Film is a Movie Forumz Link term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using Movie Forumz Link animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific Movie Forumz Link cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment Movie Forumz Link and a powerful method Movie Forumz Link for educating � or Movie Forumz Link indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or Movie Forumz Link subtitles Movie Forumz Link that Movie Forumz Link translate the Movie Forumz Link dialogue.
Traditional films are Movie Forumz Link made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images Movie Forumz Link are shown rapidly in succession, Movie Forumz Link a viewer has Movie Forumz Link the illusion that Movie Forumz Link motion Movie Forumz Link is occurring. The Movie Forumz Link viewer cannot see the Movie Forumz Link flickering Movie Forumz Link between Movie Forumz Link frames due to an Movie Forumz Link effect known as persistence of vision, Movie Forumz Link whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that Movie Forumz Link photographic Movie Forumz Link film (also called film stock) Movie Forumz Link had historically been the Movie Forumz Link primary medium Movie Forumz Link for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in Movie Forumz Link general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images Movie Forumz Link in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the Movie Forumz Link praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical Movie Forumz Link devices (such Movie Forumz Link as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures Movie Forumz Link to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and Movie Forumz Link the underlying principle Movie Forumz Link became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid Movie Forumz Link film for still photography, it became Movie Forumz Link possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see Movie Forumz Link the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed Movie Forumz Link of about 5 to Movie Forumz Link 10 Movie Forumz Link pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of Movie Forumz Link these machines were coin operated. By Movie Forumz Link the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine Movie Forumz Link light through the processed and Movie Forumz Link printed film and magnify these "moving picture Movie Forumz Link shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as Movie Forumz Link "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were Movie Forumz Link static shots that showed an event or Movie Forumz Link action Movie Forumz Link with no editing or other Movie Forumz Link cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early Internet Adult Movie Database sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th Movie Forumz Link century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public Movie Forumz Link imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater Movie Forumz Link owners would hire a pianist or Movie Forumz Link organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the Movie Forumz Link mood of the film at Movie Forumz Link any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this Movie Forumz Link purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Movie Forumz Link Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However Movie Forumz Link in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Movie Forumz Link Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the Movie Forumz Link contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In Movie Forumz Link the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film Movie Forumz Link a soundtrack of speech, music and Movie Forumz Link sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next Movie Forumz Link major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called Movie Forumz Link "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was Movie Forumz Link adopted more Movie Forumz Link gradually Movie Forumz Link as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to Movie Forumz Link color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved Movie Forumz Link and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more Movie Forumz Link and more movies Movie Forumz Link were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the Movie Forumz Link decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding Movie Forumz Link decades saw changes in the production and Movie Forumz Link style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the Movie Forumz Link rise of film school educated Movie Forumz Link independent filmmakers were all part of the changes Movie Forumz Link the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been Movie Forumz Link the driving force Movie Forumz Link in change Movie Forumz Link throughout the 1990s and into the 21st Movie Forumz Link century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop Movie Forumz Link concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study Movie Forumz Link of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, Movie Forumz Link led by Rudolf Movie Forumz Link Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how Movie Forumz Link film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Movie Forumz Link Andre Bazin Movie Forumz Link reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in Movie Forumz Link its differences from reality, and this gave Movie Forumz Link rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other Movie Forumz Link things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, Movie Forumz Link structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation Movie Forumz Link of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and Movie Forumz Link Movie Effects journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate Movie Forumz Link opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a Movie Forumz Link critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a Movie Forumz Link film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films Movie Forumz Link such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor Movie Forumz Link reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and Movie Forumz Link financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box Movie Forumz Link office performance is a matter of debate. Movie Forumz Link Some Movie Forumz Link claim that Movie Forumz Link movie marketing Movie Forumz Link is now so intense and Movie Forumz Link well financed that Movie Forumz Link reviewers cannot make an impact Movie Forumz Link against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of Movie Forumz Link some heavily-promoted movies which Movie Forumz Link were harshly reviewed, Movie Forumz Link as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have Movie Forumz Link considerable influence. Others note that Desktop Movie Wallpaper positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest Movie Forumz Link in little-known films. Conversely, there have Movie Forumz Link been several films in which film companies Movie Forumz Link have Movie Forumz Link so little confidence Movie Forumz Link that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing Movie Forumz Link to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often Movie Forumz Link do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known Movie Forumz Link as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory Movie Forumz Link or film studies. Movie Forumz Link These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, Movie Forumz Link and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers Movie Forumz Link or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in Movie Forumz Link up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film Movie Forumz Link industry
