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musical material, or composition, as held in western classical music. Even when music is notated precisely, there are still many decisions that a performer has to make. The process of a Sony Music Entertainment performer deciding Sony Music Entertainment how to perform music that has been Sony Music Entertainment previously composed and notated is termed interpretation. Different performers' interpretations of the same music can vary widely. Sony Music Entertainment Composers and song writers who

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present their own Sony Music Entertainment music are interpreting, just Sony Music Entertainment as much as Sony Music Entertainment those who perform the

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music of others or folk music. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given

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time and a Sony Music Entertainment given place is referred to Sony Music Entertainment as performance practice, Sony Music Entertainment where as interpretation is generally Sony Music Entertainment used to mean either individual choices of a Sony Music Entertainment performer, or an aspect of music which is not clear, and Sony Music Entertainment therefore has a "standard" interpretation. In some Sony Music Entertainment musical genres, such Sony Music Entertainment as jazz and Sony Music Entertainment blues, even more freedom is given to the performer to engage in improvisation on a basic melodic, harmonic, or rhythmic framework. The greatest latitude is given to the performer in a style of performing called free improvisation, which Sony Music Entertainment is material that is spontaneously "thought of" (imagined) while being performed, Sony Music Entertainment not preconceived. According to the analysis of Georgiana Costescu,[citation needed] improvised music usually follows stylistic or genre conventions and even "fully composed" includes some freely chosen material. Composition does not always mean the use Sony Music Entertainment of notation, or the known sole authorship of one individual. Music can also be determined by describing a "process" which may create musical sounds; examples Sony Music Entertainment of this range from wind

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chimes, through computer programs which Sony Music Entertainment select Sony Music Entertainment sounds. Music which contains elements selected by chance is Sony Music Entertainment called Aleatoric music, and is associated Sony Music Entertainment with Sony Music Entertainment such composers as John Cage, Morton Feldman, Sony Music Entertainment and Sony Music Entertainment Witold Lutoslawski. Musical composition is a term Sony Music Entertainment that describes the composition of a Sony Music Entertainment piece of music. Methods of composition vary widely from one composer to another, however in analysing music all forms � spontaneous, trained, or untrained � are built from elements comprising a Sony Music Entertainment musical piece. Music can be composed for repeated performance or it can Sony Music Entertainment be improvised: composed on the spot. The music can be performed entirely from memory, from a written system of musical notation, or some combination of both. Study of composition has traditionally been dominated by examination Sony Music Entertainment of methods and practice of Western classical Sony Music Entertainment music, but the definition of

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composition is broad enough to include spontaneously improvised Sony Music Entertainment works like those of free jazz performers and African drummers. What is important in understanding the composition of a piece is singling out its elements. An understanding of music's Sony Music Entertainment formal elements can Sony Music Entertainment be helpful in deciphering exactly how a piece is constructed. Sony Music Entertainment A universal element of Sony Music Entertainment music is how sounds occur in time, which is referred to as the rhythm of a piece of music. When a piece appears to have a changing time-feel, it is considered to be in Sony Music Entertainment rubato time, an Italian expression that indicates that the tempo of the piece changes to suit the expressive intent of the performer. Even random Sony Music Entertainment placement of Sony Music Entertainment random sounds, which Sony Music Entertainment occurs in musical montage, occurs within some Sony Music Entertainment kind of time, and thus employs time Sony Music Entertainment as a musical element. Notation is the written expression of music notes and Sony Music Entertainment rhythms on paper using Sony Music Entertainment symbols. When music is written down, the pitches and rhythm of Sony Music Entertainment the music is notated, along with Sony Music Entertainment instructions Sony Music Entertainment on how to perform Sony Music Entertainment the music. The study of how to read notation involves music theory, harmony, the study of performance practice, and in some cases an understanding of historical performance methods. Written notation varies with style and period Sony Music Entertainment of music. In Western Art music, the most common types of written notation are scores, which include all the music parts of an ensemble piece, and parts, which Sony Music Entertainment are the music Sony Music Entertainment notation for the individual performers or singers. In popular music, jazz, and blues, the standard musical notation is the lead sheet, Sony Music Entertainment which notates Sony Music Entertainment the melody, chords, lyrics (if it is a vocal piece), Sony Music Entertainment and structure of the music. Scores and parts are Sony Music Entertainment also used in popular music and jazz, particularly in large ensembles such as jazz "big bands." In popular music, guitarists and electric bass players often read music notated in tablature, which indicates the location of the notes to be played on the instrument using a diagram of the guitar or bass fingerboard. Tabulature was also used in the Baroque era to notate Sony Music Entertainment music for the lute, a stringed, fretted instrument. Notated music is produced as sheet music. To perform music from notation Sony Music Entertainment requires an understanding of both the musical style and the performance Sony Music Entertainment practice that is associated with a piece of music or genre. Improvisation is the creation Sony Music Entertainment of spontaneous music. Improvisation is often considered Sony Music Entertainment an act of instantaneous composition by composers, where compositional techniques are employed with or without preparation. Music theory encompasses the nature and mechanics of music. It Sony Music Entertainment often involves identifying patterns that govern composers' techniques. In a more detailed sense, music Sony Music Entertainment theory Sony Music Entertainment (in the western system) also distills and analyzes the elements of music � rhythm, harmony (harmonic function), melody, structure, and texture. People who study these properties are known as music theorists. The

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field of music cognition involves the study of many aspects of music including

