Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art Across The Universe Movie form, and Across The Universe Movie the motion picture industry. Films are produced Across The Universe Movie by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating Across The Universe Movie images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural Across The Universe Movie artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide Across The Universe Movie attractions by using dubbing or Across The Universe Movie subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, Across The Universe Movie a viewer has the Across The Universe Movie illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot Across The Universe Movie see the flickering between frames Across The Universe Movie due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the Across The Universe Movie name "film" comes from the Across The Universe Movie fact that photographic film (also Across The Universe Movie called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms Across The Universe Movie exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the Across The Universe Movie movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, Across The Universe Movie two-dimensional Across The Universe Movie images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were Across The Universe Movie outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at Across The Universe Movie sufficient speed for Across The Universe Movie the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a Movie Monologues phenomenon called Across The Universe Movie persistence of vision. Naturally, the Across The Universe Movie images needed to be carefully Across The Universe Movie designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the Across The Universe Movie development of film animation.
A frame from Across The Universe Movie Roundhay Across The Universe Movie Garden Scene, the Across The Universe Movie world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the Across The Universe Movie development of celluloid film Across The Universe Movie for Across The Universe Movie still photography, it Across The Universe Movie became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person Across The Universe Movie to look into Across The Universe Movie a Across The Universe Movie viewing machine to see the pictures which were Across The Universe Movie separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown Across The Universe Movie at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 Across The Universe Movie pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. Across The Universe Movie By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored Across The Universe Movie on a single reel, Across The Universe Movie and led quickly to the Across The Universe Movie development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify Across The Universe Movie these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known Across The Universe Movie as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event Across The Universe Movie or action with no editing Across The Universe Movie or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures Across The Universe Movie were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, Across The Universe Movie films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes Across The Universe Movie were later broken Across The Universe Movie up into Across The Universe Movie multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as Across The Universe Movie camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist Across The Universe Movie or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the Across The Universe Movie mood of the film at Across The Universe Movie any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet Across The Universe Movie music for Across The Universe Movie this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans Across The Universe Movie la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout Across The Universe Movie of World War I while the film industry Across The Universe Movie in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, Across The Universe Movie European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, Across The Universe Movie along with American innovator D. W. Griffith Across The Universe Movie and Across The Universe Movie the contributions of Across The Universe Movie Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. Across The Universe Movie In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to Across The Universe Movie attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" Across The Universe Movie color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color Across The Universe Movie photography Across The Universe Movie as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more Across The Universe Movie and more movies were Across The Universe Movie filmed Across The Universe Movie in color after the end Across The Universe Movie of World War Across The Universe Movie II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences Across The Universe Movie in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white Across The Universe Movie medium Across The Universe Movie until the mid-1960s. Across The Universe Movie By the Across The Universe Movie end Across The Universe Movie of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding Across The Universe Movie decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film Across The Universe Movie school educated independent filmmakers were Across The Universe Movie all part of Across The Universe Movie the changes the Across The Universe Movie medium experienced in the latter Across The Universe Movie half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force Across The Universe Movie in change throughout Across The Universe Movie the 1990s Across The Universe Movie and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was Across The Universe Movie started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, Across The Universe Movie and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin Across The Universe Movie reacted against this theory by arguing that film's Across The Universe Movie artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not Across The Universe Movie in Across The Universe Movie its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has Across The Universe Movie given rise Across The Universe Movie to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory Across The Universe Movie and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into Across The Universe Movie two categories: Across The Universe Movie academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic Across The Universe Movie film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they Across The Universe Movie only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on Across The Universe Movie films, Across The Universe Movie especially those of certain genres. Mass Across The Universe Movie marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of Across The Universe Movie a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of Across The Universe Movie any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. Across The Universe Movie For Across The Universe Movie prestige films such as most dramas, Across The Universe Movie the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews Across The Universe Movie will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The Across The Universe Movie impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against Across The Universe Movie it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly Across The Universe Movie reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised Across The Universe Movie independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that Across The Universe Movie they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to Across The Universe Movie avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the Across The Universe Movie public that the film may not be worth seeing Across The Universe Movie and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should Across The Universe Movie only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more Across The Universe Movie academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or Across The Universe Movie film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect Across The Universe Movie they have on people. Rather than having their works Across The Universe Movie published in newspapers Across The Universe Movie or appear on television, their articles Across The Universe Movie are published in scholarly journals, or Across The Universe Movie sometimes Across The Universe Movie in up-market magazines. They also tend to Across The Universe Movie be affiliated Across The Universe Movie with Across The Universe Movie colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit Across The Universe Movie almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about Across The Universe Movie touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. Across The Universe Movie In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy Across The Universe Movie their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of Across The Universe Movie 1898[citation needed] was Across The Universe Movie the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became Across The Universe Movie a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and Across The Universe Movie commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an Across The Universe Movie annual salary of one million dollars.
