The Shoes Running Nike Cross Training earliest Shoes Running Nike Cross Training known shoes date from about 8000 to 7000 BCE and were found in Oregon, USA Shoes Running Nike Cross Training in 1938[1]. However, the materials used for making shoes do not normally last for thousands Shoes Running Nike Cross Training of years, so shoes were probably in use long before this. Physical anthropologist Erik Trinkaus believes he has found evidence that the use of shoes began in the period between about 40,000 and 26,000 years ago, based on the fact that the thickness of the bones of the toes (other than the big toe) decreased during this period, on the premise that Shoes Running Nike Cross Training going barefoot results in greater bone growth Shoes Running Nike Cross Training before this period.[1]
Parts of a shoe
Gluing a new outsole Shoes Running Nike Cross Training to an athletic shoe
Sole
The bottom of a shoe is called the sole.
Insole
The insole is the interior bottom of a shoe, which sits directly beneath the Shoes Running Nike Cross Training foot. Many shoes have removable and replaceable insoles, and extra insoles are often added for Shoes Running Nike Cross Training comfort Shoes Running Nike Cross Training or health reasons (to control the shape, moisture, or smell of the shoe).
Outsole
The outsole is the layer in direct contact with the Shoes Running Nike Cross Training ground. Dress shoes have leather outsoles; casual or work-oriented shoes have outsoles made of natural rubber or a synthetic imitation. The outsole may comprise a single piece, or may comprise Shoes Running Nike Cross Training separate pieces of different materials. Often the heel Shoes Running Nike Cross Training of the sole is rubber for durability and traction, while the front is leather for style. Specialized shoes will often have modifications on this design: Shoes Running Nike Cross Training athletic cleats have spikes embedded in the outsole Shoes Running Nike Cross Training to grip the ground; many kinds of dancing shoes have much Shoes Running Nike Cross Training softer or Shoes Running Nike Cross Training harder soles.
Midsole
The layer in between the Shoes Running Nike Cross Training outsole Shoes Running Nike Cross Training and the insole Shoes Running Nike Cross Training that is typically there for shock absorption. Some types Shoes Running Nike Cross Training of shoes, like running shoes, have another material for shock absorption, usually beneath the heel where one puts the most pressure down. Different companies use different materials for the Shoes Running Nike Cross Training midsoles of their shoes. Some shoes Shoes Running Nike Cross Training may not Shoes Running Nike Cross Training have a midsole at all.
Heel
Women's fashion boots
The bottom rear part of a shoe is Shoes Running Nike Cross Training the heel. Its function Shoes Running Nike Cross Training is to support the heel Shoes Running Nike Cross Training of the foot. They are often made of the same material as Shoes Running Nike Cross Training the sole of the shoe. This part can be high for fashion or to make the person Shoes Running Nike Cross Training look taller, or flat Shoes Running Nike Cross Training for a more practical use.
Vamp, or upper
Any shoe has an upper part that helps hold the shoe onto the foot. In the simplest cases, such as Shoes Running Nike Cross Training sandals or flip flops, this may be nothing more than a few straps Shoes Running Nike Cross Training for Shoes Running Nike Cross Training holding the sole in place. Closed footwear, such as boots, sneakers and most men's shoes, will have a more complex upper. This part is often decorated or is made in a certain style to look Shoes Running Nike Cross Training attractive. The U.S. Patent 3,355,535 , from 1967, describes a method for producing a shoe-upper Shoes Running Nike Cross Training (Hain 1967).
Accessories to shoes
Shoehorn: can Shoes Running Nike Cross Training be used to insert a foot into a shoe by keeping the shoe open and providing a smooth surface for the foot to slide upon.
Shoe tree: placed inside the shoe Shoes Running Nike Cross Training when user is not wearing it, to help maintain the shoe's shape.
Shoe polishing equipment:
Shoe polish: a waxy material spread on shoes to improve appearance, glossiness, and provide protection.
Shoe Shoes Running Nike Cross Training brush and polishing cloth: used Shoes Running Nike Cross Training to apply polish to shoes.
Overshoes or galoshes: a rubber covering placed over shoes for rain and snow protection.
(Orthopedic) shoe insert: insert of various materials for cushioning, improved fit, or reduced abrasion. These include padding and Shoes Running Nike Cross Training inner linings. Inserts may also be used to correct foot problems.
