An employer is a person or institution that hires employees or workers. Employers offer wages or a salary to the workers in exchange for the worker's labor power, depending upon whether the employee Nude African People is paid by the hour or a Nude African People set rate per pay period. A Nude African People salaried employee is typically not paid more for more hours worked than the minimum, whereas wages are paid for all hours worked, including overtime.
Employers include everything from individuals hiring a babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many thousands of employees. In Nude African People most western societies governments are the largest single employers, Nude African People but most of the work force is employed in small and medium businesses in the Nude African People private sector.
Note that although employees may Nude African People contribute to Nude African People the evolution of an an enterprise, the employer maintains autonomous control over the productive base of land and capital, and is the entity named in contracts. The employer typically also maintains ownership of intellectual property created by an employee within the scope of employment Nude African People and as a function thereof. These are known Nude African People as Nude African People "works for hire".
An employers� relative level of power over employees is dependent upon numerous factors; Nude African People the most influential being the nature of the employment Nude African People relationship. The Nude African People relationship employers share with employees is affected by three Nude African People significant factors � interests, control and motivation. It Nude African People is Nude African People up to employers to effectively manage Nude African People and balance these factors to ensure a harmonious and productive working relationship.
The balance of economic efficiency and social equity is the ultimate debate in the field of employment Nude African People relations. By meeting the needs of the employer; generating profits to establish and maintain economic efficiency; whilst maintaining a balance with the employee and creating social equity that benefits the worker so that he/she can fund and enjoy healthy Nude African People living; proves Nude African People to be a continuous Nude African People revolving issue in westernised societies.
Globalisation has effected these issues by creating certain economic factors that disallow or allow various employment issues. Economist Edward Lee (1996) Nude African People studies the effects of globalisation and summarizes the four major Nude African People points of concern that effect employment relations: (1) International competition, Nude African People from the newly industrialized countries, will cause unemployment growth Nude African People and increased wage disparity Nude African People Weisz Rachael Nude for unskilled workers in industrialized countries. Nude African People Imports from low-wage countries exert pressure on the Nude African People manufacturing sector Nude African People in industrialized countries and foreign direct investment (FDI) is attracted away from the industrialized nations, towards low-waged countries. (2) Economic Nude African People liberalization will result in unemployment and wage inequality in developing countries. This happens as job losses Nude African People in un-competitive industries outstrip job opportunities in new industries. Workers will be forced to accept worsening wages and conditions, as a global labour market results in a �race to the bottom�. Increased international competition creates a pressure to reduce the wages and Nude African People conditions of workers. Globalization reduces the autonomy of the nation Nude African People state. Nude African People Capital is Nude African People increasingly mobile and the ability of the state to regulate economic activity is reduced.
What Nude African People also result�s to Lee�s (1996) Nude African People findings is that in industrialized countries an average of almost 70 per cent of workers are Nude African People employed in the Nude African People service Nude African People sector, most of which consists of non-tradable activities. As a result workers Nude African People are either forced to become more skilled an develop Nude African People sought after trades or become Nude African People of this sector. Ultimately this is a result of changes and trends of Nude African People employment, an evolving workforce and globalisation that is represented by a more skilled and increasing highly diverse labour force, that are growing in non standard forms Nude African People of employment
Interests can be best described as monetary constraints and economic Nude African People pressures placed on organizations in their pursuit of profits. Nude African People It covers facets such as Nude African People labour productivity, wages and the Nude African People effect of financial markets on businesses.
Wood et al (2004, p 355) describe control can as being either output focused, Nude African People focusing on desired targets with within managers defining, and using, their own methods for reaching targets, or process controls, which specify the manner in Nude African People which tasks will be achieved (Ibid, p. 357). Employer and managerial control within an organization rests at Nude African People many levels and has important implications for staff and productivity alike, with control forming the fundamental link between Nude African People desired outcomes and actual processes. Nude African People Thus employers must balance interests such as decreasing wage constraints Nude African People with a maximization of labour productivity in order to achieve a Nude African People prolific employment relationship.
Motivation is the third and Nude African People most difficult of the factors in the employment relationship for Nude African People employers to effectively Nude African People manage. Employee motivation can often Nude African People be in direct conflict with control mechanisms of employers, and can be broadly defined as that Nude African People which energizes, directs and sustains Nude African People human behaviour ( Stone, 2005, p 412). Dubin (1958, p 213) further elaborates on this, noting motivation as �something that moves a person to action, and continues him in the course of action Nude African People already initiated.�
The employment relationship is thus a difficult challenge for employers to manage, as all three facets Nude African People are Nude African People often in direct competition with each other, with interests, control and motivation Nude African People often clashing in the equally important quest for individual employee autonomy ,employer command and ultimate profits. |
