Bloomery Iron Smelters - Sites and Links
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Bloomery Iron Smelters And Websites
Netherlands
Ijzerwinning, Historisch OpenluchtMuseum Eindhoven Experiments with a slag-tapping and a slag pit furnace, Lejre Symposium Ijzerwinning in de Kempen, Thuis in Brabant Denmark Eksperimenter med oldtidens jernudvinding, Michael Nissen Lejre Forsøgscenter - Jern & jernudvinding Jernmagerens Værksted, Michael S. Nissen Eksperimenterende jernudvinding af myremalm Germany Eisenverhüttung at Der Sachsenhof in Greven-Pentrup Archäologisches Experiment / Eisengewinnung aus Erz / Heinz Mittel (Meier Helmut)Eisenherstellung & Schmieden, Römer Online Georg Petau - Rennofen 2005 Film Kolbermoor Conference Germany Bloomery furnace Smelting, Matitias Zwissler The Medium is the Root of the Art | ArtMetal Walfrid Huber Projekt Rennofen der FA Aalen Der Rennofen (experimentelle Archäologie des Spundloch France Fourneaux expérimentaux à l'Ecomusée d'Alsace, Le Groupe d'Archéologie du Fer du Jura Jean-Claude Leblanc, le bas-fourneau expérimental Realisation d'un bas fourneau La sidérurgie antique dans la Montagne Noire. Bas-fourneau - Société Géologique et Minière du Briançonnais Qu’est-ce qu’un bas-fourneau ? L'acier de Grappage FinlandLE BAS-FOURNEAU, Pascal COUPRY et Guillaume TOUCHARD England Experimental Iron Making in the Weald of Southern England Whitehall Farm Roman Villa & Landscape Project Experimental Iron Smelting at Rievaulx Abbey. U. Bradford AMRG Smelting, Casting, Smithing, U. Bradford AMRG Experimental Iron Smelting at Scatness United States Experimental Iron Production at The Rockbridge Bloomery Dan Jeffery - Making Iron The Old-Fashioned Way Is A Tricky Business Michael McCarthy Farmers' Museum Jesse Frank, Making Iron From Ore
Making Steel in the Forge
by Louis Mills
Hot Enough to Smelt. Steve Mankowski and Shel Browder Jesus Hernandez, Tatara ProjectSmelt Your Own Iron, Steven A. Walton, Penn State STS Department Walter Sorrells and Jesus Hernandez Sweden and Norway JÄRNFRAMSTÄLLNING I TRANEMO Lars-Erik Englund Hammarede, Rapporter från järnframställningsförsök Järnförsök på Nya Lapphyttan 2007 Charcoal Blast Furnace Järnframställning på Nya Lapphyttan 2004 jouni jäppinen - Struka Iron Smelting MÖHKÖN RAUTAA JÄRVIMALMISTA, Esitykset Möhkön ruukkimuseolla 2006 Niko Hynninen - Island of Lambs Bloom Spain Tres experimentos de fundición de mineral de hierro (hematites) en dos hornos de pozo de escoria Asia Tatara Iron-making Technique Blast furnace operation in Song-Yuan China' (that's ca. AD 960-1368) The traditional Chinese iron industry and its modern fate Early iron in China, Korea, and Japan Africa Randi Haaland, Iron Smelting a Vanishing Tradition Iron Smelting at Jefisi, UpperWest region of Ghana The Technology of Iron Production in the Fouta Djallon Region of Guinea Rolf Jensen Norse Darrell Markewitz - The
Dark Ages Re-creation Company Hurstwic Bog Iron Production in the Norse Era J. Arthur Loose: The Seax: A study in Archaeo-Metalsmithing South America The Cadinhe Method of Brazil, this is a bloomery! YouTube Videos Georg Petau - Rennfeuer auf der Domäne Heidbrink Mike Blue, Randall Graham, Ric Furrer, Tatara Smelting Walter Sorrels and Jesus Hernandez - Tatara Smelting January 2008 Walter Sorrels and Jesus Hernandez- Tatara Smelting November 2007 Walter Sorrels and Jesus Hernandez- Working the Bloom Smelting Events Rennfeuer 2004 Rennfeuer August 2005 Metallsymposium 2006 - Rennfeuersymposium 2006 3rd International Iron Smelting Symposium 5th International Iron Smelting Symposium, Biskupin Poland Sept. 2008 Other things to read because they're interesting Decisions set in slag: the human factor in African iron smelting Reconstruction of Mastermyr Fynd File English Heritage Guidelines - Archaeometallurgy Ancient carburisation of iron to steel: a comment The Early Iron Group Bloomery and Crucible Smelting Forum Iron Smelting Videos
Prof. Christopher Roy, From Iron Ore to Iron Hoe: Smelting Iron in Africa
