Film is a term Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of a series of individual images called frames. When Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal these Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal images are shown Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal rapidly in succession, Drive In Movie In Fl a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal The viewer cannot see Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal vision, whereby the eye Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal called persistence of Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal vision. Naturally, the Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal images needed to be Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal development of film animation.
A frame from Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of the technology sometimes required a person Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal a handcrank. The Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal pictures were Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal shown at a variable speed of about Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal to be captured and stored on a Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal a screen for an entire audience. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal These reels, so exhibited, came to be known Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal as "motion pictures". Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Early Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal action with no Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal realized as effective ways Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal a pianist or organist or a Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal European cinema was interrupted by Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal the breakout Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal along with American innovator Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal attach to each Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal the addition of sound quickly Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal in color after the Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal style of film. New Hollywood, French New Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of the 20th Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal century. Digital technology has been the driving force in Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal against Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal reproduce reality not in its Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal things has given Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal In general, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal these works Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal can be divided Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal into two categories: academic criticism by Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal film scholars and journalistic film Mr Movie Phone criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and broadcast media mainly review new Nude Celebrities Movie releases. Normally they only see any given film Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal once and have only a Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal day or Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal impact on Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal little-known films. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Conversely, there have been several films in which Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal film companies have so little confidence that Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal they refuse to give reviewers Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal an advanced viewing to avoid widespread Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and the films often do poorly Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal This line of work is more Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal how Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Dazzle Movie Star works published in newspapers or appear Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal on television, their Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal with colleges Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal or universities.
Industry
Main article: Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal would normally add new, local scenes to their Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal countries of Europe to buy Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal their equipment Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal commercial Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal major celebrities and commanded huge fees Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
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In the United States today, much of the film Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal cinema which produces the largest Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal recent advances in affordable film Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal is a key Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal force in the industry, due to the costly Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and risky Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal example Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal being Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal works of lasting social significance. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal in the United Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal States, Movie Girl Ice Skating Reindeer Santa providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal sometimes used to judge audience reaction, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal which if unexpectedly negative, may result Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of a film programme. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal That practice Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and Free Movie Downloadable type Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal is taken up with development. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal during the "production" or "photography" phase, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal distinguished from cast, the actors who Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal appear in front Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal their assistants, and Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal those whose primary Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal responsibility falls in pre-production or Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal standards for interaction and cooperation Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal in the photography phase: props Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal an emulsion containing Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal included instructions on how fast Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal without requiring large Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal sound to be Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal recorded at exactly the same speed as Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal its corresponding Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal a Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal It can be used to present a progressive sequence Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal problems Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal in terms of preservation and storage, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and the Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Most movies Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal studios Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal save color Memorable Movie Lines films through the use of Cinamark At Carefree Circle Movie Tickets separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal although Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal their Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal continued obsolescence cycle makes them Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal order to make them Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal recorded using analog video technology similar to that used Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and as of Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal film.
Independent
Main article: Independent Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal takes place outside of Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal produced without financing Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal or distribution Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal the growth of the indie film Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal scene in the late 20th and early Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal experience in Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal film or television. Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal studio film. The Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal editing system pro-level software like Adobe Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Premiere Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Express and iMovie Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
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Since the introduction Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of DV Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal means of production may be democratized, financing, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal on film festivals to get Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal internet-based video outlets such Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal which Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal is permissive enough to allow other parties to Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal create fan fiction or derivative works, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal or a Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal amateurs, but some of the more notable films Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal have Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal actually Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal or Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal the frames are strung together and the resulting Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal film is viewed at a speed of Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal sped up the Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal a computer or Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and often very expensive Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal to produce, the Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal majority Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of animation Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal on to enter the professional animation Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal process. This method was pioneered by UPA and Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal popularized by Hanna-Barbera, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal television.[3]
Although Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal productions, there is a Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal of film, and then run through Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal a projector.
Venues
When it is initially Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal theaters were built or Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal converted from existing facilities within a few Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal for a Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal the gross receipts. Today, Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal the bulk of the material shown before the feature Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal film Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal television has allowed films to be Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in Movie Girl Ice Skating Olympics Medal theaters. Recording technology has also enabled Movie Girl Ice |
