Guide to Using the Notes:

-They aren't gospel (don't blame me if you get it wrong on your test)
-Please do let me know if I have something wrong and I will correct it for myself and the others who view the notes
-The notes for each day ARE MESSY, there are LOTS of spelling and punctuation errors.
-A star (*) in front of a word or phrase indicates that it was written on the board.

If I mention a time, that refers to the recording that I took of the class.  Some details might be missing in that section that need to be verified with the recording.

Good Luck!

Wes Osborn
co240204@ohiou.edu
History 102 Fitzgibbon Ohio University Lancaster Winter 2008

Class notes for 3/12/2008:

*Decembrist Revolt
*Tsar Nicholas I

Talking about the situation in the Congress KINGDOM of Poland.  There was confusion in Russia after Alexander’s death because of some previous arrangement.  Finally decieded that Nicholas should be the Tsar.  Some liberal officers conned some troops against pledging and oath to Nicholas.  These officers had been exposed to liberal ideas in the West while fighting and they didn’t like the way that Russia was handling.  These young officers attempt a coup that is known as the Decembrist revolt that MISLEADING the troops in ST. PETERSBURG IN THINKING THAT THE THRONE has been STOLEN by Nicholas.  They were trying to take advantage of the confusion that had occured about who was supposed to take the throne.  Nicholas didn’t want to start his regin with bloodshed so he tried to negiotiate.  Nicholas ENDED up having some of the revolters fired upon and it does break up the revolt.  THIS STARTS the revolutionary tradition in RUSSIA even though it is not important in the short term, it eventually overthrows the government and replaces it with communism in the later.

Nicholas was conservative to begin with, he becomes a person who really hates the ideas of revolutions and believes that RUSSIA should stamp out revolutions WHEREEVER they occur.

The revolutions in FRANCE and BELGIUM reached word in Poland and they started to take and interest.  Nicholas began to organize troops to march west and stamp out revolutions in FRANCE and BELGIUM.  He also order his troops in Poland (the polish army) to begin mobilizing.  They didn’t want ANYTHING to do with stamping out revolutions.  Nicholas had never been a lover of constitutions, but he does end up going to WARSAW and swearing allegence to the consitittuion even though he really didn’t care for them, he felt that it was his duty to support it.  CONSTANTINE who was Nicholas brother was the person who was kind of the tsar’s right hand person in Poland - but he wasn’t well liked.

Originally when the Polish choose to rebel against RUSSIA did well at first because poland had their own army and russia didn’t have many troops there.  THE REBELS weren’t really together on what they were fighting for when it came to going against RUSSIA.  some felt that the constitution should BE STRICTLY follwed by russia.
other’s wanted POLAND to have a truely indepentant state.  They ALSO WANTED their Polish lands back from RUSSIA, AUSTRIA and PRUSSIA.

Nicholas WOULDN”T negiotate with the rebels in any way.  The Polish people declared that the tsar was no longer their king and declared their indepedance from RUSSIA.  the only hope that the Polish people might have had is if they were able to get some help from BRITIAN or FRANCE.  although both countries gave them their sympathy - they were not going to fight for them.  AUSTRIA and PRUSSIA sealed off their own boarder to prevent any of their people from trying to give aid to the Polish people.

Nicholas sent a HUGE army into Poland.  The Poles were defeated and the only thing that slowed down RUSSIA’s army was an OUTBREAK of cholera.  one the epedimect had passed the russian continued their advance and overwhelmed the poles.

*ORGANIC STATUE the polish constitution was technically retained, but it was IGNORED.  instead they were ruled by the ORGANIC STATUE of 1832.  This made Poland and INDIVISIABLE part of the RUSSIAN empire.  Technically poland got to keep it’s liberites, but RUSSIA kept taking more away from them.  Polish laws were replaced by russian laws.  the TSAR is no longer required to go be king of Poland.  RUSSIA also DESTROYED any signs of Polish natiolism.  RUSSIA begain taking all the battle flags and other natiolic items that might have identified a Polish state.

The BOURBON dynasty was overthrown, BELGIUM was freed from Netherland, and POLAND was overtaken by russia.  None of the countries tried to interfere to stop these things from happening.  The things that had been accomplished earlier in Vienna become meaningless at this point.

===========

thoughts about great britian after the napoelon wars.  england continues becoming more and more isolated.  they really aren’t interested in interviening.  they want to stay isolated at much as possible.

After the napoleonic wars, britian really should have been happy.  they had always opposed Napoleon and know he was finally out of the picture.

england had a bit of a POST WAR recession.  after building military weapons and such, when the war it over - it takes a while to retool.  the working class suffers the most because the agriculute and manufacturing business had problems.

during the napoleonic wars, britian would lend MONEY to other countries during the wars.  they wouldn’t always send troops, but they would send money to other countries.  they would also feed the other countries.  but it didn’t have to supply food to it’s allies any longer.  the money that britian lent to other countries would lots of times end up getting spent on items that other countries ordered from britian.  when the war was over, so were the order from other countries.  also the sizes of the british armies had to be reduced.

a faction of the *TORY PARTY, lead by the PRIME MINISTER *LORD LIVERPOOL.  Liverpool didn’t believe IN ANY GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE in the market.  he didn’t think that the government should be invovled and that it all would sort itself out.  *PETERLOO (saint peters field and waterloo) MASSACRE, a mass protest of WORKERS in MANCHESTER.  the government tried to disburse the crowd and ended up firing on some of the people and killed them.  the liberal press took them to task over this.

*SIX ACTS OF 1819, the government took more rights away from people.  they got scared after the massarce and didn’t try to negiotate, but made things even stricter on the people.  they went against many traditional rights of the english people.  there were talks of secret military training of the lower classes.  THERE WAS AN ACT that didn’t ALLOW FOR ANY SECRET MILITARY TRAINING.  there was also and ACT that MEANT THAT THERE WOULD BE A SPEEDY trial for any of those who were trying to do anything against the government.  it BECAME easier for the government to look for search warrants for the government to search for weapons for guns in peoples homes.  there was censorship of government publications.  there was also put a HEAVY stamp tax on the NEWSPAPERS.  NEWSPAPERS were a VERY important method of distributing information, so the government made them more expensive and tried to put them out of business so the lower class couldn’t buy them.

the english people were not used to such repression and the *WHIG PARTY often attended these protest movements.  *CATO STREET CONSPIRACY a small group of radicals organized this CONSPIRACY that was a plan to MURDER the entire TORY CABINET.  the prime minister and all the cabinet members.  they would also sieze the bank of england and the tower of london and would lead to a mass uprising.  THIS didn’t go very far and 5 of the LEADERS were hanged for TREASON.

*ROBERT PEEL - GEORGE CANNING.  CASTLEREIGH had been a member of the conservative TORY PARTY.  there was a more MODERATE faction in the TORY PARTY.  the knew that the repressive measures that the government was imposing on the british people were bad for the tory party.  The party was restructored and included more moderate members.  CANNING was the foreign minister who tried invovle britian goods more in trade and be less a part of what was happening in greater europe with police.

Look for details on ROBERT PEEL at 17 minutes.

The government finally reduced the TAX paid on IMPORTED grain.  the TORIES had been traditionally supporters of farmers.  the GOVERNMENT would therefore tax heavily imported grain to keep the price up.  this helped the wealthy landowers, but was hard on the working class.  so these taxes were finally removed.

the LIVERPOOL ministry was finished and then CANNING tried to organize a government, but it only laster a YEAR.  then DUKE OF WELLINGTON served as prime minister for about 3 years, but he tried to run it much more like the army.  his government was forced out by the WHIG party and some TORIES.  he was very unpopular.

*EARL GREY - a new government was formed under the WHIG leader of EARL GREY.  had served for awhile and was interested in POLITICAL REFORM.  even though britian appeared to be very liberal compared to other european countries, instead of powers being upheld within the monarchy, parliment ended up being much of a facade.  the parliment WAS BY THE WELL TO DO FOR THE WELL TO DO.  it was controlled by the landed aristocratics were the only ones that were able to vote.  so to vote you had to have a lot of land.  the elections were held over several weeks so there was a great deal of room for corruption.  SEATS hadn’t been restructed for CENTURIES.  some of the new INDUSTRIAL cities didn’t have ANY votes.  but OLD MIDEVIL cities had several seats available within the area.  The seats stayed within one family or might have been sold.  The HOUSE OF NOBLES were the nobles and they had equal power as the house of commons.

many reformers felt that it was ESSTENTIAL to reform elections to the house of commons to make it represent MORE of they way that the nation looked.  the reform of parliament TOOK A LONG TIME.  they weren’t going to just add new reps for the cities that had grown in population.  NOBODY wanted to give up their existing seats either.  this area was difficult to reform.

