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Film Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa is a term that Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa encompasses Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa effects. Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa is considered to be an important Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa art form, a source of popular Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa a universal power of communication. Some films have Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue. Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa is occurring. The viewer Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa cannot see the flickering between frames due to an Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa eye retains a The origin of Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had

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historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa for an individual Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa commonly, movie. Additional terms Television And Movie Museum La for the field in general include the big screen, the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with

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devices such as the zoetrope and the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa praxinoscope. These machines Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa were Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation. A frame from Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888 With Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the development Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa of Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture

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camera allowed the individual Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa component images to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa film and magnify these "moving picture shows" Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques. Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa pictures were purely visual art through the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa developing a narrative structure by Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to Toy Story Movie portray a story on film. Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra

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to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions. A shot from Georges Melies Le Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Voyage dans la Lune (A Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Trip

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to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film. The rise of European cinema was interrupted by Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa allowed filmmakers to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures",

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or talkies. The next major step in the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa development of cinema was the introduction of so-called Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa "natural" color. While the addition of Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa more movies were filmed in color after the end of Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa World War II, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa as the industry in America came to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa view color Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa 1960s, col Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century. Theory Main article: Film theory Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others. Criticism Main article: Film criticism Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa In general, these works can be divided into Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa two categories: academic criticism Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa by film scholars and journalistic film criticism Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa that appears regularly in newspapers and other media. Film critics Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa working for Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa by Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the majority of any film review can Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa will often doom a film to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa obscurity Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa and financial Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa loss. The impact of a reviewer on a given Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa film's box office Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa performance is a matter

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of debate.

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Some Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa claim that movie marketing is Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa reactions can have considerable Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa influence. Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies

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have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa film may not be worth seeing and the films often Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa do poorly as a result. It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa theory or film Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities. Industry Main article: Film industry The making and showing of motion pictures Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa successful their new invention, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa and Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa found local entrepreneurs

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in the various countries of Europe to buy their Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa equipment and Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa photograph, export, import and screen additional Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa product commercially. The Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed

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the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars. In the United States today, much of Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the film industry is centered Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa around Hollywood. Other Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa regional centers exist in

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many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie

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studios, recent advances in Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa affordable film Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish. Profit is Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa a key Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa force in the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa strive Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa on their artistic merits. There is also a large industry for educational Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts. Preview A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.) Trailer Main article: Trailer (film) Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at

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the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the A movie in a double feature program) begins. The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa generated imagery (CGI), created Drive In Movie In Fl by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa all over the world using Mr Movie Phone different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa is produced in a variety of economic contexts Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa movie making within the American studio system. This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution. Crew Main article: Film crew A film Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa crew is a group of people hired by a film Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa company, employed during the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa "production" or Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa "photography" phase, for the purpose of

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producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa or provide voices for characters in the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa film. Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa The crew interacts Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa with but is also distinct from Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the production staff, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa consisting of producers, managers, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa post-production Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa phases, such as writers and Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa production special effects. Caterers (known Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa of the crew. Technology Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa was the first Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa type of film base used to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa record motion pictures, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa but due to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa its flammability was eventually Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa replaced by safer materials. Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints. Originally moving picture film was shot and Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa is generally cited as a standard silent speed, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa should be shown) [1]. When sound film Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa was introduced in

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the late 1920s, a Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa usable Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa without requiring large "blimps" Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa lenses, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa allowing directors to film in increasingly dim Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa as its corresponding action. The Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa soundtrack can Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa be recorded separately from shooting Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously. As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa form of a slideshow. Film has also been Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa copied onto modern safety films. Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa exposed through red, green, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa or blue Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa been used to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa restore films, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Film preservation of decaying film stock Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa high decay rates; black Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa and white films on Nude Celebrities Movie safety bases Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa much better, assuming proper handling and storage. Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa video technology similar to that Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa used in television production. Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Modern Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa digital Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film. Independent Main Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa article: Independent film The Lumiere Brothers Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa film initially produced without financing Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century. On the business side, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the costs of big-budget Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa two-thirds of the films Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa put out by Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Warner Bros. in 2000 Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa were joint ventures, up from Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles. Before Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the advent of digital Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa alternatives, the cost of Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa in a traditional studio film. The cost Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa of Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2]. But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa early 1990s, have lowered the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and

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post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system Dazzle Movie Star pro-level Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa make movie-making relatively inexpensive. Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa in ways that are still to be determined. Open content film Main article: Open Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa content film An open content film is much like an independent film, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa but Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa it is produced through Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa open collaborations; its

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source material is available under a license which is permissive Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa takes place outside of Hollywood, or Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa other major studio Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa systems. Fan Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa film Main article: Fan film A fan film Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa is a film or video inspired by a

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film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa model unit (see claymation Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa there is an illusion of continuous movement

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(due to the persistence of vision). Generating such Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa a film is Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process. File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa a computer or over the Internet. Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa produce, the majority Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa of

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animation for Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa since the 1950s, with animation being Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single

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person). Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Several independent Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry. Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa animation by Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa using "short Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa cuts" in Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa the animation Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa process. This method was Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3] Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film,

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and then run through a projector. Venues When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa In the United States, these theaters came to be known as Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents). Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa independent theater Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa for a lump sum,

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and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty"). Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa be broadcast to larger audiences, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa usually Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa after the Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS

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or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa be available and have Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa to theatrical releases Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets. The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of Movie Girl Ice Skating