r	Actors must first notice the event  – if people are distracted by other things such as speaking intently on their phone they may not see that someone is in need of help;
r	They have to interpret the circumstances such that there seems some requirement for assistance – if others appear unconcerned by the situation they may not then perceive the situation as one in which help is needed;
r	They assume a responsibility to act irrespective of any apparent apathy on the part of others;
r	They wish to believe that they are capable of or know how to help in the circumstances identified – if people feel they do not possess the skills relevant to the situation this is a factor tending to inhibit their involvement;
	and
r	They make a specific decision to try to help: they may be deterred from doing so because they perceive the immediate cost to themselves – for example, in time, money, opportunities or commitments (missing an important appointment) – is too high.