The Paul Green Shoes earliest known shoes date from about 8000 to 7000 BCE and were found in Oregon, USA Paul Green Shoes in 1938[1]. However, Paul Green Shoes the materials used for making shoes do not normally last for thousands of Paul Green Shoes years, so shoes were probably in use long before this. Paul Green Shoes Physical anthropologist Erik Trinkaus believes he has found evidence that Paul Green Shoes the use of shoes began in the period between about 40,000 and 26,000 years ago, based on the fact that Paul Green Shoes the thickness of the bones of the toes (other than the big toe) decreased during this period, on the premise that going barefoot results in greater bone growth before this period.[1]
Parts of a shoe
Gluing a new outsole to an athletic shoe
Sole
The bottom of a shoe is called the sole.
Insole
The insole is the interior bottom of Paul Green Shoes a shoe, which sits directly beneath the foot. Many shoes have Paul Green Shoes removable and replaceable insoles, and extra Paul Green Shoes insoles are often added for comfort or health reasons (to control the shape, moisture, or smell of the shoe).
Outsole
The outsole is the Paul Green Shoes layer in direct Paul Green Shoes contact with the ground. Dress shoes have leather outsoles; casual Paul Green Shoes or work-oriented shoes have outsoles made of natural rubber or Paul Green Shoes a synthetic imitation. The outsole may Paul Green Shoes comprise Paul Green Shoes a single piece, or may comprise separate pieces Paul Green Shoes of different materials. Often the Paul Green Shoes heel of the sole is rubber for durability and traction, while the front is leather for style. Specialized shoes will often have modifications on this design: athletic cleats have spikes embedded in the outsole to grip the ground; many kinds of dancing shoes have much softer or harder Paul Green Shoes soles.
Midsole
The layer in between the outsole and the insole that Paul Green Shoes is typically there for shock absorption. Paul Green Shoes Some types of shoes, like running shoes, have another material for shock absorption, usually beneath the heel where one puts the most Paul Green Shoes pressure down. Paul Green Shoes Different Paul Green Shoes companies use different materials for the midsoles Paul Green Shoes of their shoes. Some shoes may not have a midsole at all.
Heel
Women's Paul Green Shoes fashion boots
The bottom rear part of a shoe is the heel. Its function is to support the heel of the foot. They Paul Green Shoes are often made of the same material as the sole of the Paul Green Shoes shoe. Paul Green Shoes This part can be high for fashion Paul Green Shoes or to make the person look taller, Paul Green Shoes or flat Paul Green Shoes for a more practical use.
Vamp, or upper
Any shoe has an upper part that helps hold the shoe onto Paul Green Shoes the foot. Paul Green Shoes In the simplest cases, such as sandals Paul Green Shoes or flip flops, this may be nothing Paul Green Shoes more Paul Green Shoes than a few straps for holding the sole in place. Closed footwear, such Paul Green Shoes as boots, sneakers and most men's shoes, will have Paul Green Shoes a more complex upper. This part is often decorated or is made in a certain style to look attractive. The U.S. Paul Green Shoes Patent 3,355,535 , from 1967, describes a method for producing a shoe-upper Paul Green Shoes (Hain 1967).
Accessories to shoes
Shoehorn: can be used to insert a foot into a shoe by keeping the Paul Green Shoes shoe open and providing a smooth surface Paul Green Shoes for Paul Green Shoes the foot to slide upon.
Shoe tree: placed inside the shoe when user is not wearing it, to Paul Green Shoes help maintain the shoe's shape.
Shoe polishing equipment:
Shoe Paul Green Shoes polish: a waxy material spread Paul Green Shoes on shoes to improve appearance, glossiness, and provide protection.
Shoe brush and polishing cloth: used to apply polish to shoes.
Overshoes or galoshes: a rubber Paul Green Shoes covering Think Shoes placed over Paul Green Shoes shoes for rain and snow protection.
