Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from Golden Compass Movie the world with cameras, or by creating images using Golden Compass Movie animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an Golden Compass Movie important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of Golden Compass Movie cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles Golden Compass Movie that Golden Compass Movie translate the Golden Compass Movie dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series Golden Compass Movie of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, Golden Compass Movie a viewer Golden Compass Movie has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering Golden Compass Movie between frames due to Golden Compass Movie an effect known as persistence of vision, Golden Compass Movie whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording Golden Compass Movie and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, Golden Compass Movie photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Golden Compass Movie Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, Golden Compass Movie two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple Golden Compass Movie optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient Golden Compass Movie speed for the images Golden Compass Movie on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images Golden Compass Movie needed to be Golden Compass Movie carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of Golden Compass Movie Free Adult Movie Clips film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Golden Compass Movie Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion Golden Compass Movie in real time. Golden Compass Movie Early Golden Compass Movie versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a Golden Compass Movie viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed Golden Compass Movie of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly Golden Compass Movie the crank was Golden Compass Movie turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By Golden Compass Movie the 1880s, Golden Compass Movie the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component Golden Compass Movie images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the Golden Compass Movie development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed Golden Compass Movie film and magnify these "moving Golden Compass Movie picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic Golden Compass Movie techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial Golden Compass Movie motion pictures were purely visual Golden Compass Movie art through the late Golden Compass Movie 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple Golden Compass Movie shots of varying Golden Compass Movie sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were Golden Compass Movie realized as effective ways to portray a story on Golden Compass Movie film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films Golden Compass Movie came with Golden Compass Movie a prepared list of sheet Golden Compass Movie music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for Golden Compass Movie major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Golden Compass Movie Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World Golden Compass Movie War I while the film Golden Compass Movie industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such Golden Compass Movie as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along Golden Compass Movie with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each Golden Compass Movie film Golden Compass Movie a soundtrack of speech, music Golden Compass Movie and sound effects Golden Compass Movie synchronized with the action on the screen. These Golden Compass Movie sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film Golden Compass Movie and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it Golden Compass Movie more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" Golden Compass Movie films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the Golden Compass Movie industry in Golden Compass Movie America came to view color as essential to Golden Compass Movie attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of Golden Compass Movie the Golden Compass Movie 1960s, col
Since the Golden Compass Movie decline of the studio system in the 1960s, Golden Compass Movie the succeeding decades saw changes in Golden Compass Movie the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French Golden Compass Movie New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were Golden Compass Movie all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has Golden Compass Movie been the Golden Compass Movie driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to Golden Compass Movie develop concise and systematic concepts Golden Compass Movie that apply to Golden Compass Movie the study Golden Compass Movie of Golden Compass Movie film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, Golden Compass Movie and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted Golden Compass Movie against this theory by arguing that film's artistic Golden Compass Movie essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and Golden Compass Movie this gave rise to Golden Compass Movie realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things Golden Compass Movie has given rise to Golden Compass Movie psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film Golden Compass Movie theory, feminist film theory Golden Compass Movie and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and Golden Compass Movie evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism Golden Compass Movie that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film Golden Compass Movie critics working Golden Compass Movie for newspapers, magazines, Golden Compass Movie and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally Golden Compass Movie they only see any given film Golden Compass Movie once and have only a day or two to Golden Compass Movie formulate opinions. Despite Golden Compass Movie this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still Golden Compass Movie have an important impact on Golden Compass Movie whether Golden Compass Movie people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of Golden Compass Movie reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact Golden Compass Movie of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. Golden Compass Movie However, the cataclysmic failure of Golden Compass Movie some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly Golden Compass Movie reviewed, as well as the Golden Compass Movie unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note Golden Compass Movie that positive Golden Compass Movie film reviews have been shown Golden Compass Movie to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film Golden Compass Movie companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to Golden Compass Movie avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers Golden Compass Movie are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a Golden Compass Movie result.