ALSO THE ECONOMY needed to be reformed.  the industrial revolution had gotten underway.  Britain lead the world in industriazation.  this was an explotation of the VERY POOR by the very rich.  There was child labor.  The landowners felt that they needed to raise sheep, because wool was very expensive.  so they would force the tennat farmers that had been living on the land so that they could graze the sheep in those pastures.  THOSE PEOPLE had very little choice about what they were going to do. they had to move to the city.  the WHOLE family and the children had to pitch into to help the entire family so they would end up working as well.  in some cases children as young as 5 or 6 would work in the textile mills.  their job would be to make sure that as the thread came across there would be no snags to prevent defects in the material.  the children would stand there and have to UNTANGLE the looms if they got stuck.  some of the young females also had to resort to prostitution.  everyone in the family made some kind of contrabutition.

given the nature of the makeup of parliament it wasn’t likely that these things were going to change anytime soon.  some wanted trade unions, but they were ILLEGAL.

the WHIG party felt that would have to reform these systems.  THEY felt they needed to reform the parliament first and then new members would be able to reform other areas.  MANY DID NOT WANT to INTERFER in anyway with the economy.  The WHIG ministry headed by EARL GREY headed up a reform BILL.  it was finally passed.  *REFORM BILL of 1832, a very important act.  The measure was passed in the HOUSE OF COMMONs, but the HOUSE OF LORDS REJECTED the reform bill.  *WILLIAM IV, again, the monarch didn’t have much real power.  the king WILLIAM IV knew that there was STRONG SUPPORT for bill by the people.  WILLIAM IV does the one thing that he was able to do would be to CREATE ENOUGH LORDS to pass the bill.  He would find those that supported it and then give them the ranks that they needed to be able to be a part of the house of LORDS.  THE HOUSE OF LORDS DIDN”T WANT and people to TAINT THEIR RANKS.   so they just went ahead and passed the bill.

THE REFORM bill didn’t change things overnight.  but it began to change the house of commons.  the process was very evolutionary.  the BILL MEANT that the base of the TORY party no LONGER HELD THE POWER THAT IT ONCE did.  the BILL did increase the people could vote.  those that lived in the city OR WERE BASICALLY WEALTHY enough to pay HIGH RENT then you could vote.  It meant that many still couldn’t vote.  BEFORE the bill 1/20 adult males could vote.  3/20 could vote after the bill.  not democratic, but closer.

the 2nd PART OF THE BILL redistributed seats within the house of commons.  this change was quite a shakeup.  56 towns that had members of parliament ended UP LOOSING some of their members.  the CITIES that were part of the idustrial revolution gained seats for the FIRST time.  this was more representative than the previous system.

ALSO the reform bill changed the NUMBER OF DAYS that they election took place.  2 days was the new voting length to help lessen the possiblity of bribery.

The BILL IS KNOWN AS THE GREAT REFORM BILL.  It gave power to the MIDDLE class.  THOSE WHO PASSED THE BILL didn’t want to go ANY FURTHER.  they didn’t want to give any power to the lower class.  the lower class had supported the bill, but THEY DIDN”T GET ANYTHING OUT OF IT.

the lower class then illegally started to participate in trade unions.  they would call them something else, but they were really trade unions.  also the lower class engaged in *CHARTISM.  this movement centered around the PEOPLES CHARTER.  they wanted to show members of parliament how discontent they were with the setup.  they got together a petition with a large number of SIGNATURES to show parliament the support for these items.  THEY WANTED TO GIVE ALL MALES THE RIGHT TO VOTE.  They wanted to REMOVE THE LAND OWNERSHIP restrictions for members of the parliament.  The CHARTIST MOVEMENT did GET A LOT OF SIGNATURES.  but when the presented it to PARLIAMENT, they were ignored.  THE MOVEMENT WAS PEACEFUL though.  they didn’t participate in revolutions like the were doing on the european contient.  they don’t RIOT like they do in other places.  they feel that they can EVENTUALLY BRING about change.  they feel that they do have some sort of a voice.  ALL OF EUROPE in 1848 will be having revolutions, but ENGLAND and RUSSIAN don’t riot.  The people of ENGLAND felt that they did have a voice.

Class notes for 3/10/2008:

details for question 1 : each country develops a type of government that is INFLUENCED.

The BEST WAY TO DEAL WITH THE QUESTIONS is to FOCUS THE MAJORITY OF THE TIME on the parts that are for the 3rd quiz.

YOU SHOULDN”T REALLY RIGHT OUT ALL THE MATERIAL, but you should be able to write AN OUTLINE to us as your STUDY GUIDE.

===
there will be NOT SHORT ESSAYS.

The CONGRESS system that was developed by the european powers.  The european powers were trying to create a system that would maintain peace within europe.  The congress system seemed at first to be working, the congress of EXLACHAPEL seemed to be the most successful of the congress.

Great Britian was reluctant to get too invovled with the issues of the contient.  At first they start to participate, but CASTLERAUGH seems to be the only one that was interested in maintating this, not the BRISTISH public or the BRITISH cabient.

Now that the money had been paid by FRANCE the idea of the ambassadors meeting on a regular basis STOPPED.

The forces of natiolism and liberalism were taking hold and having a force and an influence on europe that had not exsisted ealier.  LIBERERILISM what the idea that governments should be bound by a constitiution, even if it was a constitutional monarchy.

the area that was most HARD HIT by these forces was the germinies.  the germanies had not been unified after by the congress.  some younger college students felt that they would be granted a unified germany for restiting naeoplan.

metternick wanted to CRUSH the forces of LIBERIALISM and NATIONLISM in the germanies and the italian states.  a MENTALLY unbalanced GERMANY student had MURDERED an agent of CZAR alexander.  metternick used this is an EXCUSE to clap down on liberialism and nationlism in the germines.  HE got the support of the king of PRUSSIA and then he summoned a meeting of *CARLSBAD is where the representatives from the 9 largest GERMAN states.  they agreed to a statement that had been drawn up by AUSTRIA and PRUSSIA known as the *CARLSBAD DECREES.

the DECRESS called for the dissovlement of the student bodies that were supporting nationlism and liberilism.  government inspectors WOULD ALSO be deployed to sit in on classes to observe classes as they were being taught and the material being used to make sure that they weren’t teaching nationlism.  they ALSO practiced censorship.  NEED DETAILS at 14 minutes.

METTERNICK felt that these decrees were successful according to him because they kept any revolutions in germany because it was kept under strict control and liberalism and nationalism were suppressed.

metternick got the support of his other allies in europe, but CASTLERAUGH was unable to PUBLICLY express his support for the decrees.  ALEXANDER was in his liberial PHASE and he refused to support the decrees, instead he contendmend them.

the failure to get the support of britian and russia MADE metternick KNEW that he couldn’t change british PUBLIC opinion, but metternick FELT that if he could win over the CZAR of russia then he would also be able to win over all of russia (because the people really had no voice).

metternick believed that the CZAR was really a supported of the status quo and that he didn’t really want to see ANY changes in europe.  once revolution begins to spread metternick is able to easily get the CZAR on his side because the CZAR also apposes any changes.

there are revolutions in SPAIN and portugal and some in the italian states.  ALEXANDER offered to march troops across europe to supress the revolutions in SPAIN.  BRITIAN did support this.  CASTLERAUGH said that the alliance had never been to supress the REVOLUTIONS of a particular state. they felt that the PEOPLE of a country should be able FIGURE the internal affairs of their own states.  BRITIAN did have some other reasons for also opposing russia’s invovlement in spain.  BRITIAN was CONCERNED that the if the revolutions that were in the SPANISH colonies were also supressed, then they WOULD BE UNABLE TO TRADE with the coloinies if the colonies returned to SPANISH rule.

metternick felt that something had to be done to keep these revolutions from getting out of hand.  *CONGRESS OF TROPPAU was called by CZAR ALEXANDER.  the congress was attended by PRUSSIA, RUSSIA and AUSTRIA.  this was basically a meeting between the three eastern powers.  BRITIAN and FRANCE ONLY SENT OBSERVERS, they really didn’t participate.

