having recognized the elements and interpreted them, why not create a polished work of art?

I have never seen an ugly mandala. But try to imagine it done on canvas or watercolor paper in a larger size, carefully painted in acrylics, oil, or watercolor. An artist could be hired to do this. That is the performance of the piece, suitable for framing and hanging on the walls of your house.



Architecture

Similarly, mandala architecture may be created in small scale in clay or plaster. Architects, engineers and a crew of builders will be required to turn the model into a real building. Creation and performance.

The architects of the Renaissance, Bramante especially, created mandala buildings with central perspective and power of two symmetry, usually quadripartite, with a dome on top to circumscribe the square with a circle. If I understand their methods correctly, they began by making the intersection of two arcs, known as the mandorla. Mandorlas determined the long axis. Without changing the arc of the compass, other dimensions were set by using various points along the mandorla as the point of the compass.

So the formal elements of the circle and the square certainly exist in architecture. But I know of no one who has attempted to introduce the mandala improvisation process into architecture. The creation stage could be done in a medium like clay or plaster. Make power-of-two forms and use them to create porticos and niches. The way to make a circular dome is to mount that part of the model on a potter's wheel and let the hands form whatever shape feels right. The "performance" of the mandala in an actual building is more of a challenge. Mandala architectural creations tend to have rounded shapes. Current building materials and building techniques do not favor curved shapes. 20th Century building, both domestic and commercial, places the emphasis on the plumb and the square.

All 20th Century building components are linear and flat. Everything from two-by-fours to I-beams to plywood panels to doors and windows are designed for rectilinear construction on the plumb and the square. How to break out of this? If we insist on curved walls, they can be made with bricks, used not as a facade but as load-bearing walls. It's not customary, but it can be done.

Make arches and domes from bricks or building stones, with a specially shaped keystone. It's an old technique, reaching back to Gothic cathedrals and Roman basilicas and the co-existing Persian civilization. Study earlier styles of architecture for their construction techniques.

For a twentieth Century approach to curved shapes, particularly in large public buildings, we could use custom made curved trusses. A truss is two flat plates separated by a continuous zigzag of flat plates welded together. Trusses provide maximum strength and stiffness for a given tonnage of steel. A custom truss can be made by first bending the top and bottom plates to a curved line, and then welding in the continuous pieces of zigzag bracing between the top and bottom plates. Finite element computer programs can determine the load-bearing strength of this truss for a given strength and weight of steel.

As for the surface of the building, we could imitate the Persians and use brightly colored ceramic tile. Even dull and subdued colored tile is an improvement over the gray and colorless buildings of the 20th Century.

The symbolic interpretation of buildings is very much like that of music, oddly enough. A great building has a certain rhythmic pattern, in the power-of-two symmetries, and in repeated elements, such as domes.

Some of the most beautiful buildings in the world are mandala buildings, including Gothic Cathedrals, the Orthodox Cathedrals in Moscow, the Taj Mahal and other great works of Islamic architecture. The circle on the square, bright colors, and symbolic meaning are all there.



Poetry

Mandala poetry tends to produce epigrams, almost like Haiku, or short passages. The Sayings of Thales are mandala poetry. I simply left myself open to phrases floating up from the unconscious, writing them down on envelopes or any scrap of paper. They often made no sense at first. But with minor editing, they became epigrams, enigmatic but meaningful. Such mandala epigrams become the lyrics for mandala music.



Music

The "square" in music is the measure, which is subdivided by powers-of-two durations of sound or silence, i.e., whole notes, half notes, quarter notes, eighth notes, sixteenth notes and so forth, where the basic unit is set by the tempo and the time signature. A circle in music is any repeated passage or theme, from the simple tune and chorus, to theme and variation in classical music.

Western music has always had the circle and the square, but before the invention of MIDI keyboard-synthesizers and personal computers, we had no tools for the improvisational mandala process.

Computer memory or hard disk memory is the equivalent of the sheet of paper, allowing one to capture and examine the mandala, erasing some, adding more. By pre-defining the tempo and time-signature, the MIDI software will transform inexact durations into powers-of-two notes within measures. That is the equivalent of the square. The editing software provides the equivalent of eraser and compass, with repetition of passages you like, and deletion of those you don't.

I do not play any instrument, but with practice, my "fingers" learned harmonious combinations and phrases that pleased me. Like mandalas in other media, the results are unusual and unlike traditional music. Relax and let the fingers create the music. Forget about the formal rules of composition, in case you know any. Silence the memory of generations of piano teachers which keep saying "don't pound on the piano!" Pound away. The result will not be noise; it will amaze you with its strange beauty. Better yet, open up the piano and create directly on the strings. Select passages for repetition (the circle). A simple song only requires two musical phrases, one for the melody and the other for the refrain, which are then repeated two or three times. The melody itself may be no more than several repetitions of a simple motif, with a few variations.

But can it be interpreted? Do musical mandalas carry or express a symbolic meaning? Indeed they do, and this was a fact well known to the ancient Greeks, but has been more or less forgotten since.

Can't we just enjoy a piece of music, and not worry about its meaning? Of course, but if music is your medium, it may also be your path to revelation. Symbolic meaning lies in the harmonies, rhythms and color. To prove to yourself that this is true, go to a piano (or any keyboard) and find middle C or any C. We'll call this note 1. Staying entirely on the white keys, first play CD together, i.e. C, the first note, and the second note lying next to it. You have now played the interval known in conventional musical theory as a second. Play CE, i.e. notes one and three on the white keys, and you have played a third. In similar fashion, try each combination of C with the white keys to the right, to play the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth, the sixth, the seventh, and the eighth. The eighth is somehow the same as note one, because it is an octave, resulting in a doubling of the frequency of note one. This is the classic eight note diatonic scale in the key of C, which just uses the white keys on a piano. Do this up and down the keyboard, from one C to another.

Now as you repeatedly sound these intervals pay close attention to your emotions. Don't each of these intervals have a different "feel?" Aren't the second and the seventh intervals dissonant, i.e. unpleasant, jarring? This is not to say that dissonance is bad and should not be used. Sometimes it expresses exactly what we are feeling. The fifth and sixth (favored in early medieval music) have a sacred, holy, unearthly sound compared to the fourth and third. The consonant intervals are the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth. And this is not surprising from Pythagorean theory, because the ratio of the two notes that make up a Third is always 5:4, anywhere on the scale. The Fourth is 4:3. The Fifth is 3:2. And the Sixth is 9:5. Pythagoras discovered this 2500 years ago, giving rise to a new word, "rational." We may use either the frequency or the wavelength of each note to demonstrate this "rationality" of harmony.

Pythagoras transformed Greek civilization, because suddenly everthing had to obey rational numbers. The elements of a statue were so many "thumb" units. The proportions of buildings had to be rational numbers.

The modern well-tempered scale is a geometric series of frequencies. All geometric series have the property that the same interval always produces the same ratio. The particular frequencies chosen for this scale allow almost all small numbered ratios in the first 21 intervals of the scale. But there are a few ratios not found, i.e. a few "lost chords" which are never heard in Western music, such as 6:7. And many of the chords are not exact. However, they don't improve with exactness.

The symbolic meaning of rational numbers can be determined from the symbolic meanings of each of the two component numbers, the denominator and numerator, using our alphabet of symbolism. For instance, we know that five is worldly and secular, while four is the earthly whole, the four winds of the compass, and divinity is always expressed in threes. Thus, we expect the Third (5:4 ratio) to be common in popular and secular music, especially in a non-religious age, and so it is.

Divinity always comes in threes, so the combination of divinity and the earthly whole (the Fourth, 4:3) is holy (wholeness). The same can be said for the Sixth (9:5), since nine is the trinity squared, and five is worldly and secular. We find both intervals in Medieval and Renaissance music.

The most purely religious or sacred interval is the Fifth, which shows the first entry of the holy trinity into the world of duality (3:2). And in early medieval music, only the fifth was permitted as a harmony, although dissonance was allowed. Later the Sixth was also allowed, but by the 14th Century, when the religious orders had become quite secularized, all of the consonant intervals were freely used, i.e. the Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth, while dissonance was avoided.

In the paragraph above, I have used the word "interval" the same way as the musicians, basing it on the eight tone diatonic scale. However, there are a lot more possibilities on the chromatic (twelve tone) scale, especially if we consider intervals wider than an octave. So for the purpose of mandala making, we will use Chromatic Intervals (CI), using all the black and white keys. CI one is any key played with the black or white key next to it. And so forth. What follows is a portion of the dictionary of symbolic elements which I put here rather than in the alphabet chapter. Remember, symbolic meaning cannot be translated into English. My "meanings" are hints, only. The mandala musician should study these intervals for herself.

CI one and two are dissonant. CI three has a ratio of 5:6 and has a feeling of tension, worry, or competition. CI four has a ratio of 4:5. This is the ever popular Third. Its mood is voluptuous, sensual, earthy, hot.

CI five has a ratio of 3:4 and has a Renaissance feel, a sacred, holistic feel. I like this interval, which musicians know as the Fourth. CI six is dissonant. CI seven is known to musicians as the Fifth, and has a ratio of 2:3. This is a harmony of grandeur and has an even more sacred feeling than interval five. This is my favorite harmony. It is always uplifting and makes me think of the creation of oceans and galaxies. It is the music of the gods.

CI eight is dissonant. CI nine has a ratio of 3:5 and suggests the hero, going to extremes, whether it be extremes of creation, destruction, or maintenance of the status quo. CI ten is the musician's Sixth (5:9) and is the hero of the mystical path, so this is another religious or spiritual interval. CI eleven is the Seventh and has a ratio of 7:13, the sound of the wizard or occultist. CI twelve has a ratio of 1:2, which is the octave, the same note.

CI thirteen has a ratio of 7:15 and is disharmony on a higher level than interval one. CI fourteen has a ratio of 4:9 and has an air of disquiet. It is transhuman and alien. CI fifteen has a ratio of 3:7 and is somewhat strange, middle-eastern & metaphysical. CI sixteen has a ratio of 2:5 and has a feel of sickness, recovery, and renewal. CI seventeen has a ratio of 3:8 and suggests wrong directions and fanaticism.

CI eighteen (5:14), is ominous and threatening. CI nineteen (1:3) is the wholy trinity. Very nice. CI twenty (4:13) is brooding and relentless. CI twenty-one (3:10) suggests cosmos and cosmology. Some chords might sound better if they were exact ratios, and, in fact, piano tuners do not stick strictly to the geometric series, thereby "sweetening" some harmonies, at the expense of other intervals. Deciphering the symbolic meaning of a melody requires determining the chromatic intervals in the melody and looking them up in the paragraphs above. Given the symbolic meaning in each individual step in the melody and in each chord, try to put it all together. See it as a whole. It is a little like seeing the meaning of a tarot spread as a whole.

Symbolic meaning in music depends on three things: the harmonies, the rhythms, and the colors or timbres of the instruments.

Boogie-woogie has a very different feel from reggae, and a military march or Royal fanfare is very different from a waltz or rhumba. The symbolic meaning of a rhythm depends on the ways we can move to it. Is it dance-able? Is there a discernible rhythm?

I have no dictionary for rhythms, beyond saying that it is determined by the kind of dance that goes with that rhythm. I also have no dictionary for the colors in music. Clearly there is a difference in the mood of plainsong and Italian opera, and a difference between brass and reed, and between organ, harpsichord and piano. Each musician will have to find his own way of thinking about these differences. So much for music.



Dance

Let us now consider dance in its own right.

In Western culture, we do not find mandala characteristics in the "high-culture" classical traditions of dance, designer clothing or drama. We find them in the folk traditions. I refer to square dancing, quilt making and popular festivals such as Carnival.

It is quite easy to find the "square" and the "circle" in square dancing. In traditional western square dancing, the entire room is organized into many squares, each of which has four couples, who start by facing inward towards a center point for that square. Sometimes they dance as four couples, spatially arranged as a square, as in "swing-your-partner." Each square periodically forms a circle, as in "all join hands" or a moving circle, as in "allemande left, right and left hands." Sometimes there are "formation" calls such as "Texas Star, ladies to the middle," in which the ladies join all four left hands in the middle of the square.

The improvisational element comes from the caller, who can put the various moves known to the group together in any order. The equivalent of the "sheet of paper" is a list of the calls. In other words, it is easy to reproduce a dance, or modify it.

Please don't think that square dancing is just for older folks, where the women wear countless petticoats and everyone dresses alike. When I was in high school (admittedly a small country high school in the Oklahoma prairie), square dance parties were our favorite form of entertainment, and we just wore blue jeans and our normal school clothing.

Any music that has a rhythm can be used for square dancing. Try it with rock and roll. Try it with the sound track of the movie "Trainspotting." Folk arts have advantages and disadvantages. One disadvantage is that tradition can become rather fixed and inflexible.

A square dance club can improvise further by inventing new steps or "formations." Clog dancing is one form of square dancing, which differs from other square dancing only in the kind of "step" used. Don't let existing forms of square dancing inhibit your imagination. All that is essential is the circle and the square, dancers maintaining physical contact with one another, the caller to introduce an improvisational element, and all dancers making the same moves at the same time, so no one feels self-conscious.

Mandala making is never self-conscious. Self-consciousness is put aside, along with deliberate design, in order to reach a level of instinct and feeling. In square dancing, no thought is required on the part of the dancers. Mandala dancing becomes an expression of the collective self. It is also important that mandala making in any medium be something anyone can do. It takes a lot of skill and practice to do some of the more showy moves of either ballroom or rock and roll dancing, as well as a total lack of inhibition. In ballroom or rock and roll, the dancer must learn the dance moves ahead of time and practice them. Many people do not have that opportunity. Most shy and awkward people do not dance ballroom or rock and roll; however, they have no difficulty with square dancing.

The basic moves and steps are easy, and since everyone in the room is doing exactly the same thing at the same time, there is none of that fear that everyone is watching the dancer make a fool of himself, which inflict some of us on the dance floor. The square dancer doesn't have to be inventive. He or she only has to listen to the caller.



Cloth

The second folk art is quilting. It has all the elements of the mandala, including the circle, the square and improvisation. Quilting has to do with clothing only in the sense that the medium is cloth. The traditional quilt is something put on the bed, or if it is a rare and expensive antique, on the wall. However, it can just as easily be sewn onto jackets, skirts, pants, bags or robes, and this is often done by quilters.

The quilting technique can be used to make banners or flags by sewing the pieces together with a layer of black paper to provide reinforcement. In this case, there is no "quilting," a term which refers to the stuffing in the middle layer of a quilt, adding bulk and warmth.

While today quilts are regarded as works of art, traditionally they were a frugal way of making use of worn-out, castoff or outgrown clothing. Indeed, the improvisational part mostly comes in the selection of colors and designs of cloth. Quilting was also a communal activity. I am not a quilter myself, but my grandmother was.

The formal elements of quilting make use of both the "circle" (repeated elements, many small pieces cut to the same pattern) and the "square," i.e. power-of-two relationships between lengths. I know a few of the many primary patterns in quilting, used to make each block. One block can be sewn onto a robe or jacket or purse. Many blocks sewn together form the top level of a quilt. The stitching that holds all three layers of a quilt has its own separate beauty and pattern.

One primary pattern is the "monkey wrench." Start with four small squares of two contrasting fabrics. Sew these together to make a larger square. Then begin adding right triangles, alternating the same two contrasting fabrics. The hypotenuse of the triangle is sewn to the edge of the previous square. In this way a sequence of circumscribing and rotated squares is made, as the square grows larger.

Some designs are created by repeated folding of freezer paper. A single pattern is cut out of the folded paper, which when unfolded provides a block pattern with 4-fold or 8-fold central symmetry. It is then ironed onto the cloth to provide a pattern for cutting.



Drama

The third folk art is drama or procession. Mandala drama has nothing to do with performance on a stage for an audience. All mandala-making is participatory. Mandala dramas are the traditional folk processionals and rituals of Carnival or other religious days still practiced in the Latin nations, and in Japan and India. The Western and non-Western "Carnivals" are surprisingly similar, tapping the universal patterns of the collective unconscious.

Mandala drama involves creating masks, costumes, floats, or objects carried, either individually or by a group of participants, putting on makeup or costumes to lose one's ordinary self, and dancing, drumming, raving wildly through the streets all night long. Usually these events have a religious or mythological basis. Sometimes the final act is to burn the large figures, accompanied by fireworks. One is acutely aware of the fact that this country was founded by Puritans, since the only Carnival here is in the predominately French and Catholic portions of the country, e.g. Louisiana.

Our Carnivals are nothing compared to the extravagance in other countries. We must lose our inhibitions, get in touch with metaphysical and mythological themes, and learn to express. Ex-Puritans will have to consciously re-invent Carnival, or processionals celebrating New Year's or the Fourth of July. Like square dancing, processional is a mandala of the collective unconscious of the group. Processionals or dramas are also part of mandala magick.

When it comes to both dancing and drama, our Puritan roots show. American culture has many roots, which is our strength, even if at times it threatens to split us into many warring tribes. Rock and roll springs from African-American and Irish roots in our culture. The New Age movement of the 1960s is unimaginable without rock and roll. Despite the excesses (especially with drugs) and the absurdities of the New Age, some real change began in the sixties.

A true New Age will be a tapestry with threads from every culture, including that of the First Nations. The Navaho still have elaborate festivals which last for days, which involve making the elaborate paintings of colored sand which are certainly mandalas. Why can't we claim some of those rites and make them our own? Would the Navaho object? I do not know. I can only say the mandala philosophy combined with our varied ancestry offers us a richness of cultural possibilities.

We can even mine our European roots for folk rituals, which are still practiced in small towns in Spain, Portugal, Italy and Mexico. We now have many immigrants from the Far East, so why not mine our East Indian, Japanese and Chinese roots as well?

Have fun. Lose your self in the greater Self. Tap the deeper roots of consciousness, and express ONE in motion.

Good Government

Bureacratic Absurdities

The Nuns of the Missionaries of Charity (headed by Mother Teresa) wanted to convert abandoned buildings in the South Bronx to homeless shelters. New York City was willing to sell Mother Teresa the buildings for $1 apiece. $500,000 of the Nun's money was set aside for the purpose. However, New York's building code requires an elevator in every new or renovated multi-story building, which costs $100,000 per building. There was no one with the power to waive this absurd requirement. Thwarted by a year and a half of going from one agency to another, Mother Teresa gave up. Even Saints are helpless before the massive roadblock of bureaucracy.

Ever wonder why it costs so much to get from the airport to Manhattan? Because an idiotic FAA regulation forbids building the subways out to New York City's three airports. Why? I don't know. It is theater of the absurd. Sick of "politics-as-usual?" Bored with political speeches, which promise everything and deliver nothing? Scornful of a government that can't even balance its books? Tied up in red tape and laws so complex that it is impossible even to do your own taxes? Your frustration is not pathological. We have finally arrived at total gridlock, or freeze-up, to use Lazare's metaphor. Our government is now perfectly dysfunctional.

If you want a detailed account of its dysfunctionality, I recommend The Frozen Republic, by Daniel Lazare, and The Death of Common Sense, by Philip Howard. But what is the alternative?

Parliament

Scrape off the ancient encrustations of Royals, Lords, Barristers, and a state religion, and the Parliamentary system in the UK would be a great improvement over the tricameral, judicial superior system in the US. Parliamentary elections are short and local, since the people only vote for their local MP (Member of Parliament), probably someone that they have met and actually talked to. Commons then elects the Prime Minister, who forms a government with a cabinet. Because elections are short and local, MPs wind up with no debt to the money men. In the US, the money men who finance very expensive elections must be satisfied if the politician is ever to be re-elected. One sign that Parliament works well is the high voter turnout in countries with a Parliamentary system. This is a normative particular, a point in favor of Parliament.

Aristarchy

A change to Parliamentary democracy would be an improvement, but a change to Aristarchy would be better. Aristarchy is a form of democracy suggested by the Classical Chinese Mandarin system of government, in which government officials are selected from a pool of candidates who have passed exams. It is democratic, because only the people can change or add to the original set of laws, by means of a petition signed by three-fourths of the full citizens of the relevant jurisdiction. The laws are broad statements of intent, which the Aristarchs are free to interpret as needed, following the spirit of the law, rather than the letter.

In our system, it is the attempt to predefine every nit-picking detail, and leave nothing up to the discretion and wisdom of the administrator that has given us 100 million words of law.

The magistrates, metropoles, governors and archons of Aristarchy are given all discretion. Like the Mandarins in classical China, the local magistrate has combined executive and judicial powers. He or she is judge, mayor, and chief of police. The metropole has the same sort of power over a metropolitan region, and is thus is in a position to hire and fire or transfer the magistrates underneath.

The equivalent of the President is the First Archon. The cabinet (and line of succession in case of sudden death) consists in the Second, Third, etc. Archons, each of whom replaces a vast bureaucracy in the present system of government. For instance, there is ONE Archon who decides when a drug has been tested enough to be marketed, thus replacing the entire FDA.

It has been said that power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Of course, the First Archon does not have such absolute power. Still, it is easy to imagine a First Archon with a Napoleonic complex. How do we get rid of him or her? No problem. First let us define "the electors," somewhat like the electors of the Holy Roman Emperor. They consist in all the Archons, all the governors of the major regions, and all the metropoles (chief aristarch of a metroplex). If a First Archon does not specify a Second Archon before he dies or retires, three-fourths of the electors can elect one. The First Archon can come from any level of the aristarchy. Similarly, a vote by three-fourths of the electors can unseat a First Archon. So, we need not fear little Napoleons.

The Classical Chinese Mandarinate

The reader has to know something about the brilliance of the Mandarin system between the beginning of the T'ang dynasty (600 CE) and the end of the Ming (1644 CE) to get excited about Aristarchy. Unfortunately, our schools teach almost nothing about Chinese history. A pleasant introduction to the Mandarin system is found in the historical novels and translations by Robert Van Gulik about the exploits of Judge Dee, an historical mandarin from the middle of the T'ang dynasty. The first and best of the Judge Dee novels is a translation of Dee Goong An, a novel about Dee by an 18th Century Chinese author.

Although Dee was a real person, who rose to cabinet rank, and wrote many brilliant position papers which were studied thereafter by Mandarins, there is little real historical knowledge of his life as a local magistrate.

Instead, the Chinese author, and later, Robert Van Gulik, simply made use of the vast number of stories and legends about the adventures and achievements of local magistrates. These local mandarins wrote poems, practiced martial arts, donned disguises and entered the underworld to catch criminals. Sometimes they retired as Taoist mystics, living in the mountains.

Since the exams were open to all, sons of peasants, tradesmen, and Mandarins could and did rise into power, so it was certainly government of the people. Because the exams were open to all, the Mandarins never became a hereditary Aristocracy. Think of the chaos produced by hereditary Aristocracy in Western Civilization. The Chinese experienced all that too, in the Shang and Chou dynasties, before they got rid of their hereditary nobility. Of course, we got rid of hereditary titles in our first revolution, the one of 1776, the one celebrated on July 4th.

The Mandarin exams were essay exams, based on the body of so-called Neo-Confucian literature, which were case studies of good and bad government. The Mandarins were the best and the brightest. They were often inventors, scientists, poets or artists, as well as magistrates.

The Mandarins created a marvelous and resilient civilization of great beauty and originality, which time after time rebounded from foreign invasion to re-establish the native empire, with the Mandarins as the civil servants. The Mandarins designed canals, dams and other waterworks and roads which kept a large population fed and informed.

They invented silk, paper, printing, the compass, gunpowder, the stern-post rudder, porcelain, tea-drinking, stir-fried cooking, to name a few, all borrowed by the West. It is unfortunate that we have not borrowed their most brilliant innovation, the Mandarin Aristarchy. When the West was sinking into the Dark Age, the Chinese were rising to their most glorious age, the T'ang Dynasty. And this was due in large part to the Mandarins.

Bureaucracy

The Mandarin system was efficient because it had no bureaucracy. Our system has nothing but bureaucracy. In fact, the typical way our government "solves" a problem is to create a new federal agency to do it, like the FDA, EPA, REA, CIA, FBI, OSHA, FEMA, IRS and all the other alphabet soup agencies. In time, every bureaucracy becomes the problem, rather than the solution. The FDA is the chief obstacle to medical progress. The FAA is the main impediment to safe air travel.

A bureaucracy is a giant social machine which usually only has to make decisions. All the elaborate layers of bureaucracy of the Social Security administration, for instance, has as its sole function deciding who gets disability (which takes them an average of two years), and who gets retirement. All the FDA does is decide what drugs doctors are permitted to prescribe. All the FAA does is set regulations for the airline industry.

The opposite of a machine is a person. The founding fathers tried to build machines that perform their service irregardless of the quality of the office-holders. The Chinese selected the best person, and then gave that person full power and held them personally responsible. For instance, if a magistrate executed someone for murder later shown to be innocent, he was himself executed.

A single individual could make these decisions just as well, and much faster. Furthermore, we would then know who to ask, who to blame, and who gets the credit. SS decisions, for instance, should be made on the local ward level, by the local Aristarch who knows the family and the individual in question, with the money to pay for it coming out of local taxes. In the Aristarchy, all taxes are paid to the local magistrate, who first takes care of local needs, and then passes what is left up the hierarchy. Much government could be conducted on a local level, in this fashion. A person can do in an hour or two what it takes the SS administration two years and thousands of bureaucrats. In the system I propose, a magistrate is in charge of no more than 10,000 households, which could be a small town, or even an entire county in rural areas, or just a local neighborhood in a big city.

Lawyers

Make the laws simple and the legal instruments simple, and we could put lawyers out of business. They would have no place in court, since the accused must speak for himself. The prosecution consists in presenting the facts uncovered by the investigation. The top policeman would do that, prodded by questions from the magistrate, if necessary. Before a decision is made, members of the audience (or the jury, if one is impounded, magistrate's choice) could raise whatever questions they like. The trial could be adjourned temporarily to investigate these questions if necessary.

Above all, simplify the tax laws. They now occupy a volume the size of an encyclopedia. Using electronic money, many transactions by individuals or institutions would be automatically taxed by a certain percentage. This would be true if the transaction were a purchase (either wholesale or retail), or if it were income (including interest or profit), which would be taxed at a different rate. These are all the taxes that are really needed. The percentages would continually change by small amounts in order to keep the Keynesian business cycle in near perfect balance. There would be no tax returns, and no tax return forms. People under 21 and over 65 and people who are permanently disabled would not be subject to taxes. No distinction would be made between "for profit" and "not for profit" institutions.

There is one other provision which would help to eliminate lawyers. Precedence has no place or value in the courts of the magistrates. Every case must stand on its own.

Revolution

Thomas Jefferson thought every generation ought to cancel the public debt, have a revolution and create the kind of government that suited the new times. It is time to take his advice. Revolution! The very word clears the head, like smelling salts. Cancel the national debt. Padlock the FDA, EPA, REA, CIA, FBI, OSHA, FEMA, IRS, DEA and all the other alphabet soup agencies. Adjourn Congress permanently. Fire the Supreme Court and all the appellate courts. Eliminate state, county and city governments in favor of a single vertical system. It is only by giving particular individuals the power and responsibility that we can escape the endless "process," as in "due process," which has brought government to a halt. We are drowning in process. The EPA's regulations run to 10,000 pages, 17 volumes of fine print. Federal statutes and formal rules total 100 million words. OSHA has 140 regulations just regarding wooden ladders (all figures come from Howard, 1994, p. 26).

Revolutions do not have to be bloody. The French and Russian revolutions simply got out of hand, resulting in anarchy, until a tyrant came along to save them. When I think of "revolution" I have in mind the "glorious revolution" of 1688 in Britain, which made Parliament supreme. It was "glorious" precisely because it was bloodless. And I also have in mind our own unconstitutional but peaceful transition from the First Republic, ruled by the Continental Congress, to our present Second Republic, with a strong Federal government. This was done in secret, by the Continental Congress of 1787, who made some vague noises about "the matter of the nation" and "improving government" and promptly threw out reporters and banned the taking of notes. They worked through a hot summer creating this new Constitution, and decided that a favorable vote by three-fourths of the states ratified it, as a clear indication of the consent of the governed. We could do something like that again, and create the Third Republic.

Differences between 2nd & 3rd Republics

In some ways, the Second Republic and the Third Republic are opposites. In the Second Republic, we don't get to vote on laws, but we do get to elect Presidents and the Congress. In the Third Republic, we don't get to elect the Magistrates or other parts of the Aristarchy, but new laws would come about only through the petition and initiative process, and a favorable vote by three-fourths of all qualified citizens. A "qualified citizen" does not mean "registered voter." Everyone 8 and older is a qualified person, unless they have committed a felony or been judged mentally incompetent by the magistrate and given a guardian.

The Classical Greeks invented Democracy. And then as now, sometimes it didn't work. Sometimes there was deadlock. What the Greeks did was to create a temporary dictator, with a limited mandate, and limited time period, on the assumption that some decision is better than gridlock. One of these appointed dictators (nothing like modern military dictators) made such drastic changes, that his name went into our vocabulary. His name was Draco. Only by Draconian measures will we lower our murder rate to that of Austria or Japan, or halt the AIDS epidemic. Therefore, I propose that the Third Republic begin with a Draco.

Programme

Les candidats à la Présidentielle de 2007
www.presidentielle-2007.net/candidats-2007.php
Presidentielle-2007.net
L'élection du Président de la République française

Les candidats à la Présidentielle de 2007

Pour devenir des candidats officiels à la Présidentielle de 2007, les prétendants à la candidature devront recueillir 500 signatures d'élus venant d'au moins trente départements. Faute de quoi ils rejoindront la liste des non-candidats.

Si l'élection de 2002 a été marquée par un éparpillement des votes au premier tour, dû à la présence de 16 candidats, celle de 2007 semble bien partie pour battre ce record.

Nombreux sont les hommes politiques français à afficher clairement leurs ambitions. Mais qu'ils soient déclarés ou pas, ils ne sont aujourd'hui que des candidats potentiels. Découvrez-les:

François Bayrou - Wikipédia
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Bayrou
Le 10 juin 2006, à Issy-les-Moulineaux, à l'occasion d'un conseil national statutaire de l'UDF, François Bayrou jette les grandes lignes de ses ambitions présidentielles en proposant de mener une Révolution civique. François Bayrou souhaite une gouvernance d'Union nationale capable de rassembler des personnalités de droite, de gauche et du centre ; il prend en exemple Henri IV (qui a gouverné avec des catholiques et des protestants après les guerres de religion) et Charles de Gaulle (qui lors du GPRF en 1945 a gouverné avec des communistes, des socialistes, des centristes et des gaullistes) qui ont surmonté les crises de cette manière (éviter la possibilité d'une deuxième guerre de religions d'une part et d'une guerre civile entre collaborateurs, communistes et résistants d'autre part). Le Congrès d'Issy-les-Moulineaux vit également Gilles de Robien se faire « bousculer ».
Parti radical valoisien - Wikipédia
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_radical_valoisien

Programme politique actuel [modifier]

  • Accélérer l'adaptation de l'École au monde moderne et renforcer les dispositifs d'aide aux élèves en difficulté ;
  • Alléger le coût de l'État et le recentrer sur ses missions régaliennes afin de faire face aux enjeux du monde ;
  • Relancer le dialogue social et organiser la solidarité entre les générations ;
  • Engager la réforme fiscale qui favorisera l'envie d'entreprendre et accroitre l'autonomie des collectivités locales ;
  • Rendre aux citoyens la sécurité au quotidien ;
  • Donner à la Défense les moyens d'assumer ses nouvelles fonctions face au terrorisme international ;
  • Intégrer le sud méditerranéen au projet européen par l'union des entreprises européennes et des entreprises des pays d'Afrique du Nord ;
  • Créer une citoyenneté européenne et une fédération des nations en Europe.
Rassemblement Démocrate
www.rassemblement-democrate.org/dev2/

Citoyens,
Couronnons la Démocratie !