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In Across The Universe Movie the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether Across The Universe Movie the Across The Universe Movie ten thousand-plus feature length films Across The Universe Movie a year Across The Universe Movie produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices Across The Universe Movie of movie Across The Universe Movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is Across The Universe Movie a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost Across The Universe Movie overruns, Across The Universe Movie a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create Across The Universe Movie works Across The Universe Movie of lasting Across The Universe Movie social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are Across The Universe Movie the most prominent Across The Universe Movie film awards in the United States, Across The Universe Movie providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for Across The Universe Movie educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers Free Adult Movie Clips to Across The Universe Movie a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes Across The Universe Movie used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, Across The Universe Movie may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film Across The Universe Movie advertisements for Across The Universe Movie films Across The Universe Movie that will be exhibited in the future at Across The Universe Movie a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" Across The Universe Movie comes from Across The Universe Movie their having originally Across The Universe Movie been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, Across The Universe Movie but the name has stuck. Across The Universe Movie Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie Across The Universe Movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created Across The Universe Movie by dozens of Across The Universe Movie 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers Across The Universe Movie and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Across The Universe Movie Also, an open source film Across The Universe Movie may Across The Universe Movie be produced through open, Across The Universe Movie collaborative processes. Filmmaking Across The Universe Movie takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety Across The Universe Movie of economic contexts that range from Funny Movie Quotes state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making Across The Universe Movie within the Across The Universe Movie American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. Across The Universe Movie The Across The Universe Movie third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A Across The Universe Movie film crew Across The Universe Movie is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during Across The Universe Movie the "production" or "photography" phase, for Across The Universe Movie the purpose of Across The Universe Movie producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of Across The Universe Movie the camera or provide voices for Across The Universe Movie characters in the film. The crew interacts with but Across The Universe Movie is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company Across The Universe Movie representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation Across The Universe Movie between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in Across The Universe Movie the photography phase: props and costumes, Across The Universe Movie shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the Across The Universe Movie film industry as "craft services") are usually Across The Universe Movie not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists Across The Universe Movie of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with Across The Universe Movie an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths Across The Universe Movie and the film format for images on Across The Universe Movie the reel have had a rich history, though most Across The Universe Movie large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds Across The Universe Movie using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s Across The Universe Movie on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen Across The Universe Movie because it was the slowest Across The Universe Movie (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient Across The Universe Movie sound quality. Improvements since the late Across The Universe Movie 19th century include Across The Universe Movie the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded Across The Universe Movie on-set to be usable without requiring Across The Universe Movie large "blimps" to encase the camera, the Across The Universe Movie invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, Across The Universe Movie allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and Across The Universe Movie the Across The Universe Movie development Across The Universe Movie of synchronized Free Adult Movie sound, allowing sound Across The Universe Movie to be Across The Universe Movie recorded New Batman Movie at exactly the same speed as its corresponding Across The Universe Movie action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, Across The Universe Movie Uncensored Malayalam Movie film Across The Universe Movie is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be Across The Universe Movie used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia Across The Universe Movie presentations, and often has Across The Universe Movie importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion Across The Universe Movie picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been Across The Universe Movie copied onto Across The Universe Movie modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of Across The Universe Movie separation masters � three B&W Across The Universe Movie negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued Across The Universe Movie obsolescence cycle Across The Universe Movie makes Across The Universe Movie them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians Across The Universe Movie and Across The Universe Movie archivists, Across The Universe Movie and to companies Across The Universe Movie interested in preserving their existing Across The Universe Movie products in order to make them Across The Universe Movie available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their Across The Universe Movie high decay rates; black Across The Universe Movie and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to Across The Universe Movie keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using Across The Universe Movie analog video technology similar to that used in television Across The Universe Movie production. Across The Universe Movie Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors Across The Universe Movie are Across The Universe Movie gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded Across The Universe Movie on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking Across The Universe Movie often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced Across The Universe Movie without financing or distribution Across The Universe Movie from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood Across The Universe Movie towards co-financing (over two-thirds of Across The Universe Movie the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were Across The Universe Movie joint ventures, up from 10% in Across The Universe Movie 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never Across The Universe Movie given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also Across The Universe Movie a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a Across The Universe Movie traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs Across The Universe Movie were up 23%, according to Across The Universe Movie Variety.[2].