The CZAR goes into a conservitive phase at the point that this confrence is called.  at the conference metterick put forth a statement that had already been approved by the three easter european powers.  *PROTOCOL OF TROPPAU authorized the allowing of interference of OTHER STATES to get invovled when there are revolutions in a country.  if there is a revolution in on country that might spread somewhere else or cause disorder.  OTHER COUNTRIES have the power to CRUSH the revolution.

CASTLERAUGH STRONGLY opposed this statement.  based upon the agreements in VIENNA, austria might be able to intervine in ITALY but that was a special circumstance.  he said that the CONGRESS didn’t have the authority to put to down revolutions wherever they occured.

*CONGRESS OF LIABACH is reconviening of the TROPPAU congress to be closer to the revolutionary distirbances that were taking place at the italian states.  it was agreed that AUSTRIA should send an army to crush the revolutions that were happening in the ITALIAN states.  toward the end of the confrence WORD reached that there was a uprising occuring in GREECE.  RUSSIA choose to keep this issue of the table at the end of the congress.  RUSSIA felt that the areas that were part of the ottaman empire were bound to RUSSIA with religious ties.  there was a special relationship with those countries of easter europe.  at the next CONFRENCE the greece and spanish revolutions would be discussed.

AUSTRIA was able to crush the revolutions that were occuring in italy.  Russia offered to send troops again, but they were declined again.

After crushing the revolutions in italy, metterick tried to re-establish TIES with castleraugh.  they were BOTH worried that RUSSIA would be able to establish itself in GREECE with a foothold that would give it too much power.

castleraugh was convienced that he should attend the next confrence.  BEFORE the next conference was HELD castleraugh committed SUICIDE.  castleraugh had issues with his personal life and his workload.  castleraugh was supposed to be observed by someone ALL the TIME.  THIS was an important moment in international scence.

*CANNING replace castleraugh (who had been more conservative than the british public).  canning didn’t see any advantage to being tied down to the CONGRESS and the european contient.  he did not got to VERONA himself, but did send a representative.

*VERONA CONGRESS biggest question was what to do with the revolution that had occured in SPAIN.  FRANCE felt that they should be able to intervine in FRANCE.  france should have the right since it was the CLOSEST should be able to go crush the revolution.  EVERYONE except BRITIAN was OK with this.  CANNING strongly disagreed with allowing the congress to interfer in SPAIN.  this marked the withdrawl of BRITIAN from congress.  CANNING felt that it was OK that nations were getting back to taking care of themselves.  he didn’t care that he message to the congress was rejected.

CANNING repeatedly blocked the efforts of the russia, prussia and austria to continue a congress system.  YOU BEGIN TO SEE AN EAST/WEST SPLIT.  It will end up being BRITIAN and FRANCE versus the three EASTERN MONARCHIES.  they begin to support the nationalism and liberalism on the conteinent.

the SETTLEMENT that had been agreed upon at VIENNA should be the one that is LIVED by.  they wanted to freeze history and keep things the way that they had been agreed upon at that point from then on out.

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unsuccessful attempt to freeze history.  change begins to come about, some of this really starts in the france.  louis the 18th ENJOYED being king, he wanted to enjoy the last years of his life and just wanted to be king.  Louis 18th found that the NOBLES however wanted to TURN back the CLOCK.  When Louis 18th dies *CHARLES I (Count d’ Artois) was his replacement.  He was VERY CONSERVATIVE and had encourage Louis 16 to hold his ground against the revolutions.

Charles X had LEARNED NOTHING from his years of exile.  he wanted remove the consitiution that HAD been put in place after the revolutions, even those this was a very moderate constitution.  he wanted to restore the noblility and the POWER of the catholic church.  he wanted to put the church back in charge of the education system.  THESE MEASURES really allenitated the upper middle class including businessmen and bankers.

CHARLES X wanted to compensate the noblilty for the LOSS of their special rights.  because they had given them up at one point during the revolution - they thought they get some compensation for giving up these privledges.  IN ORDER to finance this COMPESNATION he came up with a method that would mean that the UPPER MIDDLE CLASS WOULD HAVE TO PAY THEM.  Charles planned to reduce the interest of the BONDS that had been floated to pay back the bonds that were floated to pay back the allies and GIVE the extra MONEY to the nobles.

FRANCE BECAME divided between the minority of those who wanted the OLD WAYS back and the MAJORITY that wanted things to remain the same or BECOME more liberial.  GROWING RESENTMENT to the kings policies.  businessmen, veteran of the napolean wars, liberal thinkers.

CHARLES X seemed completely unaware of this resentment.  he seemed to think that he could restore things back to the way that they were before.  HE APPOINTED a ROYALIST MINSITRY that was HATED by most of the FRENCMEN.  the opposition to the king was directed by MODERATE liberals that based their authority on the CONSITIUTION that had been put back in place after the allies brought the monarchy back.  MOST didn’t want anything too radical, they just wanted what they felt had been promised them through the constitiution.

*JULY ORDINANCES were issued  by the government that issued STRICT cencorship.  DISMISSED those that had just been elected because the king felt that they were too liberal.  the king had the right to do this, be he had done it two times within the past 6 months.  PREIVOUSLY 100K had been able to vote the ORDINANCES reduced this to just 25K, and these people would only be the MOST weathly of people.

Most people felt that these measures were in oppostition to the constitution.  the government felt that they would be able to do this and that there would be no unrest.  they didn’t prepare and troops to handle the issue thought that the issues might be seen as controveserly.  HE WAS VERY WRONG ON THIS ISSUE.  Liberial journalists meet and they began to oppose the acts and barracades began to appear in the streets of paris.  they were able to block access to the city very easily to defend the barracades.  artillery is not effect in these small narrow wide streets they were unable to get their equipment down in these streets.

after the july ordianaces BARRICADES began to appear and grow.  WITHIN three days of the publication of the ordianances the CONTROL of PARIS had been lost.  CHARLES found out when he returned to PARIS that the flags had been changed on the city.  CHARLES X sent emmisaries ahead to offer to negiotiate and remove the ORDINANCES - BUT HE IS REJECTED and has to FLEE the country.

What next for france. DETAILS at 20 minutes.  Some wanted a republic (students and workers, the mobs and masses).  They had someone that they wanted to serve as a constitutional monarch.  TALLEYRAND supports the idea of france being a constitutional monarchary.  *LOUIS PHILLIPPE is proclaimed the new ruler and is KING of the FRENCH people.  he agreed to rule as a CONSITIUTIONAL monarch and RESTORES the revolutionary FRENCH FLAG.  one of the key settlements was the restoration of the bourbon dynasty.  with LOUIS PHILLIPPE this was the over turning of the BORBOUN dynasty. The fighting was done by the working class and students, but the benificiarny is the upper middle class.

again there was FEAR that revolution would SPREAD from france outward.  FRANCE becomes the HAVEN of the europe and it’s revolutionary capitial.  other countries will follow the revolutions of PARIS.  the news of the PARIS revolution spreads and so do the revolutionary uprising across europe.

BELGIUM is one of the first places revolution occurs.  The BELGIUM being joined to NETHERLANDS doesn’t work out to well.  they had different relgions and back grounds.  the news of paris leads to GROWING oppositions from people in belgium.  AT FIRST there were demands for MORE RIGHTS ONLY, but after awhile opinion in BELGIUM was that they were different people and they should be a different nation.  within a few weeks of the uprise in paris. BELGIUM radicals been holding secret meetings and then began attacks on the NETHERLANDS.  The NETHERLANDS were caught somewhat suprised by this.  The army that the NETHERLANDS sent was defeated and BELGIUM declared its independance.  BELGIUM ends up its own country and writes its own constitution.

BRITIAN and FRANCE support BELGIUM independance.  But RUSSIA, PRUSSIA and AUSTRIA opposed this.  AUSTRIA begans to get tied down with revolutions in ITATLY and needs to consentrate their efforts of supressing those issues.