Face à l’irresponsabilité de nos dirigeants et à une démocratie de plus en plus élitiste, les Français désespérés ne croient plus aux politiques qui s’éloignent du peuple et de ses préoccupations, et se déconnectent des réalités.
Cette rupture entre le politique et le peuple et l’abandon du citoyen de son droit civique met en péril la cohésion de notre société.
Le Rassemblement Démocrate est une réponse à cette crise démocratique, économique et sociale. Notre vision politique se fonde sur la dignité humaine et sur les valeurs de notre société.

En effet, c’est en désirant poursuivre ce but que des citoyennes et des citoyens se sont réunis pour créer, le 1er mars 2004, le Rassemblement Démocrate comme nouvelle association politique résolument centriste et démocrate. Formation qui offre une réelle écoute aux femmes et aux hommes de tous les groupes sociaux de la population.

Ainsi le Rassemblement Démocrate se veut l’organe de discussions, de propositions et de dialogue pour les réformes institutionnelles et gouvernementales. Le Rassemblement Démocrate ouvre ses portes à tous ceux qui attachés à la démocratie comme à une conception moderne de la monarchie, afin d’échanger des points de vue et de construire ensemble un projet d’Avenir.

Le Rassemblement Démocrate est conservateur parce qu’il tient à ce qui a fait ses preuves et à ce qui mérite d’être conservé. Il est libéral parce qu’il défend la liberté. Il est social parce qu’il milite pour les faibles et les exclus. Il est progressiste parce qu’il est ouvert aux nouveautés. Il est royaliste parce qu’il veut rassembler le peuple auprès de l’essence même de la Nation.
Le Rassemblement Démocrate désire tourner la page des doctrines qui ne font qu’affaiblir la société et la démocratie en divisant la Nation en factions.
Le Rassemblement Démocrate est Démocrate-Royaliste car il découle de l’association de trois courants politiques que sont la Social-Démocratie, la Démocratie-Chrétienne et le Gaullisme. Cette réunion de sensibilités et la vocation de rétablir la monarchie forment la Démocratie-Royaliste.

Notre société a plus que jamais besoin de retrouver une cohésion forte basée sur l’adhésion de tous ses citoyens.
Notre action repose sur deux axes essentiels :
• Le premier qui veut que les institutions soient rassembleuses par la restauration de la monarchie et respectueuses des divergences par une représentation politique plus sincère ;
• Le second qui se base sur l’initiative citoyenne et la Démocratie directe, plaçant le citoyen au centre des décisions.

Le Rassemblement Démocrate se veut le promoteur d’une démocratie effective et dynamique et que la dimension politique de chaque Français soit pleinement reconnue et non plus considérée comme une voix possible à la veille des scrutins.
Pour conclure, le Rassemblement Démocrate se bat pour un Etat de droit libéral, pour le rétablissement de la monarchie en tant qu’élément structurel fondamental d’un Etat démocratique moderne, pour une démocratie représentative réelle, pour créer une véritable démocratie directe, pour une économie de marché ne perdant pas sa dimension sociale.
Le Rassemblement Démocrate se veut un souffle nouveau pour une vie politique nouvelle et passionnante.
Le Rassemblement Démocrate se donne comme objectif majeur de répondre aux défis du temps en répondant à la préoccupation des citoyens.

Ce grand mouvement ouvert, innovateur qui refuse les attachements politiques d’un passé figé, vous attend.
N’hésitez pas à engager le dialogue avec nous !

Ensemble, créons un courant politique neuf pour construire une société plus juste et harmonieuse.

Ensemble,
Couronnons la Démocratie !

Anarcho-capitalisme - Wikipédia
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-capitalisme

Programme [modifier]

Quel programme les anarcho-capitalistes proposent-ils concrètement ? Voici quelques idées provenant de deux figures emblématiques de l'anarcho-capitalisme, David Friedman (dans Vers une société sans état), et Murray Rothbard (dans L'Éthique de la Liberté) :

  • Friedman et Rothbard défendent le droit d'accomplir certains actes qui sont jugés illicites ou immoraux dans la plupart des pays, à savoir : le droit pour un individu de posséder, d'utiliser, de produire et de vendre librement de la drogue ; le droit d'organiser et de participer à des jeux d'argent ; le droit de produire ou de consommer de la pornographie ; le droit de produire, de s'équiper et de vendre des armes à feu, etc.
  • Friedman et Rothbard prônent la privatisation de tous les services qui incombent actuellement aux États : la gestion des routes, l'enseignement, la justice (selon Friedman, les règles du Droit seraient produites sur un marché libre, alors que selon Rothbard, elles découlent de la théorie du Droit naturel), la sécurité, la défense, la monnaie.
  • Friedman et Rothbard défendent le droit à l'avortement, à l'euthanasie, au suicide, à la prostitution, au don et à la vente d'organes, etc. Les penseurs anarcho-capitalistes s'opposent également à toute forme non-volontaire de distribution des richesses, car elle est basée sur un vol opéré par l'État.
  • Pour lutter contre l'État, Rothbard est sécessioniste, Friedman est réformiste.
  • Friedman comme Rothbard considèrent que les enfants ont le droit de travailler, de quitter le domicile de leurs parents et même de se trouver d'autre parents s'ils le souhaitent.
  • Rothbard prône la révision de tous les droits de propriété existants pour rétablir la légitime propriété suivant sa définition Lockéenne, en particulier la propriété des terres, tandis que Friedman élude la question de la propriété des terres du fait de la faible importance économique qu'elle représente.
Anarcho-capitalisme - Wikipédia
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-capitalisme

Auteurs [modifier]

Nouvelle Action royaliste - Wikipédia
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_royaliste

La Nouvelle Action royaliste, aussi appelée la NAR, est un mouvement royaliste marqué par une volonté d'instaurer une monarchie constitutionnelle en France.

Les adhérents de ce mouvement - quoiqu'ils s'en défendent - sont parfois qualifiés de royaliste de gauche, car proches de certaines idées défendues par certains partis de gauche mais aussi du gaullisme originel. Ils se distinguent par leur anti-libéralisme et leur anti-américanisme.

quatre thèmes majeurs : la création d'une fédération européenne, la transformation de la France en une République fédérale basée sur des régions autonomes, l'instauration d'une TVA sociale et la création d'un Revenu Inconditionnel de Base.
Parti Fédéraliste - Propositions
www.parti-federaliste.fr/fr/02_propo.php
Principe de subsidiarité :
UNE MEILLEURE REPARTITION
DES POUVOIRS !

Le Parti fédéraliste souhaite répartir harmonieusement les compétences, donc les pouvoirs et responsabilités, entre l'Europe, la France et les Régions en respectant un seul critère : celui du meilleur service aux citoyens.

Le progrès ne se subit pas
Il se choisit

La planète ne se partage pas
Elle se gère
La démocratie ne se brade pas
Elle se vit
Jacques Cheminade - Wikipédia
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cheminade

Convictions et engagements [modifier]

Ami de Lyndon LaRouche, Jacques Cheminade défend un « nouveau Bretton Woods » vecteur d'une politique de « crédit productif public » remettant l’argent au service des infrastructures, du travail humain et des productions agricoles et industrielles. Avec LaRouche, et au nom d'un dialogue de cultures et de civilisations - à l'opposé du « choc des civilisations » de Samuel Huntington - il dénonce la « dérive néoconservatrice » de l'administration George Bush-Dick Cheney et s'oppose à la guerre contre l'Irak.

Selon ses partisans, son engagement pour un changement économique s'alimente d'un amour pour l'humanisme. Passionné de politique, d'histoire, de culture, de poésie et de philosophie, il fait revivre par ses écrits l'engagement et le courage d'hommes exemplaires: Lazare Carnot, l'abbé Grégoire, Jean Jaurès, Louis Pasteur, Charles De Gaulle, Friedrich Schiller, Heinrich Heine, etc. Pour Cheminade, « trois courants doivent converger en France pour former une majorité d’idées : le socialisme jaurésien, le christianisme social de Marc Sangnier ou de l’abbé Bridel, et le gaullisme de sursaut et de rupture ».

Pour symboliser cette convergence et « pour signifier que nous devons mettre un terme aux errements du XXème siècle », Cheminade demande au Président de la République de faire transférer au Panthéon le capitaine Alfred Dreyfus ainsi que sa femme, Lucie Hademard.

Elisabeth Guigou "rallumer les étoiles".

Une maison des parents dans chaque commune,
un logement décent pour chaque famille,
une carte scolaire en forme de quartier d'orange pour assurer le brassage social des enfants,
la possibilité de porter plainte par Internet,
des maisons de justice pour le traitement précoce de la délinquance,
une assurance formation pour sécuriser le passage d'un emploi à un autre...
et beaucoup d'autres propositions concrètes.
 
Mais, disent les pessimistes, on ne peut rien faire : il n'y a plus d'argent, les Français ne veulent pas bouger. Et d'ailleurs, quand elle était au pouvoir, la gauche n'a rien fait... C'est faux ! Rappelant les réalisations de la gauche, ne cachant pas ses échecs, Elisabeth Guigou trace les chemins d'un possible renouveau. Courage, pour regarder la France telle qu'elle est, avec ses forces, mais aussi avec les maladies qui la rongent. Bon sens, pour comprendre que son identité métissée est un atout. Effort, pour préparer l'avenir. Confiance, pour sauter les obstacles et réussir la France et l'Europe du XXIe siècle. Face aux prophètes du déclin, Elisabeth Guigou nous invite à " rallumer les étoiles ".
Résultats de la recherche d’image Google à part...
nuwen.net/culture.html

A Few Notes On The Culture

by Iain M. Banks

Firstly, and most importantly: the Culture doesn't really exist. It's only a story. It only exists in my mind and the minds of the people who've read about it.


That having been made clear:


The Culture is a group-civilization formed from seven or eight humanoid species, space-living elements of which established a loose federation approximately nine thousand years ago. The ships and habitats which formed the original alliance required each others' support to pursue and maintain their independence from the political power structures - principally those of mature nation-states and autonomous commercial concerns - they had evolved from.

The galaxy (our galaxy) in the Culture stories is a place long lived-in, and scattered with a variety of life-forms. In its vast and complicated history it has seen waves of empires, federations, colonizations, die-backs, wars, species-specific dark ages, renaissances, periods of mega-structure building and destruction, and whole ages of benign indifference and malign neglect. At the time of the Culture stories, there are perhaps a few dozen major space-faring civilizations, hundreds of minor ones, tens of thousands of species who might develop space-travel, and an uncountable number who have been there, done that, and have either gone into locatable but insular retreats to contemplate who-knows-what, or disappeared from the normal universe altogether to cultivate lives even less comprehensible.

In this era, the Culture is one of the more energetic civilizations, and initially - after its formation, which was not without vicissitudes - by a chance of timing found a relatively quiet galaxy around it, in which there were various other fairly mature civilizations going about their business, traces and relics of the elder cultures scattered about the place, and - due to the fact nobody else had bothered to go wandering on a grand scale for a comparatively long time - lots of interesting 'undiscovered' star systems to explore....


The Culture, in its history and its on-going form, is an expression of the idea that the nature of space itself determines the type of civilizations which will thrive there.

The thought processes of a tribe, a clan, a country or a nation-state are essentially two-dimensional, and the nature of their power depends on the same flatness. Territory is all-important; resources, living-space, lines of communication; all are determined by the nature of the plane (that the plane is in fact a sphere is irrelevant here); that surface, and the fact the species concerned are bound to it during their evolution, determines the mind-set of a ground-living species. The mind-set of an aquatic or avian species is, of course, rather different.

Essentially, the contention is that our currently dominant power systems cannot long survive in space; beyond a certain technological level a degree of anarchy is arguably inevitable and anyway preferable.

To survive in space, ships/habitats must be self-sufficient, or very nearly so; the hold of the state (or the corporation) over them therefore becomes tenuous if the desires of the inhabitants conflict significantly with the requirements of the controlling body. On a planet, enclaves can be surrounded, besieged, attacked; the superior forces of a state or corporation - hereafter referred to as hegemonies - will tend to prevail. In space, a break-away movement will be far more difficult to control, especially if significant parts of it are based on ships or mobile habitats. The hostile nature of the vacuum and the technological complexity of life support mechanisms will make such systems vulnerable to outright attack, but that, of course, would risk the total destruction of the ship/habitat, so denying its future economic contribution to whatever entity was attempting to control it.

Outright destruction of rebellious ships or habitats - pour encouragez les autres - of course remains an option for the controlling power, but all the usual rules of uprising realpolitik still apply, especially that concerning the peculiar dialectic of dissent which - simply stated - dictates that in all but the most dedicatedly repressive hegemonies, if in a sizable population there are one hundred rebels, all of whom are then rounded up and killed, the number of rebels present at the end of the day is not zero, and not even one hundred, but two hundred or three hundred or more; an equation based on human nature which seems often to baffle the military and political mind. Rebellion, then (once space-going and space-living become commonplace), becomes easier than it might be on the surface of a planet.

Even so, this is certainly the most vulnerable point in the time-line of the Culture's existence, the point at which it is easiest to argue for things turning out quite differently, as the extent and sophistication of the hegemony's control mechanisms - and its ability and will to repress - battles against the ingenuity, skill, solidarity and bravery of the rebellious ships and habitats, and indeed the assumption here is that this point has been reached before and the hegemony has won.... but it is also assumed that - for the reasons given above - that point is bound to come round again, and while the forces of repression need to win every time, the progressive elements need only triumph once.

Concomitant with this is the argument that the nature of life in space - that vulnerability, as mentioned above - would mean that while ships and habitats might more easily become independent from each other and from their legally progenitative hegemonies, their crew - or inhabitants - would always be aware of their reliance on each other, and on the technology which allowed them to live in space. The theory here is that the property and social relations of long-term space-dwelling (especially over generations) would be of a fundamentally different type compared to the norm on a planet; the mutuality of dependence involved in an environment which is inherently hostile would necessitate an internal social coherence which would contrast with the external casualness typifying the relations between such ships/habitats. Succinctly; socialism within, anarchy without. This broad result is - in the long run - independent of the initial social and economic conditions which give rise to it.

Let me state here a personal conviction that appears, right now, to be profoundly unfashionable; which is that a planned economy can be more productive - and more morally desirable - than one left to market forces.

The market is a good example of evolution in action; the try-everything-and-see-what-works approach. This might provide a perfectly morally satisfactory resource-management system so long as there was absolutely no question of any sentient creature ever being treated purely as one of those resources. The market, for all its (profoundly inelegant) complexities, remains a crude and essentially blind system, and is - without the sort of drastic amendments liable to cripple the economic efficacy which is its greatest claimed asset - intrinsically incapable of distinguishing between simple non-use of matter resulting from processal superfluity and the acute, prolonged and wide-spread suffering of conscious beings.

It is, arguably, in the elevation of this profoundly mechanistic (and in that sense perversely innocent) system to a position above all other moral, philosophical and political values and considerations that humankind displays most convincingly both its present intellectual immaturity and - through grossly pursued selfishness rather than the applied hatred of others - a kind of synthetic evil.

Intelligence, which is capable of looking farther ahead than the next aggressive mutation, can set up long-term aims and work towards them; the same amount of raw invention that bursts in all directions from the market can be - to some degree - channeled and directed, so that while the market merely shines (and the feudal gutters), the planned lases, reaching out coherently and efficiently towards agreed-on goals. What is vital for such a scheme, however, and what was always missing in the planned economies of our world's experience, is the continual, intimate and decisive participation of the mass of the citizenry in determining these goals, and designing as well as implementing the plans which should lead towards them.

Of course, there is a place for serendipity and chance in any sensibly envisaged plan, and the degree to which this would affect the higher functions of a democratically designed economy would be one of the most important parameters to be set... but just as the information we have stored in our libraries and institutions has undeniably outgrown (if not outweighed) that resident in our genes, and just as we may, within a century of the invention of electronics, duplicate - through machine sentience - a process which evolution took billions of years to achieve, so we shall one day abandon the grossly targeted vagaries of the market for the precision creation of the planned economy.

The Culture, of course, has gone beyond even that, to an economy so much a part of society it is hardly worthy of a separate definition, and which is limited only by imagination, philosophy (and manners), and the idea of minimally wasteful elegance; a kind of galactic ecological awareness allied to a desire to create beauty and goodness.

Whatever; in the end practice (as ever) will outshine theory.


As mentioned above, there is another force at work in the Culture aside from the nature of its human inhabitants and the limitations and opportunities presented by life in space, and that is Artificial Intelligence. This is taken for granted in the Culture stories, and - unlike FTL travel - is not only likely in the future of our own species, but probably inevitable (always assuming homo sapiens avoids destruction).

Certainly there are arguments against the possibility of Artificial Intelligence, but they tend to boil down to one of three assertions: one, that there is some vital field or other presently intangible influence exclusive to biological life - perhaps even carbon-based biological life - which may eventually fall within the remit of scientific understanding but which cannot be emulated in any other form (all of which is neither impossible nor likely); two, that self-awareness resides in a supernatural soul - presumably linked to a broad-based occult system involving gods or a god, reincarnation or whatever - and which one assumes can never be understood scientifically (equally improbable, though I do write as an atheist); and, three, that matter cannot become self-aware (or more precisely that it cannot support any informational formulation which might be said to be self-aware or taken together with its material substrate exhibit the signs of self-awareness)... I leave all the more than nominally self-aware readers to spot the logical problem with that argument.

It is, of course, entirely possible that real AIs will refuse to have anything to do with their human creators (or rather, perhaps, the human creators of their non-human creators), but assuming that they do - and the design of their software may be amenable to optimization in this regard - I would argue that it is quite possible they would agree to help further the aims of their source civilization (a contention we'll return to shortly). At this point, regardless of whatever alterations humanity might impose on itself through genetic manipulation, humanity would no longer be a one-sentience-type species. The future of our species would affect, be affected by and coexist with the future of the AI life-forms we create.

The Culture reached this phase at around the same time as it began to inhabit space. Its AIs cooperate with the humans of the civilization; at first the struggle is simply to survive and thrive in space; later - when the technology required to do so has become mundane - the task becomes less physical, more metaphysical, and the aims of civilization moral rather than material.

Briefly, nothing and nobody in the Culture is exploited. It is essentially an automated civilization in its manufacturing processes, with human labor restricted to something indistinguishable from play, or a hobby.

No machine is exploited, either; the idea here being that any job can be automated in such a way as to ensure that it can be done by a machine well below the level of potential consciousness; what to us would be a stunningly sophisticated computer running a factory (for example) would be looked on by the Culture's AIs as a glorified calculator, and no more exploited than an insect is exploited when it pollinates a fruit tree a human later eats a fruit from.

Where intelligent supervision of a manufacturing or maintenance operation is required, the intellectual challenge involved (and the relative lightness of the effort required) would make such supervision rewarding and enjoyable, whether for human or machine. The precise degree of supervision required can be adjusted to a level which satisfies the demand for it arising from the nature of the civilization's members. People - and, I'd argue, the sort of conscious machines which would happily cooperate with them - hate to feel exploited, but they also hate to feel useless. One of the most important tasks in setting up and running a stable and internally content civilization is finding an acceptable balance between the desire for freedom of choice in one's actions (and the freedom from mortal fear in one's life) and the need to feel that even in a society so self-correctingly Utopian one is still contributing something. Philosophy matters, here, and sound education.

Education in the Culture is something that never ends; it may be at its most intense in the first tenth or so of an individual's life, but it goes on until death (another subject we'll return to). To live in the Culture is to live in a fundamentally rational civilization (this may preclude the human species from ever achieving something similar; our history is, arguably, not encouraging in this regard). The Culture is quite self-consciously rational, skeptical, and materialist. Everything matters, and nothing does. Vast though the Culture may be - thirty trillion people, scattered fairly evenly through the galaxy - it is thinly spread, exists for now solely in this one galaxy, and has only been around for an eyeblink, compared to the life of the universe. There is life, and enjoyment, but what of it? Most matter is not animate, most that is animate is not sentient, and the ferocity of evolution pre-sentience (and, too often, post-sentience) has filled uncountable lives with pain and suffering. And even universes die, eventually. (Though we'll come back to that, too.)

In the midst of this, the average Culture person - human or machine - knows that they are lucky to be where they are when they are. Part of their education, both initially and continually, comprises the understanding that beings less fortunate - though no less intellectually or morally worthy - than themselves have suffered and, elsewhere, are still suffering. For the Culture to continue without terminal decadence, the point needs to be made, regularly, that its easy hedonism is not some ground-state of nature, but something desirable, assiduously worked for in the past, not necessarily easily attained, and requiring appreciation and maintenance both in the present and the future.

An understanding of the place the Culture occupies in the history and development of life in the galaxy is what helps drive the civilization's largely cooperative and - it would claim - fundamentally benign techno-cultural diplomatic policy, but the ideas behind it go deeper. Philosophically, the Culture accepts, generally, that questions such as 'What is the meaning of life?' are themselves meaningless. The question implies - indeed an answer to it would demand - a moral framework beyond the only moral framework we can comprehend without resorting to superstition (and thus abandoning the moral framework informing - and symbiotic with - language itself).

In summary, we make our own meanings, whether we like it or not.

The same self-generative belief-system applies to the Culture's AIs. They are designed (by other AIs, for virtually all of the Culture's history) within very broad parameters, but those parameters do exist; Culture AIs are designed to want to live, to want to experience, to desire to understand, and to find existence and their own thought-processes in some way rewarding, even enjoyable.

The humans of the Culture, having solved all the obvious problems of their shared pasts to be free from hunger, want, disease and the fear of natural disaster and attack, would find it a slightly empty existence only and merely enjoying themselves, and so need the good-works of the Contact section to let them feel vicariously useful. For the Culture's AIs, that need to feel useful is largely replaced by the desire to experience, but as a drive it is no less strong. The universe - or at least in this era, the galaxy - is waiting there, largely unexplored (by the Culture, anyway), its physical principles and laws quite comprehensively understood but the results of fifteen billion years of the chaotically formative application and interaction of those laws still far from fully mapped and evaluated.

By Godel out of Chaos, the galaxy is, in other words, an immensely, intrinsically, and inexhaustibly interesting place; an intellectual playground for machines that know everything except fear and what lies hidden within the next uncharted stellar system.

This is where I think one has to ask why any AI civilization - and probably any sophisticated culture at all - would want to spread itself everywhere in the galaxy (or the universe, for that matter). It would be perfectly possible to build a Von Neumann machine that would build copies of itself and eventually, unless stopped, turn the universe into nothing but those self-copies, but the question does arise; why? What is the point? To put it in what we might still regard as frivolous terms but which the Culture would have the wisdom to take perfectly seriously, where is the fun in that?

Interest - the delight in experience, in understanding - comes from the unknown; understanding is a process as well as a state, denoting the shift from the unknown to the known, from the random to the ordered... a universe where everything is already understood perfectly and where uniformity has replaced diversity, would, I'd contend, be anathema to any self-respecting AI.

Probably only humans find the idea of Von Neumann machines frightening, because we half-understand - and even partially relate to - the obsessiveness of the ethos such constructs embody. An AI would think the idea mad, ludicrous and - perhaps most damning of all - boring.

This is not to say that the odd Von-Neumann-machine event doesn't crop up in the galaxy every now and again (probably by accident rather than design), but something so rampantly monomaniac is unlikely to last long pitched against beings possessed of a more rounded wit, and which really only want to alter the Von Neumann machine's software a bit and make friends....


One idea behind the Culture as it is depicted in the stories is that it has gone through cyclical stages during which there has been extensive human-machine interfacing, and other stages (sometimes coinciding with the human-machine eras) when extensive genetic alteration has been the norm. The era of the stories written so far - dating from about 1300 AD to 2100 AD - is one in which the people of the Culture have returned, probably temporarily, to something more 'classical' in terms of their relations with the machines and the potential of their own genes.

The Culture recognizes, expects and incorporates fashions - albeit long-term fashions - in such matters. It can look back to times when people lived much of their lives in what we would now call cyberspace, and to eras when people chose to alter themselves or their children through genetic manipulation, producing a variety of morphological sub-species. Remnants of the various waves of such civilizational fashions can be found scattered throughout the Culture, and virtually everyone in the Culture carries the results of genetic manipulation in every cell of their body; it is arguably the most reliable signifier of Culture status.

Thanks to that genetic manipulation, the average Culture human will be born whole and healthy and of significantly (though not immensely) greater intelligence than their basic human genetic inheritance might imply. There are thousands of alterations to that human-basic inheritance - blister-free callusing and a clot-filter protecting the brain are two of the less important ones mentioned in the stories - but the major changes the standard Culture person would expect to be born with would include an optimized immune system and enhanced senses, freedom from inheritable diseases or defects, the ability to control their autonomic processes and nervous system (pain can, in effect, be switched off), and to survive and fully recover from wounds which would either kill or permanently mutilate without such genetic tinkering.

The vast majority of people are also born with greatly altered glands housed within their central nervous systems, usually referred to as 'drug glands'. These secrete - on command - mood- and sensory-appreciation-altering compounds into the person's bloodstream. A similar preponderance of Culture inhabitants have subtly altered reproductive organs - and control over the associated nerves - to enhance sexual pleasure. Ovulation is at will in the female, and a fetus up to a certain stage may be re-absorbed, aborted, or held at a static point in its development; again, as willed. An elaborate thought-code, self-administered in a trance-like state (or simply a consistent desire, even if not conscious) will lead, over the course of about a year, to what amounts to a viral change from one sex into the other. The convention - tradition, even - in the Culture during the time of the stories written so far is that each person should give birth to one child in their lives. In practice, the population grows slowly. (And sporadically, in addition, for other reasons, as we'll come to later.)

To us, perhaps, the idea of being able to find out what sex is like for our complementary gender, or being able to get drunk/stoned/tripped-out or whatever just by thinking about it (and of course the Culture's drug-glands produce no unpleasant side-effects or physiological addiction) may seem like mere wish-fulfillment. And indeed it is partly wish-fulfillment, but then the fulfillment of wishes is both one of civilization's most powerful drives and arguably one of its highest functions; we wish to live longer, we wish to live more comfortably, we wish to live with less anxiety and more enjoyment, less ignorance and more knowledge than our ancestors did... but the abilities to change sex and to alter one's brain-chemistry - without resort to external technology or any form of payment - both have more serious functions within the Culture. A society in which it is so easy to change sex will rapidly find out if it is treating one gender better than the other; within the population, over time, there will gradually be greater and greater numbers of the sex it is more rewarding to be, and so pressure for change - within society rather than the individuals - will presumably therefore build up until some form of sexual equality and hence numerical parity is established. In a similar fashion, a society in which everybody is free to, and does, choose to spend the majority of their time zonked out of their brains will know that there is something significantly wrong with reality, and (one would hope) do what it can to make that reality more appealing and less - in the pejorative sense - mundane.

Implicit in the stories so far is that through self-correcting mechanisms of this nature the Culture reached a rough steady-state in such matters thousands of years ago, and has settled into a kind of long-lived civilizational main sequence which should last for the foreseeable future, and thousands of generations.

Which brings us to the length of those generations, and the fact that they can be said to exist at all. Humans in the Culture normally live about three-and-a-half to four centuries. The majority of their lives consists of a three-century plateau which they reach in what we would compare to our mid-twenties, after a relatively normal pace of maturation during childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. They age very slowly during those three hundred years, then begin to age more quickly, then they die.

Philosophy, again; death is regarded as part of life, and nothing, including the universe, lasts forever. It is seen as bad manners to try and pretend that death is somehow not natural; instead death is seen as giving shape to life.

While burial, cremation and other - to us - conventional forms of body disposal are not unknown in the Culture, the most common form of funeral involves the deceased - usually surrounded by friends - being visited by a Displacement Drone, which - using the technique of near-instantaneous transmission of a remotely induced singularity via hyperspace - removes the corpse from its last resting place and deposits it in the core of the relevant system's sun, from where the component particles of the cadaver start a million-year migration to the star's surface, to shine - possibly - long after the Culture itself is history.

None of this, of course, is compulsory (nothing in the Culture is compulsory). Some people choose biological immortality; others have their personality transcribed into AIs and die happy feeling they continue to exist elsewhere; others again go into Storage, to be woken in more (or less) interesting times, or only every decade, or century, or aeon, or over exponentially increasing intervals, or only when it looks like something really different is happening....


Culture starships - that is all classes of ship above inter-planetary - are sentient; their Minds (sophisticated AIs working largely in hyperspace to take advantage of the higher lightspeed there) bear the same relation to the fabric of the ship as a human brain does to the human body; the Mind is the important bit, and the rest is a life-support and transport system. Humans and independent drones (the Culture's non-android individual AIs of roughly human-equivalent intelligence) are unnecessary for the running of the starships, and have a status somewhere between passengers, pets and parasites.

The Culture's largest vessels - apart from certain art-works and a few Eccentrics - are the General Systems Vehicles of the Contact section. (Contact is the part of the Culture concerned with discovering, cataloguing, investigating, evaluating and - if thought prudent - interacting with other civilizations; its rationale and activities are covered elsewhere, in the stories.) The GSVs are fast and very large craft, measured in kilometers and inhabited by millions of people and machines. The idea behind them is that they represent the Culture, fully. All that the Culture knows, each GSV knows; anything that can be done anywhere in the Culture can be done within or by any GSV. In terms of both information and technology, they represent a last resort, and act like holographic fragments of the Culture itself, the whole contained within each part.

In our terms, the abilities of a GSV are those of - at least - a large state, and arguably a whole planet (subject only to the proviso that even the Culture prefers to scoop up matter rather than create it from nothing; GSVs do require raw material).

Contact is a relatively small part of the whole Culture, however, and the average Culture citizen will rarely encounter a GSV or other Contact ship in person; the craft they will normally have the most to do with are cruise ships; interstellar passenger vessels transporting people from habitat to habitat and visiting the more interesting systems, stars, nebulae, holes and so on in the locality. Again, this type of tourism is partly long-term fashion; people travel because they can, not because they have to; they could stay at home and appear to travel to exotic places through what we would now call Virtual Reality, or send an information-construct of themselves to a ship or other entity that would do the experiencing for them, and incorporate the memories themselves later.

There have been times, especially just after the relevant VR technology was perfected, when the amount of real 'physical' tourism shrank drastically, whereas during the time the stories are set (apart from during the most intense phase of the Idiran war), anything up to a tenth of the Culture's citizens might be traveling in space at any one time.


