Film is a term Plump Movie Galleries that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an Plump Movie Galleries art form, and Plump Movie Galleries the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world Plump Movie Galleries with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques Plump Movie Galleries or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, Plump Movie Galleries which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Plump Movie Galleries Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal Plump Movie Galleries power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions Plump Movie Galleries by using Plump Movie Galleries dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images Plump Movie Galleries are shown Plump Movie Galleries rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for Plump Movie Galleries an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the Plump Movie Galleries cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and Plump Movie Galleries the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at Plump Movie Galleries sufficient speed for Plump Movie Galleries the images on the pictures Plump Movie Galleries to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence Plump Movie Galleries of vision. Naturally, the images needed to Plump Movie Galleries be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle Plump Movie Galleries became the basis for the Plump Movie Galleries development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's Plump Movie Galleries earliest film, by Louis Plump Movie Galleries Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of Plump Movie Galleries the Plump Movie Galleries technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures Plump Movie Galleries which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at Plump Movie Galleries a variable speed Plump Movie Galleries of Plump Movie Galleries about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank Plump Movie Galleries was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development Plump Movie Galleries of the motion Plump Movie Galleries picture camera allowed the Plump Movie Galleries individual component images to Plump Movie Galleries be captured and stored on a single reel, and led Plump Movie Galleries quickly Plump Movie Galleries to the development of a motion picture projector to Desktop Movie Wallpaper shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed Plump Movie Galleries an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure Plump Movie Galleries by Plump Movie Galleries stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways Plump Movie Galleries to portray a story on film. Rather Plump Movie Galleries than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood Plump Movie Galleries of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot Plump Movie Galleries from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans Plump Movie Galleries la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. Plump Movie Galleries W. Murnau, Plump Movie Galleries and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. Plump Movie Galleries W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, Plump Movie Galleries new technology allowed Plump Movie Galleries filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound Plump Movie Galleries effects synchronized with the action on the Plump Movie Galleries screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling Plump Movie Galleries them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While Plump Movie Galleries the addition Plump Movie Galleries of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color Plump Movie Galleries was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural Plump Movie Galleries color" films. The public was relatively Plump Movie Galleries indifferent to color photography as opposed Plump Movie Galleries to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as Plump Movie Galleries black-and-white film, more and more movies Plump Movie Galleries were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as Plump Movie Galleries essential to attracting audiences in Plump Movie Galleries its competition with television, which remained Plump Movie Galleries a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise Plump Movie Galleries of film school educated independent filmmakers were all Plump Movie Galleries part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s Plump Movie Galleries and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film Plump Movie Galleries as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth Plump Movie Galleries of the Sixth Scary Movie Script Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, Plump Movie Galleries emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic Plump Movie Galleries essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its Plump Movie Galleries differences from reality, and Plump Movie Galleries this gave rise to realist Plump Movie Galleries theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has Plump Movie Galleries given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, Plump Movie Galleries feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and Plump Movie Galleries evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly Plump Movie Galleries in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, Plump Movie Galleries magazines, and broadcast media Plump Movie Galleries mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed Plump Movie Galleries action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary Plump Movie Galleries and description of Plump Movie Galleries a film that makes up Plump Movie Galleries the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. Plump Movie Galleries For Plump Movie Galleries prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a Plump Movie Galleries matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is Plump Movie Galleries argued that journalist film critics should only be known Plump Movie Galleries as film reviewers, and true film critics are those Plump Movie Galleries who take a more academic approach to films. This line of Plump Movie Galleries work is more often Plump Movie Galleries known as film theory or film studies. These film Plump Movie Galleries critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, Plump Movie Galleries and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their Plump Movie Galleries articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Plump Movie Galleries Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source Plump Movie Galleries of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Plump Movie Galleries Upon seeing Plump Movie Galleries how Plump Movie Galleries successful Plump Movie Galleries their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first Plump Movie Galleries commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, Plump Movie Galleries and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed Plump Movie Galleries specifically to produce and Plump Movie Galleries distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one Plump Movie Galleries million Plump Movie Galleries dollars.
