Film is a term that encompasses Hobbit Movie Any Plans Next Harry Potter Movie individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are Hobbit Movie Any Plans cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, Hobbit Movie Any Plans which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of Hobbit Movie Any Plans communication. Some films have become popular Hobbit Movie Any Plans worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the Hobbit Movie Any Plans eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also Hobbit Movie Any Plans called film stock) had historically been the Hobbit Movie Any Plans primary Hobbit Movie Any Plans medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, Hobbit Movie Any Plans and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the Hobbit Movie Any Plans big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms Hobbit Movie Any Plans for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion Hobbit Movie Any Plans were demonstrated with devices Hobbit Movie Any Plans such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and Hobbit Movie Any Plans would display Hobbit Movie Any Plans sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a Hobbit Movie Any Plans phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � Hobbit Movie Any Plans and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the Hobbit Movie Any Plans development of celluloid Hobbit Movie Any Plans film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in Hobbit Movie Any Plans motion in Hobbit Movie Any Plans real time. Early versions The Other Boleyn Girl Movie of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper Hobbit Movie Any Plans prints attached to a drum turned by Hobbit Movie Any Plans a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Hobbit Movie Any Plans Some of these machines were coin operated. By the Hobbit Movie Any Plans 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to Hobbit Movie Any Plans be captured and stored on a single reel, Movie Forumz Link and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and Hobbit Movie Any Plans magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire Hobbit Movie Any Plans audience. These reels, Hobbit Movie Any Plans so exhibited, came to be Hobbit Movie Any Plans known as Hobbit Movie Any Plans "motion Hobbit Movie Any Plans pictures". Early motion pictures were Hobbit Movie Any Plans static shots that showed Hobbit Movie Any Plans an event or action with no editing Hobbit Movie Any Plans or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early Hobbit Movie Any Plans sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the Hobbit Movie Any Plans late 19th century, Hobbit Movie Any Plans but these innovative silent films Hobbit Movie Any Plans had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the Hobbit Movie Any Plans twentieth century, films began developing Hobbit Movie Any Plans a narrative structure by Hobbit Movie Any Plans stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes Hobbit Movie Any Plans were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray Hobbit Movie Any Plans a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in Hobbit Movie Any Plans silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full Hobbit Movie Any Plans orchestra Hobbit Movie Any Plans to Hobbit Movie Any Plans play music fitting the Hobbit Movie Any Plans mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music Hobbit Movie Any Plans for this purpose, with complete film scores being Hobbit Movie Any Plans composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an Hobbit Movie Any Plans early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, Hobbit Movie Any Plans European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. Hobbit Movie Any Plans W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, Hobbit Movie Any Plans continued to advance the Hobbit Movie Any Plans medium. Hobbit Movie Any Plans In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and Hobbit Movie Any Plans sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially Hobbit Movie Any Plans distinguished Hobbit Movie Any Plans by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in Hobbit Movie Any Plans the development of cinema was the Hobbit Movie Any Plans introduction of Hobbit Movie Any Plans so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved Hobbit Movie Any Plans making Invisible Movie it more practical and cost effective Hobbit Movie Any Plans to produce Hobbit Movie Any Plans "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation Hobbit Movie Any Plans needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War Hobbit Movie Any Plans II, as the industry in America came Hobbit Movie Any Plans to view color as Hobbit Movie Any Plans essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the Hobbit Movie Any Plans 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the Hobbit Movie Any Plans 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of Hobbit Movie Any Plans film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes Hobbit Movie Any Plans the medium Hobbit Movie Any Plans experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks Hobbit Movie Any Plans to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to Hobbit Movie Any Plans the study of film as art. It Hobbit Movie Any Plans was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Hobbit Movie Any Plans Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted Hobbit Movie Any Plans against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability Hobbit Movie Any Plans to Hobbit Movie Any Plans mechanically reproduce reality not in its Hobbit Movie Any Plans differences from reality, and Hobbit Movie Any Plans this gave rise to realist theory. More Hobbit Movie Any Plans recent analysis Hobbit Movie Any Plans spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Hobbit Movie Any Plans Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise Hobbit Movie Any Plans to psychoanalytical film Hobbit Movie Any Plans theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film Hobbit Movie Any Plans theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the Hobbit Movie Any Plans analysis and evaluation Hobbit Movie Any Plans of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film Hobbit Movie Any Plans criticism that appears regularly in Hobbit Movie Any Plans newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and Hobbit Movie Any Plans have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an Hobbit Movie Any Plans important impact Hobbit Movie Any Plans on films, especially those of certain Hobbit Movie Any Plans genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a Hobbit Movie Any Plans film that makes up the majority of any film review Hobbit Movie Any Plans can Hobbit Movie Any Plans still have an Hobbit Movie Any Plans important impact on whether people decide to see Hobbit Movie Any Plans a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor Hobbit Movie Any Plans reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable Hobbit Movie Any Plans influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Hobbit Movie Any Plans Conversely, there have been several films in Hobbit Movie Any Plans which film companies have Hobbit Movie Any Plans so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced Hobbit Movie Any Plans viewing to avoid widespread panning of Hobbit Movie Any Plans the film. However, Hobbit Movie Any Plans this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public Hobbit Movie Any Plans that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as Hobbit Movie Any Plans a result.
It is argued that journalist Hobbit Movie Any Plans film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film Hobbit Movie Any Plans critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or Hobbit Movie Any Plans sometimes in up-market magazines. They Hobbit Movie Any Plans also tend Hobbit Movie Any Plans to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film Hobbit Movie Any Plans industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Hobbit Movie Any Plans Continent to Hobbit Movie Any Plans exhibit the first films Hobbit Movie Any Plans privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local Hobbit Movie Any Plans scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe Hobbit Movie Any Plans to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion Hobbit Movie Any Plans pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed Hobbit Movie Any Plans the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and Hobbit Movie Any Plans companies formed Hobbit Movie Any Plans specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion Hobbit Movie Any Plans picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract Hobbit Movie Any Plans that called for Hobbit Movie Any Plans an Hobbit Movie Any Plans annual salary of one million Plump Movie Galleries dollars.
In the United States today, much Hobbit Movie Any Plans of Hobbit Movie Any Plans the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other Hobbit Movie Any Plans regional centers exist in many parts of the world, Hobbit Movie Any Plans such as Hobbit Movie Any Plans Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Hobbit Movie Any Plans Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should Hobbit Movie Any Plans qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation Hobbit Movie Any Plans needed] Though the expense Hobbit Movie Any Plans involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, Hobbit Movie Any Plans recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of Hobbit Movie Any Plans filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, Hobbit Movie Any Plans a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers Hobbit Movie Any Plans strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the Hobbit Movie Any Plans most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, Hobbit Movie Any Plans ostensibly based on their artistic Hobbit Movie Any Plans merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures Hobbit Movie Any Plans and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to Hobbit Movie Any Plans a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film Hobbit Movie Any Plans premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result Hobbit Movie Any Plans in recutting or Hobbit Movie Any Plans even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience Hobbit Movie Any Plans response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end Hobbit Movie Any Plans of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the Hobbit Movie Any Plans films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film Hobbit Movie Any Plans determines the Hobbit Movie Any Plans size Hobbit Movie Any Plans and Hobbit Movie Any Plans type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer Hobbit Movie Any Plans generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid Hobbit Movie Any Plans very little. Also, an open source film may Hobbit Movie Any Plans be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, Hobbit Movie Any Plans styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production Hobbit Movie Any Plans cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by Hobbit Movie Any Plans a film company, employed during the "production" or Hobbit Movie Any Plans "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, Hobbit Movie Any Plans the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices Hobbit Movie Any Plans for characters in the film. The Hobbit Movie Any Plans crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, Hobbit Movie Any Plans company representatives, their assistants, and Hobbit Movie Any Plans those whose primary Hobbit Movie Any Plans responsibility Hobbit Movie Any Plans falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Hobbit Movie Any Plans Communication between production and crew generally passes through Hobbit Movie Any Plans the Hobbit Movie Any Plans director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies Hobbit Movie Any Plans and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other Hobbit Movie Any Plans than acting, Hobbit Movie Any Plans the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, Hobbit Movie Any Plans shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), Hobbit Movie Any Plans sets, and production Hobbit Movie Any Plans special Hobbit Movie Any Plans effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of Hobbit Movie Any Plans transparent Hobbit Movie Any Plans celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of Hobbit Movie Any Plans film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Hobbit Movie Any Plans Stock widths and Hobbit Movie Any Plans the film format for images on the Hobbit Movie Any Plans reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to Hobbit Movie Any Plans theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked Hobbit Movie Any Plans cameras and projectors; Hobbit Movie Any Plans though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent Hobbit Movie Any Plans speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s Hobbit Movie Any Plans and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast Hobbit Movie Any Plans each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the Hobbit Movie Any Plans sound head. 24 frames Hobbit Movie Any Plans per Hobbit Movie Any Plans second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of Hobbit Movie Any Plans cameras Hobbit Movie Any Plans � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded Free Lesbian Erotica Movie Clips on-set to be usable Hobbit Movie Any Plans without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the Hobbit Movie Any Plans development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its Hobbit Movie Any Plans corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded Hobbit Movie Any Plans separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts Hobbit Movie Any Plans of the soundtrack are Lesbian Movie Free usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, Hobbit Movie Any Plans film Hobbit Movie Any Plans is not Hobbit Movie Any Plans limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It Hobbit Movie Any Plans can be used to present a progressive Hobbit Movie Any Plans sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often Hobbit Movie Any Plans has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save Hobbit Movie Any Plans color Hobbit Movie Any Plans films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of Hobbit Movie Any Plans the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their Hobbit Movie Any Plans continued obsolescence cycle makes Hobbit Movie Any Plans them (as of 2006) a poor choice Hobbit Movie Any Plans for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying Hobbit Movie Any Plans film stock is a Hobbit Movie Any Plans matter of concern to both film historians Hobbit Movie Any Plans and archivists, and to companies Hobbit Movie Any Plans interested in Hobbit Movie Any Plans preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white Hobbit Movie Any Plans films on Hobbit Movie Any Plans safety bases and color films preserved Hobbit Movie Any Plans on Technicolor imbibition prints tend Free Cumshot Movie Gallery to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to Hobbit Movie Any Plans that used in television Hobbit Movie Any Plans production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground Hobbit Movie Any Plans as Hobbit Movie Any Plans well. These approaches are extremely beneficial She Hulk Movie to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without Hobbit Movie Any Plans waiting for the film stock to be Hobbit Movie Any Plans processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Hobbit Movie Any Plans Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed Hobbit Movie Any Plans to the Hobbit Movie Any Plans growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the Hobbit Movie Any Plans films put out by Warner Hobbit Movie Any Plans Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the Hobbit Movie Any Plans opportunity to get a The First Transformers Movie Released job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films Hobbit Movie Any Plans with unknown actors, particularly Hobbit Movie Any Plans in lead roles.
