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Film is Susan George Movie Stills a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the Susan George Movie Stills field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by Susan George Movie Stills recording images from the Susan George Movie Stills world with cameras, Susan George Movie Stills or by creating images using animation

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techniques or special effects. Films Susan George Movie Stills are cultural Susan George Movie Stills artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, Susan George Movie Stills and, in turn, Susan George Movie Stills affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives Susan George Movie Stills motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions Susan George Movie Stills by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue. Traditional films are made up of a series Susan George Movie Stills of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in Susan George Movie Stills succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a Susan George Movie Stills The Susan George Movie Stills origin of the

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name "film" comes from the Susan George Movie Stills fact Susan George Movie Stills that photographic Susan George Movie Stills film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the

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field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, Susan George Movie Stills mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion Susan George Movie Stills were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of Susan George Movie Stills simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences Susan George Movie Stills of Susan George Movie Stills still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence Susan George Movie Stills of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle Susan George Movie Stills became the basis for the development of Susan George Movie Stills film animation. A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, Susan George Movie Stills the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888 With the development of celluloid film for Susan George Movie Stills still

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photography, it became possible to directly

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capture objects Susan George Movie Stills in motion in real time. Early versions of the Susan George Movie Stills technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The Susan George Movie Stills pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Susan George Movie Stills Some of these machines Susan George Movie Stills were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of Susan George Movie Stills the motion picture camera allowed the Susan George Movie Stills individual component images to be captured and stored Susan George Movie Stills on a single reel, and led

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quickly to the development of a motion Susan George Movie Stills picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and Susan George Movie Stills magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static Susan George Movie Stills shots that showed Susan George Movie Stills an event Susan George Movie Stills or action with no editing Susan George Movie Stills or other cinematic techniques. Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), Susan George Movie Stills commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these

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innovative silent films Susan George Movie Stills had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around

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the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes Susan George Movie Stills together to tell narratives. The scenes

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were later broken up into multiple shots of Susan George Movie Stills varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such Susan George Movie Stills as camera movement were realized as effective ways Susan George Movie Stills to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a Susan George Movie Stills pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the Susan George Movie Stills mood of the film at any Susan George Movie Stills given moment. Susan George Movie Stills By the early 1920s, Susan George Movie Stills most films came with Susan George Movie Stills a Susan George Movie Stills prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions. A shot from Georges Susan George Movie Stills Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), Susan George Movie Stills an early narrative film. The rise of European cinema Susan George Movie Stills was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while Susan George Movie Stills the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such Susan George Movie Stills as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, Susan George Movie Stills along with American Susan George Movie Stills innovator D. Susan George Movie Stills W. Griffith and Susan George Movie Stills the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Susan George Movie Stills Buster Keaton and others, Susan George Movie Stills continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen.

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These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies. The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called Susan George Movie Stills "natural" color. While the addition Susan George Movie Stills of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was Susan George Movie Stills adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to Susan George Movie Stills black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as Susan George Movie Stills black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which Susan George Movie Stills remained a black-and-white Susan George Movie Stills medium until the mid-1960s. By the

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end of the 1960s, col Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the Susan George Movie Stills production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and Susan George Movie Stills the rise of film school educated Susan George Movie Stills independent filmmakers were all part Susan George Movie Stills of the changes the medium experienced in the latter Susan George Movie Stills half of the 20th century. Digital Susan George Movie Stills technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century. Theory Main article: Film Susan George Movie Stills theory Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the Susan George Movie Stills study of film as art. It Susan George Movie Stills was started by Invisible Movie Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, Susan George Movie Stills led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine Susan George Movie Stills art.

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Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic Susan George Movie Stills essence lay in its ability to mechanically Susan George Movie Stills reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Susan George Movie Stills Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other Susan George Movie Stills things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others. Criticism Main article: Film criticism Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of Susan George Movie Stills films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film Susan George Movie Stills scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media. Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see Susan George Movie Stills any given film once and have only a Susan George Movie Stills day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially Susan George Movie Stills those of certain Susan George Movie Stills genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy Susan George Movie Stills films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The Susan George Movie Stills plot Susan George Movie Stills summary and description of a film that makes Susan George Movie Stills up the Susan George Movie Stills majority of any film review can still Plump Movie Galleries have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely Susan George Movie Stills important. Poor reviews will often Susan George Movie Stills doom a film to Susan George Movie Stills obscurity and financial loss. The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is Susan George Movie Stills a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure Susan George Movie Stills of

