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musical material, or composition, 80s Music as held in western classical music. Even when music is notated precisely, there are still many decisions 80s Music that a performer has to make. The process of a performer deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and 80s Music notated is termed interpretation. Different performers' interpretations of the same music can vary widely. Composers and song writers who present their own music are interpreting,

80s Music

just as much as those who perform the music of others or folk music. 80s Music The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given time 80s Music and 80s Music a given place Country Music Videos is referred to as performance practice, where as 80s Music interpretation is generally used to mean either individual choices of a performer, or an aspect of music which is not clear, and therefore has a 80s Music "standard" interpretation. In some musical genres, such as jazz and blues, even more freedom is given to the performer to engage in improvisation on a basic 80s Music melodic, harmonic, 80s Music or rhythmic 80s Music framework. The greatest latitude Jazz Music is given to the performer in a style of performing called Disco Music free improvisation, which is material that is spontaneously 80s Music "thought of" 80s Music (imagined) while being performed, not Country Music E-cards preconceived. According 80s Music to the analysis of Georgiana Costescu,[citation needed] improvised music 80s Music usually follows stylistic or genre conventions and even "fully composed" includes some freely 80s Music chosen material. Composition does not always mean the use of notation, or the known sole 80s Music authorship of one 80s Music individual. Music 80s Music can also be determined by describing a "process" which may create musical sounds; examples of this 80s Music range from wind chimes, through computer programs which select sounds. Music which contains Irish Music Lyrics elements selected by chance is called Aleatoric music, and is associated with such composers as John Cage, Morton Feldman, and Witold 80s Music Lutoslawski. Musical composition is a term that describes the composition

80s Music

of a piece of music. Methods of composition vary widely from one composer to another, however in analysing music all 80s Music forms

80s Music

� spontaneous, trained, or untrained � are built from elements comprising a musical piece. Music can be composed for repeated performance or it can be improvised: composed on the spot. The music can be 80s Music performed entirely from memory, from 80s Music a written system of musical notation, or some combination of both. Study of composition

80s Music

has traditionally been dominated by examination 80s Music of methods and practice of Western 80s Music classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough to include spontaneously improvised works like those of free jazz performers and African drummers. What is important in understanding the composition of a piece is singling 80s Music out its elements. An understanding of music's formal elements can be helpful in deciphering exactly how a piece is constructed. A universal element of music is how sounds occur in time, which is referred to as the rhythm of a piece of music. When a piece appears to have a 80s Music changing time-feel, it 80s Music is considered to be in rubato time, an Italian expression that indicates that the tempo of the piece changes 80s Music to suit the expressive intent of the performer. Even 80s Music random placement of random sounds, which occurs in musical montage, occurs within some kind of time, and 80s Music thus employs time as a musical element. Notation is the written expression 80s Music of music notes and

80s Music

rhythms on paper using symbols. When music is 80s Music written down, the pitches and 80s Music rhythm of the 80s Music music is notated, along with instructions on 80s Music how to perform the music. The study of how to read 80s Music notation involves music theory, harmony, the study 80s Music of performance practice, 80s Music and 80s Music in some cases an understanding of historical performance methods. Written notation varies with style and period of music. In Western Art music, the most common types of written notation are scores, 80s Music which include all the music parts of an ensemble piece, and 80s Music parts, which are the music 80s Music notation for the 80s Music individual performers or singers. In popular 80s Music music, jazz, and 80s Music blues, the 80s Music standard musical notation is the lead sheet, which notates the melody, 80s Music chords, lyrics (if it is a vocal piece), and structure of the 80s Music music. Scores and parts are also used in popular music and jazz, particularly in 80s Music large ensembles such as jazz "big bands." In popular music, guitarists and electric bass players often read music notated in tablature, which indicates the location of the 80s Music notes to 80s Music be played on 80s Music the instrument using a diagram of the guitar or bass fingerboard. Tabulature was also used in the Baroque era to notate music for the lute, a stringed, fretted instrument. Notated 80s Music music is produced as sheet music.

80s Music

To perform music from notation requires 80s Music an 80s Music understanding of both the musical style and the performance practice that is associated with a piece of music or genre. Improvisation is the creation of spontaneous music. Improvisation is often considered an act 80s Music of instantaneous composition by composers, where compositional 80s Music techniques are employed with or without preparation. Music theory 80s Music encompasses the nature and mechanics of music. It often 80s Music involves identifying patterns that govern composers' techniques. In a more detailed sense, music 80s Music theory (in the western system) also distills and analyzes the elements of music � rhythm, harmony (harmonic function), 80s Music melody, structure, and texture. People who study these properties are known as music theorists. The field of music cognition involves the 80s Music study of many aspects of music including how it is processed by listeners. 80s Music Rather than accepting the standard practices 80s Music of analyzing, composing, and performing music as a given, much research in music cognition seeks instead to uncover the mental processes that underlie these practices. Also, research 80s Music in the field seeks to uncover commonalities between the musical traditions of disparate cultures 80s Music and possible cognitive "constraints" that limit these musical systems. Questions regarding musical innateness,