Before the Hobbit Movie Any Plans The Nightmare Before Christmas Movie advent of digital Hobbit Movie Any Plans alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to Hobbit Movie Any Plans being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The Hobbit Movie Any Plans cost of Hobbit Movie Any Plans 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 Hobbit Movie Any Plans alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of Hobbit Movie Any Plans consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, Hobbit Movie Any Plans the arrival of Hobbit Movie Any Plans high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology Hobbit Movie Any Plans barrier to Hobbit Movie Any Plans movie production Hobbit Movie Any Plans significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the Hobbit Movie Any Plans hardware and software for post-production can be Hobbit Movie Any Plans installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such Hobbit Movie Any Plans as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and Hobbit Movie Any Plans iMovie Hobbit Movie Any Plans make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit Hobbit Movie Any Plans the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be Hobbit Movie Any Plans democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh Hobbit Movie Any Plans has further changed the film making landscape in ways that Hobbit Movie Any Plans are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through Hobbit Movie Any Plans open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction Hobbit Movie Any Plans or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or Hobbit Movie Any Plans other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by Hobbit Movie Any Plans a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the Hobbit Movie Any Plans source's Hobbit Movie Any Plans copyright Hobbit Movie Any Plans holders or Hobbit Movie Any Plans creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as Hobbit Movie Any Plans demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to Hobbit Movie Any Plans rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the Hobbit Movie Any Plans technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together Hobbit Movie Any Plans and the resulting film is Hobbit Movie Any Plans viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there Hobbit Movie Any Plans is an illusion of Hobbit Movie Any Plans continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to Hobbit Movie Any Plans be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to Hobbit Movie Any Plans produce, the majority of animation for TV Hobbit Movie Any Plans and movies Hobbit Movie Any Plans comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced Hobbit Movie Any Plans by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Hobbit Movie Any Plans Several independent animation producers have gone on to Hobbit Movie Any Plans enter the professional Hobbit Movie Any Plans animation industry.
Limited animation is a way Hobbit Movie Any Plans of Hobbit Movie Any Plans increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and Hobbit Movie Any Plans popularized by Hanna-Barbera, Hobbit Movie Any Plans and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation Hobbit Movie Any Plans studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Hobbit Movie Any Plans Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto Hobbit Movie Any Plans pieces of film, and then run Hobbit Movie Any Plans through a Hobbit Movie Any Plans projector.
Venues
When it Hobbit Movie Any Plans is initially produced, a Hobbit Movie Any Plans feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. Hobbit Movie Any Plans The Hobbit Movie Any Plans first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing Hobbit Movie Any Plans facilities within Hobbit Movie Any Plans a few Hobbit Movie Any Plans years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the Hobbit Movie Any Plans featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality Hobbit Movie Any Plans "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the Hobbit Movie Any Plans gross Hobbit Movie Any Plans receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming Hobbit Movie Any Plans movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. Movie Myspace Layouts The development of television has allowed Hobbit Movie Any Plans films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or Hobbit Movie Any Plans buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats Hobbit Movie Any Plans of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Hobbit Movie Any Plans Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film Hobbit Movie Any Plans companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are Hobbit Movie Any Plans often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that Hobbit Movie Any Plans are rejected by their own studios upon completion Hobbit Movie Any Plans are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket Hobbit Movie Any Plans sales to the movie studio, as Hobbit Movie Any Plans film rental fees.[6] Hobbit Movie Any Plans The actual percentage starts with a number higher Hobbit Movie Any Plans than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that Firewall Movie most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few Hobbit Movie Any Plans theaters and actually grow Hobbit Movie Any Plans their theater count Hobbit Movie Any Plans through Hobbit Movie Any Plans good word-of-mouth and reviews. According Hobbit Movie Any Plans to Hobbit Movie Any Plans a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hobbit Movie Any Plans Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came Hobbit Movie Any Plans from Hobbit Movie Any Plans VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television Hobbit Movie Any Plans became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise Hobbit Movie Any Plans of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's Hobbit Movie Any Plans increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of Hobbit Movie Any Plans color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development Hobbit Movie Any Plans of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD Hobbit Movie Any Plans or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual Hobbit Movie Any Plans that in Hobbit Movie Any Plans the past only Hobbit Movie Any Plans local cinemas had been able Hobbit Movie Any Plans to provide: a large, Hobbit Movie Any Plans clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once Hobbit Movie Any Plans again Hobbit Movie Any Plans industry analysts Hobbit Movie Any Plans predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing Susan George Movie Stills in the 2000s and Hobbit Movie Any Plans moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters Hobbit Movie Any Plans a reprieve from their predicted Hobbit Movie Any Plans demise.
The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video playback Hobbit Movie Any Plans at near cinema quality. Video formats Hobbit Movie Any Plans are gradually catching up with Hobbit Movie Any Plans the resolutions Hobbit |