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some heavily-promoted movies which were Susan George Movie Stills harshly reviewed, as well as the Susan George Movie Stills unexpected

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success of critically praised Susan George Movie Stills independent movies Susan George Movie Stills indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they Susan George Movie Stills refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the Free Lesbian Erotica Movie Clips public that Susan George Movie Stills the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result. It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are Susan George Movie Stills those who take a more academic approach to films. Susan George Movie Stills This line of work is more often known Susan George Movie Stills as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come Susan George Movie Stills to understand how film and Susan George Movie Stills filming techniques work, and what effect

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they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities. Industry Main article: Film industry The making and showing of motion pictures became Susan George Movie Stills a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new Susan George Movie Stills invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about Susan George Movie Stills touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty Susan George Movie Stills and publicly Susan George Movie Stills to the masses.

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In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes Susan George Movie Stills to their catalogue and, Susan George Movie Stills quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Susan George Movie Stills Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion Lesbian Movie Free pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville Susan George Movie Stills world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce Susan George Movie Stills and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their Susan George Movie Stills performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million Susan George Movie Stills dollars. In the United Susan George Movie Stills States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such Susan George Movie Stills as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of Susan George Movie Stills films in Susan George Movie Stills the world.[1] Whether the Susan George Movie Stills ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced Susan George Movie Stills by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this Susan George Movie Stills title is the source of some Susan George Movie Stills debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production Susan George Movie Stills to

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concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment Susan George Movie Stills have allowed independent film productions to flourish. Profit is a key force Susan George Movie Stills in Susan George Movie Stills the industry, due to the Susan George Movie Stills costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost Susan George Movie Stills overruns, a notorious

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example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many Susan George Movie Stills filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most Susan George Movie Stills prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly

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based on their artistic merits. There is Susan George Movie Stills also Susan George Movie Stills a large industry for educational and instructional Susan George Movie Stills films made in Susan George Movie Stills lieu of or in addition Susan George Movie Stills to lectures and texts. Preview A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.) Trailer Main article: Trailer Susan George Movie Stills (film) Trailers Susan George Movie Stills or previews are film advertisements for Susan George Movie Stills films that will be exhibited in Susan George Movie Stills the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at Susan George Movie Stills the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or Susan George Movie Stills Free Cumshot Movie Gallery the A Susan George Movie Stills movie in

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a double feature program) Susan George Movie Stills begins. The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, Susan George Movie Stills a Susan George Movie Stills low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often Susan George Movie Stills paid very little. Also, Susan George Movie Stills an open source film Susan George Movie Stills may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking Susan George Movie Stills takes place all over the world Susan George Movie Stills using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced Susan George Movie Stills in a variety of economic Susan George Movie Stills contexts that Susan George Movie Stills range Susan George Movie Stills from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio Susan George Movie Stills system. This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up Susan George Movie Stills with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production Susan George Movie Stills and distribution. Crew Main article:

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Film crew A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company,

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employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing Susan George Movie Stills a film Susan George Movie Stills or motion picture. Susan George Movie Stills Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who She Hulk Movie appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose Susan George Movie Stills primary responsibility falls in pre-production Susan George Movie Stills or post-production phases, such as Susan George Movie Stills writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into

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departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction Susan George Movie Stills and Susan George Movie Stills cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, Susan George Movie Stills the crew handles everything in the photography phase: Susan George Movie Stills props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers Susan George Movie Stills (known in the film industry as "craft Susan George Movie Stills services") are usually not

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considered part of the Susan George Movie Stills crew. Technology Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, Susan George Movie Stills acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base Susan George Movie Stills used to record motion pictures, but due Susan George Movie Stills to its flammability was Susan George Movie Stills eventually Susan George Movie Stills replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large Susan George Movie Stills commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as

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35 mm

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prints. Originally moving picture

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film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research Susan George Movie Stills indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s Susan George Movie Stills on up (often reels included instructions Susan George Movie Stills on how fast each scene should Susan George Movie Stills be shown) [1]. When Susan George Movie Stills sound film was introduced in the late Susan George Movie Stills 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the Susan George Movie Stills late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them Susan George Movie Stills to record at a consistent Susan George Movie Stills speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable Susan George Movie Stills without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing Susan George Movie Stills directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded

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separately from shooting the Susan George Movie Stills film, Susan George Movie Stills but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously. As Susan George Movie Stills a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to Susan George Movie Stills present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a Susan George Movie Stills slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore Susan George Movie Stills films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter Susan George Movie Stills of Susan George Movie Stills concern to both film historians and archivists, Susan George Movie Stills and to companies interested in preserving