*TSAR NICHOLAS I was the replacement of ALEXANDER as ruler of russia.  NICHOLAS there was never any doubt, he was a conservative through and through.  He wanted to send troops to supress the revolutions in BELGIUM and in FRANCE.  Although they did not go there because they had their own issues within poland.

*PALMERSTON was the british foreign minister that played a role in the decisions of this LONDON conference.  TALLYRAND and PALMERSTON handled most of the discussions that happened at this congress. PALMERSTON did NOT want BELGIUM to become a satillete of FRANCE that was their biggest concern.  The GREAT POWERS agreed in europe that they would recongnize BELGIUM and that its NEUTRALITY would be gaurentted by the the GREAT POWERS.  *Details at 35 minutes.  The european powers also decided who the ruler would be and that BELGIUM would be a constitutional monarchy.  NETHERLANDS did not like this and they tried to send someone to over take BELGIUM again.  they aren’t successful because BRITIAN and FRANCE defend BELGIUM against them.

the bloodest of all the disturbances occured in POLAND.  this would also alter the VIENNA settlement.  in poland the situation was very complicated.  when ALEXANDER died, there was the problem of how succession would be handled after his death.  UNDER the laws of succession, his succesor should have been *CONSTANTINE who was the brother of ALEXANDER.  however, unknown to many russian CONSTANTINE had renounced his right to the throne because he wanted to marry a woman from poland.  she was noble, but not royal - so his kids would not inherit the throne.  IN order for CONSTANTINE to marry this woman ALEXANDER forced him to renounce his right to the throne.  this had never been announced to the PUBLIC.

NICHOLAS seemed to think that because the decree had never been published that is was not offical.  CONSTANTINE and NICHOLAS send messages to each other congratulating each other on the fact that they thought each other were now CZAR.

*DECEMBRIST REVOLT is the revolt lead by a group a nobles and vetrans of the napeolism armies.

Class notes for 3/5/2008 (WARNING I WAS VERY TIRED DURING THIS CLASS)

FINAL is 3/17 for the exam is at the regular time.

The EXAM, the FIRST PART WILL BE ALMOST LIKE A 3rd midterm covering the data that we’ve covered the last time.

THERE ARE NO SHORT ESSAYS on the FINAL.  The things will probably be FILL IN QUESTIONS.

25 points will be the comprehensive part of the EXAM, he will give a LIST ON MONDAY OF 8 QUESTIONS.  YOU’LL ANSWER ONE OF THE TWO.  THE WORDING OF THE QUESTIONS will be the SAME AS THE STUDY.  IT COULD BY ANYONE OF THE QUESTIONS OF THE 8, it could be on anyone of the 8.  DON”T try to guess what they will be, you should know on all of this data.

From the reign of terror onward.

Polish-Saxon Question:
*RUSSIA
*PRUSSIA
*FRANCE
*AUSTRIA
*BRITAIN

CONGRESS OF VIENNA a well studied event.  Some see an interesting approach to peave making here about a balance of power.  There ARE NOT EUROPEAN wars like the wars of the religion for 100 years.  The next major war was going to be WWI, there is almost a century of reliative peace after this time period.

The congress itself was almost torn apart by the Polish-Saxon Question almost lead to the allies fighting amongest themselves.

Previously we talked about the Polish side of the question with a Russia wanting to create a state that the russian CZAR would have control over.


Saxon was an great ALLIE of NAPOLEAN.  They remained LOYAL until then end of the napoalean war.  IF RUSSIA were to GET ALL THE LAND IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF WARSAW was going to be carved out of terriotory of AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA.

PRUSSIA DEMANDED ALL OF SAXONY IF IT WERE TO LOSS ITS POLISH land.  Austria and britian opposed this *details at 12 minutes.

This upraor gave FRANCE and TALLEYRAND the opening that they were looking for, it would give FRANCE a chance to restore itself AMOUNG the great powers.  HE uses this rift of the POLISH-SAXON question.

AFTER PRUSSIA says they want all of SAXONY and RUSSIA wanted all of POLAND.  TalleyRAND ENCOURAGED contraversy amounngst the congress.

*PRUSSIA AND RUSSIA are agreeing
so you have two against two.
*AUSTRIA AND BRITIAN are agreeing

austria and prussia are really fighting over control of the germanies.

in the midst of the STALEMATE TALLEYRAND intervenved.  GIVING PRUSSIA saxony would remove A KING FROM HIS THRONE.  *DETAILS AT 16 minutes.

PRUSSIA was so upset that they said that they were willing to go to war.  ALEXANDER said that his troops were already in the land that he wanted and dared someone to remove them from that area.

TALLEYRAND unites France, Austria and Britian so that it is THREE against two.  so france that really had little power coming into this, but TALLEYRAND is able to make France a player in this power struggle.

TALLEYRAND convinces AUSTRIA and BRITIAN that they should sign a treaty of alliance against PRUSSIA and RUSSIA.  they figure out how many troops will they provide.  TALLEYRAND says that the collation against FRANCE was already dissovled because he was able to get them to fight amoungst themselves.

SOME SAY that this was not really all that BIG of a deal because EUROPE was really worn out.  BRITIAN had already said that they weren’t going to be able to provide troops and money to such an endever.

The TREAY details were secret, but PRUSSIA and RUSSIA knew that three of the countries were cooperating.

*DETAILS AT 22 minutes.

METTERNICK of AUSTRIA proposed a comprimise that was taken as the SOLUTION to the POLAS RUSSIA would get back some of ITS polish territory.  AUSTRIA would get back some of ITS territory and the rest of the GRAND DUCHY lands would form the KINGDOM OF POLAND, but the MONARCH would be the CZAR of RUSSIA.  so russia did gain 3.2 million people and gets closer to the heart of EUROPE.

PRUSSIA got very generous territory areas.  IT got about 40 percent of SAXONY.  the other 60 percent WAS RETURNED to the former ruler, the king of SAXONY.  PRUSSIA got some territory near the FRENCH BOARDER and some areas in the GERMENIA.

AUSTRIA got area in NORTHERN ITATLY and along the cost.

*LISTEN TO THE WRAP UP AT 25 minutes.

once the polish-saxon question was resolved the other issues were pretty easily resolved.

ITATLY was not a COUNTRY at this time, there was no ITATLY is was a GEOGRAPHICAL EXPRESSION (said by metternick).  NAPOElAN had controlled parts of NORTHERN ITATLY but he hadn’t unified the whole thing.  NEITHER RUSSIA or PRUSSIA really had any interest in ITATLY.  britian support AUSTRIA, so AUSTRIA pretty much got it’s way with ITATLY.

*LOMBARDY
*VENETIA
provinces that were CLEARLY ITALIAN, but they got JOINED TO AUSTRIA.  as a result of the congress, ITATLY basically is controlled by austria and under there influence.  this will become and issue in the 1900 hundreds.
THE POPE was put back in charge of the papal state *DETAILS as 30 minutes.

the southern part of ITATLY had been ruled.  the smaller states were ruled by some of the members of the AUSTRIAN family.  AUSTRIAN feels that when there are revolutions in ITATLY that it will be the one that is supposed to go in and take care of these.

idea of nationalism.  this was a new idea and the RULERS didn’t really care about nationalities.  rulers sometimes ruled many different areas at once.

THE GERMAINS will be the next major ISSUE.  There had bee 300 states at one point, NAPOELAN had already merged some states and took out some rulers.  GERMANY was pretty complicated.  YOUNG MEN had been INFLUENCED by the idea of nationalism.  they had been banding together against FRANCE.  many wanted to UNIFY germany within the country, but THIS WOULD UPSET THE BALANCE OF POWER so the powers that be were NOT REALLY INTERESTED IN THIS happening they don’t want this to happen.

