Nordic countries are all examples of countries where education is free all the way up including post-graduate studies. In Sweden and Finland, there Free Phpbb3 Forums is not even a fee for foreign students enrolling at a university (exchange or not), although they may not Free Phpbb3 Forums be eligible for the monthly study allowance and loan most Free Phpbb3 Forums nationals are.
Several other European countries, such as Free Phpbb3 Forums England and Germany, have had a history of some forms of free education, as well Free Phpbb3 Forums as Australia. Free Phpbb3 Forums In the 1970s the Australian Labor Party led Free Phpbb3 Forums by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam introduced Free Phpbb3 Forums reforms which ensured free tertiary education. These reforms were removed later in Free Phpbb3 Forums the 1980s by the Bob Hawke Labor government. Students and radicals played an important part in forcing the Whitlam government to implement the free education system as well as opposing the introduction of tertiary fees in the 1980s.
In some developing countries like Sri Lanka education is given free from the primary level up to the tertiary level. In Jamaica following the Free Phpbb3 Forums general election on September 3rd 2008, Free Phpbb3 Forums the Free Phpbb3 Forums new Prime Minster declared free tution cost for Free Phpbb3 Forums all secondary school students.
Nowadays, Free Phpbb3 Forums as Free Phpbb3 Forums for many parts of the world outside the Nordic Free Phpbb3 Forums countries, Free Phpbb3 Forums free education usually comes to students in the form of scholarship and grants, if they cover Free Phpbb3 Forums all or most of students' expenses Free Phpbb3 Forums while at school. Patrons for grants and scholarships may be individuals, Free Phpbb3 Forums institutions (often the school itself), advocacy initiatives, etc. They may have economic (e.g. Free Phpbb3 Forums tax-deductibility), humanitarian, charitable or Free Phpbb3 Forums religious reasons. Ireland has free education at all levels, including college and university which Music Shareing Free is also Free Phpbb3 Forums free.
reedom is a very broad concept that has been Free Phpbb3 Forums given numerous different interpretations by different philosophies and schools of thought. The protection of interpersonal freedom can be the Free Phpbb3 Forums object of a Free Phpbb3 Forums social and political investigation, while the metaphysical foundation of inner freedom is a philosophical and psychological question. Both forms of freedom come together in each individual as the internal and external values mesh Free Phpbb3 Forums together in a dynamic compromise and power struggle; the society fighting for power in defining the values of individuals and the individual fighting Free Phpbb3 Forums for societal acceptance and respect in establishing one's own values in it.
In philosophy, freedom often ties in with the question of free will. Libertarian philosophers have argued that all human beings are always free Free Phpbb3 Forums - Jean-Paul Sartre, for instance, famously claimed that humans are "condemned to be free" Free Phpbb3 Forums - because they always have a choice even an external authority can Free Phpbb3 Forums only threaten Free Phpbb3 Forums punishment after an Free Phpbb3 Forums action, not physically prevent a person from carrying Free Hypnotic Tools out Free Phpbb3 Forums an action. At the other end of Free Phpbb3 Forums the spectrum, determinism claims that the Free Phpbb3 Forums future is pre-determined and freedom is an illusion.
The philosopher Isaiah Berlin drew an important distinction between "freedom from" (negative freedom) and "freedom Free Phpbb3 Forums to" (positive freedom). For example, freedom from oppression and freedom to Free Phpbb3 Forums develop one's potential. Both these types of freedom are Free Phpbb3 Forums in fact reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Freedom as the absence of restraint means unwilling to subjugate, lacking submission, or without forceful inequality. The achievement of this form of freedom depends upon a combination of the resistance of the individual (or group) Free Phpbb3 Forums and one's Free Phpbb3 Forums (their) environment; if one Free Phpbb3 Forums is in jail or Free Phpbb3 Forums even limited by a lack of resources, this person is free within their Free Phpbb3 Forums power and environment, but not free to defy reality. Natural laws restrict this Free Phpbb3 Forums form of freedom; Free Phpbb3 Forums for instance, no one is free to fly (though we may or may not be free to attempt to do so). Isaiah Berlin appears to Free Phpbb3 Forums call this kind Free Phpbb3 Forums of freedom "negative freedom" - an absence of Free Phpbb3 Forums obstacles put in the way of my action (especially by other people). He distinguishes this from "positive freedom", Free Phpbb3 Forums which refers to one's power to make choices Free Phpbb3 Forums leading to action.