In the United States today, Plump Movie Galleries much Plump Movie Galleries of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces Plump Movie Galleries the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten Plump Movie Galleries thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify Plump Movie Galleries for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of Plump Movie Galleries movie Plump Movie Galleries studios, recent advances in affordable film Plump Movie Galleries making equipment have allowed Plump Movie Galleries independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force Plump Movie Galleries in Plump Movie Galleries the industry, due to Plump Movie Galleries the costly and risky Plump Movie Galleries nature of filmmaking; many films Plump Movie Galleries have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers Plump Movie Galleries strive to create works of Plump Movie Galleries lasting social significance. Plump Movie Galleries The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made Plump Movie Galleries in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for Plump Movie Galleries the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience Plump Movie Galleries response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, Plump Movie Galleries on Plump Movie Galleries whose screen they are Plump Movie Galleries shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been Plump Movie Galleries shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but Movie Screensavers the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film Plump Movie Galleries determines the size and type of Plump Movie Galleries crew Plump Movie Galleries required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer Plump Movie Galleries generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and Plump Movie Galleries compositors. However, a Plump Movie Galleries low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through Plump Movie Galleries open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world Plump Movie Galleries using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored Plump Movie Galleries documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American Plump Movie Galleries studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. Plump Movie Galleries The Plump Movie Galleries second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, Plump Movie Galleries employed during the Plump Movie Galleries "production" or Plump Movie Galleries "photography" Movie Sahara phase, Plump Movie Galleries for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the Plump Movie Galleries film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those Plump Movie Galleries whose primary responsibility falls Plump Movie Galleries in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her Plump Movie Galleries staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the Plump Movie Galleries departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in Plump Movie Galleries the photography phase: props and costumes, Plump Movie Galleries shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers Plump Movie Galleries (known in the film industry as Plump Movie Galleries "craft services") are usually not considered part Plump Movie Galleries of the crew.
Technology
Film stock Plump Movie Galleries consists of transparent Plump Movie Galleries celluloid, acetate, or polyester Plump Movie Galleries base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate Plump Movie Galleries was the first type of film base used Plump Movie Galleries to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a Plump Movie Galleries rich Plump Movie Galleries history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm Plump Movie Galleries prints.
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Originally moving picture film Plump Movie Galleries was Plump Movie Galleries shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked Plump Movie Galleries cameras Plump Movie Galleries and projectors; Plump Movie Galleries though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research Plump Movie Galleries indicates most films Plump Movie Galleries were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required Plump Movie Galleries for the Plump Movie Galleries sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen Plump Movie Galleries because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed Plump Movie Galleries for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record Species The Movie at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to Plump Movie Galleries Next Harry Potter Movie be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks The Other Boleyn Girl Movie and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized Plump Movie Galleries sound, allowing sound to be recorded at Plump Movie Galleries exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from Plump Movie Galleries shooting the film, but for Plump Movie Galleries live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology Plump Movie Galleries developed as the basis for Plump Movie Galleries photography. It can Plump Movie Galleries be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also Plump Movie Galleries been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance Plump Movie Galleries as primary historical Plump Movie Galleries documentation. However, historic films have Plump Movie Galleries problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture Plump Movie Galleries industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the Plump Movie Galleries use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially Plump Movie Galleries a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been Plump Movie Galleries used to restore Plump Movie Galleries films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Plump Movie Galleries Film preservation of decaying Plump Movie Galleries film stock is a matter of Plump Movie Galleries concern to Plump Movie Galleries both film historians Plump Movie Galleries and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing Plump Movie Galleries products in order Plump Movie Galleries to make them available to Plump Movie Galleries future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip Plump Movie Galleries color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color Plump Movie Galleries films preserved on Technicolor Plump Movie Galleries imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some Plump Movie Galleries films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to Plump Movie Galleries that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because Plump Movie Galleries footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Plump Movie Galleries Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most Plump Movie Galleries major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, Plump Movie Galleries or other major studio systems. Plump Movie Galleries An independent Plump Movie Galleries film (or indie film) Plump Movie Galleries is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from Plump Movie Galleries a major Plump Movie Galleries movie studio. Creative, business, and Plump Movie Galleries technological reasons Plump Movie Galleries have Plump Movie Galleries all contributed to the Plump Movie Galleries growth of the indie film scene in the Plump Movie Galleries late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were Plump Movie Galleries joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is Plump Movie Galleries almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a Plump Movie Galleries big-budget studio film unless Plump Movie Galleries he or Plump Movie Galleries she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with Plump Movie Galleries unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in Plump Movie Galleries a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing Plump Movie Galleries inflation: in Plump Movie Galleries Movie Forumz Link 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent Plump Movie Galleries of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology Plump Movie