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how it Sony Music Entertainment is processed by listeners. Sony Music Entertainment Rather than accepting the standard practices of analyzing, composing, and Sony Music Entertainment performing music as a

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given, much research in music cognition Sony Music Entertainment seeks instead to uncover the mental processes that underlie Sony Music Entertainment these practices. Also, research in the field seeks Sony Music Entertainment to uncover commonalities between the musical traditions of disparate cultures and possible cognitive "constraints" that limit these musical systems. Questions regarding musical innateness, and emotional responses to music are also major areas of research in the field. Deaf people can experience music by feeling the vibrations in their body, a process which can be enhanced if the Sony Music Entertainment individual holds a resonant, hollow object. A well-known deaf musician is the composer Ludwig van Beethoven, who composed Sony Music Entertainment many famous works Sony Music Entertainment even after he had completely lost his hearing. Recent examples of deaf musicians include Evelyn Sony Music Entertainment Glennie, a highly acclaimed percussionist who has been deaf since age twelve, and Chris Buck, a virtuoso violinist who has lost his hearing. Sony Music Entertainment This is relevant because it indicates that music is Sony Music Entertainment a deeper cognitive process than unexamined phrases such as, "pleasing to the Sony Music Entertainment ear" would suggest. Much research in music cognition Sony Music Entertainment seeks

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to uncover these complex mental processes involved in listening

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to Sony Music Entertainment music, which may seem intuitively simple, yet are vastly Sony Music Entertainment intricate and complex.The Sony Music Entertainment music that composers make can be heard through several media; the most traditional way is to hear it live, in the presence, or as one of the Sony Music Entertainment musicians. Live music can Sony Music Entertainment also be broadcast over the radio, television or the internet. Some musical styles focus on producing a sound for Sony Music Entertainment a performance, while others focus on producing a recording which Sony Music Entertainment mixes together sounds which were never played "live". Recording, even of styles which are essentially live, often uses the ability to edit and splice to produce recordings which are considered better than the

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actual performance. As talking pictures emerged in the early 20th century, with their prerecorded musical tracks, Sony Music Entertainment an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work.[6] During the 1920s live musical performances by orchestras, pianists, and theater organists were common at first-run theaters[7] With the coming of the talking motion Sony Music Entertainment pictures, those Sony Music Entertainment featured performances were largely eliminated. The AFM took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices. One 1929 ad that appeared in the Sony Music Entertainment Pittsburgh Press features an image of a can labeled "Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever" Since legislation introduced to help protect performers, composers, publishers and producers, including the Audio Home Recording Act of Sony Music Entertainment 1992 in the United States, and the 1979 revised Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in the United Kingdom,

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recordings Sony Music Entertainment and live performances have also become more accessible through computers, devices Sony Music Entertainment and internet in a form that is commonly known as music-on-demand. In many cultures, there is less distinction between performing and listening to music, since

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virtually everyone is involved in some sort of musical activity, often Sony Music Entertainment communal.

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In industrialised countries, listening to music through a recorded form, such as sound recording or Sony Music Entertainment watching a music Sony Music Entertainment video, became more common than experiencing live performance, roughly in the middle of the 20th century. Sometimes, live performances incorporate prerecorded sounds. For example, a DJ uses disc records for scratching, and some 20th-century works have a solo for an instrument or voice that Sony Music Entertainment is performed along with music that is prerecorded onto a tape. Sony Music Entertainment Computers and many keyboards can be programmed to produce and play MIDI music. Audiences

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can also become performers by participating in Karaoke, Sony Music Entertainment an activity of Japanese origin which centres around a device that plays voice-eliminated versions of well-known songs. Most karaoke machines also have video screens that show lyrics Sony Music Entertainment to songs Sony Music Entertainment being performed; performers can follow the lyrics as they sing over the instrumental tracks. The advent of the Internet has transformed the experience of music, partly through the increased ease of access to Sony Music Entertainment music and the increased choice. Chris Anderson, in his book The Long Tail: Why the future of Sony Music Entertainment business is selling less of Sony Music Entertainment more, Sony Music Entertainment suggests that while the economic model of supply and demand describes scarcity, the Internet Sony Music Entertainment retail model is based on abundance. Digital storage costs are Sony Music Entertainment low, so a company Sony Music Entertainment can afford to make its whole inventory available online, giving customers as much Sony Music Entertainment choice as possible. It has thus become economically viable to offer products that very few people are Sony Music Entertainment interested in. Consumers' growing awareness of their increased choice results in a closer association between listening tastes and social identity, and the creation Sony Music Entertainment of thousands of niche markets. Another Sony Music Entertainment effect Sony Music Entertainment of the Internet arises with online communities like Youtube and Myspace. Myspace has made social networking with other musicians Sony Music Entertainment easier, and greatly facilitates the distribution of one's

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music.

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Youtube also has a large community of both amateur and professional musicians who post videos and comments. Professional musicians also use Youtube as a free publisher of promotional material. Youtube users, for example, no longer Sony Music Entertainment only download and listen to Sony Music Entertainment mp3s, but also actively create their own. According to Tapscott and Williams, there has been a shift from a Sony Music Entertainment traditional Sony Music Entertainment consumer role to what they call Sony Music Entertainment a "prosumer" role, a consumer who both creates and consumes. Manifestations of this in Sony Music Entertainment music include the production Sony Music Entertainment of Sony Music Entertainment mashes, remixes, and music videos by fans.

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