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Free software is software that can Free Phpbb3 Forums be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be Free Phpbb3 Forums copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. To Free Phpbb3 Forums make these acts possible, the human readable form of the program (the "source code") must be Free Phpbb3 Forums made available. The source code may be either accompanied by a notice granting the above permissions (a free software licence), or, much less commonly, the source code can be released Free Phpbb3 Forums into public domain. The free software movement was Free Phpbb3 Forums launched in 1983 to make these freedoms available to every computer user.
From the late 1990s onward, alternative Free Phpbb3 Forums terms for free software came into use. "Open source software" is the most common such alternative term. Others include "software libre", Free Phpbb3 Forums "free, Free Phpbb3 Forums libre and open-source software" ("FLOSS"), and "free and open source software" ("FOSS"). Free Phpbb3 Forums The antonym of free software is "proprietary Free Phpbb3 Forums software" or non-free software.
Free software is distinct from "freeware" Free Phpbb3 Forums which is proprietary software made available Free Phpbb3 Forums free of charge. Users usually cannot study, modify, or redistribute freeware. The only permission freeware has in common with free software is the permission to use the software.
Since free software may be freely redistributed, it Free Phpbb3 Forums generally is available at little or no cost. Free software business Free Phpbb3 Forums models are usually based on adding value such as support, training, customization, integration, or certification. At the same time, some business models which work with proprietary software are not compatible with free software, such as those that depend on Free Phpbb3 Forums a user having no choice but to pay for a licence in order to lawfully use a software product.
Free software Free Phpbb3 Forums is a huge international effort, producing software used by individuals, large organizations, and governmental administrations. Free software has a very high market penetration in server-side Internet applications such as the Free Phpbb3 Forums Apache web server, Free Phpbb3 Forums MySQL database, and PHP scripting language. Completely free computing environments are available as Free Phpbb3 Forums large packages of basic system software such as the many Linux distributions and FreeBSD. Free software developers have also created free versions Free Phpbb3 Forums of almost all commonly used desktop applications such as web Free Phpbb3 Forums browsers, office productivity Free Phpbb3 Forums suites, and multimedia players. It is important to note, however, that in many categories, Free Phpbb3 Forums free Free Phpbb3 Forums software for individual workstation or home users has Free Phpbb3 Forums only a fraction of the market share of their proprietary competitors. Most free software is distributed Free Phpbb3 Forums online without charge, or Free Phpbb3 Forums off-line at the marginal cost of distribution, but this is not required, and people may sell copies for any Free Phpbb3 Forums price.
The economic viability of Free Phpbb3 Forums free software has been recognised Free Phpbb3 Forums by Free Phpbb3 Forums large corporations such as IBM, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems. Many companies Free Phpbb3 Forums whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software Free Phpbb3 Forums for their Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial Free Phpbb3 Forums capital investment and ability to Free Phpbb3 Forums freely customize the application packages. Also, some non-software Free Phpbb3 Forums industries Free Phpbb3 Forums are beginning to use techniques similar to those used in free software development for their research and development: scientists, for example, are looking towards Free Phpbb3 Forums more open development processes, and hardware Free Phpbb3 Forums such as microchips are beginning to be developed with specifications Free Phpbb3 Forums released under Free Phpbb3 Forums copyleft licenses (see the OpenCores project, for instance). Creative Commons and the free culture movement have also been largely influenced by Free Phpbb3 Forums the free software movement. |