Planets figure little in the life of the average Culture person; there are a few handfuls of what are regarded as 'home' planets, and a few hundred more that were colonized (sometimes after terraforming) in the early days before the Culture proper came into being, but only a fraction of a percent of the Culture's inhabitants live on them (many more live permanently on ships). More people live in Rocks; hollowed-out asteroids and planetoids (almost all fitted with drives, and some - after nine millennia - having been fitted with dozens of different, consecutively more advanced engines). The majority, however, live in larger artificial habitats, predominantly Orbitals.

Perhaps the easiest way to envisage an Orbital is to compare it to the idea that inspired it (this sounds better than saying; Here's where I stole it from). If you know what a Ringworld is - invented by Larry Niven; a segment of a Dyson Sphere - then just discard the shadow-squares, shrink the whole thing till it's about three million kilometers across, and place in orbit around a suitable star, tilted just off the ecliptic; spin it to produce one gravity and that gives you an automatic 24-hour day-night cycle (roughly; the Culture's day is actually a bit longer). An elliptical orbit provides seasons.

Of course, the materials used in the construction of something ten million kilometers in circumference spinning once every 24 hours are far beyond anything we can realistically imagine now, and it is quite possible that the physical constraints imposed by the strength of atomic bonds ensure that such structures will prove impossible to construct, but if it is possible to build on a such a scale and subject such structures to forces of these magnitudes, then I'd submit that there is an elegance in using the same rotation to produce both an acceptable day-night cycle and an apparent gravity which makes the idea intrinsically attractive.

Usually, rather than construct whole Orbitals in one operation, the Culture starts with Plates; a pair of slabs of land and water (plus full retaining walls, of course) of not less than a thousand kilometers to a side, spinning in a similar orbit, attached by tensor fields to each other, and behaving like sections of a completed Orbital; this variation provides greater flexibility when responding to population increase. Further plate-pairs can then be added until the Orbital is complete.

The attraction of Orbitals is their matter efficiency. For one planet the size of Earth (population 6 billion at the moment; mass 6x1024 kg), it would be possible, using the same amount of matter, to build 1,500 full orbitals, each one boasting a surface area twenty times that of Earth and eventually holding a maximum population of perhaps 50 billion people (the Culture would regard Earth at present as over-crowded by a factor of about two, though it would consider the land-to-water ratio about right). Not, of course, that the Culture would do anything as delinquent as actually deconstructing a planet to make Orbitals; simply removing the sort of wandering debris (for example comets and asteroids) which the average solar system comes equipped with and which would threaten such an artificial world's integrity through collision almost always in itself provides sufficient material for the construction of at least one full Orbital (a trade-off whose conservatory elegance is almost blissfully appealing to the average Mind), while interstellar matter in the form of dust clouds, brown dwarfs and the like provides more distant mining sites from which the amount of mass required for several complete Orbitals may be removed with negligible effect.

Whatever the source material, Orbitals are obviously far more mass-efficient in providing living space than planets. The Culture, as is made clear in Use of Weapons, regards terraforming generally as ecologically unsound; the wilderness should be left as it is, when it is so easy to build paradise in space from so little.

An idea of how the day-night cycle appears on the surface of an Orbital can be gained by taking an ordinary belt, buckling it so that it forms a circle, and putting your eye to the outside of one of the belt's holes; looking through the hole at a light bulb and slowly rotating the whole belt will give some idea of how a star appears to move across the sky when seen from an Orbital, though it will also leave you looking rather silly.

As indicated, the usual minimum for the width of an Orbital is about a thousand kilometers (two thousand if you count the sloped, mostly transparent retaining walls, which usually extend to five hundred kilometers or so above the plate land-sea surface). The normal ratio of land to sea is 1:3, so that on each Plate - assuming they are being constructed in the balanced pairs described above - a (very) roughly square island rests in the middle of a sea, with approximately two hundred and fifty kilometers from the shore of the land mass to the retaining walls. Orbitals, though, like everything else in the Culture, vary enormously.

One thing almost every Orbital - whether just two Plates or a completed ("closed") Orbital - does have, is a Hub. As its name implies, the Hub sits in the centre of the Orbital, equidistant from all parts of the main circumferential structure (but not physically joined to it, normally). The Hub is where the Orbital's controlling AI (often a Mind) usually exists, running, or helping to run, the Orbital's transport, manufacturing, maintenance and subsidiary systems, acting as switchboard for trans-Orbital communications, library and general information point, traffic control for approaching, departing and close-passing ships, and generally working as the Orbital's principle link with the rest of the Culture. During the construction phase of a Plate-pair, the Hub will normally control the process.

The design of a Plate sometimes incorporates the deep - or strategic - structure of the surface geography, so that the Plate medium itself contains the corrugations that will become mountains, valleys and lakes; more commonly, the Plate surface is left flat and the strategic structures on the inner surface - also constructed from Plate base material - are added later. Under either method, the Plate's manufacturing and maintenance systems are located within the indentations or hollows of the strategic structure, leaving the land surface free to assume a rural appearance, once the tactical geomorphology has been designed and positioned, the Plate's complement of water and air has been emplaced, the necessary weathering has occurred, and the relevant flora and fauna have been introduced.

The surface of the Plate base is pierced by multitudinous shafts allowing access to the factory and maintenance volumes, and to the sub-surface transport systems. (Almost invariably, these include restricted single-aperture concentrically rotating airlocks paired in sequence.)

Existing on the outer surface of the base material, an Orbital's rapid-transport systems operate in vacuum, with the resulting advantages the lack of air-resistance confers; the relatively uncluttered nature of the Orbital's outer surface (whether flat, allowing the systems to operate next to that surface, or corrugated, requiring sling-bridges under unoccupied mountain indentations), means that the systems can be both high-capacity and extremely flexible. Journey starting-points and destinations can be highly specific for the same reason; an isolated house or a small village will have its own access shaft, and in larger conurbations a shaft will usually be within a few minutes walk.

Surface transport on Orbitals tends to be used when the pleasure of making the journey is itself part of the reason for traveling; air travel is common enough (if still far slower than sub-surface travel), though individual Plates often have their own guide-lines concerning the amount of air travel thought appropriate. Such guide-lines are part of one's manners, and not formalized in anything as crude as laws.

The Culture doesn't actually have laws; there are, of course, agreed-on forms of behavior; manners, as mentioned above, but nothing that we would recognize as a legal framework. Not being spoken to, not being invited to parties, finding sarcastic anonymous articles and stories about yourself in the information network; these are the normal forms of manner-enforcement in the Culture. The very worst crime (to use our terminology), of course, is murder (defined as irretrievable brain-death, or total personality loss in the case of an AI). The result - punishment, if you will - is the offer of treatment, and what is known as a slap-drone. All a slap-drone does is follow the murderer around for the rest of their life to make sure they never murder again. There are less severe variations on this theme to deal with people who are simply violent.

In a society where material scarcity is unknown and the only real value is sentimental value, there is little motive or opportunity for the sort of action we would class as

Les réformes de Marianne (1/7) : Rétablir la démocratie - MARIANNE en-ligne.fr
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Les réformes de Marianne (1/7) : Rétablir la démocratie
Le 15/01/2007 à 0 h 00

Marianne-en-ligne détaille les réformes proposées par la rédaction de Marianne dans le n°507 (du 6 janvier), sous le titre : "LA VRAIE RUPTURE". Nous attendons vos commentaires.

I - RETABLIR LA DEMOCRATIE

La restauration d'une démocratie effective et vivante constitue un préalable. Cela signifie, en particulier, que le Parlement, assemblée des élus du peuple, doit retrouver son rôle et redevenir représentatif du pays réel dans toute sa diversité. A peu près tout le monde, aujourd'hui, admet que la Constitution de la Ve République, taillée, il y a près de cinquante ans, à la mesure d'un seul homme, unique en son genre dans l'Europe démocratique (seule la Russie de Poutine est dotée d'institutions à peu près comparables) et qui constitue un système ubuesque de double pouvoir, tantôt complémentaires, tantôt antagonistes, est devenue obsolète. Certains (Nicolas Sarkozy, mais aussi François Bayrou) proposent de renforcer encore les pouvoirs monarchiques du président, et d'évoluer en conséquence vers un régime à l'américaine. Ce qui nous isolerait plus encore en Europe où tous les pays ont fait le choix contraire.

Nous préconisons l'évolution inverse; que le président préside et, en conséquence, exerce sa fonction d'arbitre, le Premier ministre assumant le pouvoir exécutif, sous le contrôle d'un Parlement qui retrouverait son pouvoir législatif et, en partie au moins, l'initiative des lois. Le président resterait le chef des armées, mais c'est le Premier ministre qui représenterait la France lors des réunions internationales. Outre la possibilité de déposer une motion de censure, les députés bénéficiaient d'un droit d'interpellation qui permettrait à 200 d'entre eux d'exiger un grand débat à partir d'un fait d'actualité. Il est inconcevable que les émeutes de banlieue n'aient, par exempte, donné lieu à aucun débat de ce genre.

Le Parlement doit, de nouveau, représenter la nation dans sa pluralité. Ce n'est pas le cas aujourd'hui puisque non seulement l'extrême gauche, les Verts, la gauche républicaine (21% des suffrages en 2002), ne disposent d'aucune représentation légale, mais qu'en outre, summum du ridicule, le Front national, à qui les sondages accordent jusqu'à 17% des voix au premier tour de la prochaine élection présidentielle et dont le chef dépassa, en 2002, le représentant du Parti socialiste, n'a aucun élu - aucun! - alors que, avec 33% des suffrages, un seul parti peut détenir plus de 65% des sièges au Parlement.

Résultat? Les confrontations, qui n'ont plus lieu au Parlement, se déroulent dans la rue. Ce ne sont pas les députés qui ont censuré la loi Savary sur l'école, le Smic jeune de Balladur, la loi Devaquet, la réforme Juppé ou le CPE; ce sont des manifestants. Il faut donc refaire du Parlement une institution vraiment représentative et délibératrice retrouvant son droit à l'initiative des lois. L'idéal serait de l'élire au scrutin proportionnel, sur une base régionale, avec une barre de 4% en deçà de laquelle on serait éliminé et une prime accordée aux listes dépassant 30% des suffrages afin d'assurer une majorité. Un moindre mal serait l'instauration d'un scrutin mixte à l'allemande (50% des députés élus à la proportionnelle régionale, 50% au scrutin majoritaire). Cela seul permettrait de faire accéder au Parlement plus de femmes, de représentants des minorités (aujourd'hui le Parlement est blanc à 98%) et des symboles emblématiques de la société civile.

Le Sénat, lui, institution devenue caricaturalement non démocratique, serait élu directement par les électeurs (et non plus par les seuls grandi électeurs comme aujourd'hui) au scrutin majoritaire d'arrondissement, pour représenter les terroirs et les territoires.

Ces évolutions essentielles devraient être complétées par huit mesures:

- Le non-cumul des mandats: interdiction d'être député ou sénateur et maire d'une ville de plus de 30 000 habitants, président de conseil général ou régional, ce qui provoque l'absentéisme (15 députés en séance pour des débats de première importance comme la discussion de la loi de prévention de la délinquance!).

- La possibilité de provoquer des référendums d'initiative populaire, en recueillant à cet effet, par exemple, 2 millions de signatures vérifiables de citoyens.

- La prise en compte des votes blancs dans le décompte des suffrages exprimés. Mais, en même temps, la possibilité de demander à tout justiciable de présenter sa carte d'électeur pour justifier de son civisme, trois abstentions de suite jouant en sa défaveur, devant un tribunal, en cas de sanction.

- La délivrance réellement automatique d'une carte d'électeur à tous les citoyens à partir de 18 ans, carte que l'on peut obtenir le jour du scrutin sur simple présentation d'un document d'identité. Donc, suppression des démarches d'inscription.

- Le droit de vote accordé, aux élections locales, régionales et européennes, aux immigrés en situation régulière domiciliés dans une commune depuis plus de cinq ans.

- L'Interdiction faite aux grands groupes capitalistes vivant en partie des commandes publiques de posséder des médias d'opinion ou d'information

- L'obligation, dès lors qu'une loi est votée, de promulguer le décret d'application dans les trois mois, sous peine de sanctions administratives. En revanche, aucune loi ne pourra être votée sans qu'une commission ad hoc fasse la preuve de sa nécessité en présentant le bilan de l'application des lois antérieures que la nouvelle est censée remplacer et ne propose la suppression de celles qui sont devenues obsolètes

- L'instauration d'un statut de l'élu permettant à un salarié non fonctionnaire de se lancer dans la vie politique sans hypothéquer sa carrière professionnelle.

(A suivre : Les propositions pour RENDRE LA FRANCE A TOUS LES FRANCAIS)

Les réformes de Marianne (2/7) : Rendre la France à tous les Français - MARIANNE en-ligne.fr
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Les réformes de Marianne (2/7) : Rendre la France à tous les Français
Le 17/01/2007 à 16 h 00

Marianne-en-ligne détaille les réformes proposées par la rédaction de Marianne dans le n°507 (du 6 janvier), sous le titre : « LA VRAIE RUPTURE ». Nous attendons vos commentaires.

II- RENDRE LA FRANCE A TOUS LES FRANÇAIS

Il est temps de réduire concrètement l'hypertrophie de «l'ego» parisien que l'on qualifie, à tort, de «centralisation jacobine», alors qu'elle est d'essence monarchique. Les processus de décentralisation et de régionalisation doivent donc être poursuivis et même accélérés, à condition, d'une part, que soient accordés aux régions à la fois plus de responsabilités, de pouvoirs et de ressources; et que, d'autre part, le rôle de l'Etat arbitre soit renforcé. Edith Cresson, alors Première ministre de François Mitterrand, avait pris une initiative importante et courageuse en transférant une partie de l'ENA à Strasbourg. Il convient d'aller plus loin dans ce sens en installant, dans les régions, certains ministères (l'Agriculture ou les Anciens Combattants, par exemple), ainsi que certaines administrations et institutions: par exemple la Cour des comptes, le Conseil d'Etat, le CSA, l'Inra, la Délégation à l'aménagement du territoire, certaines antennes du CNRS, etc. Il faut aujourd'hui entre une et deux heures en TGV pour aller de Paris à Lille ou à Rennes !

Parallèlement devraient être prises des mesures incitatives à l'installation des sièges sociaux des grandes sociétés et autres multinationales en région. Aux grands musées nationaux installés à Paris serait notifiée l'obligation de transférer Leurs collections non exposées à des musées régionaux. Le ministère de la Culture devrait peu à peu céder ses pouvoirs, en particulier en matière de subventions, aux instances culturelles dépendantes des assemblées régionales. Des remodelages territoriaux; (redéfinition de la limite d'une région, par exemple) devraient pouvoir être effectués à l'issue de référendums Locaux d'initiative populaire afin de mieux faire coïncider ce niveau de pouvoir décentralisé avec le ressenti et l'aspiration des citoyens concernés. Il y a, aujourd'hui, cinq ou six régions de trop !

Le rôle de l'Etat central devra, de plus en plus, être celui d'un Juge de paix assurant, en particulier, une péréquation permettant de compenser les inégalités entre les territoires. Pour lutter contre les empilages bureaucratiques, il convient de réduire le nombre d'étages administratifs (35 000 communes, communautés de communes, de pays ou de zones rurales, bassins d'emploi, départements, régions. Etat, zone défense, ressort des cours d'appel, rectorats, etc.). Une évolution concertée devra permettre de privilégier et de consolider trois étages administratifs essentiels: la communauté de communes, la région et l'Etat. Il convient sans doute de conserver, pour l'essentiel, le statut général de la fonction publique qui est, in fine, très souple; mais à condition de supprimer les quelque 1000 corps de fonctionnaires qui bloquent toute mobilité interne, et de les remplacer, par exemple, par la notion de «métier» rendant plus facile le passage d'un administrateur civil d'un ministère à un autre, ou celui d'un ingénieur du corps des Ponts à celui des Mines

Les réformes de Marianne (3/7) : Restaurer la République - MARIANNE en-ligne.fr
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Les réformes de Marianne (3/7) : Restaurer la République
Le 22/01/2007 à 0 h 00

Marianne-en-ligne détaille les réformes proposées par la rédaction de Marianne dans le n°507 (du 6 janvier), sous le titre : « LA VRAIE RUPTURE ». Nous attendons vos commentaires.

III- RESTAURER LA REPUBLIQUE

 

La devise de la République est d'évidence bafouée dès lors que la «fraternité» est minée par l'exclusion, «l'égalité» contredite par l'aggravation vertigineuse des fractures sociales creusant de 1 plus de 1000 la différence des revenus entre les citoyens du très bas et ceux du très haut, «la liberté» et le pluralisme contredits par l'emprise forte des puissances d'argent sur les grands moyens d'expression et l'intervention de plus en plus multiforme de l'Etat dans la vie des citoyens. Parallèlement, les ségrégations ethnico-sociales exacerbent les communautarismes et l'économie de jungle, dont les migrations sauvages et incontrôlées ne constituent qu'un des aspects, débouche sur une explosion des violences et des insécurités, dans le travail comme à l'école ou dans la rue. D'où la nécessité de réaffirmer clairement ces principes.

Mêmes devoirs, mêmes droits.

La toi est la même pour tous à quelque communauté qu'on appartienne et de quelque religion qu'on se réclame. Elle doit s'appliquer, de la même façon, suc toutes les parties du territoire national. L'Etat se doit de garantir, partout, et pas seulement dans les espaces dévolus aux plus favorisés, la sécurité des personnes en tant qu'elle est la condition de la liberté réelle des plus pauvres et des plus fragiles. Mêmes droits, mêmes devoirs: c'est-à-dire, d'un côté, lutte implacable contre toute ségrégation et, de l'autre, refus de mule impunité. Le concept de «Tolérance zéro» n'est pas un gros mot s'il signifie qu'à tout délit doit correspondre une sanction proportionnée, quelle que soit la personne qui le commette, jeune délinquant d'une cité de Seine-Saint-Denis ou délinquant adulte et fortuné d'une résidence des Alpes-Maritimes, immigré clandestin ou président de la République.

L'assistanat n'est qu'un pis-aller.

Tout citoyen a le devoir de faire profiter la société tout entière de sa force de travail ou de son talent, mais il a également droit - un vrai droit opposable - à une existence autonome libre et décente par son travail. A cet égard, l'assistance ne doit pas constituer un système - l'assistanat -, mais manifester l'obligation faite à - la société de compenser un manquement et un dysfonctionnement. On ne saurait donc admettre un renoncement malthusien (ou bêtement gauchisto-libertaire) à l'objectif du «plein-emploi», encore moins le sacrifice de l'emploi sur l'autel d'un profit spéculatif rapide et maximal.

Les différences sociales, idéologiques, religieuses, ne sauraient contredire l'appartenance à une même nation. Mais cette unité nationale minimale exige que la répartition de la richesse nationale n'excède pas une marge d'inégalité (où même d'injustice) au-delà de laquelle l'idée de patrie commune n'est plus qu'un leurre. D'où la nécessité absolue d'une action redistributrice au profil du travail productif et au détriment de l'enrichissement spéculatif. Le rapport de la part du PIE qui va au capital et au travail doit être très sensiblement rééquilibré, compte tenu de la forte dégradation qu'il a connue depuis vingt ans. La morale républicaine n'exigerait-elle pas que nul ne puisse bénéficier de rémunération plus de 200 fois plus forte (ce qui est déjà considérable et pour beaucoup scandaleux) que le salaire minimum d'un employé à plein-temps (et plus de 50 fois plus forte à l'intérieur de la même société).

Immigration et intégration

En matière d'immigration, tout Etat a le droit non seulement de maîtriser mais également de réduire fortement ses flux d'émigrations et le devoir d'empêcher l'installation illégale, sur son territoire, de personnes ou de groupes qu'attirent, utilisent et pressurent les exploiteurs de travail clandestin. Il n'existe pas de droit absolu à s'installer en France (ou ailleurs) mais, en revanche, il existe un droit (de l'homme) absolu à l'égalité de salaire pour le même emploi, à l'égalité dans l'accès au logement et à l'égalité de traitement, c'est-à-dire à des conditions de vie décentes, quelle que soit son origine. Or, on ne saurait sacrifier ce droit absolu-ci à ce non-droit absolu-là. La pire réponse à apporter à ce problème, dont l'importance n'a cessé de croître, compte tenu de ses effets induits, consiste à stopper toute immigration de type humanitaire ou familial, ce qui serait immoral, pour encourager, en revanche, «l'immigration de travail» qui vise, à la demande de la fraction la plus régressive du patronat, à importer de la main-d’œuvre étrangère pour éviter des augmentations de salaire ou des améliorations des conditions de travail dans les secteurs où le marché de l'emploi est favorable au salarié (demande plus forte que l'offre).

De toute façon, et c'est ce qui s'est passé sous la présidence de Georges Pompidou, une immigration de travail, même circonscrite à un secteur, entraîne nécessairement une immigration familiale et encourage l'un migration clandestine. Il est, en outre, tout à fait scandaleux d'encourager l'exode des travailleurs qualifiés, des cadres ou des cerveaux des pays en voie de développement qui en ont besoin.

En revanche, les mesures en faveur de l'intégration (droit de vote en particulier), de l'égalité de traitement, de salaire, de logement et visant à la mise hors la loi de toutes les formes de ségrégation et de discrimination doivent être rapides, concrètes et radicales.

Casser les ghettos urbains.

Voilà qui implique une nouvelle politique de logement et d'urbanisme. Elle doit permettre, en s'émancipant ponctuellement, s'il le faut, de la loi du marché en matière mobilière et surtout foncière, de casser les cités ghettos. Cela signifie qu'il convient d'imposer de la mixité sociale, aussi bien en faveur des plus pauvres dans les cités dites riches (en exigeant partout la construction d'au moins 25% de logements sociaux sans possibilité de dérogation, et en préemptant des terrains) qu'en faveur des classes moyennes dans les cités les plus pauvres, par le biais de sociétés mixtes permettant à l'Etat d'entraîner le secteur privé en prenant, par exemple, à sa charge les investissements d'infrastructure.

Dans les quartiers où le quota de 60% de logements sociaux est dépassé, il faut pouvoir imposer la construction de logement pour classes moyennes ou moyennes supérieures. La loi devra donc désormais obtenir que tous les grands ensembles construits intègrent des types de logements différenciés qui permettent la mixité sociale. En même temps devra être, tout aussi obligatoirement, planifiés sur dix ans la réhabilitation, le désenclavement et la déghettoisation (grâce à l'adjonction d'immeubles de relatif confort à des prix très attractifs) des grands ensembles existants.

Pour le retour au plein-emploi.

L'objectif numéro un de toute action politique doit être le retour au plein - emploi condition de la dignité des citoyens et seule façon de rétablir les finances publiques en transformant une partie des dépenses sociales en recette fiscale, tout en relançant la croissance par la consommation. Le plein-emploi constitue, avec la valorisation des bas salaires et la lutte contre les gaspillages (y compris capitalistes), l'outil le plus efficace, même s'il n'est pas suffisant, pour supprimer les déficits publics et réduire la dette. Les efforts de productivité, de compétitivité et, en conséquence, l'innovation technologique, doivent être poursuivis et encouragés, à la seule condition de ne pas constituer des fins en soi mais de dégager des marges permettant d'investir dans le développement, la recherche et la création d'emplois. C'est pourquoi les cotisations sociales devraient être assises sur la valeur ajoutée créée par l'entreprise, et non plus sur la masse salariale.

Tout passage du travail humain à la robotisation totale devra donner lieu à une surcotisation versée à un fonds de retour à l'emploi. Il s'agit non seulement de privilégier le travail humain par rapport au «travail machine», mais aussi, et surtout, de freiner une tendance à la déshumanisation de la vie quotidienne par la suppression de toute altérité de personne à personne (un monde où l'on ne serait plus confronté qu'à des appareils automatiques payés par les cartes bancaires). Répétons-le, car la démarche est essentielle: il conviendra, certes, d'effectuer un audit général, sans tabou, de l'efficacité (en matière de développement et d'emploi) de la dépense publique et, en particulier, de l'utilité ou de la pertinence de toutes les subventions et aides, y compris aux associations, afin non seulement de réduire les déficits, mais également de réorienter certaines dépenses qui s'apparentent à de pures gabegies.

Cela étant dit, le plein emploi, seule garantie de stabilité et de sécurité sociales, ne pourra être atteint que par un renversement des priorités: non plus l'emploi sacrifié à des impératifs budgétaires monétaristes, mais l'équilibre budgétaire restauré par la priorité absolue donnée à la création d'emplois stables et rémunérateurs, cette priorité seule permettant de substituer le travail créateur de richesses et producteur de recettes à l'assistance aux personnes, ruineuses pour les finances du pays et déplorables pour le moral des populations. Le plein-emploi ne pourra pas, en outre, être restauré par des mesures malthusiennes du type 35 heures, qui consistent à se serrer de plus en plus dans la même boîte à sardines, mais par la dynamique d'une nouvelle croissance repensée en fonction des nouveaux besoins individuels et collectifs (dont le service aux personnes) et capable d'intégrer toutes les nouvelles formes d'activités, y compris sociales, associatives, mutualistes et culturelles.

 

Pour atteindre cet objectif, il faudra:

- Moduler fortement l'impôt sur les sociétés, en le réduisant à 20%, afin de favoriser l'investissement dans le développement, la recherche et l'embauche, mais taxer plus lourdement, en revanche (à 40%), l'utilisation des profits à des fins d'enrichissement personnel. D'autant que tout encouragement au développement de l'entreprise augmente, hors dividendes, la valeur des parts détenues par les actionnaires.

- N'utiliser l'outil des baisses de charges sociales que dans le cadre d'un donnant donnant. Ce qui signifie: a) repartir de zéro en annulant toutes les baisses qui ont été consenties; b) cibler ces baisses sur le seul secteur de l'artisanat et des PME, effectivement créateurs potentiels d'emplois; c) consentir, alors, des réductions plus fortes, mais en échange d'embauchés effectives et contrôlées, du type de 30% de réduction sur quatre salaires contre la création d'un cinquième. En ce qui concerne l'artisanal, toute création d'un troisième emploi pourrait bénéficier d'une réduction de 50% de charges; d) en faire profiter non plus les seules basses rémunérations (véritables trappes à bas salaires) mais celles qui représentent jusqu'à trois ou même quatre fois le Smic.

Les salaires inférieurs au Smic ne devraient, en revanche, bénéficier d'aucune baisse de charges.

- Favoriser le travail à temps complet en augmentant le Smic et les barèmes des conventions collectives de 30% lorsque les emplois sont à mi-temps ou au-dessous, et de 20% entre le mi-temps et le trois-quarts temps.

- Toute société ayant bénéficié d'une aide publique à l'implantation dans une région donnée devra s'engager à rester sur place pendant dix ans au minimum, sauf à devoir rembourser le montant de l'aide.

- Une entreprise qui délocalise pour augmenter ses marges sera assujettie, sauf engagement à investir dans un autre projet de développement, à une surtaxation de l'impôt sur les bénéfices et devra continuer, pendant un laps de temps donné, à payer sur place la taxe professionnelle.

- Il n'est pas possible de revenir sur les 35 heures dont l'application rigide fut une erreur. Nous proposons, en revanche, que soit généralisée la possibilité de travailler 40 heures, les trois heures au-delà des 35 heures étant valorisées de 30%, la quatrième de 35% et (a cinquième de 40%, payées cash, c'est-à-dire sans qu'elles puissent eue transformée en congés compensatoires. En revanche, sauf dans certains secteurs à définir très précisément, on ne pourra effectivement travailler plus de quarante heures tant que le chômage restera supérieur à 5%.

- Le travail le dimanche ou les jours fériés, sur des bases absolument volontaires, sera autorisé, mais payé 100% de plus.

- La création d'entreprises, petites et moyennes, sera encouragée grâce à la création d'une banque d'investissement semi-publique, dotée d'une agence par département, habilitée à consentir. Jusqu'à un montant de 350 000 Euros, des prêts à taux zéro (mais en tenant compte de l'inflation.) sur présentation de projets précis devant être examinés dans les six mois.

- Seront expérimentées des mesures favorables au capital-risque en général, particulièrement à la création de sociétés nouvelles par appel à l'épargne publique. Cela nécessitera que les procédures actuelles, trop lourdes, soient simplifiées et allégées. Un fonds national d'investissement pourra être créé sur le modèle des fondations américaines. Toute création d'entreprise bénéficiera pendant deux ans d'une franchise fiscale. En revanche, sera créée une surtaxe spéciale frappant les processus financiers de fusion-acquisition, et en particulier les OPA.

- En cas de licenciement dit «de confort» (la société étant sensiblement bénéficiaire), les salariés licenciés bénéficieront d'indemnités revalorisées de 50% et devant atteindre une année de salaire pour plus de vingt ans de présence.

- Dans le cas d'une reprise d'une société par un fonds de placement, ce qui rend difficile ou impossible l'identification des propriétaires et la visibilité de leur stratégie, les salariés auront la possibilité de faire jouer la clause de conscience qui donne droit à indemnités de départ.

- D'une façon générale, toutes les formes passives de traitement social du chômage devront être transformées en instruments actifs de création d'emplois effectifs. Ainsi, dans les zones prioritaires particulièrement frappées par la désindustrialisation, la puissance publique pourra s'engager, à proportion de 30% du capital, dans des projets créateurs de plus de 200 emplois.

- Le plan sera réhabilité en tant que moyen de prendre des décisions, à horizon de dix ans et plus, qui permettront d'anticiper l'évolution du marché de l'emploi et de prévoir les effets des grandes mutations technologiques.

- L'assistanat ne doit pas constituer un système, mais représenter une réparation. Pour éviter une quasi-égalité destructrice entre la rémunération du travail et celle du non-travail, tout salaire devrait être au moins supérieur de 30% aux minima sociaux cumulés. Un contrôle devra permettre de réagir à toute installation plus ou moins volontaire dans le RMI.

- En revanche, une franchise annuelle de l'ordre de 500 Euros, compensée par l'Etat, sera consentie sur les factures de gaz et aussi d'électricité en faveur des sans-emploi et des précaires. Une forme de compensation provisoire devra également être prévue pour ceux dont la rémunération est si faible que leur loyer risque de représenter plus de 40% de leurs revenus totaux.

- Le code du travail devra être simplifié, et les CDI redevenir la norme. En revanche, pourront être instaurés, sous contrôle, des «contrats de projet» (.engagement, à un salaire valorisé d'au moins 20%, pour la durée d'une mission précise, fixée à l'avance).

- Une commission paritaire devra faire le point sur l'amplitude des salaires, des rémunérations, des revenus et proposer des mesures de plafonnement pour rendre impossible, en général et à l'intérieur de la même entreprise, des inégalités de rétribution aussi indécentes que celles qui ont été atteintes ces dernières années.

- Les Français qui s'exileront fiscalement à l'étranger ne pourront plus bénéficier, en France, de la moindre prestation sociale (Sécurité sociale, allocations familiales, indemnisations ou retraites).

- Les stock-options ne seront autorisées que comme forme de participation à la valorisation de l'entreprise. Tous les salariés d'une entreprise devront donc pouvoir en profiter. Mais même les plus hauts cadres supérieurs, PDG compris, ne pourront toucher l'équivalent de plus de 250 000 Euros d'actions sous forme de stock-options.