Very few African smiths have smelted iron from ore since cheap mass-produced imports and wrecked vehicles became common decades ago. A very detailed, high-quality, reasonably-priced video of every step in the process of smelting iron in a traditional clay furnace in Africa, from mining the ore, burning the charcoal, building the furnace, smelting the ore, forging the iron tools. It is fascinating to see the simple but efficient techniques African smiths once used. Other DVDs about Africa by Christopher Roy Randi Håland, The Ethiopian Iron Smelter and his World The transformative aspects of iron working are striking: Iron smelting is seen as analogous to giving birth. The blacksmith's role in material transformations (ore to iron) is frequently used as metaphor for social transformations, i.e. rites de passage. The forging of artifacts in the smithy on the other hand is often used as model for conceptualization of the divine creation of the universe. Dokwaza: last of the African iron masters Iron metallurgy began to transform the societies of sub-Saharan Africa over 2,500 years ago, but now locally smelted bloomery iron has been everywhere replaced by industrially produced stock. Traditional smelting is a complex process combining science and ritual that was disappearing just as it became feasible to capture it on visual media. This video therefore provides a rare record of a technology whose time has passed, and the reenactment of a smelt by iron workers of the Mafa ethnic group shows a furnace type and a process that are unique to a part of the northern Cameroon and Nigerian border area. Presented in three sequences, Dokwaza is first introduced as we follow the building of the furnace and bellows. Then charcoal and bellows skins are prepared. and the iron master demonstrates how ore is gathered and cleaned. The second sequence follows the long day of the smelt, as the furnace is charged with ore and charcoal, sacrifice made, and, after frenzied working of the bellows accompanied by music and song, a bloom mass is removed from the shaft. The third sequence takes place in the forge and shows the fining of the metal produced and its forging into a traditional hoe. INAGINA, the last house of iron IN MALI, on the cliffs inhabited by the Dogon, an ethnoarchaeologist and a cameraman participated in an extremely rare event : the reduction of iron ore. The experience was filmed and is a unique testimony of a thousand-year-old technology which has now disappeared. The Tree of Iron This is one of the few films to document archaeological work on ancient civilizations in Africa. It also deals with an important subject, African iron smelting, and presents convincing evidence for early indigenous technologies far more complex than previously expected. The Tree of Iron is set in Tanzania, East Africa, on the western shores of Lake Victoria, where Haya people have lived for centuries. THE BLOOMS OF BANJELI: TECHNOLOGY AND GENDER IN WEST AFRICAN IRONMAKING The film-maker and two historians went to the village of Banjeli in Togo in 1985 to try to recreate on film the traditional iron smelting techniques of the area. The present population no longer uses these techniques, but an old man who had watched both his father and grandfather smelt iron, allowed the group to film him and ask questions as he tried to recreate for them the entire smelting process, complete with all the ritual. The result is a fascinating insight into the society as a whole through the vehicle of a traditional technology. L'Homme, le fer, l'argile et le feu / 1. La production expérimentale du fer dans un bas fourneau à la protohistoire Cette production permet de visualiser l'intégralité de la mise en oeuvre d'une chaîne opératoire pour la réduction du minerai de fer dans un bas fourneau, depuis l'extraction des matériaux de construction de la structure de combustion à la récupération du bloc de métal brut le massiot. Ce document vidéo constitue un outil de travail appréciable et indispensable dans les domaines suivants : - pédagogique, constituer un outil d'initiation et d'enseignement aux techniques de la paléométallurgie - archéologique, disposer d'un référentiel vidéo permettant l'identification d'une activité paléométallurgique - scientifique, permettre de visualiser l'ensemble d'une chaîne opératoire de réduction du minerai de fer - documentaire, offrir un document ethno-culturel sur les techniques sidérurgiques anciennes encore pratiquées, durant la première moitié de notre siècle, en Afrique noire et en Europe centrale. Auteur : Jean-Claude LEBLANC Réalisateurs : Abra PICOT / Jean-Jacques PICOT Producteur : Les Films du Campagnol Pays : France Ovambo Iron Smelting The smelting movie was chosen for this project for a number of reasons. Essentially it is a good example of an