Shoe bag: a bag that protects shoes against damage Shoes Running Nike Cross Training when they are not being worn.
Shoe stretcher: a tool for making a shoe longer or wider or for reducing discomfort Shoes Running Nike Cross Training in areas of a shoe.
Snow shoe: a wooden or leather piece which increases the area of ground covered by the shoe.
Shoelaces: a system used to secure shoes.
Types of shoes
Shoes made Shoes Running Nike Cross Training from real crocodile skin, in a conservation exhibit at Bristol Shoes Running Nike Cross Training Zoo, England.
Dress and casual shoes
Dress shoes are Shoes Running Nike Cross Training categorized by smooth and supple leather uppers, leather soles, and Shoes Running Nike Cross Training narrow sleek figure. Casual shoes are characterized by sturdy leather uppers, non-leather outsoles, and Shoes Running Nike Cross Training wide Shoes Running Nike Cross Training profile.
Some designs of dress shoes Shoes Running Nike Cross Training can be worn by either gender. The majority Shoes Running Nike Cross Training of dress shoes have Shoes Running Nike Cross Training an upper Shoes Running Nike Cross Training covering, commonly made of Shoes Running Nike Cross Training leather, enclosing most of the lower Shoes Running Nike Cross Training foot, but not Shoes Running Nike Cross Training covering Shoes Running Nike Cross Training the ankles. This upper part of the Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoe is often made without apertures or openings, but may also be made with openings or even itself consist of a series of straps, e.g. an open toe featured in women's shoes. Shoes with Shoes Running Nike Cross Training uppers made high to cover the ankles are Shoes Running Nike Cross Training also available; a shoe with the upper rising above the ankle Shoes Running Nike Cross Training is usually considered a boot but certain styles Shoes Running Nike Cross Training may be referred to as high-topped shoes or high-tops. Usually, a high-topped shoe is Shoes Running Nike Cross Training secured by laces or zippers, although some styles have elastic inserts to ease slipping the shoe on.
Men's shoes
Men's shoes can be categorized by how Shoes Running Nike Cross Training they Shoes Running Nike Cross Training are closed:
Balmorals: the vamp has a V-shaped slit to which the laces are attached; also Shoes Running Nike Cross Training known as "closed lacing". In England, the balmoral is known Shoes Running Nike Cross Training as the Oxford. The word "Oxford" is Shoes Running Nike Cross Training used by American clothing companies to market shoes Shoes Running Nike Cross Training that are not balmorals, such as rubber-sole bluchers.
Bluchers: the laces are tied to two pieces of leather independently attached to the vamp; Shoes Running Nike Cross Training also known Shoes Running Nike Cross Training as "open lacing". In Shoes Running Nike Cross Training England, the Blucher Shoes Running Nike Cross Training is Shoes Running Nike Cross Training known as the Derby shoe.
Monk-straps: a Shoes Running Nike Cross Training buckle and strap instead of lacing
Various other closings exist but are Shoes Running Nike Cross Training less popular such as side-elastic closings.
Men's shoes can also be decorated in various ways:
Plain-toes: have a sleek appearance and no Shoes Running Nike Cross Training extra decorations on the vamp.
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Cap-toes: Shoes Running Nike Cross Training has an extra layer of leather that "caps" the toe. This is possibly the most popular decoration.
Brogues Shoes Running Nike Cross Training (American: wing-tips): Shoes Running Nike Cross Training The toe of the shoe is covered with a perforated panel, the wing-tip, which extends down either side of the shoe. Brogues can be found in both balmoral and blucher styles. Please help improve this section by expanding it.
Further information Shoes Running Nike Cross Training might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion.
The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia.
Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions.(December 2007)
Women's shoes
There is a large variety of shoes available for women, in addition to most of the men's styles Shoes Running Nike Cross Training being more Shoes Running Nike Cross Training accepted as unisex. Shoes Running Nike Cross Training Some broad categories are:
Pumps, known in Shoes Running Nike Cross Training the US and UK as ballerinas, ballet pumps or skimmers, are shoes with a very low heel and a relatively short vamp, Shoes Running Nike Cross Training exposing much of Shoes Running Nike Cross Training the instep. They are popular Shoes Running Nike Cross Training for Shoes Running Nike Cross Training warm-weather Shoes Running Nike Cross Training wear, and Shoes Running Nike Cross Training may be Shoes Running Nike Cross Training seen as more comfortable than shoes with Shoes Running Nike Cross Training a higher heel.