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their existing products in order to Susan George Movie Stills make Susan George Movie Stills them available to future Susan George Movie Stills generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally Susan George Movie Stills a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and Susan George Movie Stills color films Susan George Movie Stills preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep Susan George Movie Stills up much better, assuming proper handling and storage. Some films Susan George Movie Stills in recent decades have been recorded

Susan George Movie Stills

using analog video technology similar Susan George Movie Stills to that used

Susan George Movie Stills

in Susan George Movie Stills television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital Susan George Movie Stills projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can The First Transformers Movie Released be evaluated and edited Susan George Movie Stills without waiting for the Susan George Movie Stills film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film. Independent Main article: Independent film The Lumiere Brothers Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of

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Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing Susan George Movie Stills or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and Susan George Movie Stills technological reasons have all contributed Susan George Movie Stills to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century. On

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the business side, the costs of big-budget Susan George Movie Stills studio films Susan George Movie Stills also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a Susan George Movie Stills trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by The Nightmare Before Christmas Movie Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the Susan George Movie Stills opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles. Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The

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cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2]. But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival Susan George Movie Stills of high-resolution digital video in the Susan George Movie Stills early 1990s, Susan George Movie Stills have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production Susan George Movie Stills and post-production Susan George Movie Stills costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for Susan George Movie Stills post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Susan George Movie Stills Apple's Final Cut Pro, and Susan George Movie Stills consumer level software such as Apple's Susan George Movie Stills Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively

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inexpensive. Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and Susan George Movie Stills edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on Susan George Movie Stills a home computer. However, while the Susan George Movie Stills means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish Susan George Movie Stills outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their Susan George Movie Stills films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined. Open content film Main article: Open content film An open content film

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is much Susan George Movie Stills like an independent Susan George Movie Stills film, Susan George Movie Stills but it is produced through open Susan George Movie Stills collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Susan George Movie Stills Like independent

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filmmaking, Susan George Movie Stills open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. Fan film Main article: Susan George Movie Stills Fan film A fan film is a film or Susan George Movie Stills video inspired by a film, television Susan George Movie Stills program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather Susan George Movie Stills than Susan George Movie Stills by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan Susan George Movie Stills filmmakers have traditionally been Susan George Movie Stills amateurs, but some of Susan George Movie Stills the more notable Susan George Movie Stills films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously Susan George Movie Stills in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated Susan George Movie Stills as a computer graphic, or

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by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model Susan George Movie Stills unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. Susan George Movie Stills When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed Susan George Movie Stills at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due Susan George Movie Stills to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though Susan George Movie Stills the Susan George Movie Stills development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process. File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over Susan George Movie Stills the Internet. Because animation is very time-consuming and

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often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed Movie Myspace Layouts at least since the 1950s, Susan George Movie Stills with animation being produced by independent studios

Susan George Movie Stills

(and sometimes by a single person). Several independent Susan George Movie Stills animation producers have Susan George Movie Stills gone on to enter the professional animation industry. Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method Susan George Movie Stills was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3] Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies Susan George Movie Stills in their productions, there Susan George Movie Stills is Susan George Movie Stills a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, Susan George Movie Stills made famous by moviemakers like Norman Susan George Movie Stills McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a Susan George Movie Stills projector. Venues When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first

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theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Susan George Movie Stills Thousands of such theaters were Susan George Movie Stills built or converted from existing facilities within a

Susan George Movie Stills

few years.[5] In Susan George Movie Stills the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents). Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for

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a lump sum, and a "B picture" of Susan George Movie Stills lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming Susan George Movie Stills movies and paid advertisements

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(also known as trailers or "The Twenty"). Historically, all Susan George Movie Stills mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in

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movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to Susan George Movie Stills be Susan George Movie Stills broadcast to Susan George Movie Stills larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD Susan George Movie Stills and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet Susan George Movie Stills downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films Susan George Movie Stills are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical Susan George Movie Stills releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets. The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film Susan George Movie Stills rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing

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continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few

Susan George Movie Stills

movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few Susan George Movie Stills theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6] Future Susan George Movie Stills state While motion picture films have been around for more than Susan George Movie Stills a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Susan George Movie Stills development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of Susan George Movie Stills the local cinemas. In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital Susan George Movie Stills DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and Firewall Movie subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma Susan George Movie Stills screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual Susan George Movie Stills reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in Susan George Movie Stills the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker