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musical material, or composition, as held in western classical music. Even when music is notated precisely, there are still many decisions that a Music Science performer has to make. The process of a performer deciding how to perform music that has been previously Music Science composed and notated is termed

Music Science

interpretation. Different performers' interpretations of the same music can vary widely. Music Science Composers and song writers who present their own Music Science music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others or folk music. The standard body of choices Music Science and Music Science techniques present at Music Science a given time and a given place is referred Music Science to as performance Music Science practice, where as interpretation is What Is Tejano Music generally used to mean either individual choices of a performer, or an aspect of music Music Science which is not clear, and therefore has a "standard" interpretation. In some musical genres, such as jazz and blues, even more freedom is given to the performer to engage in improvisation on a basic Music Science melodic, harmonic, or rhythmic framework. The greatest Music Science latitude is Music Science given to the performer in a Music Science style of performing Music Science called free improvisation, which is material that is spontaneously "thought Music Science of" (imagined) Music Science while Music Science being performed, not preconceived. According to the analysis of Georgiana Costescu,[citation needed] improvised music usually follows stylistic or genre conventions and even Music Science "fully composed" includes some freely chosen material. Composition does not Music Science always mean the use of notation, or the known sole authorship of one individual. Music can also Music Science be Music Science determined by describing a "process" which may create musical sounds; examples of this range from wind Music Science chimes, through computer programs which select sounds. Music which contains elements selected by chance is called Aleatoric music, and is associated with such composers as John Music Science Cage, Morton Feldman, and Witold Lutoslawski. Musical composition is a term that describes the composition of a piece of music. Music Science Methods of composition vary widely from one composer to another, however in analysing music all forms � spontaneous, trained, or untrained � are built from elements comprising a musical piece. Music can be composed for repeated performance or it can be improvised: composed Music Science on the spot. The Music Science music can be performed entirely from memory, from a written system of Hungariangypsy Music musical notation, or some combination of both. Study of composition has traditionally been dominated by examination of Music Science methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is Jiwa Music broad enough Hispanic Music to include spontaneously improvised works like those of free jazz performers and African drummers. What Music Science is important in understanding the composition of a piece is singling out its elements. Music Science An understanding of music's formal elements can be helpful in deciphering exactly how a piece is constructed. A universal element of music is how sounds occur in time, which Music Science is Music Science referred to as Music Science the rhythm of Music Science a piece of music. When a piece appears to have a changing Music Science time-feel, it is considered to be in rubato time, an Italian expression that indicates that Music Science the tempo of the piece changes to suit the expressive intent of the performer. Even random placement of random sounds, which occurs in musical montage,

Music Science

occurs within some kind of time, and thus employs time as a musical Music Science element. Notation is the written Music Science expression of music notes and rhythms

Music Science

on paper using symbols. When

Music Science

music

Music Science

is written Music Science down, the pitches and rhythm of the music is notated, along with instructions on how to perform Music Science the music. The study of how to read notation involves music theory, harmony, the study of performance practice, and in some cases an Music Science understanding of historical performance methods. Written notation varies with style and period of music. In Western Art Music Science music, the most common types of written notation are scores, which include all the Music Science music parts of an ensemble piece, and parts, which are the music notation for the individual performers or singers. In popular music, Music Science jazz, Music Science and blues, the standard musical notation is the lead sheet, which notates the melody, chords, lyrics (if

Music Science

it is a vocal piece), and structure of the music. Scores and Music Science parts are also used in popular music and jazz, particularly in large ensembles such as jazz "big Music Science bands." In popular music, guitarists and electric Music Science bass players often read music Music Science notated in tablature, Music Science which indicates the location of the Music Science notes to Music Science be played on the instrument using a diagram of the guitar or bass fingerboard. Tabulature Music Science was also Music Science used in the Music Science Baroque era to notate music for the lute, a stringed, fretted instrument. Notated music is produced as sheet music. Stagecoach Music To perform music from notation requires an understanding of Music Science both the musical style and the performance practice that is associated with a piece of music or genre. Improvisation is the creation of spontaneous music. Improvisation is often Music Science considered an act of instantaneous composition by composers, Music Science where

Music Science

compositional techniques are employed with or without preparation. Music theory encompasses Music Science the nature Music Science and mechanics of music. It often involves Music Science identifying patterns that govern composers' techniques. In a more detailed sense, music theory (in the western system) also Music Science distills and analyzes the Music Science elements of music � rhythm, harmony (harmonic function), melody, structure, and texture. People who study these Music Science properties are known as music theorists. The Music Science field of

Music Science

music cognition involves Music Science the study of many aspects of music including how it Music Science is processed by listeners. Rather than accepting the standard practices of analyzing, composing, Music Science and performing