The making and showing of motion pictures Movie Forumz Link became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing Movie Forumz Link how successful their new invention, and Movie Forumz Link its product, was Movie Forumz Link in Movie Forumz Link their Movie Forumz Link native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add Movie Forumz Link new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in Movie Forumz Link the various countries of Europe to buy their Movie Forumz Link equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Movie Forumz Link Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures Movie Forumz Link became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that Movie Forumz Link called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Movie Forumz Link Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry Movie Forumz Link should qualify for Movie Forumz Link this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense Movie Forumz Link involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of Movie Forumz Link movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment Movie Forumz Link have allowed independent film productions Movie Forumz Link to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost Movie Forumz Link overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet Movie Forumz Link many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known Movie Forumz Link as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United Movie Forumz Link States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There Movie Forumz Link is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu Movie Forumz Link of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of Movie Forumz Link corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, Movie Forumz Link may result in recutting or even Movie Forumz Link refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited Movie Forumz Link in the future at a cinema, on whose screen Movie Forumz Link they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from Movie Forumz Link their having originally been shown at the Movie Forumz Link end of a film programme. Movie Forumz Link That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to Movie Forumz Link leave the theater after the films ended, Movie Forumz Link but the name has stuck. Trailers Movie Forumz Link are now shown before the film (or the A movie in Movie Forumz Link a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films Movie Forumz Link need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, Movie Forumz Link rotoscopers and compositors. However, a Movie Forumz Link low-budget, Movie Forumz Link independent Movie Forumz Link film may be Movie Forumz Link made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different Movie Forumz Link technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, Movie Forumz Link post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed Movie Forumz Link during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are Movie Forumz Link distinguished from cast, the actors who appear Movie Forumz Link in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with Movie Forumz Link but Movie Forumz Link is also distinct from the Movie Forumz Link production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into Movie Forumz Link departments with well defined hierarchies Movie Forumz Link and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in Movie Forumz Link the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in Movie Forumz Link the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format Movie Forumz Link for images Movie Forumz Link on the reel have had a rich history, though most Scary Movie Script large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected Movie Forumz Link at Movie Forumz Link various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot Movie Forumz Link between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on Movie Forumz Link up (often reels included instructions on how Movie Forumz Link fast each scene should be shown) Movie Forumz Link [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the Movie Forumz Link slowest (and thus cheapest) speed Movie Forumz Link which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since Movie Forumz Link the late Movie Forumz Link 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without Movie Forumz Link requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, Movie Forumz Link the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to Movie Forumz Link film Movie Forumz Link in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the Movie Forumz Link same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many Movie Forumz Link parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. Movie Forumz Link It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often Movie Forumz Link has importance as Movie Forumz Link primary historical Movie Forumz Link documentation. However, historic films have Movie Forumz Link problems in terms of preservation Movie Forumz Link and storage, and the motion Movie Forumz Link picture industry is exploring Movie Forumz Link many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied Movie Forumz Link onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue Movie Forumz Link filters (essentially Movie Forumz Link a reverse of Movie Forumz Link the Technicolor process). Digital methods have Movie Forumz Link also Movie Forumz Link been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to Movie Screensavers companies interested in Movie Forumz Link preserving their existing products in order to make Movie Forumz Link them available to Movie Forumz Link future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern Movie Forumz Link for nitrate and single-strip color Movie Forumz Link films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films Movie Forumz Link on Movie Forumz Link safety bases and Movie Forumz Link color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited Movie Forumz Link without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially Movie Forumz Link produced without financing or distribution from Movie Forumz Link a Movie Forumz Link major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene Movie Forumz Link in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There Movie Forumz Link is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put Movie Forumz Link out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from Movie Forumz Link 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost Movie Forumz Link never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before Movie Forumz Link the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle Movie Forumz Link to being Movie Forumz Link able Movie Forumz Link to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm Movie Forumz Link film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according Movie Forumz Link to Variety.[2].