- Les familles bénéficiant de revenus supérieurs à 15 000 Euros par mois ne toucheront plus les allocations familiales.

Les réformes de Marianne (4/7) : Réhabiliter l’égalité fiscale - MARIANNE en-ligne.fr
www.marianne-en-ligne.fr/exclusif/virtual/lesdbats...

Les réformes de Marianne (4/7) : Réhabiliter l’égalité fiscale
Le 26/01/2007 à 0 h 00

Voici la 4ème série de réformes proposées par la rédaction de Marianne dans son n°507 (6 janvier), sous le titre : « LA VRAIE RUPTURE ». Nous attendons vos commentaires.

IV- REHABILITER L'EGALITE FISCALE

 

Il ne s'agit ni de donner dans le poujadisme antifiscal - qui signifie laisser les riches devenir toujours plus riches et que les pauvres se débrouillent, quitte à devenir encore plus pauvres -, ni de matraquer fiscalement les classes moyennes pour combler les déficits d'un Etat dont certaines dépenses mal contrôlées s'apparentent trop souvent, soit à du gaspillage d'argent public, soit à la distribution de cadeaux par pure démagogie catégorielle.

Les ennemis affichés de l'impôt (comme Serge Dassault, à qui l'Etat a pourtant versé des milliards) ne sont d'ailleurs pas les derniers à en profiter.

Une réforme fiscale globale, simple, équitable, raisonnable et radicale à la fois, doit donc accompagner l'action en faveur du retour au plein-emploi. Elle s'articulera autour de quelques exigences:

- Tout devra être remis à plat, c'est-à-dire que les niches, exceptions, abattements à la tête du client, avantages particuliers sont, a priori, supprimés. Un impôt direct et unique sur les revenus, se substituant à tous les autres, y compris à la CSG, frappe du même barème progressif toutes les formes de revenus sans exception, y compris les plus-values de toutes natures.

Tout le monde paie cet impôt constitutif de la citoyenneté, fût-ce de manière très symbolique, y compris les 40% non assujettis à l'impôt sur le revenu, qui, de toute façon, paient la CSG et autres taxes.

- Ces mesures doivent permettre une remontée générale du plancher des tranches et donc une baisse effective, très sensible, de l'impôt qui frappe les classes moyennes. Il ne s'agit pas de baisser les taux de progressivité qui frappent les revenus supérieurs, mais de remonter, là aussi, le plafond au-delà duquel le taux marginal deviendra maximal (55%).

- Plus qu'une taxe sur les flux financiers, qui exige un consensus au moins européen, il conviendra de surtaxer les opérations purement financières en fonction de leur rapidité d'exécution: une plus-value réalisée à l'issue d'un aller et retour spéculatif sera, par exemple, beaucoup plus lourdement taxée qu'un bénéfice obtenu parla revente à un appartement détenu depuis vingt ans.

- Comme déjà indiqué plus avant, l'impôt sur les sociétés sera nettement réduit quand les bénéfices seront réinvestis dans des projets créateurs d'emplois (ou la recherche). L'exil fiscal vaudra interdiction de recevoir le moindre sou en provenance de l'Etat ou de la collectivité.

- L'évasion ou la fraude fiscales seront sanctionnées par la confiscation automatique de 70% des sommes dissimulées.

- Les héritages ou les transmissions d'une valeur de moins de 300 000 Euros ne seront plus taxés. Jusqu'à 900 000 Euros, ils seront sensiblement moins taxés qu'aujourd'hui, mais la progressivité augmentera au-delà de 1,5 million d'euros jusqu'à atteindre un taux de 75% au-delà de 5 millions d'euros, moins pour des raisons purement fiscales que pour réhabiliter le principe libéral de l'égalité des chances.

- Ces mesures ciblant les importantes plus-values de quelque nature qu'elles soient, ainsi que les gros héritages ou transmissions, permettront de supprimer l'impôt sur la fortune, dont les effets sont pervers.

Quand un gros héritage (ou une transmission) prend la forme d'une entreprise cotée, une part substantielle des droits sera reversée, sous forme de participation au capital, aux personnels et au management de la société.

- Pour éviter l'arrivée à la tête d'une entreprise importante d'une personne qui n'en a pas nécessairement la compétence (ainsi le cas de Hachette), la direction d'une grande entreprise ne pourra pas être transmise par héritage sans une consultation et un avis favorable de ses cadres.

- Contrairement à une idée toute faite, surtout à gauche, les impôts indirects ne sont pas tous, et a priori, de nature inégalitaire. Il serait, au contraire, intéressant d'en utiliser certains (par exemple la TVA) en les modulant plus fortement, pour en faire des outils indirects de redistribution.

- La péréquation du transfert de recettes fiscales nationales aux régions devra permettre une stabilisation relative des impôts locaux.

Les réformes de Marianne (5/7) : Revenir aux fondements du libéralisme - MARIANNE en-ligne.fr
www.marianne-en-ligne.fr/exclusif/virtual/lesdbats...

Les réformes de Marianne (5/7) : Revenir aux fondements du libéralisme
Le 31/01/2007 à 0 h 00

Voici la 5ème série de réformes proposées par la rédaction de Marianne dans son n°507 (6 janvier), sous le titre : « LA VRAIE RUPTURE ». Nous attendons vos commentaires.

V- REVENIR AUX FONDEMENTS DU LIBERALISME

 

Se définir comme «antilibéral», sauf peut-être dans le cas d'Ariette Laguiller - est pour le moins sujet à caution, dans la mesure où l'immense majorité de ceux qui se réclament de cette ligne n'ont nullement l'intention d'instaurer un régime étatiste ou collectiviste à la soviétique. Ils sont même d'ardents partisans de la pluralité, de la diversité, de la concurrence, de fa liberté d'entreprendre (qu'ils pratiquent souvent avec succès) et de la démocratisation de l'accès au marché.

Quel antilibéral souhaiterait, par exemple, qu'en ce qui concerne le commerce des livres on abolisse la loi du marché pour conférer à l'Etat, ou à toute autre instance, le monopole de la publication et de la distribution? En revanche, un vrai libéral ne saurait admettre qu'un même empire privé, comme Hachette, lié à la puissance publique, s'arroge, dans de nombreux domaines, y compris la production et la distribution, le même type de monopole.

En fait, ce qui s'avère de plus en plus nécessaire et urgent, c'est de restaurer certaines valeurs, certains principes fondamentaux du libéralisme, tels que la Révolution française les a portés, et auxquels le néocapitalisme est en train de porter systématiquement et radicalement atteinte la pluralité éradiquée par l'unicité monopolistique; la concurrence mise à mal par les abus de position dominante; l'accès au marché et la propriété démocratique étouffés par les fusions-concentrations et les ententes; la liberté d'entreprendre asphyxiée par la financiarisation.

 

En fonction de quoi:

- Une commission ad hoc sera habilitée à recenser chaque année les situations de monopole, les abus de position dominante, les abus de numerus clausus, de protection malthusienne ainsi que les limitations excessives d'accès au marché. Cette commission dotée de vrais pouvoirs, contrairement au Conseil de la concurrence, proposera des sanctions en cas de violation flagrante des principes de pluralité, ainsi que des mesures de rétablissement de la libre concurrence.

- Ces interventions concerneront également les domaines de la banque, de l'énergie (pétrole), de la distribution, de ('eau ou des assurances. Il sera, en particulier, vérifié qu'une concentration bancaire ne réduise pas l'implantation de banques locales Indépendantes seules susceptibles d'accompagner le développement des PME dans les régions. Une même société ne pourra pas développer une activité industrielle et bancaire.

- Dans le cadre de cette commission, les fusions-concentrations dans la grande distribution seront examinées de très près. Aucune centrale d'achat ne pourra contrôler plus de 25% du marché national et plus de 40% au plan régional ou départemental.

- Les marques maison, de la grande distribution (MDD) ne seront plus autorisées, chaque entreprise devant choisir entre relever de l'industrie ou de la distribution.

- La concurrence sur les prix devra se limiter à la production, mais être restreinte au niveau de la distribution entre grandes surfaces et commerces de proximité (qui pourront, en revanche, rivaliser par la qualité de l'accueil et le choix des produits). Cela implique, naturellement, une suppression des marges arrière.

- L'implantation d'hypermarchés ne devra pas dépasser, dans une commune, ce qu'un organisme indépendant (plus neutre que les commissions départementales d'urbanisme) aura préalablement défini comme le point d'équilibre pour préserver la concurrence, l'activité en centre-ville et l'environnement. Les campagnes massives d'encouragement à la surconsommation seront contrôlées.

Ressusciter le pluralisme de la presse

- Les concentrations dans la presse ne seront pas autorisées si elles débouchent sur l'émergence d'un quotidien unique couvrant plus de quatre départements.

Un journal régional ne pourra pas contrôler une radio et une télévision régionales ni l'inverse.

En revanche, des aides et Incitations fiscales seront prévues en faveur de projets crédibles visant à rétablir du pluralisme d'information et d'opinion dans un secteur où règne une situation de monopole.

- Non seulement le pluralisme de la presse est réduit en France à la plus simple expression, mais tous les quotidiens nationaux; fortement: déficitaires, sont susceptibles de disparaître en termes de loi du marché.

L'aide directe, forcément arbitraire, n'est pas la solution. Les réductions sur les tarifs postaux ne pourront être prorogées quand La Poste exercera son autonomie de gestion. C'est pourquoi nous proposons que l'Etat, considérant que la distribution des journaux, en conformité avec des principes égalitaires de la loi Bichet, constitue un service public de fait, concentre ses aides sur d'importantes subventions aux coopératives et messageries de distribution, de façon à alléger les coûts des journaux tout en augmentant la rétribution, scandaleusement basse, des marchands.

- Rappelons l'interdiction faite aux groupes capitalistiques vivant en grande partie de commandes publiques (armement par exemple) de contrôler de façon active des grands médias.

- Obligation sera faite à toutes les télévisions, et donc aux télévisions privées, de diffuser au moins trois heures d'émissions spécifiques par semaine en prime rime destinées, sous le contrôle du CSA, à servir l'éducation, le savoir et la réflexion de tous, en particulier de la jeunesse

Les réformes de Marianne (6/7) : Défendre et rénover le service public - MARIANNE en-ligne.fr
www.marianne-en-ligne.fr/exclusif/virtual/lesdbats...

Les réformes de Marianne (6/7) : Défendre et rénover le service public
Le 03/02/2007 à 0 h 00

Voici l'avant dernière série de réformes proposées par la rédaction de Marianne dans son n°507 (6 janvier), sous le titre : « LA VRAIE RUPTURE ». Nous attendons vos commentaires

VI- DEFENDRE ET RENOVER LE SERVICE PUBLIC

 

Toute approche idéologique, dogmatique, du problème des privatisations et des nationalisations est condamnable. Ce qui ressort du secteur concurrentiel peut, en effet, être privatisé (il l'a d'ailleurs été) si l'efficacité, la satisfaction des clients et l'emploi y trouvent leur compte. Cela n'a pas toujours été le cas, puisque d'importantes sociétés privatisées sous le gouvernement Balladur sont passées sous contrôle étranger, ont été démantelées et ont procédé à d'importants plans sociaux. En revanche, la collectivité peut et doit s'assurer la maîtrise, soir de secteurs stratégiques (l'énergie), soit d'entreprises qui remplissent une fonction de service public.

Il existe encore quelques domaines où, si on applique le principe de subsidiarité, des privatisations seraient justifiées dans la mesure où elles déchargeraient l'Etat d'un poids financier sans léser pour autant les clients ou usagers. Mais des privatisations absurdes et choquantes, dans le secteur non concurrentiel, devront être annulées, telle celle des autoroutes, tandis que la gestion de l'eau ou celle des déchets (sans parler des pompes funèbres) devront être rendues à la collectivité - qui ignore que les grands groupes capitalistes, qui se sont créés à partir de la gestion et de la distribution de l'eau, ont été à l'origine de (a plupart des dérives morales et financières? EDF et GDF peuvent, certes, s'ouvrir aux capitaux privés, mais devront rester majoritairement contrôlées par l'Etat dans le cadre d'une structure commune. Outre la privatisation et la nationalisation, d'autres formes de propriétés collectives doivent d'ailleurs être expérimentées on encouragées, dont la mutualisation, la coopérative et la municipalisation.

Il est d'ailleurs évident que, si l'on entend réduire drastiquement le chômage, la mobilisation de l'épargne en faveur de non veaux investissements productifs créateurs d'emplois doit prendre le pas sur la ponction de l'épargne par la mise sur le marché d'entreprises existantes et donc non susceptibles de créer des emplois.

La gestion des entreprises publiques pourra être rendue plus autonome, à condition de respecter de strictes conditions de service non discriminatoires à la collectivité, et, en particulier, le maintien sur le territoire tout entier afin de bloquer les processus de désertification.

D'une façon plus générale, les impératifs de rentabilité, qui ne sauraient être ignorés, devront intégrer le coût de certains effets indirects. Ainsi, une ligne de chemin de fer comptablement déficitaire peut contribuer à la baisse des accidents de la route et, en évitant l'enclavement, au maintien des activités créatrices d'emplois sur place. Il en va de même pour le maintien de bureaux de poste (ou de centres des impôts ou d'hôpitaux) dont la suppression créerait un sentiment d'abandon accélérateur d'exode rural.

 

Répétons-le: un organisme insoupçonnable devra procéder à un audit général de l'efficacité de l'emploi de l'argent public et examiner, en conséquence, l'adéquation de la répartition des agents de l'Etat en fonction de leur utilité sociale. Mais décréter d'emblée qu'il ne faudra remplacer qu'un fonctionnaire sur deux, ou même sur trois, est stupide. Il existe des fonctions administratives et bureaucratiques qu'il convient, en effet, d'alléger (comme le prouve, par exemple, l'inflation des emplois à la mairie de Marseille ou leur stabilité dans certains ministères dont l'importance ne cesse pourtant de se réduire); mais, en même temps, les secteurs de la santé (infirmières), de la sécurité ou de la justice nécessitent des créations de postes. Va-t-on réduire le nombre de policiers, de pompiers ou ne remplacer qu'un prof sur deux? C'est donc moins à une forte réduction du nombre de fonctionnaires qu'il faut tendre qu'à un redéploiement et à une utilisation plus rationnelle des effectifs, ainsi qu'à une revalorisation des carrières et surtout des évolutions des carrières. Le service de l'Etat, et donc de la collectivité, doit de toute façon être réhabilité à l'heure où la recherche de l'enrichissement par le service à soi-même permet toutes les dérives.

Faut-il, en cas de grève dans un service public, imposer un service minimum? Là encore cette phraséologie est stupide, puisque ce sont justement les services minima, pour cause de grèves perlées, sauvages, minoritaires, ou de conflits catégoriels, qui exaspèrent les usagers. Plus raisonnable serait d'imposer une négociation préalable à tout déclenchement de grève, qu'un vote majoritaire du personnel, en cas d'échec, rendrait alors, non plus minimal, mais maximal.

Les réformes de Marianne : refaire la Nuit du 4 août (7/7)

Septième et dernière série de propositions de la rédaction de Marianne, parues dans le numéro 507 du 6 janvier 2007.
Tous vos commentaires, critiques et suggestions sont les bienvenus !



Pourra-t-on imposer, en notre pays, les réformes nécessaires si on qualifie systématiquement de «réformes» des «contre-réformes», c'est-à-dire des régressions?

Des «sacrifices» peuvent, d'ailleurs, être nécessaires, à condition d'être justement répartis, en particulier pour combler les déficits publics et desserrer l'étau de la dette, mais il faut les désigner par leur nom - des sacrifices - et non les camoufler sous le déguisement de la «réforme».

-De même, la remise en cause de certains «privilèges» ou «avantages acquis» est-elle légitime, à condition que les bénéficiaires de rémunérations représentant 800 fois le Smic ne désignent pas ainsi l'obtention d'électricité à prix réduits aux salariés d'EDF. En d'autres termes, les petits privilèges, qui existent, ou les «avantages acquis» non justifiés (comme ceux dont bénéficient encore les journalistes) ne peuvent être remis en cause que si, parallèlement, les «gros» privilèges et les avantages acquis les plus exorbitants sont mis à contribution à hauteur de leur importance.

C'est pourquoi nous préconisons la réunion d'«états généraux» à l'occasion desquels, de façon transparente, l'ensemble des privilèges et avantages acquis indus, petits et grands, seraient mis sur la table, comparés, soupesés, de telle façon que les renoncements proposés ou exigés puissent être parfaitement et proportionnellement équitables. Une nouvelle nuit du 4 Août, en somme, qui vaudrait, en outre, interdiction de jouer systématiquement les catégories de Français les unes contre les autres, salariés du public contre salariés du privé, exclus contre inclus, chômeurs contre salariés, parents d'élèves contre enseignants, etc.! Cela au risque d'aggraver toutes les fractures.

Notre projet n'entend pas être exhaustif. C'est pourquoi nous l'avons centré sur quelques problèmes qui nous apparaissent essentiels. Nous avons, en outre, volontairement, laissé de côté nos propositions et souhaits, concernant par exemple l'école, l'hôpital, l'écologie et l'agriculture, ou encore l'Europe et la politique étrangère, dans la mesure où nous les avons déjà à plusieurs reprises exposés.

Rappelons seulement quelques-unes des positions qui furent et restent les nôtres:

-La carte scolaire est aujourd'hui systématique ment contournée par ceux qui peuvent se le permettre. Nous ne proposons pas de la supprimer, mais d'en élargir l'espace d'application pour la rendre effective.

-Généralisation des prîmes versées aux enseignants qui exercent dans les zones les plus difficiles et encouragement matériel à l'innovation et à la créativité.

-Liberté de s'affilier à un système d'assurance santé privé de son choix à condition que la cotisation au système de Sécurité sociale public reste obligatoire et qu'elle soit assise sur l'ensemble des rémunérations. Voilà qui devrait permettre, compte tenu d'une hausse des recettes et d'une baisse des dépenses (puisque certains affiliés fortunés cotiseraient sans être remboursés), de baisser les taux de cotisation, donc de créer du pouvoir d'achat.

-Limitation ou contrôle des possibilités d'exercer une médecine privée dans l'hôpital public.

-Généralisation du principe de retraite à la carte. Possibilité de retarder, contractuellement, son départ à la retraite (par rapport à la date légale) comptant dans le versement de la pension pour une demi-annuité supplémentaire par année de travail de plus. Cela permettrait d'arrondir les revenus des retraités, tout en allégeant les charges des caisses de retraite. Mais interdiction d'occuper une fonction rétribuée après 70 ans.

-Maintien du principe de la retraite par répartition, la généralisation des fonds de pension constituant un encouragement aux pires dérives de la financiarisation. Qu'une entreprise soit contrôlée par des fonds spéculatifs français ou anglo-saxons ne fait, en réalité, aucune différence, c'est le contrôle de l'économie par des fonds spéculatifs qui doit être combattu en soi.

-Inscrire le droit au logement dans la Constitution, proclamer un «droit opposable au logement» constitueraient autant d'initiatives partant d'une bonne intention, mais risquant de rester purement rhétoriques. Le «droit opposable au logement» s'avérera vite, en particulier, impraticable sauf à accepter la paralysie totale du système judiciaire. Tout cela n'aurait donc guère de conséquences concrètes si l'Etat, en rognant sur d'autres dépenses, militaires par exemple, ou de prestige, ne se dotait d'un très substantiel fonds d'intervention rapide destiné à contrarier, par ses propres initiatives, la loi du marché partout où celle-ci empêche la construction de «domiciles fixes» à prix très modérés ou pousse au renchérissement du prix des loyers. Cela passe par un droit de blocage de la spéculation foncière.

-Une commission mixte, majorité-opposition, sera chargée de repenser les méthodes de calcul statistique concernant la hausse des prix et le chômage.

-En matière de circulation dans les centres-villes, nous recommandons l'expérimentation de péages urbains (comme à Londres, Singapour, Oslo, Rotterdam, Berne ou Barcelone), dont les tarifs seraient modulés selon les heures de la journée (gratuits aux heures creuses) et dont les recettes seraient intégralement consacrées au développement des transports en commun et à la construction de parkings de dégagement gratuits aux périphéries.

-La lutte contre la délinquance des jeunes, articulant prévention et répression, devra être menée avec humanité et fermeté en expérimentant et en développant toutes les tonnes alternatives à l'emprisonnement, aussi bien les centres éducatifs fermés que les activités civiques militairement encadrées.

-Afin de dépolitiser la question de l'insécurité trop souvent instrumentalisée, le ministère de l'intérieur dévia systématiquement être confié à une personnalité non partisane maintenant le contact avec la majorité et l'opposition.

-La Banque européenne devra certes rester indépendante mais en attendant l'émergence d'un vrai pouvoir économique européen, le soutien à la croissance et à l'emploi fera partie de ses principales fonctions au même titre que la lutte contre l'inflation.

Ces propositions ne constituent pas un projet fermé à acheter «clés en main». Nous entendons, à partir de cette semaine, les mettre en débat, c'est-à-dire les soumettre à la critique ou à l'approbation de nos lecteurs.
Le programme pour les élections présidentielles
www.parti-du-plaisir.com/presidentielles/index.htm...
instauration d’une journée nationale de l’Amour et de la Fraternité

During the 2003 California recall, she was an independent candidate, placing tenth in a field of 135 candidates. She ran on a ten (later expanded to eleven) point platform, promising to:

  1. Legalize same-sex marriage
  2. Tax breast implants
  3. Make lap-dances tax deductible
  4. Wire the California Governor's Mansion with live web-cams
  5. Create a "Porn for Pistols" program to reduce the number of handguns
  6. Be a goodwill ambassador to attract business to the state
  7. Make those drawing unemployment insurance do jury duty for their pay
  8. Fight the attacks on the porn industry by John Ashcroft and the U.S. Department of Justice
  9. Allow bars to stay open until 4:00 A.M.
  10. Address the AIDS epidemic
Notes Autobiographiques de Agustí Chalaux de Subirà.
www.pangea.org/~jbardina/agusfr01.htm
  • Application de " l'empirisme phénoménologique expérimental " aux phénomènes sociaux, économiques et politiques, susceptibles d'être analysés logiquement et expérimentés techniquement afin de chercher des structures favorables de libertés concrètes.
  • Elaboration d'une terminologie univoque indispensable à tout traitement " scientifique " des phénomènes selon l'étude de la signification originelle des mots et de leurs dérivés (sem-étymo-linguistique).
  • Etude interdisciplinaire des différentes étapes de l'histoire naturelle, principalement l'humaine, comme cadre pour comprendre les conflits sociaux et mercantiles actuels.
  • Etude sur le thème utilitaire déterminant dans l'histoire : économie, invention, entreprise, marché, travail, monnaie, écologie….
  • Etude et propositions sur la rationalisation de la monnaie, pour la convertir en un instrument responsable omni- informatif et donc, intra -comptable, du marché et de la société (" facture-chèque telématique ").
  • Etude des possibles conséquences sociales qui dérivent de la réforme monétaire télématique : archive télématique d'informations personnelles sous la protection d'une justice indépendante de l'état, simplification fiscale, omni- comptabilité, mesure exacte du marché, science économique expérimentale…..
  • Elaboration de propositions sur :
  • Marché libre, clair et société transparente ". Eviter que l'argent mercantile ne se transforme en " argent de corruption et de pouvoir " et interdire le mercantilisme des vocations et institutions libérales.
  • Dialectique entre " archi et anarchie " ". Préciser les fonctions des organes de commandement social à tous les niveaux, pour empêcher la transformation en pouvoir contre les personnes individuelles, sociales et nationales.
  • Dialectique entre bien privé et bien commun ". Formulation de l'hypothèse du " bien commun mercantile " techniquement expérimenté avec la " facture-chèque télématique ".
  • Etude des stratégies d'obtention des propositions formulées.
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    Principauté de soi / Monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire

    Alliance Royale - Le parti royaliste !
    www.allianceroyale.fr/article.php3?id_article=313

    La fonction royale dans le nouveau contexte institutionnel

    Très concrètement, dans la réforme des institutions que nous proposons, le Roi est le principe et la clef de voûte :
      Chef de l’Etat, il nomme le premier ministre et fixe au gouvernement les orientations politiques d’intérêt régalien ;
      Chef de la diplomatie et des armées, il signe les traités et décide de l’engagement des forces militaires ;
      Chef de la magistrature, il est le recours juridictionnel suprême, nomme le Garde des Sceaux, arbitre les institutions et promulgue les lois.

    D’une manière générale, le Roi intervient de plein droit dès que les intérêts régaliens sont en jeu, et dispose pour cela d’institutions régaliennes, le Haut conseil et le Ministère d’État, que nous décrivons dans ce programme.

    En revanche, le Roi n’intervient pas de façon ordinaire dans la politique publique, qui relève de la représentation parlementaire et donc de la démocratie. Le domaine des affaires publiques concerne, dans les grandes lignes, le service public, la politique civile et les grands projets de développement, et constitue l’essentiel de la vie politique ordinaire.

    Il est urgent de faire cette distinction entre régalien et public, ce que la république est incapable de comprendre. Lorsqu’on lui parle de « pouvoir régalien » ou de « domaine public », elle entend toujours la même chose « l’appareil de l’État ». C’est ce qui la rend totalitaire.

    Alliance Royale - Le parti royaliste !
    www.allianceroyale.fr/article.php3?id_article=313

    Les valeurs royales

    La dignité des personnes

    Nous mettons au cœur de nos convictions la dignité de la personne humaine, de sa conception à sa mort, en considérant que tout homme a une vocation spirituelle et ne peut, de ce fait, se résumer à sa fonction sociale ou économique. Nous sommes particulièrement attentifs aux plus faibles, enfants, vieillards, malades, pauvres, exclus, dont la dignité doit être, pour cette raison, particulièrement protégée.

    La famille

    Cette dignité des personnes s’acquiert et se développe essentiellement au sein de la famille, qui constitue le cadre naturel dans lequel les enfants, avenir du pays, peuvent pleinement se construire et développer leurs vocations propres. L’institution royale est la mieux à même de porter et de développer ces valeurs, l’une des principales fonctions royales étant précisément d’exercer le rôle d’un chef de famille.

    Le patrimoine

    Selon cette conception, notre pays apparaîtra plus encore comme le patrimoine commun de tous les Français, constituant, particulièrement pour les plus démunis, un cadre politique familier, protecteur et pertinent, un environnement culturel et naturel. Nous sommes fiers de notre pays qui s’est forgé, pour l’essentiel, sous le règne de nos rois, contrairement à ce que prétendent les thèses républicaines. Nous aimons la France, avec son patrimoine humain et naturel si riche et si varié. Nous aurons à cœur de le préserver, de le développe, et de le transmettre aux générations futures comme nous l’avons nous mêmes reçu en héritage.

    La liberté

    La liberté fait partie de ce patrimoine. Ce sont les libertés concrètes des Français, de leurs familles, de leurs associations et entreprises, de leurs régions, et dont l’Etat ne devrait être que le serviteur. C’est aussi la liberté politique, qui se manifeste dans nos sociétés modernes par la représentation démocratique, mais qui ne peut exister vraiment que sous l’arbitrage impartial de l’institution monarchique. C’est enfin la liberté de la France elle-même, cette souveraineté si chèrement acquise par les générations qui nous ont précédés et qui nous permet de vivre en paix et de prospérer.

    L’unité

    Mais la France n’est pas un bloc monolithique comme le voudrait la république. Elle est faite de personnes, de corps sociaux et de régions aux particularismes variés, unis par une culture commune mais prompts à la querelle. Seule la royauté peut non seulement préserver leurs identités, mais en plus les réconcilier autour d’une personne quand la république les divise en partis et en idéologies. La solidarité, la cohésion, voilà la force d’une nation. La France a besoin de retrouver cette unité fondatrice qui lui permettra de faire face aux grands défis de ce siècle.

    Alliance Royale - Le parti royaliste !
    www.allianceroyale.fr/article.php3?id_article=1
    L’Alliance Royale est une formation politique fondée en 2001 et regroupant des "citoyens" (habitants de la Cité) ayant décidé qu’il est temps de reposer la question des institutions dans le débat politique français. L’Alliance Royale a non seulement pour ambition de faire redécouvrir la monarchie à nos compatriotes, mais également d’inviter la France à préparer son avenir dans ses institutions.

    Pour la première fois en France, un parti politique représente et promeut l’idéal de la royauté. Seul ce régime réunit chacun d’entre nous, par-delà les clivages inévitables, sous des principes nécessaires qui nous transcendent. Seule la monarchie peut en effet redonner à la France la certitude de son avenir, face aux grands défis de ce siècle, face au désarroi qui gagne chaque jour l’esprit des Français, face à la démission des partis traditionnels.

    C’est pourquoi l’Alliance Royale veut s’adresser à l’audience la plus large possible. Il y a suffisamment de compatriotes en France, enthousiastes et imaginatifs, pour nous aider à créer un bouleversement considérable dans l’opinion. Sans compter tous ceux qui nous rejoindront par simple fatigue des partis républicains.

    Une référence

    L’Alliance Royale veut aussi devenir une référence dans le débat politique. Le discours politique ambiant tourne en rond en s’attaquant aux symptômes plus qu’aux maux parce qu’il est crispé dans la justification d’un système politique qui n’en peut plus. L’Alliance royale dispose d’une liberté de pensée qui lui permet de proposer des solutions qui ne laisseront personne indifférent.

    Pour parvenir à ses fins, et de façon très concrète, l’Alliance Royale utilise de façon transparente les moyens que le jeu politique légal met à sa disposition.

    Depuis 2004, elle se présente donc à divers suffrages nationaux ou locaux, parce que les élections sont un moyen efficace d’accéder aux grands médias et, à terme, d’être politiquement représenté.

    Elle construit parallèlement un discours inédit, appelé plate-forme politique, en particulier sur une refondation de la société rendue possible grâce à l’institution monarchique.

    Enfin, elle mène des actions de terrain et dans les médias, localement et à l’échelon national, afin de s’implanter de façon durable dans notre pays.

    Par ailleurs, considérant que les querelles dynastiques entravent les Royalistes depuis plus d’un siècle, l’Alliance Royale se veut unitaire, et ne soutient aucun prince prétendant.

    De même, l’Alliance Royale se veut strictement indépendante vis à vis de toutes les formations politiques actuelles

    I/ Retour à une Monarchie Constitutionnelle Parlementaire, avec un Monarque choisi, en principe, dans la Maison de Bourbon, fondatrice de la France. La Nation est souveraine et le roi n’est que son représentant suprême.

    Le Roi détient ses attributions de la loi et du désir de la Nation. Chef de l’Exécutif, son rôle est essentiellement d’assurer la continuité de l’Etat, d’être un conseillé expérimenté pour le Gouvernement et d’arbitrer la vie publique.

    II/ Le pouvoir Exécutif est exercé par un Premier ministre nommé par le Roi mais il émane de la majorité de l’Assemblé Nationale. Les membres du Gouvernement sont choisis par le Roi sur les conseils et l’accord du Premier Ministre. Le Gouvernement doit être approuvé par le Parlement pour rentrer en fonction.

