An employer is a person or institution that hires employees or workers. Employers offer wages or a salary to the workers in Kimberly Elsie Nude exchange for the worker's labor power, depending upon whether the Kimberly Elsie Nude employee is paid by Kimberly Elsie Nude the Kimberly Elsie Nude hour or a set rate per pay period. A salaried employee is typically not paid more for more hours Kimberly Elsie Nude worked than the minimum, whereas Kimberly Elsie Nude wages are paid for all Kimberly Elsie Nude hours worked, Kimberly Elsie Nude including overtime.
Employers include everything from individuals hiring a babysitter to Kimberly Elsie Nude governments and Kimberly Elsie Nude businesses which may hire many thousands of Kimberly Elsie Nude employees. Kimberly Elsie Nude In most western societies governments are the largest single Kimberly Elsie Nude employers, but most of the work force Kimberly Elsie Nude is employed in small and medium businesses in Kimberly Elsie Nude the private sector.
Note Kimberly Elsie Nude that although Kimberly Elsie Nude employees Kimberly Elsie Nude may contribute to the evolution of an an enterprise, the employer maintains autonomous control over the productive base of land and capital, and Kimberly Elsie Nude is the entity named in contracts. Kimberly Elsie Nude The employer typically also maintains ownership of intellectual property created by an employee within the scope Kimberly Elsie Nude of employment and as a function Kimberly Elsie Nude thereof. These are Kimberly Elsie Nude known as "works for hire".
An employers� relative level of power over employees is dependent upon numerous factors; the Kimberly Elsie Nude most influential being the nature of the employment relationship. The relationship employers share Kimberly Elsie Nude with employees is affected by three significant factors � interests, control and motivation. It is up to employers to effectively manage and balance these Kimberly Elsie Nude factors to ensure a harmonious and productive working relationship.
The balance of economic efficiency and social equity Kimberly Elsie Nude is the ultimate Kimberly Elsie Nude debate in the field of employment relations. By meeting the needs of the Kimberly Elsie Nude employer; generating profits to establish and maintain economic Kimberly Elsie Nude efficiency; whilst maintaining a balance with the employee and creating social equity that benefits the worker so that he/she Kimberly Elsie Nude can fund and enjoy healthy living; proves to be a continuous Kimberly Elsie Nude revolving issue in westernised societies.
Globalisation has effected these issues by creating Kimberly Elsie Nude certain Kimberly Elsie Nude economic factors that Kimberly Elsie Nude disallow or allow various employment issues. Economist Edward Lee (1996) studies the effects of globalisation and summarizes the four major Kimberly Elsie Nude points of concern that effect employment relations: (1) International competition, from the newly industrialized countries, will cause unemployment growth and increased wage disparity Kimberly Elsie Nude for unskilled workers in industrialized countries. Imports from low-wage countries exert pressure Kimberly Elsie Nude on the manufacturing sector in industrialized countries and foreign direct investment (FDI) is attracted away from the industrialized nations, towards low-waged countries. (2) Economic liberalization will result in unemployment and wage inequality in Kimberly Elsie Nude developing countries. This happens as job losses in un-competitive industries outstrip job opportunities in new industries. Workers will be forced to accept worsening wages and Kimberly Elsie Nude conditions, as a global labour market results in a �race to the bottom�. Increased international Kimberly Elsie Nude competition creates a pressure to reduce the wages and conditions of workers. Globalization reduces the autonomy of Kimberly Elsie Nude the nation state. Capital is Kimberly Elsie Nude increasingly Kimberly Elsie Nude mobile and the ability of the state to regulate economic activity is reduced.
What also Kimberly Elsie Nude result�s to Lee�s (1996) findings is that in industrialized countries Kimberly Elsie Nude an average of almost 70 per cent of workers are employed in the service sector, most of which consists of non-tradable activities. As a result workers are either forced to become more skilled an develop sought after trades or become of this sector. Ultimately Kimberly Elsie Nude this is a result Kimberly Elsie Nude of changes and trends of employment, an evolving workforce and globalisation that is Kimberly Elsie Nude represented by a more skilled and increasing highly diverse labour force, that are growing in Kimberly Elsie Nude non standard forms Kimberly Elsie Nude of employment
Interests can be best described as monetary constraints and economic pressures placed on organizations in their pursuit of profits. It covers facets such as labour productivity, wages and the effect of financial markets on businesses.
Wood et al (2004, Kimberly Elsie Nude p 355) describe control can as being either output focused, focusing on desired targets with within managers defining, and using, their own methods for reaching targets, Kimberly Elsie Nude or process controls, which specify the Kimberly Elsie Nude manner in which tasks will be achieved (Ibid, p. 357). Employer and managerial control within an organization rests at many levels and has important Kimberly Elsie Nude implications for staff Kimberly Elsie Nude and Kimberly Elsie Nude productivity alike, with Kimberly Elsie Nude control forming the fundamental Kimberly Elsie Nude link between desired outcomes and actual processes. Thus employers must balance interests Kimberly Elsie Nude such as decreasing wage constraints with a maximization of labour productivity in order to achieve a prolific employment relationship.
Motivation is the third and most difficult of the factors in the Kimberly Elsie Nude employment relationship for employers to effectively manage. Employee motivation can often be in direct conflict with control mechanisms of employers, and can be Kimberly Elsie Nude broadly defined as that which energizes, directs and sustains human behaviour ( Stone, 2005, p 412). Dubin (1958, p 213) further elaborates on this, noting motivation as �something that moves a person to action, and continues him in the course Kimberly Elsie Nude of action already initiated.�
The employment relationship Kimberly Elsie Nude is thus a difficult challenge for employers to manage, as all three Kimberly Elsie Nude facets are often in direct competition with each Kimberly Elsie Nude other, with interests, control and motivation often clashing in the equally important quest Kimberly Elsie Nude for individual employee autonomy ,employer command and ultimate profits. |
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