80s Music

and emotional responses to 80s Music music are also major areas of research in the field. Deaf people can experience music by feeling the vibrations 80s Music in their body, a process which can be enhanced if the individual holds a resonant, hollow object. A well-known deaf 80s Music musician 80s Music is the composer Ludwig van Beethoven, who composed many 80s Music famous works 80s Music even after he had completely lost his hearing. Recent examples of deaf musicians include Evelyn Glennie, a highly acclaimed percussionist who has been deaf 80s Music since 80s Music age twelve, and 80s Music Chris Buck, 80s Music a 80s Music virtuoso violinist who has lost his hearing. This is 80s Music relevant because 80s Music it indicates that music is a deeper cognitive

80s Music

process than unexamined phrases such as, "pleasing to the ear" 80s Music would suggest. Much research in music cognition seeks to uncover these complex mental processes involved in listening to music, which may seem 80s Music intuitively simple, yet are vastly intricate and complex.The 80s Music music that composers make can be heard through several media; the most traditional way is to hear it live, in the presence, or as one 80s Music of the musicians. Live music can also be broadcast over the radio, television or the internet. Some musical styles focus on producing a sound for a performance, 80s Music while others focus on producing a recording which mixes together sounds which were never played "live". Recording, even of styles which are essentially live, often uses the ability to edit and splice to produce recordings which are considered better than the actual performance. As talking pictures emerged in 80s Music the early 20th century, with their prerecorded 80s Music musical tracks, an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians 80s Music found themselves out of work.[6] During the 1920s live musical performances by orchestras, All Music pianists, 80s Music and theater organists were common at first-run theaters[7] With the coming of the talking motion pictures, those featured performances 80s Music were largely eliminated. The AFM took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices. One 80s Music Music Stands 1929 ad that appeared in

80s Music

the Pittsburgh Press features 80s Music an image of a can labeled "Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or 80s Music Emotional Reaction Whatever" Since legislation introduced to help protect performers, composers, publishers and producers, including the 80s Music Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 in the United States, and the 1979 revised Berne 80s Music Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 80s Music the United Kingdom, recordings and live performances 80s Music have also become more 80s Music accessible through computers, devices and internet 80s Music in a form that is commonly known as music-on-demand. In many cultures, there is less distinction between 80s Music performing and listening to music, since virtually everyone is involved in some sort of musical activity, often communal. In industrialised countries, listening to music through a recorded form, such as 80s Music sound recording or watching Much Music a music video, became more common than experiencing live performance, roughly in the middle of the 20th century. Sometimes, live performances incorporate prerecorded Music Companies sounds. For example, a DJ uses disc records for scratching, and some 20th-century works have a solo for an instrument or voice that is performed along with music that is prerecorded onto a tape. Computers 80s Music and many keyboards can 80s Music be programmed to produce and play MIDI music. Audiences can also become performers by participating in Karaoke, an activity of Japanese origin which centres around a device that plays voice-eliminated versions of well-known songs. Most karaoke machines also have video screens that 80s Music show lyrics to songs being performed; performers can Downloads Music follow the lyrics as 80s Music they sing over the 80s Music instrumental tracks. The advent of the Internet has transformed 80s Music the experience of music, partly through the increased ease of access to music and the increased 80s Music choice. 80s Music Chris Anderson, 80s Music in his 80s Music book The Long 80s Music Tail: Why the Royalty Free Music future 80s Music of business is selling 80s Music less 80s Music of more, suggests that while the economic model of

80s Music

supply and 80s Music Yahoo Music Videos demand describes scarcity, 80s Music the Internet retail model is based on abundance. Digital storage costs are low, so a company can afford to make its whole inventory available online, giving customers as much choice as possible. It has thus become economically 80s Music viable to offer products that very few people are 80s Music interested in. Consumers' growing awareness of their increased choice results in a closer association between listening Music Cd tastes and social identity, and the creation of thousands of niche markets. Another effect of the Internet arises with online communities like Youtube and Myspace. Myspace 80s Music has made 80s Music social networking with other musicians easier, and 80s Music greatly facilitates the distribution of one's music. Youtube also has a large community of both amateur and professional musicians who post 80s Music videos and comments. 80s Music Professional musicians 80s Music also use Youtube as a free publisher of promotional material. Youtube users, for example, no longer only download and listen to mp3s, but also actively create their own. According to Tapscott 80s Music and Williams, there has been a shift from a traditional consumer role to what 80s Music they call a "prosumer" role, a consumer who both creates 80s Music and consumes. Manifestations of this in music include the production of mashes, remixes, and music videos by fans.

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