High heels may be shoes with heels 2 inches (5 cm) or higher. They are Shoes Running Nike Cross Training often seen as having more sex appeal than low heels (see article Shoes Running Nike Cross Training for discussion) and are thus commonly worn by women for Shoes Running Nike Cross Training formal occasions or social outings.
Sneaker Shoes Running Nike Cross Training boot and sneaker pump: a Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoe that looks like an athletic shoe, but is equipped with a heel, making it a kind of novelty Shoes Running Nike Cross Training dress shoe.
Either gender
Women's sandals
Clog
Platform Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoe: shoe with very thick soles and heels
Moccasin: originated by Shoes Running Nike Cross Training Native Americans, a soft Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoe without a heel and usually made of Shoes Running Nike Cross Training leather.
Sandals: open shoes consisting of a sole and various straps, leaving much of the foot exposed to air. They are Shoes Running Nike Cross Training thus popular for Shoes Running Nike Cross Training warm-weather wear, because they let the foot be cooler than a closed-toed shoe would.
Saddle shoe: Shoes Running Nike Cross Training leather shoe with a contrasting saddle-shaped band over the instep, typically white uppers with black "saddle".
Loafer: a dress or casual shoe without laces; often with tassels, buckles, or coin-holders (penny loafers).
Boating shoes, also known as boat shoes and deck shoes: similar to a loafer, Shoes Running Nike Cross Training but more casual. Laces, if present, are usually simple Shoes Running Nike Cross Training leather (often Shoes Running Nike Cross Training two-tone) with no frills. Often made of canvas or featuring Shoes Running Nike Cross Training a white sole. They have soft soles/heels to avoid marring or scratching a boat deck.
Boots: Long shoes (covering the ankle) frequently made of leather. Some are designed to be used in times of bad weather, or simply as an alternate style of casual or dress Shoes Running Nike Cross Training wear. Styles Shoes Running Nike Cross Training include rubber boots and snow boots, as Shoes Running Nike Cross Training well as work boots and hiking boots.
Slippers: For indoor use, commonly worn with pajamas.
Athletic shoes
Men's and women's athletic shoes and special function shoes often Shoes Running Nike Cross Training have less difference between the sexes than in dress shoes. In many cases these shoes can be worn by either sex. Emphasis tends to Shoes Running Nike Cross Training be Shoes Running Nike Cross Training more on function Shoes Running Nike Cross Training than style.
Sneakers/trainers (also Shoes Running Nike Cross Training called gym Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoes or tennis shoes): general purpose athletic shoes; made out of rubber, cloth, and/or plastic to be lightweight, flexible, and have good traction. Special varieties are available for basketball or Shoes Running Nike Cross Training tennis.
Running shoes: very similar Shoes Running Nike Cross Training to above, Shoes Running Nike Cross Training with additional emphasis on cushioning.
Track shoes: lightweight; often Shoes Running Nike Cross Training with plastic or metal cleats
A Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoe for the Shoes Running Nike Cross Training right foot.
Cleat (shoe): a type of shoe featuring molded Shoes Running Nike Cross Training or removable studs. Usually worn while playing sports such as rugby, Shoes Running Nike Cross Training football, American football, or baseball.
A shoe for the right foot.
Golf shoes: with "spikes" for better grip in grass and wet ground. Originally the spikes or "cleats" were made of metal but replaceable "soft spikes" made of synthetic plastic-like materials with prongs distributed radially around the edge of each spike are Shoes Running Nike Cross Training much more common today (and are required on many golf courses since they cause less damage to Shoes Running Nike Cross Training the greens).
Bowling Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoes: intermediate style between ordinary dress shoes Shoes Running Nike Cross Training and athletic shoes. They have harder rubber soles/heels Shoes Running Nike Cross Training so as not to damage bowling alley floors. They Shoes Running Nike Cross Training are often rented or loaned at bowling alleys.
Climbing shoes: a shoe designed for rock climbing. They typically have a close fit, little if any padding, and a smooth sticky rubber sole with Shoes Running Nike Cross Training an extended Shoes Running Nike Cross Training rubber rand.
Hiking shoes or boots: usually have a high somewhat Shoes Running Nike Cross Training stiff upper with many lace eyelets, to provide ankle support on uneven terrain, with extra Shoes Running Nike Cross Training large traction on the sole.