(Orthopedic) shoe insert: insert of various materials for cushioning, improved fit, or reduced abrasion. These include padding and inner linings. Inserts may also be used to correct foot problems.
Shoe bag: a bag that protects shoes Paul Green Shoes against damage when they are not being worn.
Shoe Paul Green Shoes stretcher: a tool for making a shoe Paul Green Shoes longer or wider or for reducing discomfort in areas Paul Green Shoes of a shoe.
Snow shoe: a wooden or leather piece which increases the area of ground covered by the shoe.
Shoelaces: a Paul Green Shoes system used to secure shoes.
Types of Paul Green Shoes shoes
Shoes made from real crocodile skin, in a conservation exhibit at Bristol Zoo, England.
Dress and casual shoes
Dress shoes are Paul Green Shoes categorized by smooth and supple leather uppers, leather soles, and narrow sleek figure. Casual shoes are characterized Paul Green Shoes by sturdy leather Paul Green Shoes uppers, non-leather outsoles, and wide profile.
Some Paul Green Shoes designs Paul Green Shoes of dress shoes can be worn by either gender. The majority of dress shoes have an upper covering, commonly made of leather, enclosing most of the lower Paul Green Shoes foot, but not Paul Green Shoes covering the ankles. This upper Paul Green Shoes part of the shoe is often made without Paul Green Shoes apertures or openings, but may also Paul Green Shoes be made with openings or even itself consist of a series of straps, e.g. Paul Green Shoes an open toe featured in Paul Green Shoes women's shoes. Shoes with uppers made high to cover the ankles are also available; a shoe Paul Green Shoes with the upper rising above the ankle is usually considered a Paul Green Shoes boot but certain styles may be referred to as high-topped shoes or high-tops. Usually, a high-topped shoe is secured by laces or Paul Green Shoes zippers, although some styles have Paul Green Shoes elastic inserts to ease slipping the shoe Paul Green Shoes on.
Men's shoes
Men's shoes can be categorized by how they are closed:
Balmorals: the vamp has a V-shaped slit to Paul Green Shoes which the laces are attached; Paul Green Shoes also known as "closed lacing". Paul Green Shoes In England, the Paul Green Shoes balmoral is known Paul Green Shoes as the Oxford. The word "Oxford" is used by American clothing companies to market shoes that Paul Green Shoes are not balmorals, such as rubber-sole bluchers.
Bluchers: the laces are tied to two pieces of leather independently attached Paul Green Shoes Red Satin Shoes to the vamp; also known as "open lacing". In England, the Paul Green Shoes Blucher is known as the Derby shoe.
Monk-straps: Paul Green Shoes a buckle and strap instead of lacing
Various other Paul Green Shoes closings exist but are less popular such as side-elastic closings.
Men's shoes can also be decorated in various ways:
Plain-toes: have a sleek appearance Paul Green Shoes and no extra decorations on the Paul Green Shoes vamp.
Cap-toes: Paul Green Shoes has Paul Green Shoes an extra Paul Green Shoes layer of leather that "caps" the toe. This is possibly the most popular decoration.
Brogues (American: Paul Green Shoes wing-tips): The toe of the shoe is covered with a perforated panel, the wing-tip, which extends down either side of the shoe. Brogues can be found Spinning Shoes in both balmoral and blucher styles. Please help improve this section by expanding Paul Green Shoes it.
Further Paul Green Shoes information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion.
The Paul Green Shoes tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia.
Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better Paul Green Shoes articles for suggestions.(December Paul Green Shoes 2007)
Women's shoes
There is a large variety of shoes available for women, in addition to most of the men's styles being more accepted as unisex. Some broad categories are:
Pumps, known in the US Paul Green Shoes and UK as ballerinas, ballet pumps or skimmers, are shoes with a very low heel and Paul Green Shoes a relatively Paul Green Shoes short vamp, exposing much of Paul Green Shoes the Paul Green Shoes instep. They are popular for Paul Green Shoes warm-weather wear, and may be seen as more comfortable than shoes with a higher heel.