A CONGRESS VIENNA committee was setup that was dominated by PRUSSIA and AUSTRIA that basically came up with *THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION.  this was a loss union of 38 GERMAN states.  IT WAS NOT TRUE UNITIY.  however the confederation allowed the rulers to appoint representatives to get together in a common state and discuss issues of COMMON interest.  this was not a body that had power to legistate.  this system was QUITE weak that really only provided a weak paper UNITY.

one OTHER ISSUE that was made at the CONGRESS OF VIENNA to give BELIGUM to the NETHERLANDS. because they are located on FRANCES northern boarder.  they want to make it MORE difficult for france in the future to expand.  ONE REASON that france had the chance to EXPAND was because it was surronded by weak smaller countries.  that is also why they gave PRUSSIA land that boarder FRANCE.

NORWAY was detached from DENMARK and was given to SWEDEN.

SWEDEN whose ruling family had died out asked one of the ruling marshals of NAPOELAN to rule the country.  he also TURNED AGAINST NAPOELAN and kept as the ruler and EXPANDED THE LANDS.  *39 minutes NEED MORE DETAILS.

SWITZERLAND was restablished and NEUTRALITY.  this has pretty much remained sacred and has continue to remain to EVEN TO TODAY.  the independance was maintained, although it was maintained through WWII.

another QUESTION that was raised was the SLAVE trade.  british opinion was OPPOSED to the slave trade and that there should be an international agreement that should end the slave trade.  CASTLEREAGH was usually more conservative and didn’t press this issue.  THOUGH HE DID SUGGEST that a committee should be established.  THEY deliberated this for a long time and all that they were able to do was to CONDEM this traffic in HUMANS, but they DID not do ANYTHING to PROHIBT it.

ALL THESE ISSUES were included in the *FINAL ACT of the CONGRESS OF VIENNA.  this is the ONLY TIME that they all meet together and signed this even though the SMALLER countries really had no voice in this at all.

*100 days - when napoelan returns from EXILE for about 3 months.  he had returned from the island that he had been assigned to rule *ELBA.  NAPOELAN had a lot of supporters still in france and had a lot of SPIES and agents.  HE knew that there was a lot of dissastifaction with the new government.  THEY DIDN”T HAVE a problem with the king.  BUT THEY HAD A PROBLEM WITH THE ULTRAROYALISTS.  they wanted to turn the clock back and go back to the powers of the CHURCH and the NOBLES.  BUT the ULTRAROYALISTS wanted more power to the king than the king actually wanted.  The generals that had HELPED NAPOLEAN were replaced by nobles and the troops didn’t really like this leaders.

NAPOLEAN returned from ELBA.  he felt that he was able to return because FRANCE was violating the treaty of FONTANBLUE.  the FRENCH government was NOT paying the pensions that they were supposed to be paying to NAPOLEAN and his family so he feels that gives them the right to return.

the TROOPS that were sent by the KING don’t stop him, but they JOIN him.  before he arrives in PARIS, this king actually flees paris.

NEWS of NAPOLEAN’s return reaches VIENNA.  they ORDER their troops to do an about face and RETURN to FRANCE.  they had been fighting amongst each other, but they quickly forgot this and went to FRANCE.

NAPOLEAN knew that he couldn’t deaft the allies with his troops, but he felt that he could defeat them by turning the allies amoung one another.  NAPOLEAN orders the files that had been kept at the CONGRESS OF VIENNA.  The treaty that TALLEYRAND had put together was one of the documents that NAPOLEAN finds and then HE SENDS a copy to ALEXANDER to try and upset him.  but this doesn’t stop russia from trying to oust NAPOLEAN.

PRUSSIAN and RUSSIAN troops more quickly than RUSSIA.  *WATERLOO is NAPOLEAN’s greatest defeat that most people remember.  after NAPOLEAN’s is defeated at WATERLOO he is EXILED to a more remote place *ST. HELENA and he is put under a CLOSER watch than before.  A BRITISH OFFICER is in charge of seeing NAPOLEAN everyday.  NAPOLEAN DOES DIE on the island.

WHAT KIND OF TREATY should be struck with FRANCE now with its allies.  MANY of the FRENCH had supported NAPOLEAN’s return.  MANY felt that they should give FRANCE a very harsh treatment.  the british feel that it should be more moderate.

*SECOND PEACE OF PARIS was signed.  this document reduced FRANCES boarders to those of 1790.  the previous treaty was boarders of 1792.  it IS ALSO made to PAY repermations to the other countries.  IT IS ALSO OCCUPIED by an ARMY of up to 150K men for up to 5 years.  It also has to support the ARMY while it was occupation.  FRANCE is able to pay back these reperamations within a couple of years.  THIS is not the worst treaty that it could be.  they actually don’t want FRANCE to HATE the allies in the future so they try to make it fair.

--------

*CONGRESS SYSTEM

EUROPE tries to maintain peace after NAPOELAN.  THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA was almost like the first of these meetings where the EUROPE countries would get together and work out there problems.  there is dispute about the origins of the CONGRESS system.

One agreement *QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE is the signing of the four major allies at the SAME time that the SECOND PEACE OF PARIS was signed.  this document helped guarntee that the FRENCH peace treaty was put together.  the ALLIANCE provides that in the event of any new threat from FRANCE then they will act together to work against them.  They will SUPPLY 60 thousand MEN a piece to create force to go against france. 

THEY ALSO AGREE under ARTICLE ?? question minute 3 that they will meet together on a regular basis to dicuss france.

AS TIME GOES ALONG SOME WILL try to FREEZE history and keep things the SAME way that they were at the time of this agreement.

*HOLY ALLIANCE - a strange document that was largely the work of ALEXANDAR the 1st of RUSSIA.  ALEXANDAR has a strange history.  he had many mistresses.  although his WIFE had a child it DIDN”T APPEAR to be his, it had resimblance to one of his friends.  AFTER the BURNING OF MOSCOW by FRANCE, ALEXANDER becomes convinced by SOME WHO TELL HIM that he has a MISSION to bring PEACE on EARTH that he has been brought to earth for this purpose.  he even gives some thought by having studies about a consitituion in russia, but he never tries to create one.  he starts trying to inject religion into everyday on life.

ALEXANDER is the main writer of the document of the HOLY ALLIANCE.  the language is very vague and holds this odd high religious ideas.  *DETAILS AT 8 minutes.  The british didn’t sign this, but they supported the principles.  IN PRIVATE the diplomats of the EUROPEAN countries thought that the document was nonsense.

*DUKE OF WELLINGTON when he and catstleraguegh were invited to meet and review this document they had a HARD time trying to keep a straight face.  WELLINGTON had been a general at WATERLOO.  METTERNICK said that is was a lound sounding NOTHING.

this HOLY ALLIANCE was really just trying to make the CZAR feel like he had some support on this but he actually didn’t have much.

THE QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE was the more important document in the congress establishment.

The 4 allies held regular meetings at the ambassador level at the EMBASSY OF GREAT BRITIAN under the DUKE OF WELLINGTON who presides over the meetings of the 4 allies.  they go over the notes from their spies.  they go over how the payments are being made by france and make sure that they are being distrubuted fairly.  they also go over the troop levels that were to be mainted in FRANCE.

with the approval of this group FRANCE was able to pay off the reperations by selling bonds that would allow them to get a good interest rate.  this allowed them to pay up the reperation early.  THEY HOPED that the allies would evacute FRANCE.

the allies felt that it was time to HOLD A GENERAL meeting to deciede what to do now that france had PAID its debt.  in 1818 a meeting was held at *AIX-LA-CHAPELLE was were this meeting took place the FRENCH sent a representative BUT he was NOT ABLE TO ATTEND ANY OF THE MEETINGS.  METTERNICK AND CASTLEREAGH didn’t allow the smaller european countries to attend the meeting.  THIS MEETING was probably the most successful of the CONGRESS.  they agreed that the troops should LEAVE france.  the army was there to make sure that france paid the reperations and they had paid them so they felt that the troops could lead.  they also got and UPDATE ON NAPEOLAN from britian.  THERE WAS A SECRET AGREEMENT that renewed the QUADRUPLE Alliance that renewed the agreement AGAINST FRANCE to make sure that it didn’t rise up again.