Walking shoes: have a more flexible Shoes Running Nike Cross Training sole than the running shoe, lighter in weight than the hiking boot, may have air holes, may not be water Shoes Running Nike Cross Training proof.
Skating shoes: typically called skates. They have various attachments for skating on the bottom of the shoe portion.
Ice skates
Roller skates
Inline skates
Ski boot: a large, thick plastic boot specially designed for attachment to the Shoes Running Nike Cross Training ski.
Skateboarding shoes have flat soles for a better grip on a skateboard. They are very wide and have Shoes Running Nike Cross Training extra layers of padding Shoes Running Nike Cross Training to protect the skateboarders feet.
Cycling shoes are equipped with a metal or plastic cleat to interface with clipless pedals, as Shoes Running Nike Cross Training well Shoes Running Nike Cross Training as a stiff sole to maximize power transfer and support the foot.
Snowshoes are special shoes for walking in thick snow. In temperate climates, snowshoes are used for mostly recreational purposes in winter.
Wrestling shoes are Shoes Running Nike Cross Training light, flexible shoes that mimic bare feet while providing additional traction and protection.
Orthopedic Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoes
Orthopedic or "comfort" shoes are made Shoes Running Nike Cross Training with pedorthic and anatomically-correct comfort qualities, such as padded removable footbeds, wide toe boxes and arch support are made especially Shoes Running Nike Cross Training for those with problematic feet.
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Dance shoes
Pointe shoes. Designed for ballet dancing. These have a toe box that is stiffened with glue and a hardened sole so the dancer can stand on the tips of their toes. They are secured by Shoes Running Nike Cross Training elastic straps and ribbons that are Shoes Running Nike Cross Training tied to the dancer's ankles.
Ballet Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoes Heel-less slippers made of canvas or leather, with either continuous or two-part sole (i.e., split-sole). The sole is typically made of leather, with Shoes Running Nike Cross Training thicker material under the ball and heel of the foot, and thinner and Shoes Running Nike Cross Training thus Shoes Running Nike Cross Training more flexible material under the arch so that the foot can be Shoes Running Nike Cross Training pointed to its utmost. Ballet slippers are usually secured by elastics that cross over the top of the foot. They are most commonly pink, white, black, or pale tan, although they may be made in specialty colours such as red or blue.
Jazz shoes. These typically have a Shoes Running Nike Cross Training two-part, rubberized sole (i.e., split-sole) to provide Shoes Running Nike Cross Training both flexibility and traction, and a low (one inch or shorter) heel. Shoes Running Nike Cross Training They are secured to the foot by laces or elastic inserts.
Tango/flamenco Shoes Running Nike Cross Training dance shoes.
Ballroom shoes. They fall into two categories for the two genres of dances as defined by the IDSF (International DanceSport Federation): Ballroom and Latin American. Both are Shoes Running Nike Cross Training characterised by Shoes Running Nike Cross Training suede Shoes Running Nike Cross Training soles. Mens' Ballroom shoes are typically lace-ups with 1-inch heels and patent leather uppers. Ladies' Ballroom shoes are typically court shoes with low 2-inch heels, usually made of fabric so that they can be finished with a greater variety of colours to match the dancer's dress. The low Ballroom heel distributes the dancer's weight across Shoes Running Nike Cross Training the foot while Latin American shoes have higher heels designed to throw the dancer's Shoes Running Nike Cross Training weight on to the toes and the soles are more flexible. Shoes Running Nike Cross Training Men's Latin Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoes typically have 1.5-inch to 2-inch shaped heels while Ladies' Latin shoes have 2,5-inch to 3-inch heels, open-toed and strapped.
Dance sneakers. Also Shoes Running Nike Cross Training known as dansneakers, these are a combination of a sneaker and a dance shoe, with a reinforced rubber Shoes Running Nike Cross Training toe.
Character shoes. Shoes with a Shoes Running Nike Cross Training one to three inch heel, which are usually Shoes Running Nike Cross Training made of leather, and often have one or Shoes Running Nike Cross Training more straps across the instep to Shoes Running Nike Cross Training secure the foot during dance. They may come in soft-soled (suede) or hard-soled varieties. They may be converted to tap shoes by attaching taps.
