According to the New Oxford American Dictionary, Calvinism is the Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination.

DERIVATIVES

1. Calvinist
2. Calvinistic
3. Calvinistical

The Calvinism article on Wikipedia currently states:

One could say the philosophical "opposite" of the Calvinism doctrine is something called the "Arminianism" doctrine.

Note: "Arminian" is not to be confused with "Armenian."

According to New Oxford American Dictionary, Arminianism relates to the doctrines of Jacobus Arminius (Latinized name of Jakob Hermandszoon, 1560–1609), a Dutch Protestant theologian, who rejected the Calvinist doctrine of predestination.  His teachings had a considerable influence on Methodism.

DERIVATIVES

1. Arminian

The Arminiasnism article on Wikipedia currently states:

Brief Bio:

Mark A. Driscoll (born October 11, 1970) is an American pastor and author. The co-founder and preaching pastor of Mars Hill Church in Seattle, Washington, he co-founded the Acts 29 Network, and has contributed to the "Faith and Values" section of the Seattle Times. He helped start The Resurgence, a repository of missional theology resources.

Driscoll was born in Grand Forks, North Dakota and is a 1989 graduate of Highline High School in Burien, Washington, where he served as student body president and editor of the school newspaper. He earned a Bachelor's degree in communications from Washington State University with a minor in philosophy and holds a Master of Arts degree in exegetical theology at Western Seminary, a school affiliated with the Conservative Baptist Association.

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Driscoll

I would add that a majority of Driscoll's writings could be described as "Spurgeon for Dummies."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_North_(Christian)

Brief Bio:

Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-92) was England's best-known preacher for most of the second half of the nineteenth century.  In 1854, just four years after his conversion, Spurgeon, then only 20, became pastor of London's famed New Park Street Church (formerly pastored by the famous Baptist theologian John Gill).  The congregation quickly outgrew their building, moved to Exeter Hall, then to Surrey Music Hall.  In these venues Spurgeon frequently preached to audiences numbering more than 10,000 — all in the days before electronic amplification.  In 1861 the congregation moved permanently to the newly constructed Metropolitan Tabernacle.

See: http://www.pilgrimpublications.com/spurgeon.htm

 Quotes:

"The doctrine of justification itself, as preached by an Arminian, is nothing but the doctrine of salvation by works ... "

"A Calvinist believes that salvation is of the Lord."

In this quote, Spurgeon summarizes Calvinism.  Notice, he is basically quoting part of Jonah 2:9.  Spurgeon taught that Calvinism is a nickname for the Gospel.

"[T]here is no such thing as preaching Christ and Him crucified, unless we preach what nowadays is called Calvinism. It is a nickname to call it Calvinism; Calvinism is the gospel, and nothing else. I do not believe we can preach the gospel, if we do not preach justification by faith, without works; nor unless we preach the sovereignty of God in His dispensation of grace; nor unless we exalt the electing, unchangeable, eternal, immutable, conquering love of Jehovah; nor do I think we can preach the gospel, unless we base it upon the special and particular redemption of His elect and chosen people which Christ wrought out upon the cross; nor can I comprehend a gospel which lets saints fall away after they are called, and suffers the children of God to be burned in the fires of damnation."