FRANCE was made part of a QUINTIPLE agreement that would include FRANCE in a peace deal.  ALEXANDER wanted to discuss mutal disarmmemant.  the czar also wanted to create a new treaty that would create and INTERNATIONAL army that would guarnteed the BOARDERS and GOVERNMENTS of the exsisting states.  that would make sure that exsiting boarder were maintained.  this proposal was blocked.  there was also a proposal from ALEXANDER to stomp out any revolutions that might occur.

the british government and people were becoming upset with RUSSIA and many in britian FELT that there interest in taking part in EUROPEAN affairs.  they don’t want constant invovlement.  EVEN CASTLERAUGEH agreed that they wouldn’t want to put together an army that would wipe out revolutions around the EUROPEAN contient.

ALEXANDER was misunderstood his interpretations.  ALEXANDER really wasn’t trying to prevent change, but he felt that if you made sure that the boarders were maintained you could encourage CONSTITUTIONS within europe becuase their boarders would be safe.  and they would be safe from internal revolutions.  HIS PLANS WERE REJECTED BY METTERNICK AND CASTLERAUGEH.

although the congress of AIX-LA-CHAPELLE was successful you could start to SEE that BRITIAN was not going to make any extensive commitements to further peace in europe.  CASTLERAUGEH felt that you could sign agreements to prevent french rising up again, but not further.

METTERNICK IS a realist.  he’ll sign anything the ALEXANDER puts in front of him, but he doesn’t really believe in them. he wants to play russia along.  BUT HE REALLY DOESN”T believe in them and ESPECIALLY in a CONSTITUTION.

Class notes 3/3/2008:

peace was established after naepolean signed a peace treaty and the the FIRST PEACE of PARIS was signed with the burbon dynasty and have given france quite a lot of concessions in hopes that it would settle down europe.

*CONGRESS OF VIENNA to settle the final map of europe choosing which changes of naepolean would be kept and what would be changed.  the four great powers had hoped that they would reach and AGREEMENT before the congress of vienna then they WOULD be able to DICTACTE to the rest of europe what was going to take place.  RUSSIA, AUSTRIA and PRUSSIA had especially big terratorial things that they wanted.  THEY ALMOST went to war in the end over these difference.

at the congress of vienna, personalities would play and important role.  *RUSSIA - TSAR ALEXANDER I, most interesting personalities in the congress.  alexander felt that he was in a strong position after the wars.  they were in occupation of the territory taht they wanted to acquire.  he had a large army and he FELT that russia was ENTITLED to make significant gains within europe.  HE BROUGHT ALONG ADIVISORS, BUT HE DID MOST OF THE SERIOUS neogiotations HIMSELF.  ALEXANDER was abnormal and had grown up spending half of his life at the COURT of CATHERINE the GREAT and read the works of the ENLIGHTMENT and had a very liberal tutor.  He talked about giving up the throne or giving RUSSIA a constitiuion.

THE OTHER HALF of the time he spent with his parents, who WAS anything BUT A LIBERAL.  he was subjected to military training by his father and other rigorous training.  THROUGHOUT HIS LIFE HE DIDN”T WANT TO CONFRONT PEOPLE, he would say them what they wanted to hear when he was with someone fact to face.  ALEXANDER was an ENIGMA, in part because of his dual upbrining.

ALEXANDER went to VIENNA with some defientate aims in MIND and knew what he hoped to acquire.

*GREAT BRITIAN - CASTLEREAGH is who represented them.  THE BRITISH where in a strong postition, they weren’t interested in anything on the contient they had already acquired what they wanted.  THEY wanted only to be diminish the gains of the other countries.  *BALANCE OF POWER is what BRITIAN really wanted so that NO ONE country would be able to dominate europe.  THEY WERE MOST WORRIED ABOUT RUSSIA AT THIS POINT.  they felt that IT WAS in their INTEREST TO MAINTAIN this balance.  they didn’t want wars on the contient.  WAR WAS BAD FOR TRADE AND THEIR BUSINESS.  they couldn’t gain anything by the war.

*AUSTRIA - METTERNICH was their foreign minister.  they felt that austria had suffered tremendously.  they were usually the ones that were attacked FIRST and lost the most.  THEY WERE WORRIED ABOUT FUTURE troubles.  WITH RUSSIA and PRUSSIA.  these were the countries that they saw could present them problems in the future. so they didn’t want these countries to gain so much. METTERNICH is ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS of the DIPLOMATS during his time.  he was  the key figure in dimplomacy during his time.  HE would use any method available to objecive his objectives in the confrence room, ballroom or the bedroom.  There was a rivlary between ALEXANDER and METTERNICH.  the austrians had a LOT of spies during the CONGRESS OF VIENNA.  they were spying on everyone including THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT OFFICALS.

*PRUSSIA - HARDENBERG (HUMBOLT) represented offically by price HARDENBERG was almost deaf so HUMBOLT had to accompany him and shout in his ear during dicussions because he didn’t hear anything *CAUTIOUS OPORTUNISM was the phrase to use during the VIENNA CONFERENCE.  PRUSSIA was almost wiped off the map by NAPOELON, he didn’t like that they were an ALLIE of FRANCE that then turned on them and attack FRANCE.  he only saved them because of the FRIENDSHIP that ALEXANDER had intially with FRANCE.  PRUSSIA was concerned that they would maintain to LEVEL OF BEING A GREAT POWER, but they WANT TO GET EVERYTHING THAT THEY CAN.

*FREDERICK WILLIAM III - muddies the waters.  he is the king of prussia and he told his negiotators that no MATTER WHAT THEY did that they CANNOT DO anything that would OFFEND OR GO AGAINST THE INTEREST OF RUSSIA and ALEXANDER because he felt that he had DEBT TO PAY AGAINST RUSSIA.  he felt that he owed his throne and country to russia.

*FRANCE was also invited to the CONGRESS OF VIENNA.  they were invited as sign of wanting to include them but they didn’t fell that FRANCE would do anything.  *TALLEYRAND was the member who represented FRANCE. he wanted to make sure that the other countries didn’t get to much.  they didn’t have a force so they had to RELY on TALLEYRAND to BECOME A PART of the certain committees that would make the real decisions.  FRANCE SUPPORTED THE IDEA OF THE BALANCE OF POWER.

there were representatives FROM EVERY OTHER COUNTRY.  many of the leaders came themselves with their entire entourage.  there were so many people that were in VIENNA that they didn’t have the accomidation to SUPPORT KINGS AND QUEENS with the luxuries that they demanded.

most of these other countries came to VIENNA expecting that this was going to be a european congress and that they WOULD HAVE A VOICE in the negotition.  HOWEVER the big powers had no INTENTION OF GIVING them a role in the congress.

it became nessecary to enterain the diginatires especially those from the smaller countries.  the laviousness of the entertainment was legendary.  it was the “CONGRESS THAT DANCED” because of all parties and dancing that was going on.  THERE WASN”T REALLY MUCH GOING on other than the parties.  there WAS ONLY ONE TIME WHENEVERY ONE WAS PRESENT AS A SINGLE BODY was to SIGN the final act of the congress.  MOST OF THE NEGOTIATING TOOK PLACE BEHIND CLOSED DOORS.  the didn’t dicuss everything has an entire body.

the congress felt it should be guided by three pricipals.  *LEGITMACY = where possible to restore rightful rulers to their thrones.  if there was a major state that had a king over thrown they would restore the ruler. *COMPENSTATION = those countries that had suffered serious losses during the wars expected to be compenstated from their losses.  they would either get their territory back or they would get another piece of land that would be equal.  *BALANCE OF POWER was the other thing that would guide them.

sometimes there would be conflict.  one country wanted land for compenstation, but that land also had a legitimate ruler.

THERE WERE MANY TERRITORIAL disputes.  One of the most famous that almost lead to war was *POLISH-SAXON QUESTION, most important issue at the congress.  background was that poland had been wiped off the map through the efforts of RUSSIA, PRUSSIA and AUSTRIA.  catherine had often played the key role in this.  poland had been destroyed.  THEY HAD ONCE been more powerful than RUSSIA.  poland didn’t have any natural boarders and a strange constitution.  it had a king but a STRONG BODY THAT REPRESENTED THE NOBLES.  it required ALL DECISIONS to be REACHED UNANIMOUSLY.  of course this was almost impossible.

even when the country was faced with destruction, they would start a WHOLE REFORM to strengthen the country internally, but during the last session a NOBLE could have a FREEDOM veto that would mean that they would have to start all over again.  They could even have a legal civil war to oppose the government issue and then invite someone to externally support them.

during the napoelon wars, many polish people had hoped that napoelon would restore the freedom of POLAND.  *DUCHY OF WARSAW napoelon created a state that was almost like a polish state, but he didn’t call it poland so that it wouldn’t upset russia.  he also later added land to it and it was called the GRAND DUCHY OF WARSAW.  russia took occupation of this land when they were fighting NAPOELON.