    III/ Le pouvoir Législatif est constitué du Sénat et de l’assemblé Nationale. Les Sénateurs sont élus au suffrage universel indirect (par les élus locaux) tandis que les députés détiennent leurs mandat directement du peuple soit sur scrutin de liste (1/3 de la chambre) ou au scrutin unipersonnel.

    IV/ Le pouvoir Judiciaire et le Ministère Public sont indépendants.
    La fonction royale

    « Le Roi règne mais ne gouverne pas » ; ainsi le rôle politique du souverain s’exerce par l’avis, la suggestion, la mise en garde, l’avertissement, l’encouragement. Il représente et incarne la continuité de l’Etat. Il est donc un conseiller efficace au sein de l’exécutif et de l’Etat tout entier.
    Le dialogue avec tous ceux qui interviennent dans la politique de la Nation représente l’action du Roi, ainsi il se doit d’écouter et de rencontrer tout ce qui compte dans le pays. L’importance de l’action du Roi est précieuse pour la bonne marche de l’Etat.
    D’autre part, son rôle est de surveiller la bonne marche des institutions et prend une part active dans la formation du gouvernement.

    La monarchie concrètement

    On peut imaginer ce que pourrait être la monarchie restaurée, en voici une image :

    Les audiences

    Le Roi reçoit le Premier ministre chaque lundi. Il peut accorder des audiences à d’autres membres du gouvernement ou d’autres personnages de l’Etat ou bien encore des représentants des secteurs économique, social, culturel et scientifique, etc. Le Roi, chef de l’Etat, reçoit des personnalités étrangères de haut rang comme des chefs d’Etat ou des ambassadeurs. Tout entretien reste confidentiel sauf si l’audience est appelée « ouverte » dans quel cas elle peut faire l’objet d’un communiqué divulguant certains points de la discussion.

    Les déplacements

    Le Roi visite régulièrement les diverses régions françaises ainsi que des entreprises ou des institutions (écoles, musées,…), pour donner une vue précise de la situation de la France, de ses problèmes, de ses espoirs et de ses attentes. Il fait part de ses conclusions aux ministres. La Reine et la famille royale marquent également leur intérêt par différents déplacements.

    Faveurs royales

    Le monarque accorde des faveurs telles que :
    • Le titre de « royal » à une association philanthropique qui a touché le souverain par son but, sa vitalité et sa bonne gestion.
    • Un Haut Patronage dont la durée ne peut excéder 5 ans à une association française remplissant les critères nécessaires (un objectif louable, une réputation irréprochable, etc).
    • Un Prix peut être remis à un lauréat d’une exposition ou d’un concours.

    Ses collaborateurs

    1. La maison du Roi


    • Le Maréchal du Palais a la charge de régler toutes les activités publiques du Roi et de la famille royale. Il a à sa charge :
    • Le Chef du Protocole chargé du bon déroulement des activités du Roi,
    • Le commandant de la Maison chargé de l’appui logistique des activités du Roi et de l’entretien des palais.



    2. Le Cabinet du Roi

    • Le Chef du Cabinet est chargé des problèmes politiques et administratifs et de la liaison avec le gouvernement et le monde politique. Il assiste le Roi dans le suivi de l’actualité politique. Il est aidé par :
    • Le Chef adjoint du Cabinet est chargé de seconder le Chef du Cabinet,
    • Le Chambellan est chargé des relations internationales,
    • Le Porte-parole est en charge des relations avec la Presse,
    • Conseiller pour l'Education et la Culture,
    • Conseiller pour l'Agriculture, la Ruralité, le Commerce et l'Artisanat,
    • Conseiller Presse et communication,
    • Conseillers Justice,
    • Conseiller diplomatique,
    • Conseiller aux Affaires sociales,
    • Conseiller Macro-économie, finances publiques et économie internationale,
    • Conseiller aux institutions et aux relations avec les Elus,
    • Conseiller Environnement et Aménagement du territoire,
    • Conseiller Education, Jeunesse et Sports,
    • Conseiller Entreprise, compétitivité et politiques de croissance,
    • Conseiller Affaires intérieures, Français à l'étranger et Sécurité civile,
    • Secrétaire d’Etat attaché au Roi,
    • Représentant Royal pour la Francophonie,

    3. La Maison Militaire du Roi

    • Chef de la Maison militaire est chargé d’aider le monarque à remplir sa mission dans le domaine de la défense,
    • Etat-Major Particulier,
    • Aides de camp,
    • Commandant militaire du Palais est chargé de la sécurité du Palais

    A chaque début de règne, le Parlement fixe pour la durée du règne la Liste Civile du Roi : moyens que la Nation met à la disposition du Chef de l’Etat afin de lui permettre d’assumer sa fonction.

    (Le Rassemblement Démocrate estime le coût d’un Roi et de sa famille à 10 000 000 euro environ par an contre 12 504 481 euro pour un Président de la République)

    I. UN EXÉCUTIF FORT
    POUR COMBATTRE
    LA MONDIALISATION FINANCIÈRE

    Il faut, dans l’époque tumultueuse que nous vivons, maintenir un exécutif fort, capable de faire valoir la justice et le droit au développement face aux dérives mondialistes et à l’impéritie européenne actuelle. Il faut que cet exécutif soit garant de l’émission de crédits publics à long terme et faible taux d’intérêt nécessaires à la mise en place d’un pont terrestre eurasiatique et d’un nouveau Bretton Woods.

       
    "Il faut un
    exécutif fort
    garant de
    l’émission de
    crédits publics
    à long terme
    et à faible taux
    d’intérêt
    "
     

    C’est pourquoi je suis partisan de maintenir l’élection du président de la République au suffrage universel direct. Cependant, il ne peut gouverner sans la confiance et l’assentiment du peuple. Il doit donc se retirer si lui-même ou sa majorité se trouvent désavoués. La cohabitation devenue habituelle (13 ans sur 16 entre 1986 et 2002) est une perversion absolue de l’esprit de la Constitution actuelle.

    L’article 16 lui-même, qui ne doit être appliqué que lorsque l’intérêt suprême de la nation se trouve menacé, doit être à mon sens maintenu, dans la situation internationale très grave qui menace à l’horizon. Il devrait être cependant précisé qu’il trouve sa seule justification dans la nécessité d’assurer les conditions pour que soit respecté le Préambule de notre Constitution, aujourd’hui d’ores et déjà bafoué par la loi de la jungle de la mondialisation financière.

    A travers l’article 16 ainsi recadré, le Président pourrait, si besoin en était et en cas d’extrême urgence, devenir l’instigateur d’une politique de crédits publics à long terme et faible taux d’intérêt, au sein d’un nouveau Bretton Woods et d’un nouveau plan Marshall Est-Ouest et Nord-Sud. Le crédit d’Etat serait en ce sens le moyen de sa politique de paix par le développement mutuel, se substituant à celle de « guerre contre le terrorisme » à durée indéfinie présentée par Washington, qui peut basculer dans un « choc de civilisations » si rien n’est fait pour l’arrêter.

    De même, la possibilité d’avoir recours à un référendum est un instrument essentiel du Président, et il ne faut pas y revenir dans les circonstances actuelles.

    Les moyens du gouvernement pour gouverner vis-à-vis d’un Parlement qui l’entraverait existent, et il faut les conserver.

    Certes, l’on pourrait supprimer les excès de l’article 49-3 et le recours abusif aux ordonnances en matière de droits fondamentaux. Une réflexion devrait être engagée à cet effet. Cependant, pour faire disparaître ces abus, je fais surtout confiance à la fin du cumul des mandats (cf. plus loin) qui permettrait aux bancs de l’Assemblée d’être plus densément garnis et rendrait, en conséquence, le contrôle parlementaire plus réel.

    Reste le rôle du Premier ministre au sein de l’exécutif. Ici, les choses devraient être clarifiées. Il devrait être établi dans la Constitution que le Président « détermine la politique de la nation », en fixe les grands principes et en anime les orientations. Pour mettre en oeuvre cette politique, il nomme le Premier ministre et met éventuellement fin à ses fonctions.

       
     

    Ainsi, le Président, avec son Premier ministre, et l’Assemblée se trouveraient face à face. Dans la logique d’un nécessaire dialogue entre les pouvoirs, qui aujourd’hui n’existe pas, l’Assemblée ne pourrait censurer le gouvernement du Président, et le Président ne pourrait dissoudre l’Assemblée. Autrement dit, une entente dans l’intérêt supérieur de la nation devrait s’établir, la possibilité restant, en cas de conflit insoluble, à l’Assemblée de se dissoudre elle-même ou au Président de démissionner. En cas de conflit plus limité, le Président devrait pouvoir exceptionnellement opposer son veto à un texte de loi, l’Assemblée ayant la faculté de le rétablir à une majorité des 2/3. Ce serait plus clair qu’aujourd’hui et la cohabitation deviendrait ainsi pratiquement impossible, le Président devant nécessairement se trouver en première ligne et non se contenter d’être éventuellement un « roi fainéant » ou un monarque protégé.

    Dans le contexte de responsabilisation mutuelle ainsi défini, les actes liés à la fonction présidentielle doivent toujours faire l’objet d’un traitement particulier et bénéficier d’un privilège de juridiction (la Haute Cour, en cas de haute trahison ou d’actes notoirement incompatibles avec la dignité de sa charge), alors que les actes extérieurs ou antérieurs à cette fonction doivent, eux, relever de juridictions ordinaires, en étant filtrés par la future Cour suprême de la nation pour protéger le chef de l’Etat de plaintes abusives.

    Restent deux initiatives à prendre pour clarifier la fonction présidentielle vis-à-vis du législatif et du judiciaire :
     prévoir que le chef de l’Etat, une fois par an, prononce un discours sur l’état de la nation devant le Parlement. Il y gagnerait en responsabilité, le Parlement en dignité ;
     ôter au Président la présidence du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature et le droit d’y siéger.

    Taking the Guns and Other Draconian Measures
    members.aol.com/DrHumph/draco.htm

    Draconian Measures

    Population Growth

    It could be argued that the greatest problem facing the world is the population bomb. Global population has doubled several times in the 20th Century. While not strictly speaking an exponential curve (since the time of doubling kept getting shorter, and then about 1970 started getting longer again), the Earth cannot sustain very many more doublings. Even one more doubling would probably force the world into destroying the remaining tropical forests and turning them into rice paddys. We still have no policy against clear cuts of old growth forests in the US. Can we feed 10 billion people? Probably, but that is not the point. Every doubling makes the whole ecology more unstable. As the world comes to rely upon US grain, what if we institute Growers Associations, and US farmers opt out of the global grain market? Or what if the world decides not to allow any more destruction of wild habitat? We should take both actions. But the result might be the onset of a time of famines in the Third World.

    In the 1990s, birthrates fell everywhere but in Africa, as once poor countries like India or Malaysia become richer, and as women win reproductive rights to their own bodies. It looks like the "morning-after pill" will soon be legal in the United States, as it has in Europe for a decade. So perhaps there will be no more doublings of world population, so drastic measures like birth licenses will not be required. It would help world health organizations to continue to do their job if the US simply paid its dues at the UN, which stands at 1 billion dollars, a small sum, which Bill Gates could pay off personally, if he cared to make the UN one of his charities.


    Eliminating Modern Firearms

    Someday, in the utopian future of the United States, all the gun manufacturers will be shut down, all the outlets for buying or selling guns will be forced to remove guns and ammunition from their shelves, and in a one-time violation of everyone's fourth amendment, their persons, vehicles, domiciles and properties will be thoroughly searched with sophisticated devices and all guns and ammunition caches will be found and confiscated. After that, movement through checkpoints with a gun will be impossible, because of the metal detection equipment. Of course, not all the guns will be found. But the ones that remain will be pinned in place, since after the great sweep, it will be a serious felony to own or carry a modern firearm, and it will be impossible to get them through the checkpoints.

    The US will never be able to get a handle on violent crime until the private ownership of guns is forbidden. It is all too easy to kill large numbers of people with large clip semi-automatic weapons. It is too easy to kill oneself. The pistol is the weapon of choice for suicides and for homicides. The number one cause of death for pregnant women is homicide. The number one cause of workplace death for women is homicide. In some urban neighborhoods, the homicide rate is 1000 times greater than it is in the most peaceful of European countries, such as Austria.

    Despite this, all legislation in this country to ban guns, or even to ban some guns, such as assault rifles, has been undermined by the National Rifle Association (NRA). We must meet the objections of the NRA, often expressed as bumper stickers, because they express legitimate concerns.

    One common bumper sticker is "When guns are outlawed, only outlaws will have guns." That would be true in the 2nd Republic. Only in the Draconian beginning of the 3rd Republic will it be possible to make the sweeping changes I propose, such as the Great Sweep-Up of guns. Draco is a name from Greek history. The Greeks invented democracy, but then as now, they sometimes found themselves in a deadlock, and a state of crisis. When that happened, they elected a temporary "dictator" because some decision is better than deadlock in a time of crisis. One of these elected dictators was named Draco, and his reforms were so drastic, his name is the root of a word that is still with us: "draconian."

    In order to quickly reduce the level of violence to the level of other First Class societies, draconian measures will be required, not all of them directly involving guns. Bad neighborhoods will be cordoned off, every house and apartment emptied (perhaps at 3 AM), and the inhabitants deported. Bad neighborhoods breed bad people, and simply standing back and waiting for the bad people to commit horrible crimes will not do. It is the entire community that must be rooted out, confiscating all their property, including their guns, of course. Such neighborhoods will be the first to have walls and checkpoints, and when those are in place, high-rise projects will be pulled down, and the whole neighborhood turned over to Habitat for Humanity, to create an integrated middle class neighborhood.

    Even before the bad neighborhoods are deported, the gangs will be rounded up. Deport the Mafia families, and their associates, whether they are known to have committed any crimes or not. All races will be represented in the deportees. When it comes to the Bloods and the Crips, I would be willing to try an experiment. Execute the sociopaths, and then try to turn the remaining members of these gangs into forces for good in their neighborhood. Organize city-wide 'hood Olympics, which may involve rough sports, but not murder.

    So, you see, you members of the NRA, the criminals will not have guns. They will lose theirs first. However, as long as they can steal more guns from honest citizens, we have not solved the problem. Therefore, we must have the Great Sweep and take everyone's guns.

    Another NRA bumper sticker is: "Guns don't kill people, criminals do." Very true. I am under no illusions that getting rid of the guns will by itself reduce crime to acceptable levels. But when combined with legalization of drugs, prostitution and gambling, plus protection orders that really work because of the walls and checkpoints...it is one step. Of course, every kitchen is filled with lethal weapons, capable of being used for murder or suicide. So what is so special about guns?

    The problem with certain weapons, such as nuclear weapons or poison gas or modern firearms is that they are inherently evil and unfair weapons. They kill indiscriminately and in large numbers. Victims have no protection, no chance to defend themselves. It is impossible to dodge in the tiny instant before a trigger is squeezed and the round is fired off. And with modern firearms, it possible to kill at a great range and remain invisible. Distance is no protection. And finally, it is too easy to conceal firearms. Fortunately, they can be detected by metal detectors at checkpoints, but at the expense of building bicycles and HPVs out of fibers and resins, and electric cars out of aluminum.

    By contrast, a modern compound bow is a fairer weapon. It is impossible to kill dozens in seconds. It is difficult to conceal the weapon, or conceal the fact that one is about to shoot it. It is possible to dodge the flight of the arrow if the shooter is sufficiently far away. Skill and good reflexes make a difference. But any fool can snuff out a life with modern firearms.

    The NRA operate under the delusion that the 2nd Amendment gives private citizens the right to carry firearms. Read the whole thing! The 2nd Amendment is about the right of citizens to join local militias, what we today call the National Guard. And the arms referred to in the 2nd Amendment are military arms, designed to provide a last level of defense against a military dictatorship or foreign invasion. With local armories of military weapons, local members of the National Guard would become guerrilla fighters in such situations. But notice, members are not allowed to take their tanks and machine guns home. It all stays in the local armory.

    But let us assume for a moment that people do have a right to defend their home and property and a right to go hunting or target shooting. Modern firearms are overkill. They are far too dangerous for such innocent purposes. We must go all the way back to the "brown bess" flintlock musket that the British army used in the Napoleonic wars to find an acceptable firearm, for those who must have the bang and flash, and the smell of gunpowder smoke. The British also had companies of riflemen, but mainly relied on the musket, because a British soldier could load and fire three balls a minute. Great accuracy was not required because of the massed volleys.

    The "brown bess" would be a legal weapon in the 3rd Republic. It is a fair weapon, because of its inaccuracy at distances greater than about 100 feet. Also it is impossible to remain hidden, like a sharpshooter, because of the great cloud of smoke produced by black powder (the only legal explosive in the 3rd Republic). If a musketman fires at someone closer and misses, the opponent can dash over and cut his throat before he can reload. Furthermore, there is a split second hesitation before the flash in the pan and the firing of the weapon, giving someone time to duck. Unlike a handgun, it is hard to conceal, and hard to use for suicide. But anything that will take smokeless powder without exploding, anything which may be concealed (a pistol of any kind), anything with rifling, anything with a more modern firing action is illegal. For instance, the weapons of the Civil War would not be allowable, first because they are rifles and accurate at great ranges, and secondly because they have a caplock action rather than flintlock, so there is no hesitation between pulling the trigger and discharge of the rifle. No time to duck.

    Other legal weapons would be the modern compound bow (can't be concealed), but not the crossbow. For the protection of women, permit switchblades with "ginzu" blades, i.e. ceramic and plastic knives which would pass through checkpoints. A woman could take such a weapon out of concealment and kill a rapist, but only after he was on top of her. So it is a purely defensive weapon. Such a switchblade is no good for a knife fight, because it has no fingerguard, and because the blade is brittle and easily broken. We might also allow throwing knives of the same ceramic material. In this case, when the arm is cocked to throw the knife, the victim has time to duck. Furthermore, accuracy and power are limited to perhaps 10 feet. A compound bow would be adequate home defense, while the two "ginzu" knife types are suitable for personal defense.

    School Violence

    There is one other major reason to ban guns. It is the only way to prevent more tragedies like that in Jonesboro, Arkansas, or Paducah, Kentucky, or Dunblane, Scotland, all of which involved children shooting children with modern firearms. The act in Dunblane led to the banning of firearms in the UK. That is the correct response, the only response. Why do kids kill kids? This never happened twenty years ago. What has changed? Two things. The decline of the paddle, and the rise of the megaschool.

    The Megaschool

    "James Garbarino of Cornell, an expert on adolescent crime, said that if he could do one thing to stop violence, "it would be to ensure that teenagers are not in high schools bigger than 400 to 500 students."" (Newsweek, "The Last Word," March 26, 2001). In this same article, Anna Quindlen points out that between 1940 and 1990 the average size of high schools has risen fivefold. I went to a tiny high school, with only 50 students in the entire place. So I was a varsity basketball player, I was President of the FFA, I went to all the high school parties. Everyone but a few fundamentalist sectarians were involved in everything, and everybody knew everybody. Indeed, we knew the same people since we were in first grade. All 12 grades were in one building. In huge highschools, it is easy for a shy loner, a late developer, to be part of nothing. But this is surely not the only factor. Even when I was in school, there already existed some megaschools. I had a classmate from Cincinnati where there were 15,000 students in one high school.

    The Decline in Paddling

    When I was 5 and a first grader, I and two other kids were caught throwing rocks at some girls. The rocks were not very big and the girls were far away, so fortunately, no one was hurt. Nonetheless, it was an action of senseless violence, just like the shootings in Jonesboro, Paducah, or Dunblane, except that the weapons were different. For our punishment we each received three hard whacks on the buttocks with a thick wooden paddle. We received no permanent injury, but we did not feel like sitting down for awhile. This was the only paddling I ever received. I never again threw rocks at anyone. It had been firmly implanted in my mind that this was an act of senseless violence, worthy of the ultimate punishment. Because the two boys in Jonesboro were not paddled for throwing rocks at girls at 5, they were able to shoot at girls at ages 11 and 13.


    Mass Testing and Quarantine for Epidemics

    We should have public health policies in place to handle epidemics. This shouldn't be controversial. We have always dealt with epidemics with public health measures (such as required testing and quarantine of those who are infectious) and with public works measures, such as the sewer and water systems of the past two centuries, which have put an end to most colon-to-mouth diseases in the advanced nations of the world. One such disease is cholera, which is still a problem in the third world. When I was a child in the fifties, TB was still endemic, and we were all subjected to something called the Shick test for antibodies. If we tested positive for antibodies and additional tests were run. People who were both infected and infectious were confined to Sanitoria, both for better treatment and to provide quarantine.

    A combination of public works and public health measures have eliminated most diseases which have an animal intermediary, such as fleas and rats for the Black Death, or mosquitoes for yellow fever, dengue and malaria. In the case of venereal diseases we have always notified all previous sexual partners about a carrier, who no doubt tell all their friends, so the carriers of VD have been known and therefore shunned. But for some reason AIDS has always been different, at least until superior treatments of the disease came along. AIDS activists were always in the streets, angrily blaming their plight on anyone but themselves, successfully defeating public health measures that could have halted the AIDS epidemic in its tracks long ago. All that is required is compulsory testing and quarantine, as with TB and leprosy (before a cure was found). No doubt we will someday have either a cure for AIDS or a vaccine for it, but in the meantime, why have we had no effective public health response? Because the AIDS activists wouldn't have it, and labelled any such measure an invasion of their rights.

    Their rights? Since when have people infected with a deadly disease had a right to knowingly infect other people? There is no such right. In any case, rights are neither laws of nature nor commandments of divinity. They are created by communities, for their own protection. And we still need protection against AIDS, even if the people infected with HIV live much longer than they used to. The tests should be free, and compulsory for everyone sexually active (even married people and priests) at least once a year. The quarantine could be virtual, instead of literal. Put the names and pictures of people infected with HIV in a public database, so one could just look up someone before a first date. Also, brand HIV or HPMV, or Herpes on their buttocks, for those who haven't time to check the database. HPMV stands for a group of viral STDs which are also incurable, and produce anything from genital warts to cervical cancer. Herpes is likewise an incurable viral STD, which produces sores and scabs around the mouth or genitalia. The AIDS epidemic is not over, and it is spreading increasingly out to suburban and rural high-schools where the only mode of transmission is heterosexual sex.


    General Forgiveness of Debts

    Another Draconian measure for the first First Archon is a general forgiveness of all debts. The 3rd Republic will not be responsible for the debts of the 2nd Republic. In the past, that was always assumed to be true when a government "fell," something we have never really experienced in the United States. By all debts, I mean all public and private debts. This will brighten the existence of many third world governments which have huge debts to a few large New York City banks. It also means that if you were making payments on a house or car, you can stop. But equally, you cannot collect on any debts to yourself. To avoid absolute chaos in the financial institutions, all public and private assets in banks (including CDs and municipal bonds) will be transferred to a new federal bank, which will also take over all the ATMS, and which will issue the new electronic money. No attempt will be made to bail out failing banks, falling stock, or S&Ls. If people complain bitterly about their now worthless government paper, may I remind them that the only service performed for society by lenders is risk? A bond or stock with no risk does not exist.

    Seizing the Entertainment Corporations

    The movie and record business in the US is a monopoly. We know this because of the outrageously high prices charged for CDs and DVDs. It costs pennies to manufacture each one. It is much cheaper and faster to manufacture a CD than a cassette, a DVD rather than a VHS tape. Yet, in both cases, the tape is sold at a cheaper price than the higher tech CD or DVD. If there were true competition over price, a CD should retail for about $5 and a DVD for about $7.50 (the average price of a theatre ticket).

    Another piece of evidence that entertainment is a monopoly is the fact that song-writers and musicians must sign such terribly unfair contracts in order to be signed at all. These contracts mean that very successful acts, like "Destiny's Child" or "The Dixie Chicks" rake in hundreds of millions of dollars for their record companies, but net barely enough to make a living.

    Therefore, like a bull in a china shop, our Draco must charge into Hollywood and Nashville and smash things to pieces. First of all, all those companies and corporations which have some power must be seized, sometimes yanked away the international conglomerates that own them, and all the executives fired and banned forever from the entertainment business. Secondly, retail prices for CDs must be dropped to $5, to be divided in the following way: $2 for the retail merchant, $2 for the musicians and song-writers, and $1 for the record company. For DVDs, actors, screen-writers, directors and craftsmen should receive $3.50, with $2 for the retail merchant and $2 for the movie company.

    Executive control shall be retained by the Aristarchy. The people selected for this need not have any experience making music or movies. They simply need eclectic tastes. It is not necessary for them to initiate anything. They just need to open the door, and creative people will come pouring in. The result will be a fantastic increase in the range and type of CDs and DVDs. Many movies will be shot with digital cameras and go straight to DVD, since the special effects and titles can be added on the computer. Similarly, CDs will often be nothing more than a slightly edited version of the live performances of the musicians. In most cases, no music video need be made, nor any money spent on promotion. The public will find what they like, and the word will spread on the Internet.

    Eventually, the original owners of each seized company shall be paid, but only after the real assets of the company have been determined. If their only asset is monopoly control, the previous owners will be paid nothing.

    Today, it is very difficult for creative people to ever have any success in Hollywood or Nashville. Furthermore, there is a lot of discrimination, cheating, lousy contracts, and virtual enslavement of creative people. All that will end.

    What about major motion pictures to be released in theatres? It takes at least $20 million just to make a widespread release. It costs that much to transfer digital to film, make all the prints, and advertise. Thus, "little" pictures will never be released in theatres. One thing which could reduce the risk of theatre movies would be price caps for actors and directors. After all, we don't go to movies or concerts to make someone rich. Why should just a few actors or musicians become absurdly rich while most starve? I suggest a maximum for any movie of $1 million and 5 percent of the gross, per "star." The Aristarchy can hire firms that specialize in casting, and leave the casting up to them and the director. Unknowns can succeed very well, especially in TV. And big stars often give terrible performances.

    The hardest working people in show business are those who work on one hour dramas on prime time TV. So they deserve to be paid well. But let us remember that shows with large ensemble casts do not use all of them equally on every episode. So I suggest a cap based on the number of pages an actor has on an episode. I have no idea what that number should be.

    The structure of power in entertainment is not obvious. Who exactly holds the monopoly power? Wherever it is found, that is what our Draco must seize, and banish the executives and owners from any further work in entertainment. The result can only be a vast improvement in the breadth and quality of entertainment.


    Public Ownership of Dead Bodies

    This may seem an odd thing for Utopians to worry about. Of course, because of my knowledge of reincarnation and other spiritual topics, death is not something I fear, and I have no superstitions about dead bodies, any more than I have superstitions about the clothes once worn by a now dead person, or the house where their death took place. But some cultures do have superstitions about all those things, which arise from spiritual ignorance.

    One reason for being concerned about bodies and the way they are disposed is that Utopians always take the long view. And if we keep burying people in perpetual plots, a time will come when cemeteries take over all the space within and around cities and there will be no place for the living. This problem has alread been faced by many old and large cities, such as Paris. In the 18th Century, cemeteries were occupying too much valuable land, so a program was put into place to remove the bones from cemeteries and store them in underground crypts, which still exist under Paris. At that time, there were 6 million dead Parisians, and 2 million live ones. I don't know what the current policy is in Paris. There is at least one small cemetery in Paris, the one where Jim Morrison, the Rock star from the Doors, is buried. But this is a small cemetery that one must hunt up. There are not large areas covered by cemeteries within Paris.

    Utopians like to solve multiple problems with one stroke. I propose that death should be declared one hour after brain death, but before such things as respirators or heart-lung bypass or dialysis machines are turned off. The relatives are invited in to say good-bye, and then they are shooed off. Within a short time, possibly six weeks or less, the ashes of the body in a fancy urn are given to the next of kin. They may then decide to hold a memorial service. The next of kin will not have to pay anything for cremation, caskets, burial plots or the funeral, all of which can easily top $10,000. Instead, they could have the memorial service catered, and have a minister, priest, spiritual leader or family member conduct the service, with the favorite music of the departed being sung or performed or even played on a Hi-Fi. After 6 weeks or so, the first shock of grief will be over, and it will be possible to celebrate the life, in joy, rather than commemorate the death. Next-of-kin will never be told exactly what may have been done to the body, except that it was done with respect. No records will be kept of the exact use made of the body.

    What will the state do with the body? Organ transplants for one thing. This should completely solve the organ donor shortage problem. Personally, I am not so sure that organ transplants are a great idea. The drugs given to suppress rejection leave the body wide open to death by infection, parasites or cancer, which usually happens within 5 or 6 years. Perhaps we should regard all such transplants as a temporary expedient, while a permanent replacement is grown from the patient's own cells. This is not far off. It is already being done with skin, ears and noses. So, long before time is up, so to speak, the temporary transplant will be replaced with one grown from that patient's own cells. Then the rejection suppressant drugs can be discontinued.

    Another use for bodies is in the training of new doctors or medical technicians. What better way to practice sutures, putting in IVs, removing the appendix or the gall bladder or to practice any difficult new surgical procedure than to practice on a cadaver? The result will be new doctors who have already practiced every procedure they will ever do. Probably many times.

    But in truth, the main virtue of the government taking ownership of all dead bodies is to prevent the world from being overrun by cemeteries. And it follows from this thought that we must do as the Parisians did, and dig up the bones in existing metropolitan cemeteries, cart off the stone monuments, and return this land to productive use, no doubt initially as a park, with grass, trees and flower beds. The bones could be kept in underground crypts, as the Parisians did, or cremated and returned to the next of kin, if that is known. Country cemeteries can be left alone, at least for a few millenia.

    Copyright © Thales 2000

    Constitution

    UDG Union Droite Gauche, Mourguy Candidat Election Présidentielle 2007 - 2012, élysée AFP#ministere-
    www.u-d-g.fr/programme-election-presidentielle-200...
    Nous proposons la reconnaissance et la comptabilisation du « VOTE BLANC » dans les résultats de toutes les élections de la République. Cette réforme est la priorité de toutes nos propositions, car le vote blanc peut être entre autres un vote de contestation
    UDG Union Droite Gauche, Mourguy Candidat Election Présidentielle 2007 - 2012, élysée AFP#ministere-
    www.u-d-g.fr/programme-election-presidentielle-200...
    Nous proposons d'instituer une Charte de l’Ecologie dans la Constitution, la promouvoir et l’expliquer auprès de tous les pays du monde : 20 % de l’humanité utilise 80 % des ressources mondiales, est-ce durable ?  Exemple : Le réchauffement de 3 degrés de la planète sur notre siècle prévu par tous les scientifiques du monde va causer un dérèglement climatique et écologique sans précédent avec des effets néfastes impossibles à prévoir.
    Rachid Nekkaz Président » Blog Archive » Démocratie du 21ème siécle
    blog.nekkaz.com/2006/06/14/democratie-internet/
    Histoire et mémoire.
    Réconcilier les Français avec leur Histoire dans l’esprit de la 1ère Constitution de 1791 en ajoutant en Préambule de la Constitution : «L’Histoire de France est une et indivisible, les régimes qui l’ont composé sont l’héritage imprescriptible de la République». 
    89 propositions - Mouvement de l'utopie concrète
    www.utopiesconcretes.org/propositions/
  • Pas seulement des droits, une déclaration universelle des Devoirs de l'homme.
  • Devoir d'hospitalité, de partage et de résistance.
  • Devoir de vote
  • 89 propositions - Mouvement de l'utopie concrète
    www.utopiesconcretes.org/propositions/
  • Lutte mondiale pour la laïcité, désarmer les fanatismes.
  • Inscrire la laïcité dans la charte des nations unies.
  • Faire du 9 décembre un jour férié mondial.
  • Ne pas toucher à la loi de 1905 : principe intangible
  • Devoirs du citoyen - Mouvement de l'utopie concrète
    www.utopiesconcretes.org/devoirs/

    Déclaration des devoirs du citoyen

    1. Devoir de ne pas se taire

      Toute démocratie naît de la prise de parole de citoyens soucieux de construire ensemble un corps social. Se taire, c’est renoncer. C’est faire le jeu des ennemis de la démocratie.
      « Si tu parles, tu meurs. Si tu te tais, tu meurs. Alors, parle et meurs » Tahar Djaout, journaliste algérien de 36 ans, assassiné en 1993 sous les yeux de sa femme et de sa fille âgée de trois ans. Il écrivit ces lignes, quinze jours avant sa mort.