Galleries barrier to movie Plump Movie Galleries production significantly. Both production and post-production costs Plump Movie Galleries have been significantly lowered; today, Plump Movie Galleries the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level Plump Movie Galleries software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie Plump Movie Galleries make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, Plump Movie Galleries the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably Plump Movie Galleries shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the Plump Movie Galleries sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be Plump Movie Galleries democratized, financing, distribution, Plump Movie Galleries and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely Plump Movie Galleries on film Plump Movie Galleries festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that Plump Movie Galleries are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license Plump Movie Galleries which is permissive enough to Plump Movie Galleries allow other parties to create fan fiction Plump Movie Galleries or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place Plump Movie Galleries outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been Plump Movie Galleries amateurs, but Plump Movie Galleries some of Plump Movie Galleries the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in Plump Movie Galleries length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small Plump Movie Galleries changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result Plump Movie Galleries with a Plump Movie Galleries special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement Plump Movie Galleries (due to the persistence of vision). Generating Plump Movie Galleries such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development Plump Movie Galleries of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have Plump Movie Galleries gone on to enter the professional Plump Movie Galleries animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using Plump Movie Galleries "short cuts" Plump Movie Galleries in the animation process. This method was Plump Movie Galleries pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and Plump Movie Galleries adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now Plump Movie Galleries using digital technologies in Plump Movie Galleries their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless Plump Movie Galleries animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Plump Movie Galleries Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn Plump Movie Galleries directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is Plump Movie Galleries initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema Plump Movie Galleries opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Plump Movie Galleries in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities Plump Movie Galleries within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters Plump Movie Galleries came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one Plump Movie Galleries film is Invisible Movie the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high Plump Movie Galleries quality "A Plump Movie Galleries picture" rented by an independent theater Plump Movie Galleries for Plump Movie Galleries a lump sum, and Plump Movie Galleries a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of Plump Movie Galleries the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for Plump Movie Galleries upcoming movies and Plump Movie Galleries paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be Plump Movie Galleries broadcast to Plump Movie Galleries larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer Plump Movie Galleries being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of Plump Movie Galleries films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision Plump Movie Galleries � see also videodisc), and Plump Movie Galleries Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue Plump Movie Galleries sources for the film companies. Some films are Plump Movie Galleries now made Plump Movie Galleries specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these Plump Movie Galleries films are often Plump Movie Galleries considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some Plump Movie Galleries films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these Plump Movie Galleries markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% Plump Movie Galleries of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with Plump Movie Galleries a number higher than that, Plump Movie Galleries and Plump Movie Galleries decreases as Plump Movie Galleries the duration of a film's showing continues, Plump Movie Galleries as an Plump Movie Galleries incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's Plump Movie Galleries barrage of highly Plump Movie Galleries marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a Plump Movie Galleries few theaters Plump Movie Galleries and actually grow Plump Movie Galleries their theater count through good word-of-mouth Plump Movie Galleries and Plump Movie Galleries reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television Plump Movie Galleries (broadcast, Plump Movie Galleries cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture Plump Movie Galleries films have been around Plump Movie Galleries for more than a century, film is still Plump Movie Galleries a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the Plump Movie Galleries demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture Plump Movie Galleries cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, Plump Movie Galleries industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death Plump Movie Galleries of Plump Movie Galleries the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification Plump Movie Galleries systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma Plump Movie Galleries screens enabled people to select Plump Movie Galleries and view films at home Plump Movie Galleries with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These Plump Movie Galleries new technologies provided audio and visual Plump Movie Galleries that in the Plump Movie Galleries past only local cinemas had been Plump Movie Galleries able to Plump Movie Galleries provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Plump Movie Galleries Once again Plump Movie Galleries industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be Plump Movie Galleries changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite Plump Movie Galleries or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their Plump Movie Galleries predicted demise.
The cinema now Plump Movie Galleries faces a new challenge from Plump Movie Galleries home Plump Movie Galleries video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full Plump Movie Galleries HD Plump Movie Galleries 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. Plump Movie Galleries Video formats are Plump Movie Galleries gradually catching up with the resolutions Plump Movie Galleries and quality Plump Movie Galleries that Plump Movie Galleries film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of Plump Movie Galleries 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD Plump Movie Galleries offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the Plump Movie Galleries first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are Plump Movie Galleries 2485?2970 Plump Movie Galleries or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film Plump Movie Galleries resolutions. The only viable competitor Plump Movie Galleries to Plump Movie Galleries these new innovations is Plump Movie Galleries IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite Plump Movie Galleries the rise of all new technologies, the development of the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record Plump Movie Galleries year in film that showed the highest ever box-office Plump Movie Galleries grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a Plump Movie Galleries result Plump Movie Galleries of |