ALEXANDER suggested that they would great a new KINGDOM OF POLAND that would be carved out of the GRAND DUCHY OF WARSAW. there was a catch that the ruler of this THIS LAND WOULD ALWAYS be the KING OF POLAND and the CZARD of russia.  they would have their own government, but their ultimate ruler would be russia.

europe felt that from a foriegn policy standpoint that the poland army would have to support russia.  KINGDOM OF POLAND would be CREATED from lands that had largly belonged to AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA.

Class Notes 2/27/2008:

Candide Study Guide: http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/

Read the book and read over the notes on Volatire.  Also read on the enlightment.  The questions will not deal with the story, but will deal with the BETWEEN the LINES material.  Looking to offer plausablie deniablity.  READ NOTES ON VOLATIRE.  MAKE A STATEMENT ABOUT AN IDEA THAT VOLTAIRE HAS BACK IT UP WITH A STORY FROM CANDIDE.  YOU DON”T REALLY NEED TO KNOW THE CHARATERS NAMES, but use them to backup the point that Volatire was trying to make.  You WILL WANT TO DO AN OUTLINE to make sure that you cover all the points that you indented to cover.

NAPOELON had created an empire that was greater than EUROPE had seen in more than 1000 years.  his EMPIRE COLLAPASES almost as quickly as it was formed.  ONE OF THE REASONS that the EMPIRE doesn’t last is that he is unable to defeat GREAT BRITIAN.  he is always looking for some way to defeat the british, but because he wasn’t able to get to the british isles - he wasn’t able to defeat them because they controlled the seas with a great navy.

*CONTINENTAL SYSTEM created in 1806 and 1807 was a type of economic warfare.  BY DECREEN NAPOLEON declared the british isles to be in a state of BLOCKADE.  this is a decree that isn’t fully effect on paper.  NORMALLY this would mean that a NAVY would block ships from entering and exiting the british.  INHABITANTS of the british ISLES were subject to arrest if they were FOUND on the EUROPEAN contenient.  THE GRAND EMPIRE was prohibited from PURCHASING ENGLISH GOODS.  even NEATURAL ships that MIGHT HAVE stopped in the BRITISH isles were ALSO TURNED AWAYS FROM TRADE IN THE CONTINENT are turned away.

NAPOLEON felt that he could cause a depression in ENGLAND by cutting off their trade routes.  HE hoped that this would eventually cause bankruptcy.  BY NOT ALLOWING THE CONTEINENT TO purchase goods from the BRITISH then FRENCH business MIGHT have a better chance to export more of their goods.

This attempt at defeating the british failed.  The FRENCH bureacracy wasn’t large enough, or efficent enough to MONITORE all trading to make sure that the british weren’t coming.  it wasn’t possible to monitor all ports.  some could be smulggled in through smaller ports OR BY GIVING a GIFT to a local port authority you might be able to bribe them to allow the good into the system.

the WEAKEST compentent of the EMPIRE were those that had been FORCED to work with FRANCE by the fact that they had been beaten before or were afriad of being beaten by FRANCE so they had to create an alliance with FRANCE.  *TSAR ALEXANDER I was on of the TSARs that was really only part of the ALLIANCE in name or token only.  They still imported BRITISH GOODS.

The BRITISH ENCONOMY WAS HURT by the CONTINENTAL SYSTEM.

They were able to partially compensate for their losses by GAINING new MARKETS in SOUTH AMERICA.  Most of SOUTH AMERICA was part of the SPAINISH EMPIRE.  During the time of NAPOLEON many of the SOUTH AMERICAN countries were able to gain their independance as SPAIN came under FRENCH RULE.

while FRANCE establish a “PAPER” blockade britian was able to create a REAL BLOCKADE OF FRANCE’s good.

NAPOLEON doesn’t take into effect the importance of NATIONLISM (from ENLIGHTMENT period and the FRENCH REVOLUTION).  previously your LOYALTY had been to the monarch and NOT to the state.  NAPOLEON HAS PROBLEMS when he TRIES to put a FRECH GUY in charge of SPAIN with a FRENCH army.  the nationlists movement don’t like this.

NAPOLEON gets a suprise in fighting SPAIN because they use guerillia tactics and are able to make small strikes on familar ground.  more and more of his troops become tied up in SPAIN.

NAPOLEON ULTIMATE downfall is his decision to INVADE RUSSIA.

Russia had signed an alliance with FRANCE after they had been beaten.  TSAR ALEXANDER professed to be taken by NAPOLEON and said that they would become a powerhouse in EUROPE.  ALEXANDER was able to use the ALLIANCE to the benifit of RUSSIA.  When FRANCE was invading AUSTRIA, ALEXANDER said that they wouldn’t really be helping FRANCE and so AUSTRIA concentrated it’s forces against the FRENCH side (they still lost).

NAPOLEON army that invaded RUSSIA has 500K men.  ONLY HALF were Frenchman.  he doesn’t attack the RUSSIAN capitial and attack MOSCOW instead of SAINT PETERBURD.  MOSCOW was in teh central of the state.

the russians DON”T play by the RULES and they continue to RETREAT.  BUT THEY FOLLOW a “SROCHED EARTH POLICY” which detroys everything in their path so that the LIGHT TRAVELLING FRENCHMEN have trrouble gaining anything to help support them.  THE RUSSIANS do CONFRONT THE SMALL FORGING GROUPS that NAPOLEON might send out.  they would be attacked with the FORCE of SEVERAL THOUSAND men and destroy the frenchmen.

THE NOBLES are upset that ALEXANDER isn’t facing the FRENCH HEAD on.  They don’t want the FRENCH to be able to take MOSCOW so ALEXANDER agrees to CONFRONT THE FRENCH at the battle of *BORODINO.

FRANCE counts THIS BATTLE AS A VICTORY BECAUSE RUSSIA DOES RETREAT, but RUSSIA is able to many important FRENCH officers.  because russia ALMOST BREAKS through several times so french have to expose to their officers.

the FRENCH do take MOSCOW and the RUSSIAN exacute the CITY and move out of the city with the RUSSIAN troops.  The FRENCH TROOPS do loot the city.  A FIRE BREAKS OUT AND THERE IS A LARGE FIRE AND MOST OF MOSCOW IS DESTROYED.

France is in MOSCOW without any supplies AND WINTER IS APPROACHING.

ALEXANDER WILL NOT NEGIOTE any peace DEAL with NAPOLEON UNTIL there is NO FRENCHMEN on RUSSIAN soil.

NAPOLEON isn’t sure what to do.  he has only be in charge of france for a little while and he is concerned that if he doesn’t return soon.  NAPOLEON CHOOSES to RETREAT via the quickest way.  they don’t have enough to eat and they have a lot of STRAGGLERS that are trying to bring the stuff that they looted back with them.  ANY Stragglers were PICKED off by the RUSSIAN ARMY very quickly.

The MOST that ESCAPED were about 20% of the amount that came into the country.

NAPOLEON did ESCAPE and goes back into FRANCE and tries to ORGANIZE a NEW ARMY.  When the RUSSIANs approach the boarder of chasing the FRENCH out of the country they aren’t sure what to do.  Some felt that there was no need to follow NAPOLEON because he wasn’t going to attack RUSSIA again and that they SHOULD LET EUROPE worry about NAPOLEON.

ALEXANDER choose to FOLLOW NAPOLEON into EUROPE and this WAS the END for NAPOLEON.

when france returned to TRIED and build an new army when coming HE FOUND OUT that most of his ALLIANCES began turning against him.  SPAIN was liberated, with some assistance from BRITIAN they were able to throw out the FRENCH.  most of NAPOLEON ALLIES DESTERED HIM, but WHAT would the former ALLIES choose to do if they defeated NAPOLEON???  There was a lot of concern what would happen if NAPOLEON was gone.  THERE WAS CONCERN that RUSSIA would emerge as a NEW POWER to REPLACE FRANCE.  there was a fear that without an ALLIANCE they would not be able to defeat FRANCE.  THE BRITISH ARE A driving force in that they are the most concerned about removing NAPOLEON from FRANCE.  the BRITISH would provide a lot of money to people who were against the FRENCH.  they would supply these other countries with money.