ethnographic movie in that it highlights and examines an ongoing process that contains many examples of ritual and these are captured in the film. The position of the smith is a respected one, he is a ritual specialist, able to 'cure' iron-ore and produce the highly prized metal. Black Hephaistos: exploring culture and science in African iron working The video presents traditional African iron-smelting technology. Uniting ritual, magical, and technical aspects, this technology is metaphorically linked to procreation. The viewer then participates in the metallurgical laboratory work, including optical and electron microscopy that reveals the workings of that technology. Video footage, filmed in 1989 and 1993 in the Mandara highlands of Cameroon and Nigeria, records the process of smelting iron by Ajokfa, a Plata Kapa iron master, and fining and forging by Hundu, a Sukur smith. The scene shifts back and forth between Africa and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Arizona, where Dr. David Killick demonstrates how scientific understanding of these processes is gained through metallurgical analyses of their products and byproducts. The Iron Smelters of Eremi, by Michael Crosfield; available through the Royal Anthropological Institute Film Library, RA21 The Iron Smelters of Eremi (see page 29 of Volume I of RAI catalogue). Catalogue number (VHS): RA/VHS180 £8. I haven't viewed this film yet. Collections of Iron & Metallurgy Articles
Publications by Don Wagner Mostly on China
Professor R. Balasubramaniam's List of Publications on Indian Archaeometallurgy Sébastien Perret Arne Jouttijärvi Heimdal-archaeometry Kråknäsjärnet also Forskningsrapporter och analyser Lehigh University Laboratory for Artifact Analysis Staff and Recent Publications Iron Art
Books
Iron in Archaeology. The European Bloomery Smelters, Pleiner, Radomir, (2000) Praha, Archeologický Ústav Av Cr.
Iron and Steel in Ancient Times, Vagn Fabritius Buchwald, a google book Bloomery Ironmaking during 2000 years, Seminar in Budalen, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway 1991. Vol. II. Author, Espelund, Arne (ed.) Iron and Steel in Ancient China, Donald Wagner, a google book Projekt med Jernalder, Michael Nissen, Henning Pedersen og Søren Vælds Archaeology sites & sources
Oude techniek en werktuigbouw,
industriële geschiedenis en archeologie
Slag and Metallurgy for Historical Archaeologists The Greenland Research Centre The Historical Metallurgy Society Assemblage - Scheffield Graduate Journal of Archaeology Arch-Metals Archaeo-Metallurgical Bibliography (listserve) Joseph Needham home page AIA Industrial Archaeology Review University of Oxford, Material Science-Based Archaeology Group Archäometallurgie-Labor, Prof. Dr. I. Keesmann Collected Metallurgy Articles
Iron and Steel Currency Bars in Ancient Greece
www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/docs/volume3%20No... GAL Analysrapport 16-2000, Lena Grandin Spadformade ämnesjärn från Torsåker Länsmuseet Gävleborg Rapport 2004:03 KråknäsfyndetEfterundersökning av fyndplats för ämnesjärn och smälta RAÄ 406 Torsåkers socken Gästrikland 2001 Lars-Erik Englund, Ronnie Jensen, Bo Ulfhielm Metallographic Examination of Cast Iron Lump from Lieporiai (Šiauliai district, Lithuania)
www.ktu.lt/lt/mokslas/zurnalai/medz/medz0-89/15%20... Examination of smelting and smithing slags formed in bloomery iron ...
images.katalogas.lt/maleidykla/Che72/Che_022_028.p... ESCORIAS METALÚRGICAS DEL YACIMIENTO FENICIO DE LA FONTETA (ALICANTE)
copernic.udg.es/arqueometria/PARTS/16_Proyecto16.p... METALLURGICAL SLAGS FROM THE PHOENICIAN SITE OF LA FONTETA (ALICANTE). M. Renzi & S. Rovira The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades
www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9809/Verhoeven-9809.... WOOTZ STEEL: AN ADVANCED MATERIAL OF THE ANCIENT WORLD
materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm Lapphyttan og dens grunnlag — en arkeo-metallurgisk vurdering fra ...
fornvannen.se/pdf/1990talet/1993_253.pdf Cutting Edge Technology - The <layer id="google-toolbar-hilite-1" style="background-color: Yellow;
www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/staff/profiles/rehren/Me... Detecting non-uniform phosphorus distribution in ancient Indian ...
www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102004/650.pdf this
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