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But the advent of consumer camcorders Across The Universe Movie in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier Across The Universe Movie to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly Across The Universe Movie lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level Enchanted Movie software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Across The Universe Movie Sony Vegas and Apple's Across The Universe Movie Final Cut Pro, Across The Universe Movie and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie Across The Universe Movie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably Across The Universe Movie shoot and edit a Across The Universe Movie movie, create and edit the sound and Across The Universe Movie music, and mix the final Across The Universe Movie cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals Across The Universe Movie to Across The Universe Movie get Across The Universe Movie their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video Across The Universe Movie outlets such Across The Universe Movie as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open Across The Universe Movie content film is Across The Universe Movie much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a Movie Rentals license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than Across The Universe Movie a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking Across The Universe Movie takes place outside of Hollywood, or other Across The Universe Movie major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Across The Universe Movie Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired Across The Universe Movie by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright Across The Universe Movie holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have Across The Universe Movie traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers Movie Links as film school class projects or as demonstration Across The Universe Movie reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced Across The Universe Movie individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or Across The Universe Movie by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see Across The Universe Movie claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with Across The Universe Movie a special animation camera. When the frames are strung Across The Universe Movie together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there Across The Universe Movie is an illusion Across The Universe Movie of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is Across The Universe Movie very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats Movie Sounds like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be Across The Universe Movie viewed on a Across The Universe Movie computer or over the Internet.
Because Across The Universe Movie animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with Across The Universe Movie animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as Across The Universe Movie cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there Across The Universe Movie is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto Across The Universe Movie pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it Across The Universe Movie is initially produced, a feature film Across The Universe Movie is Across The Universe Movie often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known Across The Universe Movie as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or Across The Universe Movie feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality Across The Universe Movie "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented Across The Universe Movie for a percentage of Across The Universe Movie the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists Across The Universe Movie of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all Across The Universe Movie mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in Across The Universe Movie movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast Across The Universe Movie to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording Across The Universe Movie technology has also enabled consumers to rent Across The Universe Movie or buy copies of films on VHS or Across The Universe Movie DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for Across The Universe Movie the film companies. Across The Universe Movie Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies Across The Universe Movie or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be Across The Universe Movie of Across The Universe Movie inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of Across The Universe Movie about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a Across The Universe Movie number Across The Universe Movie higher than that, and decreases as the duration of Across The Universe Movie a film's showing continues, Across The Universe Movie as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater Across The Universe Movie longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters Across The Universe Movie for less than 8 weeks. Across The Universe Movie There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often Across The Universe Movie limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a Across The Universe Movie 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% Golden Compass Movie came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came Across The Universe Movie from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than Across The Universe Movie a century, film is Across The Universe Movie still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication Across The Universe Movie over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. Across The Universe Movie In Across The Universe Movie the 1980s, when the Across The Universe Movie widespread availability of inexpensive Across The Universe Movie videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with Across The Universe Movie greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual Across The Universe Movie that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, Across The Universe Movie high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s |