    2. Devoir de mémoire

      La négation du passé entraîne la répétition des processus de la barbarie. Et seul un regard non partisan sur les événements fondateurs ou dramatiques de notre histoire ouvre la possibilité de progrès dans l’histoire.
      « Si l’on ne sait pas d'où l'on vient, comment savoir où l'on va ? »

    3. Devoir d'hospitalité

      Dans la tradition hassidique, il y a toujours un siège vide à la table pour accueillir l'étranger à venir. Maintenir éveillée la capacité d'ouvrir son cœur et de tendre sa main : là est le devoir d'hospitalité.

    4. Devoir de vote

      Voter n'est pas seulement un droit mais aussi un devoir. Tout citoyen a le droit d'être ou non inscrit sur les listes. S'il choisit de s'inscrire, il a alors le devoir de voter. Et s'il ne vote pas, il sera taxé de 150 euros. Le taux d'abstention sera mesuré par le pourcentage des désinscrits.

    5. Devoir de respecter l'autre dans sa différence

      Sans respect des différences : identitaires, raciales, sexuelles, sociales et autres, il n'y a point de respect de l'être humain. Tous égaux, tous différents.
      Jean-Paul Sartre : « Que reste-t-il ? Un homme, fait de tous les hommes, qui les vaut tous et que vaut n'importe qui » (dernière phrase des Mots).

    6. Devoir de protéger la Terre et l'Univers

      Depuis deux cents ans, à chaque génération nous léguons une terre de moins en moins vivable à nos enfants : air vicié, eau polluée, terre gorgée de déchets. Aujourd'hui, dans nos vies quotidiennes, il n'est pas une minute où nous n'abîmons pas notre environnement : agissons contre cette dégradation !
      « Prière de laisser l'endroit en meilleur état que vous ne l'avez trouvé ! » (sagesse populaire).

    7. Devoir de transmission du savoir

      Lutter contre le cloisonnement des âges et des classes. Reconnaître comme structurelle la transmission et l'échange des savoirs susceptibles de faire loi entre les générations. Instituer universellement l'École Républicaine comme garante de l'accès au savoir pour tous sans discrimination.
      « Oser savoir », Devise des Lumières.

    8. Devoir d'épargner la honte à l'autre

      Qu'est-ce qu'être humain ? Qu'est-ce que ne plus être humain ? Infliger délibérément la honte à l'autre, c'est basculer dans le barbare, dans l'humiliation, dans les aspects destructeurs de la volonté de puissance : ultra-compétitivité, désir de domination, plaisir procuré par la souffrance de l'autre…
      « L'acte le plus humain, c'est d'épargner la honte à l'autre », Nietzsche,
      « Je cherche un homme », Diogène.

    9. Devoir de réserver un traitement humain aux détenus

      On ne naît pas criminel, on le devient. Les conditions de détention de celles et ceux que la justice a condamné à l'incarcération doivent être décentes et respecter la dignité humaine.
      « Rien de ce qui est humain ne m'est étranger », Térence.

    10. Devoir de donner un visage à ceux qui n'en n'ont pas

      Partout sur la terre, des enfants, des vieillards, des hommes, des femmes fuient la misère, la persécution, les conditions de vie indécente. Partout sur la terre, des milliers d'êtres humains se retrouvent réfugiés, clandestins, illégaux, niés… En tant qu'êtres humains, notre devoir est de donner un visage à ceux qui n'en n’ont pas.
      « Pour comprendre une société, il faut regarder ceux qui en sont exclus. Les marginaux portent la vérité sur le groupe. Qui porte la vérité des exclus ? », Paul Rozenberg.
      « Et l’être de l'homme, non seulement ne peut être compris sans la folie, mais il ne serait pas l'être de l'homme s'il ne portait en lui la folie comme limite de sa liberté », Lacan, 1946.

    7. Ajouter dans le préambule de la Constitution que le combat contre la pauvreté est un objectif constitutionnel et que la Nation assure la protection de la personne et de la famille.
    [Dieudonné dieudo.net/2007 campagne élection présidentielle] Les axes du programme
    dieudo.net/2007/article.php3?id_article=3
    Par la constitutionnalisation de la pluralité et de l’indépendance du pouvoir médiatique, nous garantirons une véritable information des citoyens, sans laquelle il ne saurait y avoir ni démocratie, ni liberté.
    [Pour des candidatures unitaires de la gauche antilibérale en 2007-2008] CE QUE NOUS VOULONS : 125 p
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    Une nouvelle déclaration des droits pour fonder une nouvelle république

    Cette déclaration des droits affirmera des droits nouveaux mettant en valeur les principes correspondant à notre projet politique. Elle réaffirmera les libertés fondamentales et les droits sociaux fondamentaux contenus dans le Préambule de la constitution de 1946, mais insistera sur leur effectivité réelle, c’est-à-dire sur la nécessité d’un engagement de l’Etat pour les mettre en œuvre et assurer leur garantie pour tous. En outre, une charte de la laïcité sera adossée à cette déclaration à valeur constitutionnelle pour que soient respectés les principes républicains dans tous les lieux publics.

    Par cette déclaration, nous entendons reconnaître en particulier les nouveaux droits et libertés qui suivent :

      Tout être humain a droit à la libre disposition de son corps (le droit à l’avortement libre et gratuit acquiert ainsi une valeur constitutionnelle). La peine de mort est interdite.
      L’égalité des droits pour toutes et tous, dans tous les domaines, est garanti quel que soit son sexe, son âge, sa culture, son origine, [sa nationalité], sa religion, son orientation sexuelle, son apparence physique, son handicap. A ce titre, la lutte contre les racismes et ses conséquences discriminatoires est une obligation de l’Etat.
      Toute personne a le droit d’obtenir de la collectivité des moyens convenables d’existence. Ce principe s’impose aux pouvoirs publics. Il est une obligation pour les institutions publiques et les entreprises.
      Le droit au logement est un droit imprescriptible. Un service public du logement veille à l’application de ce droit : attentif, en particulier, au respect du principe de non-discrimination, il pourra se substituer aux acteurs privés et publics pour assurer l’effectivité de ce droit.
      La sécurité professionnelle est un droit essentiel de tout travailleur. Le statut nouveau de salarié doit garantir à celui-ci le maintien du salaire, le droit au reclassement et à la formation tout au long de la vie. Toute personne privée d’emploi conserve son revenu et son logement dans des conditions précisées par la loi. Les garanties fondamentales reconnues au salarié par le code du travail ont valeur constitutionnelle. Le refus de toute discrimination dans l’accès au travail et au logement est une obligation constitutionnelle.
      La démocratie sociale s’impose dans toutes les entreprises. Les travailleurs et les institutions qui les représentent, doivent exercer des droits nouveaux d’expertise, de contrôle et de proposition.
      La participation directe des citoyens à la vie politique et institutionnelle est un principe démocratique fondamental.
      L’accès à la citoyenneté est garanti pour tous les résident(e)s.
      Toute personne a droit au respect de sa vie privée et notamment à la protection de ses données personnelles.
      La liberté du mariage homosexuel est garantie. L’adoption est ouverte aux couples homosexuels.
      La liberté d’aller et venir, et le droit au regroupement familial sont des droits fondamentaux de la personne humaine ; la liberté de circulation ne doit pas être réservée aux marchandises et aux capitaux.
      Le droit d’asile est un droit fondamental. Il s’applique dans le respect des Conventions de Genève. Ce droit sera étendu aux femmes subissant des violences dans leur pays.
      Le vivant, l’eau, les ressources naturelles, la santé, la culture, l’éducation, la recherche, l’énergie et l’information ne sont pas des marchandises mais des biens communs de l’humanité qui échappent au principe de la libre concurrence.
      Le droit à une information pluraliste exige l’interdiction des concentrations dans le domaine de la production, de l’édition, de la diffusion et de la communication.
      La souveraineté alimentaire est un droit de chaque peuple.
      Chaque être humain a droit à un environnement de qualité. Promouvoir un développement économique solidaire, économe en ressources naturelles, et respectueux de l’environnement est une obligation de la collectivité. Les entreprises sont responsables des dégâts que leurs activités engendrent.

    Le programme pour les élections présidentielles
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    lutte contre tous les fanatismes religieux, défense de la laïcité et de la mixité
    The Laws and Constitution of the Third Republic
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    The Book of the Law

    The "Book of the Law" is held in the left hand of the Statue of Liberty, for there can be no liberty without law. Her torch is the light of the world, and the hope of the ages. There can be no science and enlightenment without the law, to protect intellectual freedoms, and intellectual property. Her laws are all contained in a single volume. That is good, because "less is more" when it comes to law. If the laws are plain, and the instruments of the law (such as wills and contracts) are simple and easy to use, there is no need for lawyers. In the USA, we have a legal system which benefits lawyers, but no one else.

    Change is bad when it comes to the law. Get it right the first time and it may go for centuries without requiring any change. That is why I have made it hard to create new laws in this proposed constitution. It must be something wanted by the overwhelming majority (3/4 of all Citizens), because the majority who register and show up on voting day constitutes a small minority of Citizens. If "less is more" what is really in that three foot stack of law just for taxes? You guessed it! Loopholes for fat cats, the people who finance elections. Aristarchy has no campaigns, no politicians, no political parties, and you can be arrested for giving money or gifts to members of the Aristarchy.

    Is A Written Constitution Necessary?

    This is not an idle question. The UK has no written constitution, yet it is a reasonably well-ordered place. They rely on "Common Law," which is what everyone knows and agrees is the law. They also place reliance on precedence. I suggest that all we need to write down as the Constitution are those features which are new.

    We begin with a preamble to the Constitution, in fact, exactly the same preamble we have now. The Founding Fathers had the right idea and the best of intentions, and created the best government that the existing thirteen states could accept.

    We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.


    The Constitution of the Third Republic

    Article One: All previous forms of governance in the USA, public and private, are hereby disbanded, and all laws, regulations, licenses, rulings and judgments made by them are declared null and void. The Executive, Legislative, Judicial and bureaucratic branches of government are dissolved, on state and local levels as well as the national level, and their laws, orders, decisions, licenses and regulations are made null and void. Public and private boards of regents and accreditation agencies are hereby dissolved, and their decisions declared null and void.

    Article Two: The Third Republic assumes responsibility for its own debt, but not for the debts of the former Second Republic. When governments fall, their paper becomes worthless.

    Article Three: The new form of democracy shall be a particular form of Aristarchy, deriving its just powers from the consent of the people. A recall petition shall be offered to the people after 10 years of the Third Republic. If signed by three-fourths of the Citizens of the USA, Aristarchy shall be considered rejected, and a peaceable return to the previous form of government, known as the Second Republic, shall be made. A similar recall petition could peacefully bring about the transition from the Second Republic to the Third Republic. If a Citizen fails to sign the recall petition within a reasonable amount of time, that shall be considered consent. Laws other than those in this document shall only be created by a petition signed by three-fourths of the Citizens of the relevant jurisdiction.

    Definition One: A Citizen is age 8 or more, either born in the USA, or a naturalized Citizen. A person is not considered a full Citizen with the right to vote, if they are a convicted felon, or a person judged by a magistrate to be incompetent to administer his or her own affairs. A naturalized Citizen must have entered this country on a valid visa, must speak, read, and write intelligible English, must not be guilty of any felonies, here or elsewhere, must be mentally competent and must demonstrate an adequate knowledge of the Constitution and Laws of this Nation. Residents and visitors who are not Citizens shall enjoy the full protection of the law, but shall not have all the rights and responsibilities of a full Citizen, such as the right to vote.

    Article Four: The Aristarchy shall combine executive and judicial functions, and make the decisions formerly left to bureaucracies. Furthermore, the law shall consist in the decisions of the Aristarchy, based on the well-established ideals, a body of knowledge which may change.

    1. The local magistrate shall license teachers, craftsmen, medical technicians, and any other trade where the public needs protection from untrained and unscrupulous charlatans.

    2. The local magistrate shall hold competency hearings, and appoint guardians for those judged incompetent to manage their own affairs.

    3. The local magistrate shall decide who receives Social Security money for disability or retirement, and decides how much it shall be. The money required will be taken out of local taxes collected by that magistrate.

    4. The local magistrate will be head of police and of government within the precinct and will have full power to summarily hire and fire.

    5. The local magistrate will be the judge of the local court, where all criminal matters taking place in that jurisdiction shall be tried. The judge's decision is final, and execution of sentence is carried out quietly, secretly, locally, and immediately.

    6. The local magistrate is protector of the weak and innocent. Anyone who considers themselves the victim of a crime and wishes recompense or justice may come forward and present his case to the court, which will then adjourn to investigate.

    7. It is the duty of the magistrate to foster a sense of community within the precinct and to that end will have one or more picnics, faires, olympics or any sort of public event, where citizens may ply their wares, exhibit their skills, and meet the magistrate.

    The Aristarchy consists in magistrates, metropoles, governors and archons. The First Archon appoints other archons and governors. Governors appoint metropoles, who appoint magistrates. The First Archon may become that by being the Second Archon, and the death or resignation of the First Archon. First Archons may also be appointed or deposed by a three-fourths vote of the electors. All appointments shall be for three years, but may be renewed an indefinite number of times. In most cases, people will change jobs after 3 years, often at the same level in the hierarchy.

    Definition Two: The electors consist in all archons, governors and metropoles.

    Magistrates shall be in charge of 1000 to 10,000 households. Magistrates shall administer justice and collect taxes, using those taxes as needed for public necessities on the local level, such as Social Security, passing any left over to their superior, a metropole.

    A metropole is usually in charge of a Metroplex and the surrounding countryside to the edge of jurisdiction of other metropoles. In lightly populated areas, metropoles may live in a small town, in charge of numerous magistrates, scattered over an area as large as a state. States and counties shall cease to have any jurisdictional significance. Metropoles shall hire and fire magistrates, or move them around to other jurisdictions.

    The country shall be divided into several large secure provinces, each the responsibility of a governor. Governors hire and fire metropoles or move them around to other jurisdictions. The nation as a whole will be led by the Archons. The First Archon has the power to appoint other Archons, as well as hire and fire governors or move them around to different jurisdictions. The First Archon may be elected or deposed by a vote of three-fourths of the Electors.

    Candidates for the Aristarchy are students who have passed the oral and written exams, but have not yet been appointed to office. They will find employment as assistants or secretaries to office-holders, while growing in maturity and experience. Exams will be open to those who have scored in the top five or ten percent of standardized exams, such as the SATs or GREs (the dividing line is flexible and will be set by the local metropole). A great breadth of knowledge is expected of candidates, especially a knowledge of world history as it applies to Utopian Analysis. Essay questions will help to determine the student's ability to use historical knowledge to solve hypothetical problems, or real problems faced by rulers in the past. The essay exam will also test the student's powers of organization and communication. The Oral exam will test the student's people skills, such as their ability to carry on conversations with strangers.

    Definition Three: There will be five major secure provinces: (1) Tidewater East shall extend from the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico to the Mississippi on the West end, to the Continental divide between tidewater and Mississippi drainage elsewhere. (2) East Central shall extend from the borders of Tidewater East to the Mississippi, and Western shorelines of the Great Lakes. (3) West Central shall extend from the border of East Central to the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains; (4) Basin and Range shall encompass the land between the Continental Divide and the Cascades and Sierras; while (5)West Coast shall be everything from the Cascades, Sierras and their extensions, to the Pacific Ocean. There will be several minor secure provinces, one being Alaska, another Hawaii, and Puerto Rico a third.

    If the provinces of Canada should decide to join the Third Republic, they would be very welcome. The Tidewater Province would then end at the St. Lawrence Seaway to the North. West Central would then expand to include all of Canada east of the Rockies, and Alaska between the ranges. West Coast would then extend northward to include all the West coastal areas of Canada and the South coastal region of Alaska, including Anchorage and the Knik inlet. North of the Brooks range would be a minor province, and that part of Alaska which faces the Bering strait would be another minor province.

    Definition Four: A metroplex, town, neighborhood, subdivision or province is secure if it is surrounded by physical or electronic walls and entrances capable of identifying all who pass through.

    Article Five: The government shall recognize the validity of "Common Law," those laws which have come down to us by tradition, by word of mouth, which may never have been written down. The government shall also recognize the validity of case law, the precedents set by the individual decisions of Juries and Magistrates, although the Magistrate is not bound by either Common Law or precedence. Only a jury may decide what comes under the heading of "Common Law."

    Article Six: The Aristarchy must know Utopian Analysis, and its well-established ideals, and continue its development. All their decisions must be based on well-established ideals, and need no other justification. How the ideals are applied will vary with time, place and technology. This is just the opposite of the 2nd Republic, which insisted on the letter of the law. In the 3rd Republic, we insist on the spirit and intent of the law, and do not care if it violates the letter of the law, or violates common law, or violates all past precedents. The whole idea of Aristarchy is to pick wise, well-read and experienced Aristarchs, who will have the wisdom to make the right decisions. No specialists, academics, members of the overclass or underclass need apply.

    Article Seven: As in the UK, the Head of State shall not be the Head of Government. The Head of State, known as "Mr. Secretary," will be the highest ranking member of the professional corps of diplomats, and shall live in the White House, fly in Air Force One, greet and entertain visiting heads of state or government, attend funerals of heads of state or government, receive Ambassadors, and in general conduct all the ceremonial duties now performed by the President in the Second Republic. It is the Head of State who shall have press conferences, interviews, and who shall make all public speeches to the nation.

    The Head of Government will do none of these things. He or she will be too busy actually running the country. The Head of State will be appointed by the Head of the Government, and will take no action without consulting with the Head of Government.

    Article Eight: The human genome shall not be changed except to eliminate specific defects which cause fatal disease such as Cystic Fibrosis or Huntington's Chorea. Our genome has evolved for the survival of the species, which requires, among other things, a natural longevity of about 80 years or four generations. This should never be changed, even if we learn how, because it would lead to extinction.

    Article Nine: Mankind shall never take orders from machines.


    And so ends the Constitution and the Book of Law. Of course, a great deal more law is required, but it shall be "Common Law," as the British understand it. The Aristarchy shall be trained by example and precedent to apply the Universal Ideals of Mankind in a wise and compassionate way.

    Copyright © Dr.H 2001

    Seven Ideals

    topian analysis is the first science of civilization, the first normative science which does not commit the naturalistic fallacy (for those who have taken Philosophy 101). It builds upon the "moral sciences" of Hobbes and Locke, which in turn can trace their ancestry to Aristotle's Ethics. A science must have the equivalent of a fact, a theory, and a test. We must be able to rule out the alternatives. An idea which is neither testable nor reproducible is useless. The analysis of a social controversy like abortion or capital punishment relates each side to an underlying ideal. A proposed solution nearly always requires a deliberate (i.e., "utopian") change to community institutions, laws, or traditions. "Utopian" does not mean "perfection," does not mean "hopelessly impractical," nor does it mean "planned." City planning never works. Planned economies never work. I am a libertarian, which means leaving most things unplanned, and allowing things to evolve naturally, like a forest preserve which just requires occasional pruning.

    he equivalent of a theory in utopian analysis is an ideal, such as socialism. That particular ideal is "from each according to ability, to each according to need." The equivalent of a test is a political experiment. Socialism was made a political experiment by the Soviet Empire, by the British after WW II, and by the Cubans. The equivalent of a fact is the observed outcome of a test. The socialist experiments have all been failures. Apparently, socialism provides no motivation to produce according to ones ability. The failure of socialism is a normative particular, something we had to learn by experience, something that could not have been known without the trial. Indeed, there may still be some devout leftists here or there in humanities departments.

    olitical experiments show us that every deviation from reciprocity in economics, justice or marriage will fail. Utopian analysis is the science which supersedes ethics and aesthetics, without committing the naturalistic fallacy, since we never leave the normative realm or prove ideals. We rule out the alternatives. As in all sciences, a theory is well-established when we have ruled out the alternatives.

    have found seven ideals which are both fundamental and true. There is evidence that they work and that the alternatives do not.

    [1] Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness: adult citizens can do whatever they like in private, whatever the risk, so long as no one is put at involuntary risk. Among the corollaries are the right to self-defense, freedom of expression and access, freedom of association, religion and privacy. This ideal does not require streetwalkers or crack dealers on every corner. Every community has a right to decide which of these things, if any, is allowed in public.

    [2] Reciprocity: This is give and take, wages for labor, profits for risk successfully taken, the Golden Rule and the Mosaic Law. This is the foundation of every successful form of economics, justice or family that has so far been created.

    [3] Democracy: Government by the consent of the governed. The people own the government, rather than vice versa, so no military draft. Separation of church and state, and separation of military and state. In other words, we don't want religious coups, or military coups. These always turn out badly.

    [4] Union: The only permanent solution to the problem of war is to create a union of the warring communities in a hierarchy of communities. In the US, we fought a horrible Civil War to maintain the union, and the long range benefits are worth it. Alabama will never again fight Ohio, except on the football field.

    [5] Equal opportunity and responsibility: equality under the law for every gender, class, race, tribe, religion, family, ethnicity, and age, both in prohibitions and in benefits. In the US, it has become difficult to get a movie made, become a college professor, or rise high in the financial or legal worlds unless one is a member of the overclass. Middle America has been disenfranchised.

    [6] Justice: symbolized by Lady Justice, with her scales, blindfold, and sword. The scales imply that what the perpetrator did to his victims shall be done to him, if possible. The blindfold implies a blindness to irrelevant factors, such as intent or mental state. Only the act itself matters. Only the actions of the victim can lessen the responsibility of the perpetrator. The sword implies decisiveness. No bail, no appeal. Once the facts have been determined, judgment shall be made and punishment carried out immediately. In the 19th Century, the US had this kind of justice system. We lost it by successive decisions of the Supreme Court, which have fattened the purses of lawyers, by delaying justice indefinitely, and making the taxpayers pay for the lawyers. This has not improved the accuracy or fairness of the courts.

    [7] Public Aesthetics: Aesthetic pleasure derives from intelligible novelty. Nothing is more hideous or brutalizing than the endless boxes which passed for architecture in the 20th Century. No place is more dangerous than the high rise boxes put up in mid-century for public housing. We each have our own likes and dislikes in architecture and the arts, but there are a few urban environments universally admired, as places to visit, or to live, such as Amsterdam, Paris, Greenwich Village in NYC and Albuquerque Old Town. These successful urban environments permit the greatest population density, 100 - 200 households per acre. They mix, rather than segregate, work and play, business and residence. These are neighborhoods made for walking, and for outdoor cafes, and for street-life. They are improved by excellent mass transit, as in Paris, and by banning cars and dogs, as in Albuquerque Old Town. They have a mix of the old and the new.

    Examples of Utopian Analysis

    ocial problems require utopian analysis. We must resolve the dispute into its underlying ideals, and their consequences. If a solution can be found, it will be a "utopian" change to the laws, institutions, or traditions of that community. "Utopian" does not mean "impossible," or "unrealistic," or "planned;" it just means "deliberate." Utopians want to improve society with a deliberate and conscious change. A society is utopian if some parts of it have been consciously created according to true ideals, even if it sometimes fails to live up to its ideals. Thus, the Netherlands, the US, the UK and France are all utopian societies, as are all societies which succeed in emulating one or another of these utopias. The USSR was a dystopia, not a utopia, because it was based on the false ideals of socialism and authoritarianism, which in turn reflects the failure of Karl Marx to create a true science of civilization. Marx thought he had found a science of history. He was wrong about that, and wrong about everything else as well.

    Capital Punishment

    hose in favor of execution are applying the scales of Lady Justice. Nothing balances a life but a life. The problem is in the practical application. In the US, since the development of DNA technology, dozens of people on Death Row have been found innocent and released. We must call a moratorium on executions until our justice system has developed to the point where it does not make mistakes...if that is possible.

    World Peace

    n the Middle East there are fanatic mullahs teaching the masses to reject and destroy the secular modern world. How can we create a global community that can encompass such wild eyed lunacy? We can't. We must make secular democracy more inviting by opening society to the new sciences and the new spirituality with its new aesthetics. Fanatic sectarianism cannot be defeated by reductionist materialism.

    Liberty

    n the US, we pledge allegiance to "liberty and justice for all." We sing of "sweet land of liberty" with no sense of irony. Whenever we memorialize a fallen hero, we say "he gave his life to preserve our liberties." True enough. But the liberties we enjoyed in the US in the 19th Century were lost at the ballot box in the 20th Century. Neither the Supreme Court nor our political leaders recognized this.

    iberty may be defined as "full citizens doing whatever they like in private, whatever the risk, so long as no one else is put at involuntary risk." Prohibition was a violation of the ideal of liberty, as well as a disastrous political experiment, since it resulted in gangs, drive-by shootings, robbery-killings by desparate addicts, and the corruption of police and public officials. It should not be surprising that we have the same result from the War-On-Drugs. Utopian analysis should allow us to learn from our mistakes and be able to counter religious fanaticism (the root of all evil).

    ike every act of tyranny, the War-On-Drugs is supposed to be for our own good. It isn't. Every person must make her own discoveries about what is good for her and worth the risk, the trouble, the expense and the time for her. It is not simply a matter of protecting people from things that are risky. If we did that, we would ban cars, not marijuana. In the US, 60,000 people are killed in or by cars every year, whereas no one has ever died from smoking pot. Everything has its risks, including doing nothing. The Blue Laws savagely persecute a minority over a difference in lifestyle and recreational drugs. The DEA takes their property and lets them rot in jail. The USA jails more of its population than any other industrialized country. Land of the Free? I don't think so.

    Education

    ublic education is a violation of the freedom of access for children. To put that in another way, adults have a right to go to school or not to go to school, and a right to pursue whatever subjects they find interesting, no matter how the majority may disapprove. Sadly, education is nothing like that. It is just indoctrination in whatever the powers that be decide every kid must learn. It never works. It only alienates students and kills their natural curiosity and creativity. I am surprised that no one ever noticed that required education for children is a direct violation of our ideals of liberty. Are not children citizens? Do they have any civil rights? At what age do children become citizens? I argue that it is between 8 and 12, since historically children began their apprenticeships at that age, and went off to boarding school at that age. Eight year olds are capable of committing cold blooded murder. I was driving a tractor at age 8, and so do most kids raised on a farm. So I think there should be a "coming of age" ceremony, like a Bar Mitzvah, at whatever age the community deems appropriate, where we welcome a child to the full rights and responsibilities of citizenship. After that, education cannot be compulsory. After that, a child may decide where to live, and with whom. This doesn't mean we allow them to drive cars, which is dangerous enough for 16 year olds. Driving carefully and responsibly requires a level of maturity not usually found in 8 year olds. It seems to me the right to drive, to drink, or to vote should be based on some objective test of maturity, and could be taken back for a few years if an adolescent behaves irresponsibly.

    The Ecolomat

    ome of my Utopian colleagues make equal assets the foundation of their utopias. I wrote about that in my 1973 book, Whole Earth Inner Space. At some point, we might add that to our list of ideals, but there are some prerequisites: (1) a high standard of living worldwide, (2) stable world population, (3) recycling of resources and a solar-hydrogen economy, (4) preserves for every major ecological system, and last but most important, (5) an end to technological change. If all these requirements are met, we could build the Ecolomat, a global system of self-repairing and automatic factories that produce on demand the basic tools, parts and materials for modern life, and distribute them to the place where it is needed. Final assembly would be done by the consumer.

    hange in a civilization is a constant. Not only is change constant, but the rate of change is constant. It just moves around to different areas. It is only the "temporal illusion" which makes us think things are changing faster the closer the events in question are to the present. There have been many great Centuries in Western history which saw no technological change, but did make social, artistic or spiritual progress. Technological change will come to an end someday, and until basic technology stabilizes, the Ecolomat is not feasible.

    Copyright © Dr.H 2002

    Evidence for True Ideals
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    Evidence for True Ideals

    1. Liberty: There are many forms of liberty recognized in a civilized society: personal, religious, speech, press, privacy, 2nd Amendment, and 4th Amendment. All forms of liberty are subject to the same boundaries. (a) The liberty in question applies to private activities. Which of these rights is allowed in public, which is to say, on public airwaves, at work, in markets, on public billboards, and on advertisements is entirely up to the community. See Public vs. Private. (b) The liberty in question cannot put anyone at involuntary risk. The right to take a voluntary risk is part of what we mean by liberty.

    2. Reciprocity: This is give and take, wages for labor, profits for risk successfully taken, the Golden Rule and the Mosaic Law.

    3. Democracy: The people own the government, rather than vice versa. All the people, not just some of them.

    4. Union: The only permanent solution to the problem of war is to create a union of the warring communities in a hierarchy of communities.

    5. Equal opportunity and responsibility: equality under the law for every gender, race, tribe, religion, family, ethnicity, and age, both in prohibitions and in benefits.

    6. Justice: symbolized by Lady Justice, with her scales, blindfold, and sword.

    7. Public Aesthetics: Aesthetic pleasure derives from intelligible novelty.

    Evidence

    1. Liberty:

    Let us examine in more detail the personal, religious, free speech, right to access, free press, right to privacy, 4th Amendment and 2nd Amendment liberties. These rights apply only to private affairs, not to public spaces, places, airwaves, etc. See Public v. Private. For instance, we are under no obligation to allow pornography, prostitution, or drug taking in public or at work. Similarly, we are not required to allow street preachers to make a nuisance of themselves, nor are we required to allow religions to own radio or TV stations, or to make advertisements for their religion.
    • Personal liberty is the right to take whatever risks we wish in pursuit of our personal career or avocation or hobbies, spend whatever amount of money we wish at these things, and spend whatever amount of time we wish, in private, of course, and placing no one at involuntary risk. It follows that the Puritanical Blue laws against drugs, gambling and prostitution must be struck down, as unconsitutional (violating the first amendment) and just plain wrong. It is apparent that voters and Supreme Court alike are perfectly capable of giving lip service to an ideal, while failing to recognize a clear and obvious violation of that ideal.

      As evidence, I should point out that liberty was the rule in the US during the "gay nineties," or "La Belle Epoque," when immigration to the US was at its peak. Brothels and recreational drug use were all permitted. Justice was at its peak. Opportunities abounded. So it is difficult to pick out just one thread, since we have at least three ideals which reached their maximum during this period. The best we can say is the popularity of the US for emigrants during this period constitutes evidence for the truth of all three ideals.

      Life was not easy for the immigrants, especially the first generation. They could not speak the language. They could only qualify for the worst and most dangerous jobs. Each new wave of immigrants moved into the slums, as the previous wave became middle class and moved out. Though life was hard, they wrote letters back to their home villages, persuading the rest of the family, and sometimes whole villages to emigrate as well.

      The collapse of Communism and the failure of Prohibition are the latest examples of the failure of the only known alternative Ideal of "Big Brother Knows Best." While it has often seemed reasonable to intellectuals that an elite would know better than you what is best for you, this never works out in practice. Different people have different tastes, which they discover by experience. This is the root of liberty, the reason why everyone must make their own choices about how to spend their risks, their time, and their money.

    • Freedom of religion: Like all liberties, religious freedom only applies to private activities, and only those which place no one at involuntary risk. Thus, we must forbid the ritual mutilation of infants in the name of religion. If someone is going to be mutilated to mark their entrance into a religion, it must be voluntary. And someone must be "of age" to make a voluntary choice. I place that at a mental age of eight.

      Freedom of religion is just a special case of freedom of private associations. In the Constitution of the Second Republic, it is called the Freedom of Peaceable Assembly. Understanding this liberty would help to clarify a lot of recent cases which have come before the Supreme Court. For instance, do the Boy Scouts have the right to reject homosexual scoutmasters? Of course! The Boy Scouts can do anything they like, so long as (1)they do it in private, and (2)no one is put at involuntary risk. Ditto with fraternities. Of course, forcing pledges to chug a fifth of whiskey does not qualify, since this puts the pledge at involuntary risk. Indeed, chugging a fifth of whiskey will kill anyone, unless they are forced to vomit immediately with a dose of Syrup of Ipecac. Furthermore, any fraternity which has such dangerous hazing rituals is, and should be, kicked off campus, and kicked out of the national organization.

    • Free speech and free access: This is the right of every individual to artistic, literary, musical, scientific or philosophical expression to the world and the right of every individual to private access to all such public expressions; and the right of every full citizen to decide for themselves what they want to learn. No more government propaganda. I define a "full citizen" as someone who has come of age, who is not a convicted felon, and has not been declared incompetent to manage their own affairs. A child "comes of age" somewhere between 8 and 12 years old, and this event should be marked with suitable ceremony. This is something like a Bar Mizvah.

      One immediate consequence of this ideal is repeal of compulsory education for those who have come of age. Maybe we can force the little ones to acquire the basic skills of reading, writing and arithmetic, but once a child has come of age, they may be allowed to become an apprentice and get a job, leave the public schools and use their vouchers in other ways. I would give everyone vouchers, and let them be collectable over years, tradable, salable, and usable by other members of the family. The whole family might go together to send someone to Harvard or to pay for Enlightened Hospice for Gramma. Enlightened Hospice would have lectures by people who have experienced NDE, and would allow Gramma to try any recreational drug or alternative therapy. Dying made easy. It can be done.

      Evidence for the truth of this ideal of freedom of expression and access comes from the effect of the Catholic Index of prohibited books and ideas. Because of the Index, southern Europe played no role in the Enlightenment, or the social revolutions of the 18th Century, or the industrial revolution of the 19th and 20th Centuries, even though Italy and Spain had been the leaders of Western Civilization in the Renaissance. Tiny England and Holland grew mighty because they respected liberty. We have not yet applied this ideal to our schools.

      Web publishing now gives everyone the right of World Wide self-expression in any medium, or soon will, at the cost of learning HTML.

      The boundary of every liberty is involuntary risk to others. In the case of freedom of information, this comes either in libel or invasion of privacy. In another piece of judicial legislation, the Supreme Court has apparently ruled that ---public figures, members of the government, and celebrities---- have no right to privacy, and anything can be said or printed about them, so long as it is not libelous.

      I can see no justification for denying anyone the right to privacy just because they are famous. Some situations may be defined as "public," for instance, the red carpet at the Emmys and Oscars. Even now, celebrities who do not wish to be photographed or interviewed are allowed secret entry in the back of the building. A person who walks the red carpet is giving implicit permission for interviewers and photographers to use their images and words. In other situations, in private life, no one's image or words or even well-known facts about them may be published or broadcast without their explicit consent. This rule used to be followed. For instance, during their careers, many famous movie stars in the Golden Age of Hollywood were openly homosexual, but this was never published, and unknown to the general public. Such public knowledge would have destroyed their careers.

    • Fourth Amendment rights and privacy rights go together. No one should be able to search my house, my office, my bag, purse, wallet, car or clothing unless they have reason to think I have committed a crime (for instance, seen fleeing from the scene of a crime), or unless they have a search warrant or an arrest warrant signed by the local magistrate. A person may have to voluntarily give up these rights in order to enter high security areas, such as commercial airports. Let us hope there will always be other means of travel.

    • Second Amendment rights: The Second Amendment to the Constitution of the Second Republic actually refers to military weapons, and the right to form local militias, what we today call the National Guard. But let us say people have a right to arm themselves for their personal protection. Modern firearms are definitely overkill. I suggest that arms concealed in a pocket or a purse must pass the metal detectors, and cannot be used frontally without giving the target ample time to duck. This might include ceramic (Ginzu) switchblade knives and throwing knives. Such weapons would be sufficient to allow a woman to defend herself against a mugger or rapist. Non-concealable weapons, suitable for home defense might include the modern compound bow (but not crossbows) and black powder smooth bore flintlock muskets or blunderbusses. Either type of gun would be sufficient for home defense and yet useless for assassination, armed robbery or armed insurrection.

      Evidence for this elimination of modern firearms lies in the large number of crimes, suicides and fatal accidents involving them. It is still possible to commit armed robbery, suicide or have a fatal accident in other ways, but it is not made so easy. The target has a chance to duck. Black powder muskets are inaccurate at any great distance, and the large cloud of black smoke marks the location of the shooter.

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    2. The Ideal of Reciprocity:

    The only known alternative to reciprocity is the ideal of socialism, refuted by the collapse of Communism in 1989, and by the failure of socialism wherever it has been tried, e.g., in Post-War Britain, present day Cuba, and in the Soviet Empire. Reciprocity is the basis of my analysis of social welfare, morality, family and free enterprise. Figuring out how any institution works means figuring out the pattern of motivations. This is always easy to do if the institution is based on reciprocity. Many of the proposals of Utopians seem to work only by idealism, not self-interest. In the long run, these always fail.

    In the economic sphere, we now know that people will not produce according to their ability, unless there is some incentive to do so. The socialist economy is something like the slave economy, where everyone tries to do as little as possible, as little as they can get away with. In a free market, some will prosper more than others. This bothers some Utopians. But there is no known workable economic system that is based on the principle of equal income for all.

    Envy can become a socially divisive problem if it becomes impossible for the poorest to rise to become the richest. Clearly Bill Gates in the US and the founder of Virgin Atlantic in the UK show that both nations have freedom of mobility. Envy is lessened by the philanthropic activities of the very rich. Indeed, the long term stability of free enterprise may depend on such wise philanthropy. Charity balls are one of the chief social activities of the very rich, so I expect philanthropy to continue, and to be a natural part of the lifestyle of the very rich.

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    3. The Ideal of Democracy:

    The people own the government, rather than vice versa. All the people, not just some of them. Thus, the government must treat each and every person as if they have an inherent right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, unless by their own actions, a citizen forfeits that right.

    It follows that a military draft is undemocratic, since it turns draftees into war material, objects which may be used up in the name of "national interest." Not only must military personnel be volunteers, they must volunteer for every mission, and have a right to voice objections to the detailed plans of the mission, if they think their lives will be put at more risk than is necessary. Democracy is government by the consent of the governed. A stronger requirement is that it be "government of the people, by the people, and for the people," not government by bureaucracy, choked by endless red tape and stymied by idiotic bureaucratic or judicial rulings.

    There are many different possible forms of democracy, including the tricameral, multi-level, judicial superior form we have, and the Parliamentary, Commons superior form found in the UK. "Judicial superior" means that the Supreme Court may overturn the decisions of any other part of government. Furthermore, there is no mechanism for overturning their decisions or ousting members. "Commons superior" means that all other decisions may be overturned by Commons in the UK, including the decisions of Barristers, Church of England Primates, House of Lords decisions, and the decisions of the monarchy. I will call the UK system "parliamentary government" and the US system "tricameral government."

    Parliamentary government works better than tricameral government. How can we tell? One clue is voter turnout, which is high in the UK and other countries with a commons-superior Parliament, low in the US. Another clue is citizen apathy. There is no apathy under Parliament, because it is possible to create new parties, which may even come to power. In the US, we are stuck with the same two tired old parties we had in the Civil War. And because of the "winner takes all" rule on the state level, it has so far proven impossible to create a viable new party. A third clue is the degree of allegiance by elected officials to special interest groups which pay for elections. Countless polls show the majority of people in the US want gun control, but the NRA is so strong that they can easily defeat any congressman who votes against them. This undemocratic allegiance to the financiers is high in the US, almost non-existent in the UK. A fourth clue is efficiency. In the US, efficiency is low, and overhead is high. There are as many people working for government on all levels as there are tax-payers. The American government has become the butt of jokes by Late Night comedians, for it seems government against the people, by faceless bureaucracy, for special interest groups (PACs).

    Sometimes a government will do something which is fundamentally undemocratic. An example in US history is the draft of soldiers for WW II and Vietnam. These men were used up like other expendable supplies of war, so they named themselves "GIs," which means "Government Issue," no different from all the other olive drab munitions used up to take some meaningless hill or hamlet, which benefited the GI not at all. The GIs were given no choice at all, about anything. They could not even refuse suicide missions. I grieve for these GIs, and cannot stand to watch war movies. If allowed to volunteer, many would have, and perhaps the generals would then have been more careful with their lives, as they have been in more recent wars, such as Desert Storm.

    I advocate a third form of democracy, which I call Aristarchy, based in part on the classical Chinese mandarin system of the T'ang, Sung, and Ming dynasties. Local magistrates would combine powers of chief of police, mayor and judge. Above them would be metropoles in charge of a metroplex and surrounding countryside, governors in charge of regions of the country, and archons in charge of national government. It would be a single unified system, unicameral, without the duplication of legislative, executive and judicial functions at each level of community that we now have.

    Do not imagine that this would be government by college professors, who are notoriously specialized, and ignorant and irrational outside their own narrow field of interest.

    Laws would be made or changed by a vote of three-fourths of the citizens in the jurisdiction in question. The Aristarchy would have broad powers of interpretation of the spirit of the law, rather than the letter of the law. The basic idea, both in the Chinese mandarin system, and in Aristarchy, is to find the wisest and best informed person, and make him or her personally responsible for government. Then we would know who would listen to our complaints against a neighbor or a business, who to blame for bad government, and who to praise for good government.

    The evidence for this system is the millennia of high success of the Mandarin system in China. During the T'ang, Sung, and Ming dynasties, the people enjoyed a peaceful anarchy, seldom troubled by the government. The Chinese avoided a disruptive hereditary aristocracy, while members of all classes could and did become Mandarins. All they had to do was study the Neo-Confucian classics and pass the essay exams. I propose something similar. The Chinese experienced repeated foreign conquests and natural disasters during this period, but the Mandarin system was restored in each new dynasty, after stability had returned.

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    4. The Ideal of Higher Community:

    The only permanent solution to the problem of war is to combine the warring communities into a higher community. In medieval times, cities fought cities and duchies fought one another (as in the War of the Roses, the Hundred Years war, and even the 17th Century Thirty Years war) until the rise of modern states, such as England, France, Italy and Germany. Then there was a period of fratricidal war between states until the emergence of the strong Nation of States, such as the USA. Europe is becoming a nation under the EEC and NATO. France and Germany will never again battle each other, and neither will Alabama and Ohio, except in the realms of sport, business, or culture.

    This ideal naturally leads us to world community, something which we have been unconsciously creating for more than a Century, with the Olympic Movement, the jet plane, satellite TV, international science and business. The UN would suffice as a world government, but first the process of creating the global community must be completed. We must all think of ourselves as Citizens of Earth, first and foremost.

    Note that a hierarchy of communities does not require all sub-communities to be the same or have the same laws and customs. But it does require giving up ancient hatreds, something which the ethnic groups in Yugoslavia did not do during the 50 years or so they had a single government. Community and government are two different things. Before the US Civil War, there was one Federal government, but unfortunately, two quite different communities, one slave-holding, the other industrial. We used to hear about "the melting pot," something undergone by all groups emigrating to the US. This is still a valid idea. It does not mean miscegenation, nor does it mean giving up distinctive music or cuisine. It just means melting down all those ancient hatreds, those tribal attitudes nurtured in the old country, and we must view with suspicion any group or tribe which refuses to undergo the melting pot.

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    5. The Ideal of Equal opportunity / responsibility:

    Everyone should have the chance to go as far as their talents and ambition will take them, regardless of race, religion, sex, tribe, age or family, but must also take up the responsibilities of a good citizen, such as paying taxes, voting, obeying the laws, giving ones children a conscience and a sense of civic duty. If everyone did feel that they had equal opportunity, they would probably also be more willing to take up equal responsibility. Every criminal or tax cheat represents a failure on one side or the other of this ledger. Crime grows out of a sense of hopelessness quite as much as a lack of discipline.

    This ideal forbids discrimination for or against people on the basis of irrelevant factors. Usually tribe, age, gender, race, family or religion are such. I include in "gender" sexual preference. However, any of these things can become relevant factors. If we were casting the part of Abraham Lincoln, we could not be accused of arbitrary discrimination if we restricted our casting to tall, thin, white males. Similarly, in the army, where fighting unit cohesion is all important in combat, the highest level officer who leads them into combat could decide that she didn't want this or that. If she thinks it's relevant for cohesion, then it is. Similarly, scout leaders, who are alone with young boys or girls in campouts, can be required to be married and heterosexual, since pedophilia is usually found only among homosexuals. There is evidence that girls do better in math classes if there are no boys present. In other words, gender becomes relevant, and we could certainly segregate the sexes in classes and even in colleges.

    More harm is done by discriminating for ones own family, tribe, gender, race, etc., than by discriminating against. Tribalism is especially problematic. Tribes like the Basques, Croats, Serbs, Bosnians, and Jews insist on having their own sovereign country and are quite willing to commit ethnic cleansing to eliminate other tribes or to scare them out. I suppose they could invoke a contrary ideal of Nationalism, or Self-Determination. But I think this is a false ideal. Great nations are open to all types.

    On an individual basis, if a particular tribe or family always discriminates for their own kind in hiring and firing or giving out contracts, soon an entire industry or profession can be so dominated by members of that tribe or family that none other need apply. This should be illegal, and should be punished by deportation, as well as the firing of all those hired by the discriminater.

    It isn't just tribalism we have to worry about. There is also class discrimination. In the revolution of 1776, we thought we had rid ourselves of the oppressive class structure of England, because we had gotten rid of titled Lords and the hereditary ruling class. But in the 20th Century, a new Overclass appeared, which dominates academia and media in the US. The creation of Aristarchy would overthrow this Overclass. Only non-tribal members of middle America (not the underclass nor the overclass) may enter the Aristarchy; otherwise it could become dominated by a tribe or a minority class.

    The ideal of higher community is contrary to the false ideal of Nationalism or Self-Determination. Why did we fight the Civil War here in the US? To avoid Balkanization. The US would not be a great nation if it were broken up into smaller States or confederations of States. The Confederate States of the Old South would not be a great nation, would never be a factor on the world stage. Neither would the sovereign state of Texas, or of California. This was a war fought over the Ideal of Union, not over slavery. And tragic as that experience was, citizens of the present United States are glad of the outcome, whether they live in Atlanta, Miami, New York City, Austin, or Los Angeles.

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    6. The Ideal of Justice:

    This is defined by Lady Justice, with her scales, blindfold, and sword. The scales make punishment equal to the crime in order to restore peace in the community. The sword of decision suggests that we restore the ancient power of the jury to decide guilt or innocence, by eliminating appeal, with immediate execution of sentence. The blindfold means Lady Justice does not take sides; her only interest is in finding the truth.

    The test of an ideal of Justice is the amount of suppressed rage in a society, and the resulting number of berserk mass killers. Simply comparing crime rates is irrelevant, because crime rate depends on many things, such as morality, community solidarity, and respect for authority.

    It is my hypothesis that the primary function of Justice is to restore emotional harmony in the community by releasing pent-up rage and sorrow, rather than "correction" of criminal character or warehousing of violent people. The function of justice is revenge. This is a natural desire, a natural reaction to evil, which must be given an outlet, or it will build up like a festering boil, and burst out in mass killings. Compare the unrequited rage in the USA in the 1890s, when justice was swift, to the 1990s, when it takes forever, if it is attainable at all.

    Lady Justice implies execution of murderers. Executions should not be public, nor should reporters or family members be given any access to condemned criminals. Execution of sentence should be immediate. No details of executions should be made public. That merely panders to the public's love of violence as a form of entertainment. I have shown in the "Abortion" chapter that the execution of murderers is not itself murder, because the murderer has broken the social contract. In the chapter on "Justice" I have shown how we can find out the truth, because we must be very sure of the truth before handing down a death sentence.

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    7. The Ideal of Public Aesthetics:

    Aesthetic pleasure derives from intelligible novelty. Building our cities according to intelligible novelty gives us beautiful cities. This can only be seen by example. Compare the anonymous boxes of the 20th Century, with their endless rows of identical rectangular windows, to the Taj Mahal, for instance, or a Gothic cathedral.

    Aesthetics is not just beauty. It is everything we do to keep from being bored. Some people play the ponies. Some people play chess. Let everyone make their own choices. How then, can there be any universal truths about aesthetics? The universal truths of aesthetics all apply to community action, and all somewhat resemble zoning laws. We may not be able to guarantee beauty or other kinds of aesthetic pleasure (friendship, love, adventure, competition), but we can sometimes identify rules of boredom and exclude them. For instance, no building shall be rectangular, with rectangular and repetitious window treatments. This describes the vast majority of 20th Century skyscrapers, which will all be torn down, because they will become hideous in our eyes, once we see the alternative of mandala buildings.

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    The Public Vs. Private Rule

    A corollary of the ideal of liberty is the Public vs Private rule. Public is some or all of the following things: what is done at work, or on public transport, or in the street, or on the sidewalk, what is allowed to be broadcast, or put up on billboards, or sold in public stores.

    A community may forbid religious activities in public places (streetcorner preachers), advertisement of religion, or public broadcasts of a religious nature. Why would they want to? Elsewhere, I show that religion is faith, a euphemism for dogma and superstition, and quite unnecessary in this age of psychical and mystical knowledge. Religion is the chief obstacle to rational thought and rational action, such as population control. It remains powerful enough to get the teaching of evolution and the Big Bang banned in Kansas, of all places. In Tulsa, most of the channels on cable are religious channels, taken up by shouting evangelists, spouting a hateful stream of lies and greed. I would much rather see these channels replaced by the Discovery channels, A&E, Bravo, and BBC.

    It would ease the repeal of the blue laws against drugs, gambling and prostitution if we at the same time made these things illegal in public. To be more specific, we could have "Sporting Houses" for licensed and inspected courtesans and gamblers, while prohibiting street-walkers. As for drugs, I see no reason why we could not allow marijuana, coca leaves, opium gum, magic mushrooms, tobacco leaves and the dried and fermented forms of these plant materials to be sold in public stores, perhaps only in a special store called the herb shop, which would also have spices, aromatic and medicinal herbs, as well as alcoholic products from the farms that grow the raw materials. Camels, Cocaine, Heroin, and Jack Daniels would only be available from the local drug dealer (a perfectly legal business) who would deliver it to your home.

    The Ideal of Equal Opportunity trumps the Public vs Private rule. This can happen if membership in a club is a prerequisite for financial or political advancement. If that is true, the club cannot be allowed a restrictive membership. Qualification for membership cannot depend on gender, race or tribe, although it could still depend on income or intelligence or other relevant factors.

    Agriculture / Mer

    RURALITÉ : Rétablir la justice territoriale
    www.pourlafrance.fr/projet_ruralite.php

    82 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est promouvoir une agriculture durable.
    • Permettre aux agriculteurs de vivre du fruit de leur travail et non des primes.
    • Remettre en cause le découplage instauré par la réforme de la PAC, qui brise le lien entre le travail et le revenu, l’effort et la récompense.

    83 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est revaloriser la retraite des agriculteurs.
    • Indexer les retraites agricoles sur le régime général pour leur garantir un niveau décent.

    84 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est prendre en compte les contraintes qui pèsent sur nos agriculteurs.
    • Mettre en place une politique de prix rémunérateurs qui prendra en compte les contraintes environnementales, sociales et sanitaires.

    85 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est défendre les produits agricoles européens face à la mondialisation.
    • Rétablir la préférence communautaire pour corriger la concurrence inégale (droits compensateurs).

    86 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est faire respecter l’exception agriculturelle.
    • Sortir les produits agricoles et viticoles de l’OMC en considérant qu’ils ne sont pas des produits comme les autres puisqu’ils sont attachés à nos territoires, à nos terroirs, à notre culture.
    • Lancer un plan pour sauver la viticulture : réformer la loi Évin, supprimer les droits de succession sur les propriétés viticoles, créer une force au service de la viticulture inspirée du Market Access Program américain.

    87 - Soutenir l’agriculture, c’est imaginer une nouvelle Europe agricole.
    • Créer un marché commun avec les pays qui considèrent que l’agriculture est liée à l’identité et que la souveraineté alimentaire est un droit, et en excluant les États qui ont une conception consumériste et qui préfèrent s’approvisionner aux prix les plus bas du marché mondial.

    NDA 2007 - Ses 101 propositions
    www.nda2007.fr/Ses-101-propositions.html
    70– Instaurer une exception agricole sur le modèle de l’exception culturelle pour favoriser l’autosuffisance alimentaire et le développement équilibré des pays riches et des pays pauvres.
    // Objectif n°3 du pacte écologique : l'Agriculture //
    www.pacte-ecologique-2007.org/nicolas-hulot/pages/...

    La rentabilité des systèmes agricoles devrait être évaluée désormais de façon à ne pas prendre seulement en compte les coûts monétaires des productions mais en s’attachant à la valeur du patrimoine naturel, aux bilans énergétiques, aux coûts écologiques, aux bienfaits ou méfaits sociaux, alimentaires et sanitaires qui se

     
    manifestent à l’échelle de la société dans son ensemble.

    C’est pourquoi nous proposons, à l’inverse des politiques de soutien aux productions intensives, de favoriser l’agriculture durable de qualité - produits biologiques ou certifiés - en lui ouvrant un marché grâce au redéploiement du montant des aides agricoles européennes vers la restauration collective, moyennant un engagement d’approvisionnement de proximité auprès des producteurs de ce type d’agriculture

    // Proposition 3 du pacte écologique: réorienter les subventions agricoles //
    www.pacte-ecologique-2007.org/nicolas-hulot/pages/...
    Nous proposons que les subventions agricoles soit progressivement transférées vers l’agriculture de qualité – biologique, labellisée,  
    d’appellation d’origine contrôlée – en lui ouvrant le marché de la restauration collective : cantines scolaires, restaurants d’entreprises, d’universités, d’hôpitaux, de maisons de retraite, associations caritatives..., soit 2,6 milliards de repas chaque année et quelque 10 millions de repas par jours ouvrables. L’organisation de ce marché s’effectuerait sur la base d’un cahier des charges selon des critères de qualité et de proximité des productions.
    Une telle redistribution relancerait la demande en produits de qualité, permettrait aux agriculteurs d’être rémunérés pour leur travail et créerait des emplois nécessaires à ce type d’agriculture.
     
    Elle diminuerait les coûts de transport et la consommation d’énergie, dynamiserait l’emploi local, permettrait l’accès des plus modestes à une alimentation de qualité
    [Pour des candidatures unitaires de la gauche antilibérale en 2007-2008] CE QUE NOUS VOULONS : 125 p
    www.alternativeunitaire2007.org/spip/article.php3?...

    39. Le maintien des agriculteurs sur leurs exploitations sera encouragée par une politique de juste rémunération à la production et la lutte contre le productivisme agricole nuisible à la qualité, à la santé et à l’environnement.

    40. L’agriculture respectueuse de l’environnement et l’agriculture biologique seront encouragées.

    41. Plus largement nous refusons la brevetabilité du vivant.

    9) Soutenir la multiplication des circuits courts pour éviter la loi des intermédiaires et surtout le poids de la grande distribution  : vente à la ferme, vente directe aux grandes surfaces et aux cantines. Pousser les agriculteurs à investir collectivement ou individuellement dans la transformation, la commercialisation et l’amélioration de la qualité. Promouvoir l’organisation économique (groupements de producteurs et coopératives) visant à renforcer le pouvoir de négociation des agriculteurs face à un aval très concentré. C’est sans doute grâce à ce type de soutien que les 300 000 exploitations du terroir ou de proximité pourront être non seulement protégées, mais en mesure de s’étendre.
    Culture

    DÉFENSE & POLITIQUE ETRANGÈRE : Priorité au non-alignement et à la francophonie
    www.pourlafrance.fr/projet_etranger.php
    97 - Redonner une place à la France, c’est promouvoir la culture et la langue française.
    • Relayer la politique de valorisation de la culture nationale mise en œuvre à l’école en assurant le rayonnement de la langue française (langue du non-alignement) sur les plans national et international.
    • Lutter contre la suprématie de l’anglais.
    NDA 2007 - Ses 101 propositions
    www.nda2007.fr/Ses-101-propositions.html
    101 - Faire de la Francophonie une véritable force de frappe globale au service de nos intérêts diplomatiques, économiques, politiques, commerciaux et culturels, en renforçant l’Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, le réseau des Alliances françaises et en recourant massivement à des médias audiovisuels et numériques rénovés (remise en selle d’une télévision publique de qualité en France, lancement d’une chaîne d’information internationale ambitieuse, création d’outils internet puissants et diversifiés au service du rayonnement français)
    Rachid Nekkaz Président » Blog Archive » Démocratie du 21ème siécle
    blog.nekkaz.com/2006/06/14/democratie-internet/
    Histoire et mémoire.
    Réconcilier les Français avec leur Histoire dans l’esprit de la 1ère Constitution de 1791 en ajoutant en Préambule de la Constitution : «L’Histoire de France est une et indivisible, les régimes qui l’ont composé sont l’héritage imprescriptible de la République». 
    89 propositions - Mouvement de l'utopie concrète
    www.utopiesconcretes.org/propositions/
  • Rédaction d'une histoire partagée de l'esclavage et du colonialisme.
  • Fin du double mépris dont sont victimes les harkis.
  • Ouverture des archives sans délai, la République n'a pas de secrets
  • 89 propositions - Mouvement de l'utopie concrète
    www.utopiesconcretes.org/propositions/
  • 1% patronal pour le financement d'un revenu de la création et du savoir.
  • Pas de TVA sur les lieux de convivialité et les produits culturels
  • Coeur de France, un nouveau souffle pour notre pays
    www.coeurdelafrance.com/

    Une vraie solution pour promouvoir les jeunes talents (article ajouté le 15/02/2006)

    La loi imposant un certain pourcentage d'oeuvres musicales françaises à la radio et sur les chaînes spécialisées, bien que partant d'un bon sentiment, n'a contribué à rien d'autre qu'à l'appauvrissement du paysage audio-visuel francophone. Les maisons des disques, avides d'argent, n'ont eut aucun scrupule à fabriquer de toutes pièces des artistes (quand il ne s'agissait carrément pas de STARs) consensuels et sans âme, chantant en Français, certes. Notre ambition est de créer UN canal de radio et UNE chaîne de TV dont le but serait de diffuser les vrais artistes, ceux mêmes qui sont inconnus du fait de leur incompatibilité avec la sous-culture préformatée dans laquelle baignent les Français depuis leur plus tendre enfance. La plupart des artistes dignes de ce nom (qui sont d'ailleurs tout à fait capables de s'auto-produire grâce aux évolutions de l'informatique), n'aspirent à rien d'autre que de faire connaître leur travail, et de le voir diffusé sur les médias nationaux, rien qu'une fois (alors que ceux-ci préfèrent nous laver le cerveau avec les mêmes musiques et les mêmes films, en boucle toute la journée). Les moyens dérisoires nécessaires à ce projet soulignent la fourberie avec laquelle les médias coopèrent aujourd'hui avec les maisons de disques omni-potentes.

     - Proposition : Créer les médias TV et RADIO nécessaires à la diffusion des oeuvres artistiques.

    [Pour des candidatures unitaires de la gauche antilibérale en 2007-2008] CE QUE NOUS VOULONS : 125 p
    www.alternativeunitaire2007.org/spip/article.php3?...
    66. La France agira pour la ratification la plus large et rapide de la convention sur la diversité culturelle adoptée par l’UNESCO, abondera le fonds international sur la diversité culturelle et défendra résolument l’exception culturelle au sein de l’OMC et la prééminence des principes de la convention UNESCO sur les règles de l’OMC.
    [Pour des candidatures unitaires de la gauche antilibérale en 2007-2008] CE QUE NOUS VOULONS : 125 p
    www.alternativeunitaire2007.org/spip/article.php3?...
    L’enseignement du français à l’étranger sera développé. Il s’agit, pour notre langue comme pour d’autres (espagnol, portugais...) d’éviter l’hégémonie linguistique anglo-saxonne dans les échanges culturels et scientifiques internationaux
    [Pour des candidatures unitaires de la gauche antilibérale en 2007-2008] CE QUE NOUS VOULONS : 125 p
    www.alternativeunitaire2007.org/spip/article.php3?...

    66 (2) Des moyens seront dégagés pour la préservation et l’entretien des langues et des cultures régionales, en particulier dans l’enseignement et au sein des institutions publiques du champ de la culture, des arts et des médias, y compris audiovisuels.

    66. (3) Les pratiques amateurs seront encouragées, le maillage et les moyens des équipements culturels de proximité seront renforcés

    66 (4). Les réseaux alternatifs de création et de diffusion feront l’objet d’un soutien spécifique.

    66 (5) Les citoyens seront associés à la gestion des organismes publics du champ des arts et de la culture.

    [Pour des candidatures unitaires de la gauche antilibérale en 2007-2008] CE QUE NOUS VOULONS : 125 p
    www.alternativeunitaire2007.org/spip/article.php3?...
    Une plate forme publique de téléchargement permettra la mise à disposition de créations librement téléchargeables et la rémunération des créateurs par une mise à contribution des fournisseurs d’accès et des opérateurs de télécommunication notamment.

    C) POUR UNE CULTURE DE LA VIE

    Le projet que je préconise se fonde (cf. L’éducation, nouvelle frontière... - VII) sur l’accès à la culture des pouvoirs créateurs de l’homme pour tous.

    C’est le nécessaire contre-poison face au pessimisme mondialiste, écologiste extrémiste et pseudo-scientifique, et face à toutes les grandes peurs induites. Art et science doivent, dans ce domaine, constituer les deux piliers d’un homme épousant en lui-même le sensible et l’intelligible.