Foot thongs. Variously called called Shoes Running Nike Cross Training Foot Paws and Shoes Running Nike Cross Training FootUndeez, depending on the manufacturer, Shoes Running Nike Cross Training these are Shoes Running Nike Cross Training slip-on, partial foot covers Shoes Running Nike Cross Training that protect the ball of a dancer's foot from skin abrasions while Shoes Running Nike Cross Training executing turns. Shoes Running Nike Cross Training From a distance, Shoes Running Nike Cross Training flesh colored foot thongs give a dancer the appearance of having bare feet.
Modern pointe shoes.
Ballet shoes.
Jazz Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoes. This style is frequently worn by acro dancers.
A foot thong, viewed from Shoes Running Nike Cross Training the underside.
Work shoes
Work shoes are designed to stand Shoes Running Nike Cross Training heavy wear, to protect the wearer, and provide high traction. They are generally Shoes Running Nike Cross Training made from sturdy leather uppers Shoes Running Nike Cross Training and non-leather outsoles. Sometimes they are used for uniforms or comfort by nurses, waitresses, police, military personnel, etc. They are commonly used Shoes Running Nike Cross Training for protection in industrial settings, construction, mining, and other workplaces. Protective Shoes Running Nike Cross Training features may include steel-tipped toes and soles or ankle guards.
Historical shoes
Footwear has been Shoes Running Nike Cross Training worn for tens of thousands of years. Shoes Shoes Running Nike Cross Training of the past include:
Espadrilles: these sandals, which are still worn today, are found as early as the Shoes Running Nike Cross Training 14th century.
Patten: a European Shoes Running Nike Cross Training wooden overshoe used to keep a person's feet dry outdoors. First worn in the middle ages, they Shoes Running Nike Cross Training continued Shoes Running Nike Cross Training in use even into the early 20th century.
Poulaine: a shoe with a long-pointed toe, popular in Europe in the 1400s.
Moccasins: the historical shoe of many North American Indian tribes.
Maintenance
Breaking-in: Shoes Running Nike Cross Training Some shoes are made Shoes Running Nike Cross Training of hard Shoes Running Nike Cross Training but deformable material. After a Shoes Running Nike Cross Training person wears them multiple times, the material reforms Shoes Running Nike Cross Training to fit the wearer's feet. The person is said to have broken in the shoes.
Polishing: for protection, water resistance (to some extent) and appearance, especially for leather shoes and boots.
Heel replacement: heels periodically Shoes Running Nike Cross Training wear out. Shoes Running Nike Cross Training Not all shoes are designed to enable Shoes Running Nike Cross Training this.
Sole replacement: soles also wear out. Not all Shoes Running Nike Cross Training shoes can have their soles replaced.
Shoelace replacement.
When unfit for use, shoes can be treated as trash or Shoes Running Nike Cross Training municipal solid waste and disposed of. The exception can be Shoes Running Nike Cross Training with most athletic sneakers which can be recycled and Shoes Running Nike Cross Training turned into other raw materials. See Nike Grind as an example.
Someone who makes or repairs shoes in a shop is called a cobbler.
Shoe etiquette
In most parts of the world (Asia, Eastern Europe, parts Shoes Running Nike Cross Training of the Middle East and Africa, much of Shoes Running Nike Cross Training Northern Europe and Canada, as well as Alaska) Shoes Running Nike Cross Training it is customary to remove shoes when entering Shoes Running Nike Cross Training a house. In some areas of the United States, especially the Midwest, it Shoes Running Nike Cross Training is expected that visitors remove their shoes unless a host specifically invites them Shoes Running Nike Cross Training to leave Shoes Running Nike Cross Training their shoes on. Shoes Running Nike Cross Training People do this Shoes Running Nike Cross Training to Shoes Running Nike Cross Training avoid bringing dirt, mud or snow into the house. For some societies, including those Shoes Running Nike Cross Training in Asia, indoor footwear may be provided for guests.
In the Middle East, parts of Africa, Korea and Thailand, it is considered rude to show the soles of the feet to others (even accidentally, such as Shoes Running Nike Cross Training by crossing Shoes Running Nike Cross Training the legs). In addition, in Thailand, it is an extreme insult for the Shoes Running Nike Cross Training foot, socks, or shoes to touch someone's head or be placed over it. Although feet touching heads is an extremely rare occurrence in any society, some Muay Thai boxers insult each other by "kicking" the opponent's head with their foot (most Muay Thai kicks are executed with the shin). |