But the advent of Movie Forumz Link consumer camcorders in 1985, and more Movie Forumz Link importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been Movie Forumz Link significantly lowered; today, the hardware Movie Forumz Link and software for post-production can be installed Movie Forumz Link in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level Movie Forumz Link software such as Apple's Final Movie Forumz Link Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production Movie Sahara have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot Movie Forumz Link and edit Movie Forumz Link a movie, Movie Forumz Link create and edit the sound and music, and Movie Forumz Link mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while Movie Forumz Link the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside Movie Forumz Link the Movie Forumz Link traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals Movie Forumz Link to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video Movie Forumz Link outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an Movie Forumz Link independent film, but it is produced Movie Forumz Link through open collaborations; its source material is available Movie Forumz Link under a license Movie Forumz Link which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source Movie Forumz Link filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, Movie Forumz Link television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration Movie Forumz Link reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers Movie Forumz Link for non-existent motion Movie Forumz Link pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in Movie Forumz Link which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, Movie Forumz Link or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a Movie Forumz Link model Movie Forumz Link unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. Movie Forumz Link When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at Movie Forumz Link a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of Movie Forumz Link vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation Movie Forumz Link has greatly sped Movie Forumz Link up the Movie Forumz Link process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or Movie Forumz Link over the Movie Forumz Link Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive Movie Forumz Link to produce, the Movie Forumz Link majority of animation Movie Forumz Link for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent Movie Forumz Link animation has existed at least since Movie Forumz Link the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing Movie Forumz Link production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the Movie Forumz Link animation process. This Movie Forumz Link method was pioneered by UPA and popularized Movie Forumz Link by Hanna-Barbera, Movie Forumz Link and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie Movie Forumz Link theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios Movie Forumz Link are now using Movie Forumz Link digital technologies in their Movie Forumz Link productions, there is a Movie Forumz Link specific style of animation that Movie Forumz Link depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous Movie Forumz Link by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted Movie Forumz Link and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater Species The Movie or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, Movie Forumz Link these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five Movie Forumz Link cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature Movie Forumz Link film). Before the 1970s, there were "double Movie Forumz Link features"; typically, a Movie Forumz Link high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater Movie Forumz Link for a lump Movie Forumz Link sum, and a "B picture" of Movie Forumz Link lower quality rented for Movie Forumz Link a percentage of the gross receipts. Movie Forumz Link Today, the bulk Movie Forumz Link of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also Movie Forumz Link known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development Movie Forumz Link of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), Movie Forumz Link and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Movie Forumz Link Some Movie Forumz Link films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies Movie Forumz Link or direct-to-video movies. The production values on Movie Forumz Link these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their Movie Forumz Link own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about Movie Forumz Link Next Harry Potter Movie 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film Movie Forumz Link rental fees.[6] The Movie Forumz Link actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies The Other Boleyn Girl Movie are shown in first-run theaters for Movie Forumz Link less than 8 weeks. Movie Forumz Link There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good Movie Forumz Link word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 Movie Forumz Link study Movie Forumz Link by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie Movie Forumz Link studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS Movie Forumz Link and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a Movie Forumz Link century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely Movie Forumz Link available, industry analysts predicted the demise Movie Forumz Link of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such Movie Forumz Link as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive Movie Forumz Link videocassette recorders enabled Movie Forumz Link people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the Movie Forumz Link 1990s and Movie Forumz Link 2000s the development of digital DVD Movie Forumz Link players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and Movie Forumz Link view films at Movie Forumz Link home with greatly improved audio Movie Forumz Link and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation Movie Forumz Link of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound Movie Forumz Link system. Once Movie Forumz Link again industry Movie Forumz Link analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards Movie Forumz Link digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker Movie Forumz Link distribution Movie Forumz Link of films (via satellite or Movie Forumz Link hard disks), Movie Forumz Link a development which may give local theaters Movie Forumz Link a reprieve from Movie Forumz Link their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD Movie Forumz Link format Blu-ray, which can Movie Forumz Link provide full HD Movie Forumz Link 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. Movie Forumz Link Video formats are gradually catching up with Movie Forumz Link the Movie Forumz Link resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel Movie Forumz Link resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the Movie Forumz Link DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. The Movie Forumz Link maximum resolutions that film Movie Forumz Link currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The Movie Forumz Link only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new technologies, the development of the home Movie Forumz Link video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record Movie Forumz Link year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many Movie Forumz Link expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations for the future. |