High heels may Paul Green Shoes be shoes with heels 2 inches Paul Green Shoes (5 cm) or higher. They are often seen as having more sex appeal than low Paul Green Shoes heels (see Paul Green Shoes article for discussion) and are thus Paul Green Shoes commonly worn by women for formal occasions or social outings.
Sneaker boot and sneaker pump: a shoe that looks like an athletic Paul Green Shoes shoe, but is equipped with a heel, making it a kind Paul Green Shoes of novelty dress shoe.
Either gender
Women's sandals
Clog
Platform shoe: shoe with very thick soles and heels
Moccasin: originated by Native Americans, a soft shoe without a heel and Paul Green Shoes usually made of leather.
Sandals: open shoes consisting of a sole and various straps, leaving much of the foot exposed to air. They are thus popular for warm-weather wear, because they let the foot be cooler than a closed-toed shoe would.
Saddle shoe: leather shoe with a contrasting saddle-shaped Paul Green Shoes band over the instep, typically white uppers with Paul Green Shoes black "saddle".
Loafer: Paul Green Shoes a Paul Green Shoes dress or casual shoe Paul Green Shoes without laces; often with tassels, buckles, or coin-holders (penny loafers).
Boating shoes, also known as boat shoes and Paul Green Shoes deck shoes: similar to a loafer, but more casual. Fashion Shoes Laces, if present, are usually simple leather (often two-tone) with no frills. Often made of canvas or featuring a white sole. They have soft soles/heels to Paul Green Shoes avoid marring or scratching a boat deck.
Boots: Long shoes (covering the Paul Green Shoes ankle) frequently made of leather. Some are designed to Paul Green Shoes be used in times of bad weather, or simply as an alternate style of casual or dress wear. Styles Paul Green Shoes include rubber boots Paul Green Shoes and snow boots, as well as work boots and hiking boots.
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Slippers: For indoor use, commonly worn with pajamas.
Athletic shoes
Men's and women's athletic shoes and special function shoes often have less difference between the sexes than in dress shoes. In Paul Green Shoes many cases these shoes can be Paul Green Shoes worn by either Paul Green Shoes sex. Emphasis tends to be more on function than style.
Sneakers/trainers (also called Paul Green Shoes gym shoes or tennis shoes): general purpose athletic shoes; made out of rubber, cloth, and/or plastic Paul Green Shoes to be lightweight, flexible, and have good traction. Special varieties are available for basketball or tennis.
Running shoes: very similar to above, with additional Paul Green Shoes emphasis on Paul Green Shoes cushioning.
Track shoes: lightweight; often with plastic Paul Green Shoes or metal cleats
A shoe for the Paul Green Shoes right foot.
Cleat (shoe): a Paul Green Shoes type of shoe Paul Green Shoes featuring molded or removable studs. Usually worn while playing sports such as rugby, football, American football, or baseball.
A shoe for the right foot.
Golf shoes: with "spikes" for better grip in grass and wet ground. Originally the spikes or "cleats" Paul Green Shoes were made of metal but replaceable "soft spikes" made of synthetic plastic-like materials Paul Green Shoes with prongs distributed radially around the edge of each spike are much more common today (and are Paul Green Shoes required on Paul Green Shoes many golf courses since they cause less damage to the Paul Green Shoes greens).
Bowling shoes: intermediate style between ordinary dress Paul Green Shoes shoes and athletic shoes. Paul Green Shoes They have harder rubber soles/heels so as not to damage bowling alley floors. They are often rented or loaned at bowling alleys.
Climbing shoes: a shoe designed Paul Green Shoes for rock climbing. They typically have a close fit, little if any padding, and a smooth sticky rubber sole with an extended rubber rand.
Hiking shoes or boots: usually have a high somewhat stiff upper Paul Green Shoes with many lace eyelets, to provide ankle support on uneven terrain, Paul Green Shoes with extra large traction on the sole.
Walking shoes: have a more flexible sole than the Paul Green Shoes running shoe, lighter in weight than the hiking boot, may have Paul Green Shoes air holes, may not be water proof.
Skating shoes: typically called skates. They have various attachments for skating on the bottom of Paul Green Shoes the shoe portion.
Ice skates
Roller skates
Inline skates
Ski boot: a large, thick plastic boot specially designed for Paul Green Shoes attachment to the Paul Green Shoes ski.
Skateboarding shoes have flat soles for a better grip on a skateboard. They are very wide and have extra layers of padding to protect the skateboarders feet.
Cycling shoes Paul Green Shoes are equipped with a metal or plastic cleat to interface with clipless pedals, as well as a stiff sole to maximize power transfer and support the foot.
Snowshoes are special shoes for walking in thick snow. In temperate climates, snowshoes are used for mostly recreational Paul Green Shoes purposes in winter.
Wrestling shoes are Paul Green Shoes light, flexible shoes that mimic Paul Green Shoes bare feet while providing additional traction and protection.
Orthopedic shoes
Orthopedic or "comfort" shoes are made with Paul Green Shoes pedorthic and anatomically-correct comfort qualities, such as padded removable footbeds, Paul Green Shoes wide toe boxes and arch support are made especially for those with problematic feet.
Dance shoes
Pointe shoes. Designed for ballet dancing. These have a toe Paul Green Shoes box that is stiffened with glue and a Paul Green Shoes hardened sole Paul Green Shoes so the dancer can stand on the tips of their toes. They are secured by elastic straps and ribbons that are tied to the Paul Green Shoes dancer's ankles.
Ballet shoes Heel-less slippers made of canvas or leather, with either continuous or two-part sole (i.e., split-sole). The sole is typically made of leather, with thicker material under the ball and heel of the foot, and thinner and thus more flexible material under Paul Green Shoes the arch so that the foot can be Paul Green Shoes pointed to its utmost. Ballet slippers are usually secured by elastics that cross over the top of the foot. Paul Green Shoes They are most commonly pink, white, black, or pale tan, although Paul Green Shoes they may be made in specialty colours such as red or blue.
Jazz shoes. These typically have a two-part, Paul Green Shoes rubberized sole (i.e., split-sole) to provide both flexibility and traction, and a Free Shoes low (one inch or shorter) heel. Paul Green Shoes They are secured to the foot by laces or elastic inserts.
Tango/flamenco dance shoes.
Ballroom shoes. They fall into two categories for the two genres of dances as defined by the Paul Green Shoes IDSF (International DanceSport Federation): Ballroom and Latin American. Both are characterised by suede soles. Mens' Ballroom shoes are typically lace-ups with 1-inch Paul Green Shoes heels and patent leather uppers. Ladies' Ballroom shoes are typically court shoes with low Paul Green Shoes 2-inch heels, Special Occasion Shoes usually made of fabric so that they can be finished with a greater variety of colours to match the dancer's dress. The low Ballroom heel distributes the dancer's weight across the foot while Latin American shoes have Paul Green Shoes higher heels designed to throw the dancer's weight Paul Green Shoes on to the toes and the Paul Green Shoes soles are more Paul Green Shoes flexible. Paul Green Shoes Men's Latin shoes typically have 1.5-inch to 2-inch shaped heels while Ladies' Latin shoes have 2,5-inch to 3-inch heels, open-toed and strapped.
Dance sneakers. Also known as dansneakers, these are a combination of a sneaker and a dance shoe, with a reinforced rubber toe.
Character shoes. Paul Green Shoes Shoes with a one to three inch heel, which are usually made Paul Green Shoes of leather, and often have Paul Green Shoes one or more straps Paul Green Shoes across the instep to secure the foot during dance. They may come in soft-soled (suede) or hard-soled varieties. They may be converted to tap shoes by attaching taps.
Foot thongs. Variously called called Foot Paws and FootUndeez, depending on the manufacturer, these are slip-on, partial foot covers that Paul Green Shoes protect the ball of a dancer's foot from skin abrasions while executing turns. Paul Green Shoes From a distance, flesh colored foot thongs give a dancer the appearance of having bare feet.
Modern Paul Green Shoes pointe shoes.
Ballet shoes.
Jazz shoes. This style is frequently worn by acro dancers.
A foot thong, viewed from Paul Green Shoes the underside.
Work shoes
Work shoes are designed to stand heavy wear, to protect Paul Green Shoes the wearer, and provide high traction. They are generally made from sturdy leather uppers Paul Green Shoes and non-leather outsoles. Sometimes they are Paul Green Shoes used for uniforms or comfort by nurses, waitresses, police, military personnel, etc. They are commonly used for protection in industrial settings, construction, mining, and other workplaces. Protective features may include steel-tipped toes and soles or ankle guards.
Historical Paul Green Shoes shoes
Footwear has been worn for tens Paul Green Shoes of thousands of years. Paul Green Shoes Shoes of the Paul Green Shoes past include:
Espadrilles: these sandals, which are still worn today, are found Paul Green Shoes as early Paul Green Shoes as the 14th Paul Green Shoes century.
Patten: a European wooden overshoe used to Paul Green Shoes keep a person's Paul Green Shoes feet dry outdoors. First worn in the middle ages, they Paul Green Shoes continued in Paul Green Shoes use even into the early 20th century.
Poulaine: a shoe with a long-pointed toe, popular in Europe Paul Green Shoes in the 1400s.
Moccasins: Paul Green Shoes the historical shoe of many North American Indian tribes.
Maintenance
Breaking-in: Some shoes are made of hard but deformable material. After a person wears them multiple times, Paul Green Shoes the material reforms Paul Green Shoes to fit the wearer's feet. The person is said to have broken in the shoes.
Polishing: for Paul Green Shoes protection, water resistance (to some extent) and appearance, especially for leather shoes and boots.
Heel replacement: heels periodically wear out. Paul Green Shoes Not all shoes are designed to enable this.
Sole replacement: Paul Green Shoes soles also wear Paul Green Shoes out. Not all shoes Paul Green Shoes can have their soles replaced.
Shoelace replacement.
When unfit for use, shoes Paul Green Shoes can be treated as trash or municipal solid waste and disposed of. The exception can Paul Green Shoes be with most athletic sneakers which can Paul Green Shoes be recycled and turned into other Paul Green Shoes raw materials. See Nike Paul Green Shoes Grind as an example.
Someone who makes Paul Green Shoes or repairs shoes in a shop is called a cobbler.
Shoe Paul Green Shoes etiquette
In most parts Paul Green Shoes of the world (Asia, Eastern Europe, Paul Green Shoes parts of the Middle East and Africa, much of Northern Europe and Canada, as well as Alaska) it Paul Green Shoes is customary Paul Green Shoes to remove Paul Green Shoes shoes when Paul Green Shoes entering a house. Paul Green Shoes In some areas of the United States, especially the Paul Green Shoes Midwest, Paul Green Shoes it is expected that visitors remove their shoes unless a host specifically invites them to leave their shoes on. People do this to avoid bringing dirt, mud or snow into the house. For some societies, including those in Asia, indoor footwear may be provided for guests.
In the Middle East, parts of Africa, Korea and Thailand, it is considered rude to show the soles of the feet to others (even accidentally, such as by crossing the legs). In addition, in Thailand, it is an extreme insult for the foot, socks, or shoes to touch someone's head or be placed over it. Although feet touching heads Paul Green Shoes is an extremely rare occurrence in any society, some Muay Paul Green Shoes Thai boxers insult each other by "kicking" Paul Green Shoes the opponent's head with their foot (most Muay Thai kicks are executed with the shin). |