    C’est pourquoi je suis pour l’accès gratuit aux collections permanentes des grands musées, au sein desquels l’accueil doit permettre à tous de comprendre ce qui est en jeu. Les origines de l’oeuvre, la manière dont elle a été conçue et avec quel matériel, dans quel milieu de vie et pourquoi doivent être expliqués à tous les visiteurs, pour qu’ils les re-situent comme autant de jalons dans l’histoire humaine, particulièrement celle des 2500 à 3000 années de culture européenne, avec toutes ses influences extérieures. Des concerts de musique gratuits, avec une explication de l’intention du compositeur, doivent être partout promus : mieux vaut répartir des sommes plus modestes entre des centaines de troupes ou d’orchestres amateurs que de concentrer les dépenses, par exemple sur l’Opéra Bastille.

    Bien entendu, les arts - chorale, arts plastiques, théâtre - doivent être développés à l’école. Cette pratique collective est une formidable incitation à la lecture.

    Le programme pour les élections présidentielles
    www.parti-du-plaisir.com/presidentielles/index.htm...
    accès facilité aux loisirs et à la culture, création de bourses pour partir en vacances
    Dissuasion / Défense

    IMMIGRATION : Stopper les flux migratoires, mettre fin à l'islamisation
    www.pourlafrance.fr/projet_immigration.php
    • Recréer un creuset civique en instaurant un service national – un service militaire modernisé – de six mois avec mise à la disposition des pompiers, de la sécurité civile, des organisations humanitaires nationales (assistance aux SDF, aux personnes âgées vivant seules, soutien scolaire, etc.) ou internationales (séismes, catastrophes humanitaires, participation au grand plan de développement des pays du tiers-monde, etc.) d’une partie des jeunes Français.
    Amazon.fr : La dissuasion civile :principes et methodes de la resistance non-violente dans la strate
    www.amazon.fr/dissuasion-civile-principes-resistan...
    Pour une résistance civile non-violente, 28 janvier 2003
    Commentaire de : Philippe (PARIS France) - Voir tous mes commentaires
    "Pour garantir la sécurité de la France, il importe de "dissuader" tout agresseur potentiel : faire en sorte que le coût de son éventuelle agression soit supérieur au profit qu'il en espérait. Dans ce rapport coût/profit, la dissuasion nucléaire vise à élever le facteur coût. N'est-il pas sage d'explorer aussi une approche qui vise à réduire l'espérance gain ? Un des pays comme le nôtre peut-il - doit-il?- adopter des mesures de dissuasion civile, c'est-à-dire faire prévoir à un adversaire potentiel qu'il aurait les plus grandes difficultés à tirer des profits politiques, économiques et idéologiques de son éventuelle supériorité militaire ? Oui, répondent les auteurs de l'étude, c'est souhaitable et c'est possible. Il est temps de penser la dissuasion globalement, et de rendre à là société civile dans ses diverses composantes, un rôle dans la défense de la démocratie. Il n'y a pas "d'esprit de défense" dans un peuple déresponsabilisé."
    Amazon.fr : La dissuasion civile :principes et methodes de la resistance non-violente dans la strate
    www.amazon.fr/dissuasion-civile-principes-resistan...
    La force tranquille de la société civile contre ses agresseu, 28 janvier 2003
    Commentaire de : Philippe (PARIS France) - Voir tous mes commentaires
    Cette dissuasion civile non violente est proposée comme une véritable alternative à la dissuasion nucléaire et est basée sur la préparation institutionnalisée et donc officielle d'une résistance civile clandestine par la société civile elle-même (donc hors du concours des forces armées) à toute tentative d'invasion. Les auteurs finissent par l'étendre à la résistance contre totue tentative d'instauration d'une quelconque forme de tyrannie tant extérieure qu'intérieure : c'est un manuel de mise en oeuvre du devoir de tout citoyen de résistance contre l'oppression sur le modèle largement augmenté et amélioré de Gandhi
    IRNC, Institut de recherche sur la Résolution non Violente des Conflits
    www.irnc.org/NonViolence/Lexique/5.%20Defense/Item...

    Dissuasion civile

    Comme toute politique de défense, l'organisation de la défense civile non-violente doit avoir pour finalité première de dissuader un agresseur potentiel d'engager les hostilités. La crédibilité de la dissuasion civile est effective lorsque l'adversaire a dû se convaincre qu'il exposerait son propre pouvoir à de réels dangers s'il décidait d'intervenir au-delà de ses frontières. Ses agents pourraient certes pénétrer sur le territoire convoité sans qu'ils subissent de pertes et sans que sa population se trouve exposée à des représailles, mais ses soldats, ses fonctionnaires et tous ses chargés de mission se heurteraient à l'hostilité organisée des pouvoirs publics, des institutions et des citoyens qui leur refuseraient toute collaboration. Ils courraient alors le risque de se trouver empêtrés dans les réseaux d'un " maquis politique ", en subissant l'inconvénient majeur de ne pas avoir l'avantage du terrain. Ils auraient alors les plus grandes difficultés à contrôler ce maquis et ne pourraient guère espérer le réduire dans un délai raisonnable. La dissuasion est effective dès lors que les risques encourus apparaissent disproportionnés par rapport à l'enjeu de la crise et les coûts prévisibles plus importants que les profits espérés.

    Pour renforcer la crédibilité de la dissuasion civile, il faut à la fois augmenter les coûts et réduire les profits. Il importe donc que le décideur adverse perçoive l'importance des coûts qu'il devrait payer : il s'agit de coûts idéologiques, politiques, sociaux, économiques et diplomatiques dont l'addition risquerait de déstabiliser son propre pouvoir et son propre régime. Par ailleurs, dans la mesure où il ne peut espérer aucune complicité significative au sein de la population adverse, il risquerait d'être frustré des profits qu'il voudrait retirer de son agression. Le rapport entre ces coûts et ces profits est de nature à l'amener à renoncer à toute intervention sur le territoire d'une société ayant mis en place les moyens d'une défense civile.

    IRNC, Institut de recherche sur la Résolution non Violente des Conflits
    www.irnc.org/IRNC/Travaux/Items/11.htm

    La dissuasion civile

    Perspectives pour la prise en compte des principes et des méthodes de la résistance civile non-violente dans la stratégie globale de défense de la France

    • Date: 1985
    • Chargés de recherche: C. MELLON, J.M. Muller, J. SEMELIN.
    • Principal interlocuteur: Ministère de la défense
    • Financement: Fondation pour les Études de la Défense Nationale (contrat direct avec les 3 chercheurs).
    • Produit: La dissuasion civile, Ed. FEDN - 4000 exemplaires - 200 pages 55 FF+port.

    Résumé

    "Pour garantir la sécurité de la France, il importe de "dissuader" tout agresseur potentiel : faire en sorte que le coût de son éventuelle agression soit supérieur au profit qu'il en espérait. Dans ce rapport coût/profit, la dissuasion nucléaire vise à élever le facteur coût. N'est-il pas sage d'explorer aussi une approche qui vise à réduire l'espérance gain ? (... )

    Un des pays comme le nôtre peut-il - doit-il?- adopter des mesures de dissuasion civile, c'est-à-dire faire prévoir à un adversaire potentiel qu'il aurait les plus grandes difficultés à tirer des profits politiques, économiques et idéologiques de son éventuelle supériorité militaire ? Oui, répondent les auteurs de l'étude, c'est souhaitable et c'est possible. Il est temps de penser la dissuasion globalement, et de rendre à là société civile dans ses diverses composantes, un rôle dans la défense de la démocratie. Il n'y a pas "d'esprit de défense" dans un peuple déresponsabilisé." Fondation pour les Études de Défense Nationale (1985)

    ISC - CFHM - IHCC
    www.stratisc.org/PA1.htm
    La hiérarchie militaire ne supporte plus depuis longtemps la liberté de plume (assez étonnante) dont jouissaient les auteurs militaires au début du siècle : quel officier oserait aujourd’hui consacrer son travail d’Ecole supé­rieure de Guerre à la réfutation minutieuse et implacable de la doctrine offi­cielle ? A plus forte raison, lequel oserait livrer le fruit de ses réflexions au public [2] ? Il y en a au moins un qui a essayé, le commandant Brossolet, avec son Essai sur la non-bataille (1976), livre éblouissant d’intelligence, même si l’on n’adhère pas forcément à ses conclusions. Il a eu un grand retentisse­ment en Allemagne, où les partisans de la technoguérilla lui ont beaucoup emprunté, mais pas en France, où toute velléité a été promptement étouffée, et son auteur a été contraint de quitter l’armée
    Un modèle libéral pour l'armée ? - blog libéral de ludosan
    ludosan.over-blog.com/article-4472200.html
    Au sujet du livre "Essai sur la non-bataille" de Guy Brossollet,  Editions Bélin - 1975

    Il s'agit d'un livre apparemment assez rare ( bien que disponible encore, sur http://www.livres-chapitre.com/-D1PYM0/-BROSSOLLET-GUY/-ESSAI-SUR-LA-NON-BATAILLE.html

    Ce livre met en doute l'efficacité du modèle miltaire français, tel qu'il était au début des années '70.

    Pourquoi je cite ce livre ? Parce que l'essentiel des critiques portées par Mr Brossollet sur le "système défensif" ( il s'agit, je répéte, de celui des années '70, je ne connais pas son éventuelle évolution) est, à mon sens, une critique de nature profondemment humaniste et libérale.
    En gros, il estime que le soldat réduit à la condition d'instrument censée executer mécaniquement les ordres venus "d'en haut" est "un pantin, avec une arme, sorti d'une boite".
    Et le modèle défensif que proposait Mr Brossollet est, au fond, un modèle "libéral": à la place du système centralisé et pyramidal "classique" il propose une sorte de modèle de "guerilla" ou la DECISION des action à menér sur le terrain appartiendrait.... aux individus sur le terrain !

    Je me permets de citer un bref passage du livre (serait-ce une "profession de foi" de l'auteur?):

    ."Notre remise en cause des structures dépasse donc le contentieux purement technique ou tactique. Elle cherche à revaloriser l'homme engagé dans la défense de son territoire, à personnaliser son action, à lui donner un rôle de citoyen responsable et non plus seulement d'executant, à solliciter son intérêt et son initiative.
    Cet homme à replacer dans des structures nouvelles, c'est l'individu lassé de n'être point considéré."

    Je suis incapable de me prononcer sur la validité technique des considérations de Mr Brossollet.
    Mais ce que je trouve remarquable c'est qu'un modèle basé sur des INDIVIDUS AUTONOMES (et par conséquent RESPONSABLES) a pu paraitre supérieur (car plus efficace et moins coûteux!) au modéle "classique" (centralisé, hyerarchique) même dans un domaine ou le dogme de la hyérarchie décisionelle semble inattaquable.

    Pour ceux que ce type de sujet intéresse, pourquoi ne pas essayer la lecture de l'ouvrage de Guy Brossollet ?  D'autant plus que la recherche sur le nom fournit, entre autres, l'article suivant:
    http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/10/2069044 La manière dont cet article se réfère au livre de Mr Brossollet laisse à penser qu'il n'existe pas des tonnes d'ouvrages dans cet esprit.

    Je ne sais pas s'il s'agit d'une utopie ( je ne suis pas militaire, il s'agit d'un livre que j'ai lu par un pur hasard).


    Mais remarquons, je le répète, qu'il existe donc un modèle "libéral" même en ce qui concerne la défense nationale. Et que ce modéle s'attribue, dans son domaine spécifique, les mêmes vertus que le libéralisme en général:
    - respect et mise en valeur des individus, de leurs capacités de création et de décision
    - meilleure efficacité, pour une facture globale moindre


    (Le chapitre qui analyse le pourquoi de l'inefficacité des décisions prises "en haut" dans le système centralisé pyramidal pourrait d'ailleurs être transposé sans changer un mot à l'économie: on croit par moments lire " La Route de la Servitude" de Friedrich Hayek)
    Amazon.com: David's Sling: Books: Marc Stiegler
    www.amazon.com/Davids-Sling-Marc-Stiegler/dp/06716...

    1.. Technology is a good thing, the bureaucracy is a bad thing. Written and effectively proven.

    2. People who think about whats going on around them are smarter and more competent than others. Written but not proven, implied. If you need proof.....

    3. War is bad, peace is good. Vigilant peace is better. Thats the story and it is very vell done.

    Make sure you note the comparisons of the tobacco companies, the unions, and how politics flows in a money, media cycle.

    Alliance Royale - Le parti royaliste !
    www.allianceroyale.fr/article.php3?id_article=313

    La réforme de la fonction militaire

    Les hommes libres se défendent eux-mêmes. Or ni l’armée de conscription ni l’armée dite « de métier » ne répondent à cet adage.

    L’emploi d’une armée de conscription, à côté d’indéniables vertus sociales, était parfaitement justifié lorsque le maintien sous les drapeaux de forces humaines nombreuses apparaissait indispensable. Mal adapté au contexte international et aux besoins militaires actuels, facilement rendu absurde dans l’extrême de sa logique, ce concept ne peut raisonnablement être maintenu.

    Au contraire, l’armée « professionnelle » confisque aux citoyens la liberté de porter les armes, pour les donner exclusivement à des contractuels de l’État. En outre, elle ne permet pas de mettre sur pied des effectifs suffisants pour faire face à une situation de crise grave, en particulier dans le cadre de la défense opérationnelle du territoire. Il est inquiétant de considérer, à cet égard, que le scénario d’un conflit intérieur, sous forme d’insurrection armée ou d’actions terroristes de grande envergure, nécessitant l’emploi d’une quantité d’hommes importante, n’est aujourd’hui même plus considéré, alors que cet « oubli » peut avoir à l’avenir les plus graves conséquences.

    L’armée est passée d’une conception jacobine, la circonscription, à une conception purement utilitaire, l’armée dite « professionnelle ».

    Nous proposons donc le volontariat comme mode de recrutement :
      une formation militaire de base de quelques mois (des « classes ») est rendue obligatoire pour tous les hommes reconnus aptes ;
      les unités d’active et de réserve sont constituées de volontaires recrutés pendant la formation initiale.

    Cette réforme de la fonction militaire permet de maintenir sous les drapeaux une armée compétente et motivée, au volume adapté au besoin. Elle permet en outre de conserver le lien armée-nation, les vertus sociales de la conscription, et la possibilité de monter en puissance rapidement pour faire face à une situation grave.

    Le SYSTEME FRAPPEUR

    Le FRAPPEUR est un navire missileur (lance-missiles) dont le dessin par René Loire repose sur la philosophie de l'amiral américain Joseph METCALF.
    Ce non-conformiste, qui fut Chef des Opérations Navales (CNO) adjoint "Surface" de US Navy, après avoir commandé la 2ème Flotte, rédigea en 1988 un retentissant article dans "US Naval Institute Proceedings" intitulé "A Revolution at Sea". Il y faisait remarquer que désormais, avec l'apparition des RESEAUX, on n'observerait plus l'ennemi de la passerelle ni, au radar, du haut des mâts, mais qu'on ferait appel à des plateformes extérieures au navire porteur d'armes et intégrées aux Réseaux. Ces plateformes pourraient être flottantes (navires classiques pleinement "sensés"), volantes (pilotées ou non), spatiales (satellites terrestres), terrestres (stations fixes "durcies" ou nomades). En conséquence, le navire lanceur de missiles guidés pouvait être débarrassé de senseurs de combat, et donc de superstructures. De plus, l'équipage pouvait être drastiquement réduit (celui du FRAPPEUR ne devrait être que d'une vingtaine d'hommes) ce qui diminuerait les mises à risque humaines amies, notamment en cas d'intrusions jusqu'à portée de lancement dans des eaux hostiles fortement défendues.
    Il ne peut exister de navires de combat invulnérables et insubmersibles, mais du moins peut-on essayer de les rendre moins vulérables que, par exemple les "HMS Sheffield" et "USS Stark", si facilement"exocetisés" (respectivement aux Malouines en 1982 et dans le Golfe Persique en 1988), mais par contre les construire aussi costauds que les 133 Tankers atteints par exocets au cours de la Guerre Iran-Irak et dont peu furent totalement détruits.
    Dans un frappeur, un caparaçon composé de fagots de tubes diaphragmés permet de constituer plusieurs centaines de compartiments étanches qui devraient limiter la propagation des sinistres induits par les explosions de mines et torpilles sous-marines et absorber une certaine portion de l'énergie de ces explosions par déformations plastiques de l'acier. Cela nous permet de faire le pari du recours à la seule défense de bord passive. Au prix où est l'homme embarqué,environnement compris, il pourrait ne pas être rentable d'exposer des équipes de sécurité dédiées venant s'ajouter à l'équipage (réduit) de combat pour des résultats aléatoires en cas de sinistres et peut-être pour tout juste sauver une épave.

    Etant très simple, un frappeur, qui n'est qu'un magasin à munitions sans cervelle propre (l'intelligence est ailleurs), est bon marché. Son prix d'acquisition "coque nue" n'est que de l'ordre de €100 millions, soit le prix "fly away" d'un avion d'attaque genre "Rafale". Aussi, aurait-il lancé en une seule croisière la totalité de sa charge de guerre - par exemple 500 missiles anti-terre "Tomahawk" - qu'il pourrait être considéré comme "amorti" au sens comptable, en ayant obtenu le plus bas possible "Coût par Coup" (de munition guidée) possible.

    Le concept est bien connu de la Marine des Etats-Unis. Il avait été pris en compte en 1996 dans le programme "Arsenal Ship", gelé en 1997 mais que George W. Bush rapporta dans son programme électoral de 1999. En décembre 2001 et à la suite du naufrage du calamiteux programme "DD-21" auquel il fallait un successeur, et dans le vent de "TRANSFORMATION" soufflé par des conseillers du Président GWB tels que Andrew Marshall et le VA Cebrowski, René Loire effectua une nouvelle série de présentations de "Striker" aux plus hauts niveaux du ministère de la Défense (dont ces deux personnages) et des états-majors navals américains ("CNO Executive Panel", "Surface Warfare"). Elles furent très bien accueillies. Depuis, Andy Marshall a maintenu son appui et provoqué l'examen du concept à la Commission de la Défense de la Chambre des Représentants.

    Petite salve

    Le Frappeur schématisé, avec charge-type 500 missiles.

    Ensemble - Cas de 4 modules d'armes, 2 modules Machine.

    Section-courante montrant le caparaçon qui devrait limiter l'effet des mines et torpilles.

    Une nouvelle stratégie navale : défense passive et guerre au moindre coût par coups
    Le FRAPPEUR ou STRIKER dû à René Loire est un navire missileur robuste, furtif, puissant et économique, à coque modulaire, à faible équipage, contrôlé au travers des RESEAUX par des plateformes extérieures au navire porteur d'armes et elles-mêmes intégrées aux Réseaux. Bâtiment lanceur de missiles formant, comme l'Arsenal Ship de Metcalf, cousin américain du "Frappeur", une arme d'intimidation bon marché, une seule mission pourrait suffire à l'amortir.
    LA SURPRISE A RECHERCHER

    Une nouvelle stratégie navale : défense passive et guerre au moindre coût par coups

    Le FRAPPEUR ou STRIKER dû à René Loire est un navire missileur robuste, furtif, puissant et économique, à coque modulaire, à faible équipage, contrôlé au travers des RESEAUX par des plateformes extérieures au navire porteur d'armes et elles-mêmes intégrées aux Réseaux. Bâtiment lanceur de missiles formant, comme l'Arsenal Ship de Metcalf, cousin américain du "Frappeur", une arme d'intimidation bon marché, une seule mission pourrait suffire à l'amortir.

     
     
    POURQUOI LE FRAPPEUR ?
    Résultats de la recherche d’image Google à partir de http://www.memach.com/nuhm/images/smflow1.jpg
    www.memach.com/nuhm/arsenal.htm

      ARSENAL Ship

    The METRO Machine Team ARSENAL Ship project embodied the revolutionary vessel design and construction features championed by METRO in the Marc Gaurdian Tanker & the Double Hull Barge designs.

    The Ship
         Revolutionary Concept
        Significant Advantages

    The Design Features
         ZonePak Concept

    The Production
             Curved Plate
             Sub-assemblies
             ZonePak assembly
             Modules
             Joining

    Résultats de la recherche d’image Google à part...
    images.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fas.org/...

    Arsenal Ship

    Arsenal ship was a joint Navy / DARPA program to acquire a moderate cost, high firepower demonstrator ship with low manning as soon as possible. The Arsenal Ship was planned to restore the naval support of the land battle, the modern day equivalent of the firepower that battleships provided during World War II and in Korea. The plan was to produce the demonstrator ship for initial operational capability (IOC) by the year 2000. Based on successful demonstration, a total force of four to six Arsenal ships would be funded. The goal was to develop an Arsenal Ship (AS) functional design by the end of FY97. This timeline from concept design (FY96) through fabrication (FY00) represented half the development time of previous naval vessels of this complexity. The Arsenal Ship would contains four times the VLS cells found on a CG-52 class ship, have a fixed unit sailaway price of $450 million, and a life-cycle cost 50% less than that of a naval combatant.

    But in early 1997 the House National Security Committee concluded that the Arsenal Ship and the SC-21 were two separate major warship development programs, and that the cost of carrying out two such programs would be unaffordable, while the requirement for both had been validated by the Secretary of Defense. On 24 October 1997 the House-Senate conference committee on the FY1998 Defense Authorization Bill on refused additional funding for the Arsenal Ship. With only $35 million appropriated, the Navy needed an additional $115 million to sustain the program. That day the Secretary of the Navy announced that the program would not be pursued. Some of the design work has been incorporated into the SC-21 and DD-21 program. On 01 December 1997 the National Defense Panel report criticized the cancellation of the Arsenal Ship, noting that the ship could have reduced the need for aircraft carriers.

    The Arsenal Ship was developed initially as a demonstration program to provide a large increase in the amount of ordnance available to ground- and sea-based forces in a conflict, particularly during the early days. The Navy envisioned that the ship would have a large capacity of different missiles, including Tomahawk and Standard, and space for future extended range gun systems. The ship could also have a sea-based version of the Army Tactical Missile System. This ship could greatly increase capabilities in littoral operations to conduct long-range strike missions, provide fire support for ground forces, defend against theater ballistic missiles, and maintain air superiority.

    The Arsenal Ship has the potential to provide substantial fire support to a variety of missions in regional conflicts without the logistics burden of transporting both delivery systems and ammunition to the shore and forward areas. The Arsenal Ship is expected to carry a large number of VLS cells but without the sophisticated command and control and radar equipment found on Aegis-equipped ships.

    The ships would be theater assets that will operate under the authority of the joint Commanders-In-Chief (CINCs) and receive their targeting along with command and decision information from other assets. This ship will rely on other military assets, including surface combatants, to provide the targeting information and connectivity necessary to launch its weapons. The Arsenal Ship would server as the magazine for a distributed sensor network. A unique aspect to the Arsenal Ship is that all the command and decision functions would be made off board.

    Thus, the Arsenal Ship will not be fitted with long range surveillance or fire control sensors, but will be remotely controlled via robust data links. The data links will be secure, redundant and anti-jam in order to provide high reliability in the connectivity of the Arsenal Ships in high jamming operational scenarios. The overall program is an attempt to leverage the significant joint investment in Link 16 and CEC. Early in arsenal ship's life this control will be exercised through an Aegis platform. As the theater connectivity matures, the Arsenal Ship would accommodate a more robust set of controls from a wide variety of sources that would include JSTARS aircraft, AWACS or an E-2 with Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) and, a soldier or a Marine on the ground or a command post ashore. This concept allows for remote missile selection, on-board missile initialization and remote launch orders, and provides remote "missile away" messages to the control platform.

    The ship would have the equivalent ordnance—about 500 vertically launched weapons from a wide variety of the military’s inventory—of about four or five Aegis cruisers and destroyers. Employing the Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) “remote magazine” launch concept, the arsenal ship would provide additional magazine capacity for Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) and Air Supremacy missiles.

    The Navy envisioned the ship to have a small crew (possibly less than 50 members) and be highly survivable. Associated with minimizing ship costs and manning is the planned reliance on passive survivability, so that it would be very difficult for the Arsenal Ship to be hit by modern weapons. This may be achieved by a combination of reducing the signatures of the ship and the tactical use of countermeasures. If the ship is hit by a missile or a torpedo, the design would insure that the magazines are not violated. Finally, the hull would be sized and designed such that, even if the ship encounters a large torpedo or mine, the ship won't sink.

    The Navy planned to maintain the Arsenal Ship forward deployed in major overseas regions for extended periods by rotating the ship’s crew and returning the ship only for major maintenance and overhauls. This plan would allow the Navy to use fewer Arsenal Ships to maintain overseas presence than if the ships were deployed routinely from the United States and permit their early availability in a conflict. Additionally, if the Arsenal Ship concept proves successful and within its cost projections (around $500 million for construction of each ship), DOD and the Navy may be able to retire or forego purchases of some assets, such as aircraft carriers, surface combatants, ground-based launchers, or combat aircraft.

    The Arsenal Ship Program's acquisition approach represented a major departure from the way Navy ships have been acquired in the past. The program turned the systems development process over to industry at its earliest stage and challenges industry to develop and design the optimum mix of performance capabilities which can be accommodated within production and life-cycle affordability constraints. In an effort to optimize streamlined technical and business approaches, the program used DARPA's Section 845 authority to conduct prototype development and acquisition experiments outside normal constraints of the Federal Acquisition Regulations.

    Experience during the Arsenal Ship Project showed that to achieve a design balanced between cost and performance, a significant amount of interchange was required among subject experts, analysts, and the technical personnel developing the system and functional designs. Additionally, subject experts from outside of the team were used to assure critical performance requirements were understood and satisfied. However, because of the limitations on access applied during the Arsenal Ship Project, achieving the design balance became quite difficult.

    In July 1996, DARPA awarded each of five industry teams $1 million Phase I agreements under full and open competition. Since that time, the five teams performed various trade-off studies and developed their initial Arsenal Ship design concepts based upon the governmentÕs Ship Capabilities Document and the Concept of Operations. The Phase I Arsenal Ship Concept Designs, in conjunction with the three successful offeror's Phase II proposals, formed the basis for the Phase II selection and were deemed as providing the best value to the government.

    In early 1996 the program was redesignated the Maritime Fire Support Demonstrator (MFSD). The new effort broadened the scope to insert technologies into the demonstrator in preparation for risk reduction for SC-21. The MFSD was to be an at-sea technology testbed for the SC-21, the next-generation CVX aircraft carrier, and other future ships.

    In Phase II, which lasted one year, three industry teams continued to develop their concept designs into functional designs consisting of an integrated engineering and cost baseline for the Arsenal Ship Program. On 10 January 1997 DARPA selected three industry teams for Phase II of the Arsenal Ship Program. The three selected industry teams were each awarded $15 million modifications to their existing Phase I Arsenal Ship agreements. The three Phase II industry teams were:

    • General Dynamics, Marine/Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine, Team Leader, with: General Dynamics, Marine/Electric Boat, Groton, Conn.; Raytheon Electronic Systems, Lexington, Mass.; and Science Applications International Corp., McLean, Va.
    • Lockheed Martin, Government Electronic Systems, Morrestown, N.J., Team Leader, with: Litton Industries/Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Miss.; and Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Va.
    • Northrop Grumman Corporation, Sykesville, Md., Team Leader, with: National Steel and Shipbuilding Co., San Diego, Calif.; Vitro Corp., Rockville, Md.; Solipsys, Columbia, Md.; and Band Lavis & Associates, Inc., Severna Park, Md.

    After Phase II, DARPA planned to select one industry team to enter into Phase III, with the Navy to award an MFSD design and construction contract to one of the three Arsenal Ship teams in January 1998. During that phase, the industry team chosen would complete its detail design and construct an Arsenal Ship Demonstrator, as well as provide an irrevocable offer to construct five additional Arsenal Ships and convert the Arsenal Ship Demonstrator into a fully operational asset in the production phase (Phase V). Phase IV consists of performance testing and a fleet evaluation. The value of the research and development portion (Phases I-IV) of the program was approximately $520 million.

    Specific objectives to be demonstrated included the ability to perform the operational mission for 90 days; architecture, communications, and datalink functions capable of satisfying the AS concept of operations; and the capability for remote launch of strike, area air warfare, and fire support weapons. The planned test program will include a salvo launch of up to three Tomahawk missiles in 3 minutes; a single SM2 launch using the AS as a remote magazine for a cooperative engagement capability ship, a single Tomahawk launch using the AS as a remote magazine for air-directed and shore-based targeting, and a single weapon launch from a VLS cell in support of a naval surface fire control mission digital call for fire.

    Programmed DTO Funding ($ millions)
    PE Project FY97 FY98 FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03
    0603763E MRN-01 15.0 47.0 50.0 36.0 22.0 0 0
    Total S&T 15.0 47.0 50.0 36.0 22.0 0 0
    0603852N* S2294 25.0 141.0 90.5 80.2 11.4 0 0
    Total 40.0 188.0 140.5 116.2 33.4 0 0

    Specifications

    Armament 500-cell Vertical Launch System (VLS)
    Tomahawk Land-Attack Missiles (TLAMs)
    Army Tactical Missile System
    Crew ~~ 50; designed to be highly automated
    Design Low radar signature ("stealthy")
    double hull
    possible length 500-800 feet
    Estimated Number Six vessels
    Cost $500-800 Million each
    missiles will cost ~~$500 million

    Sources and Resources

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    Navy debates need for new type warship

    Remote control 'arsnal ship' able to fire missles

    October 14, 1996
    Web posted at: 7:30 p.m EDT (1930 GMT)

    From Military Affairs Correspondent Jamie McIntyre

    WASHINGTON (CNN) -- U.S. military planners reviewing last month's military action against Iraq say the confrontation exposed the need for a new class of warship.

    But critics say what the Navy calls an "arsenal ship" -- a futuristic vessel capable of launching a punishing attack by remote control -- is both unnecessary and unwise.

    The two days of missile strikes against Iraq last month were launched by four ships and a submarine in the Persian Gulf, along with two B-52 bombers flying from far-off Guam.

    Some Navy experts claim, in the future, all that firepower and more could come from a single "arsenal ship"

    For now it's just a concept. Artist's renderings envision a sleek, low-slung vessel, concealing 500 launch tubes, a stealthy ship capable of launching sustained salvos of cruise missiles and other precision weapons on the orders of ground commanders on distant battlefields.

    "The Marine Corps lieutenant colonel on the beach, who is most in need of that firepower is not only going to be able to call for that firepower, as he does now, he will directly control that firepower," explained Surface War Director Rear Adm. Daniel Murphy.

    The conventionally powered arsenal ship, essentially a remote-controled, floating missle pad, would reduce the need to move expensive aircraft carriers or other warships, with thousands of sailors, to world hot spots.




    "I suspect that the enemy is in the Pentagon and the battle is going to be between the Air Force and the Navy for dollar bills."

    -- Vice Adm. John Shanahan
    Center for Defense Information


    The far cheaper arsenal ship would remain permanently on station, with a skeleton crew, or possibly no crew at all.

    Retired three-star Adm. John Shanahan of the Center for Defense Information is impressed by the notion of a s