Music Science

music as a Music Science given, much research

Music Science

in music cognition seeks instead to uncover the Music Science mental processes that underlie these

Music Science

practices. Also, research in the field seeks to uncover commonalities between the musical traditions of disparate cultures and possible cognitive "constraints" that limit these musical systems. Questions regarding musical innateness, and emotional Music Science responses to music are also major areas of research in the field. Deaf people can experience music by feeling the vibrations in their body, a process which can be enhanced if Music Science the individual holds a resonant, hollow object. A well-known deaf musician is the composer Ludwig van Beethoven, who composed many famous works even after he had completely lost his hearing. Recent examples of deaf musicians Country Music Station include Evelyn Glennie, a highly acclaimed percussionist who has been deaf Music Science since age twelve, and Chris Buck, a virtuoso violinist who has lost his hearing. This is relevant because it indicates that Music Science music is a deeper cognitive process than unexamined phrases such as, "pleasing Music Science to the ear"

Music Science

would suggest. Much research in music cognition Music Science seeks to uncover these complex mental processes involved in listening to music, which may seem intuitively simple, yet are vastly intricate and Music Science complex.The Music Science music that composers make can be heard through several media; the Music Science most traditional way is to hear it live, in Music Science the presence, or as one of the musicians. Live music can Music Science also be broadcast over the radio, television or the internet. Some musical styles focus on producing a sound for a Music Science performance, while Music Science others focus on producing a recording which mixes together sounds which were never played "live". Recording, even Music Science of styles which are essentially live, often uses the ability to edit and splice to produce recordings which Music Science are considered better than the actual performance. As Music Science talking pictures emerged in the early 20th century, with their prerecorded musical tracks, an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra Music Science musicians found themselves out of work.[6] During the 1920s live musical performances by orchestras, pianists, and theater organists were common at first-run theaters[7] With the coming of the talking motion Music Science pictures, those featured performances were largely eliminated. The AFM took out newspaper advertisements Music Science protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices. One 1929 ad that appeared in the Pittsburgh Press features an image of a can labeled "Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Music Science Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever" Since legislation introduced to help protect performers, composers, publishers and producers, including the Audio Music Science Home Recording Act of 1992 in the United States, and the 1979 revised Berne Convention for Music Science the Protection of Literary and Music Science Artistic Works in the United Kingdom, recordings and Music Science live performances have also become more accessible through computers, devices and internet in Music Science a form that is commonly known as Music Science music-on-demand. In many cultures, there is less distinction

Music Science

between performing and listening to music, since virtually everyone is involved in some sort of musical activity, often communal. In industrialised countries, listening to music through

Music Science

a Music Science recorded form, such as sound recording or watching a music video, became more common than experiencing live performance, roughly in the middle of the 20th century. Sometimes, live performances incorporate prerecorded sounds. For example, a DJ uses disc records for scratching, and some 20th-century works have a solo for an instrument or voice that is performed along with music that is prerecorded onto a tape. Computers and many keyboards Music Science can be programmed to produce and play MIDI music. Audiences can Music Science also become performers by participating in Music Science Karaoke, an activity of Japanese origin which centres Music Science around a Music Science device that plays Music Science voice-eliminated versions Music Science of well-known songs. Most karaoke machines also have video screens that show lyrics to songs being performed; performers can follow the lyrics as they sing over the instrumental tracks. The advent of the Internet has transformed the experience of music, partly through

Music Science

the increased ease of access to

Music Science

music and the increased choice. Music Science Chris Music Science Anderson, in his Music Science book The Long Tail: Why the future of business is selling less of more, suggests that while the economic model of supply and demand describes scarcity, the Internet retail model is based on Music Science abundance. Digital storage costs are low, so a company can afford to make its Music Science whole inventory available online, giving customers as much choice as possible. It has thus become economically viable to offer products that Music Science very few people are interested in. Consumers' growing awareness of their increased Music Science choice results in a closer Music Science association between listening tastes and social identity, and the creation of thousands of niche markets. Another effect of the Internet arises with online communities like Youtube and Myspace. Music Science Myspace has made social networking with other musicians easier, and greatly facilitates the Music Science distribution of one's music. Youtube also has a large community of both amateur Music Science and professional musicians who Music Science post Music Science videos and comments. Professional musicians also use Youtube as a free publisher of promotional material. Youtube users, for example, no longer only download and listen to mp3s, but also actively create Music Science their own. According to Music Science Tapscott and Williams, there has been a shift from Music Science a traditional consumer role to what they call a Music Science "prosumer" role, a consumer who both creates Music Science and consumes. Manifestations of Music Science this in music include the production of mashes, remixes, and music videos by fans.

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