It Golden Compass Movie is argued Funny Movie Quotes that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and Golden Compass Movie true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. Golden Compass Movie This line of Golden Compass Movie work is more often known as film theory or Golden Compass Movie film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having Golden Compass Movie their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their Golden Compass Movie articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film Golden Compass Movie industry
The making and showing Golden Compass Movie of motion pictures became a source of profit almost Golden Compass Movie as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing Golden Compass Movie how successful their Golden Compass Movie new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly Golden Compass Movie set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local Golden Compass Movie entrepreneurs in the various Golden Compass Movie countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Golden Compass Movie Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute Golden Compass Movie films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one Golden Compass Movie million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, Golden Compass Movie such as Mumbai-centered Golden Compass Movie Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces Golden Compass Movie the largest number of films in the world.[1] Golden Compass Movie Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Golden Compass Movie Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Golden Compass Movie Though Golden Compass Movie the Golden Compass Movie expense Golden Compass Movie involved in making movies has led cinema production to Golden Compass Movie concentrate under the Golden Compass Movie auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent Free Adult Movie film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force Golden Compass Movie in the industry, due to the costly Golden Compass Movie and Golden Compass Movie risky Golden Compass Movie nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost Golden Compass Movie overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also New Batman Movie known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There Golden Compass Movie is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu Golden Compass Movie of or in addition Golden Compass Movie to Golden Compass Movie lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film Golden Compass Movie premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly Golden Compass Movie negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. Golden Compass Movie (cf Audience Golden Compass Movie response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of Golden Compass Movie a Golden Compass Movie film programme. Golden Compass Movie That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A Uncensored Malayalam Movie movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film Golden Compass Movie determines the size and type Golden Compass Movie of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need Golden Compass Movie computer generated imagery (CGI), Golden Compass Movie created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, Golden Compass Movie independent film may be made with Golden Compass Movie a skeleton Golden Compass Movie crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking Golden Compass Movie takes place all over the Golden Compass Movie world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety Golden Compass Movie of economic Golden Compass Movie contexts that Golden Compass Movie range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio Golden Compass Movie system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first Golden Compass Movie year is taken up Golden Compass Movie with Golden Compass Movie development. The second Golden Compass Movie year comprises Golden Compass Movie preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main Golden Compass Movie article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by Golden Compass Movie a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or Golden Compass Movie motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters Golden Compass Movie in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary Golden Compass Movie responsibility falls in Golden Compass Movie pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes Golden Compass Movie through Golden Compass Movie the director and Golden Compass Movie his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and Golden Compass Movie standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles Golden Compass Movie everything in Golden Compass Movie the Golden Compass Movie photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") Golden Compass Movie are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of Golden Compass Movie transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type Golden Compass Movie of film base Golden Compass Movie Enchanted Movie used to record motion pictures, but due Golden Compass Movie to its flammability was Golden Compass Movie eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and Golden Compass Movie the film format for images on the Golden Compass Movie reel have had a rich history, though most Golden Compass Movie large Golden Compass Movie commercial films are Golden Compass Movie still shot on (and distributed Golden Compass Movie to theaters) as Golden Compass Movie 35 Golden Compass Movie mm prints.
Originally moving picture Golden Compass Movie film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras Golden Compass Movie and projectors; though 1000 frames per Movie Rentals minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited Golden Compass Movie as a standard Golden Compass Movie silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was Golden Compass Movie required for the sound head. 24 frames per second Golden Compass Movie was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) Golden Compass Movie speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since Golden Compass Movie the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record Golden Compass Movie at a consistent speed, quiet camera Golden Compass Movie design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in Golden Compass Movie increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for Golden Compass Movie live-action pictures many parts of Golden Compass Movie the soundtrack are usually recorded Golden Compass Movie simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms Golden Compass Movie of preservation Golden Compass Movie and storage, and the Golden Compass Movie motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied Golden Compass Movie onto modern safety Golden Compass Movie films. Some studios save Golden Compass Movie color films through the use of separation Golden Compass Movie masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue Golden Compass Movie filters (essentially Golden Compass Movie a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence Golden Compass Movie cycle makes them (as Golden Compass Movie of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in Golden Compass Movie preserving their existing products in order Golden Compass Movie to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due Golden Compass Movie to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have Golden Compass Movie been recorded using analog video technology similar to that Golden Compass Movie used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining Golden Compass Movie ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially Golden Compass Movie because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often Golden Compass Movie takes Golden Compass Movie place outside Golden Compass Movie of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An Golden Compass Movie independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced Golden Compass Movie without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative Golden Compass Movie choices Golden Compass Movie in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the Golden Compass Movie films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity Golden Compass Movie to get a job on Golden Compass Movie a big-budget studio film Golden Compass Movie unless he or she has significant industry experience in Golden Compass Movie film or television. Also, the Golden Compass Movie studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, Golden Compass Movie the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or Golden Compass Movie star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing Golden Compass Movie inflation: in 2002 alone, film Golden Compass Movie negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution Golden Compass Movie digital Golden Compass Movie video in the Golden Compass Movie early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Golden Compass Movie Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Golden Compass Movie Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of Golden Compass Movie DV technology, the means of Golden Compass Movie production have become more Golden Compass Movie democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the Golden Compass Movie means of production Golden Compass Movie may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing Golden Compass Movie remain Golden Compass Movie difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival Golden Compass Movie of Movie Links internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced Golden Compass Movie through open collaborations; its source material Golden Compass Movie is Golden Compass Movie available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction Golden Compass Movie or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, Golden Compass Movie or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan Golden Compass Movie film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or Golden Compass Movie a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers Golden Compass Movie for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the Golden Compass Movie technique in which each frame of Golden Compass Movie a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit Golden Compass Movie (see claymation and stop motion), and then Golden Compass Movie photographing Golden Compass Movie the result with a Golden Compass Movie special animation Golden Compass Movie camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed Golden Compass Movie of 16 Golden Compass Movie or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence Golden Compass Movie of vision). Generating Golden Compass Movie such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like Golden Compass Movie GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a Golden Compass Movie computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very Golden Compass Movie expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes Golden Compass Movie from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation Golden Compass Movie producers Golden Compass Movie have gone on to enter the Golden Compass Movie professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in Golden Compass Movie the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Golden Compass Movie Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in Golden Compass Movie their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless Golden Compass Movie animation, made Golden Compass Movie famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature Golden Compass Movie film is often shown Golden Compass Movie to audiences in a movie theater Golden Compass Movie or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened Golden Compass Movie in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in Golden Compass Movie 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came Golden Compass Movie to Golden Compass Movie be Golden Compass Movie known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before Golden Compass Movie the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown Golden Compass Movie before the feature film consists of Golden Compass Movie previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known Golden Compass Movie as trailers Golden Compass Movie or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed Golden Compass Movie films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no Golden Compass Movie longer being shown in theaters. Golden Compass Movie Recording technology has also Golden Compass Movie enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and Golden Compass Movie SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made Golden Compass Movie specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that Golden Compass Movie are rejected by their own studios upon completion are Golden Compass Movie distributed Golden Compass Movie through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about Golden Compass Movie 50-55% of its ticket sales to the Golden Compass Movie movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts Golden Compass Movie with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive Golden Compass Movie to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, Golden Compass Movie today's barrage of Golden Compass Movie highly marketed movies Golden Compass Movie ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that Golden Compass Movie start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study Golden Compass Movie by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came Golden Compass Movie from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, Golden Compass Movie and Golden Compass Movie pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been Golden Compass Movie around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in Golden Compass Movie the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television Golden Compass Movie became widely available, industry Golden Compass Movie analysts predicted the demise of local Golden Compass Movie movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture Golden Compass Movie cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when Golden Compass Movie the widespread availability of Golden Compass Movie Movie Sounds inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification Golden Compass Movie systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma Golden Compass Movie screens enabled people to select and view films at home Golden Compass Movie with greatly improved audio and Golden Compass Movie visual Golden Compass Movie reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas Golden Compass Movie had been able to provide: a Golden Compass Movie large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local Golden Compass Movie cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will Golden Compass Movie allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a Golden Compass Movie development which Golden Compass Movie may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a Golden Compass Movie new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video playback at Golden Compass Movie near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with Golden Compass Movie the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, Golden Compass Movie UHD, a future Golden Compass Movie digital video Golden Compass Movie format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an Golden Compass Movie extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new technologies, the development of the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in film Golden Compass Movie that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a Golden Compass Movie result of Golden Compass Movie the effects listed above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations Golden Compass Movie for the future. |