-------------------

*CASTLEREAGH the problems of cementing the different states into a formal alliance against NAPOLEON, there was a STRONG REASON for

CASTLEREAGH was sent to the contient to negioate DIRECTLY with the EUROPEAN countries to get an agreement between and among the ALLIANCE members agains NAPOLEON.  CASTLEREAGH was trying to hold these states together until NAPOLEON was defeated.  HE found that AUSTRIANS believed that NAPOLEON could NEVER be defeated.  They wanted to NEGIOATE with NAPOLEON while he was down on the ropes.  They just want a peace that they felt could enforced.  ALEXANDER WANTED a total defeat of FRANCE with the RUSSIAN marching through PARIS much like FRANCE had marched through MOSCOW.

NAPOLEON wanted as MUCH NEGIOATING to take place as possible.  BUT THEY DID NOT STOP FIGHTING the FRENCH while the were NEGIOTIATING.  CASTLEREAGH continued to try and get a formal ALLIANCE between and among those fighting against FRANCE.  *TREATY OF CHAUMONT was the BRISTISH alliance BRITIAN, AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, RUSSIA signged a formal agreement that they would continue to war against FRANCE until they acheved their objectives.  ONE OF THE POINTS was establishing a CONFEDERATED GERMANY, ITALY would be restored TO SEPERATE STATES, there would be no italian unification,  SPAIN WOULD BE FREED and returned to it dynasty and HOLLAND WOULD BE ENLARGED.  the alliance LASTED FOR 20 years after the FRENCH had signed a PEACE treaty to keep the FRENCH from RISING UP AGAIN.

*BALANCE OF POWER was the general purpose of the TREATY.  this is an important concept.  They wanted EUROPE so that there WOULD BE NO ONE COUNTRY that would be powerful enough to DOMINATE the entire CONTIENENT.  this might be a way that you could maintain peace.

THE TREATY of th CHAUMONT did NOT make ANY mention of TERRIORTY BOUDARIES that would outline what each country would get or what each country would have a right to.  IT WAS AGREED that there would be CONGRESS of a PEACE congress that would meet in VIENNA to sort OUT the map of EUROPE to choose what would happen to the EUROPEAN contient.  BECAUSE NAPOLEON had shifted the map around so much they wanted to figure out what they wanted to keep and then move around.  THEY DIDN”T ACCOMPLISH THIS BECAUSE THE ALLIES began fighting against ONE another after the peace was accomplished.

MANY of the FRENCH generals felt that the people had suffered enough and couldn’t handle and ATTACK from all these ALLIES. *FREDERICK WILLIAM III of PRUSSIA marched THEIR TROOPS through PARIS.  they marched through PARIS even though NAPOLEON had not yet given up.  RUSSIAN troops did not loot the city of PARIS the way that the FRENCH did in MOSCOW.  ALEXANDER wanted to show that RUSSIAN troops weren’t the barbairins that the FRENCH TROOPS were.

AFTER the defeat of FRANCE it was FINALLY decieded to RETURN the old the old DYNASTY to france.  *LOUIS 18th (BOURBON DYNASTY) was the brother of the king that had been put to death.  LOUIS 17th never ruled because he was in prison and there was a revolution, the ROYALISTS felt they should still acknowledge that he SHOULD HAVE been the ruler.

LOUIS 18th was largely FAT and LAZY and just enjoyed being king and GOT ALONG WITH EVERYONE.

The choice is the NAPOLEON will be removed and the DYNASTY returned.

*TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU - because a lot had changed in FRANCE, the ALLIES choose to have LOUIS 18th rule as a CONSTITUITIONAL MONARCH.  The treaty of FONTAINEBLEAU was signed by NAPOLEON AS AN INDIVIDUAL and the allies.  NAPOLEON renounced the FRENCH thrown for HIMSELF and his DESCENDANTS.  NAPOLEON WAS ABLE TO KEEP HIS TITLE AS EMPEROR.  He WOULD NO RULE *ELBA a tiny island off the coast of italy.  NAPOLEON and his family WOULD BE PAID GENEROUS PENSIONS from the government of FRANCE.

peace had to be restored between THE BOURBON FRANCE and it’s allies.  *TALLEGRAND played an important part in the PEACE negiotations with FRANCE.  very interesting person.  served government after government.  WAS ALLOWED to serve revolutionary governments, also served NAPOLEON as a foreign minister for a time.  TALLEGRAND began to undermine NAPOLEON because he knew that NAPOLEON would never be satisfied.  TALLEGRAND NOW begins to serve LOUIS 18th.

The negiotiations were complicated between france and it’s allies.  the 4 governments that defeated france had a hard time decieding how to have peace.  BRITIAN wanted FRANCE to pay repermantions to the ALLIES.  NEED DEATILS AS 23 minutes.

the ALLIES agreed that the BOURBON DYNASTY should start with a clean slate and they did NOT want to weaken it by making them TAX their people heavly to pay the price of NAPOLEON.

the *FIRST PEACE OF PARIS was signed between france and it’s allies, this ends the fighting BETWEEN THE ALLIES and the country of FRANCE.  this seems to be quite lienant at FIRST, france gave up it’s empire, but was allowed to keep it’s boundaries that it has established earlier.  IT WAS able to keep 150 square miles of land that they had acquired.  THIS ENDS THE WAR.  there is hope that this will GIVE FRANCE AND EUROPE enough to recover from the wars and revolutions that had taken place.  they didn’t want to REKINDLE REVOLUTION in FRANCE.

the ALLIES were free to meet in VIENNA and work out the TERMS of the  TERRIORITES that had been the GRAND EMPIRE.  who will get what and what will get rearranged.

the CONGRESS OF VIENNA was NOT A PEACE treaty, but who would be restored to power that had been over thrown and what terriorties would be given to the victories.  THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA didn’t have a lot worked out on HOW it would be able to work.  ALL FOUR countries FELT that they would be running things, but they would invite all the european heads of states but that the VICTORS would be able to HOLD all the power.

 

Class Notes 2/25/2008

Top:
Privileged Classes
Aristocratic Revolt
Estates General

Swing to the left:
National Assembly
Bastille
Great Fear
Move to Paris (Assembly)

Middle Class (far left point)

Shift to the left (bottom point)
Constitution 1791
Legislative Assembly
War 1792
Counter Revolution

Lower Class (lowest middle point)

Shift to the right (heading to middle point)
Convention
Constitution of 1793 (most radical, never fully implemented)
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror

Thermidoran Reaction “White Terror”

Constitution of 1795 (the year III in the revolution calendar) (Middle Point)

Move to the top (Middle Point)

Constitution of 1799

Themodorians choose to disable robspiere, they make the consititution of 1795 WAS A MIDDLE CLASS constituiton.  the radical parts of the constituition of 1793 were taken out and they had more property rights.

1795 moved from focusing on the RIGHTS of the citizens to the DUTIES of the citizens.  A RETURN to INDIRECT elections.  in 1795 males who were 25 years of age and PAID TAXES were able to vote.

*COUNCIL OF ANCIENTS - the upper house of the legislate branch in the 1795.  You had to be 40 years of age to serve in this house.  there were 250 members.

*COUNCIL FIVE HUNDRED - the lower house.  THEY WOULD INTIATGE legislatation.  it would start HERE and then be passed UP TO THE ANCIENTS and agreed upon before it becomes law.

*DIRECTORY - a five man group that HELD the EXECUTIVE POWER.  they were elected BY THE TWO COUNCILS, BUT NOT members of the two councils.  they would then rotate ONE PERSON off each year.  EACH year one person would rotate off the council.

The NATION CONVENTION drew up this constitution.  THEIR PRIMARY CONCERN was a return of the monarchy.  Many PEOPLE were upset with the changes in government and the wars that were going on.  They wanted a return to internal stablity and peace abroad.  They were afraid that if open elections were HELD THEN THE PEOPLE WOULD WANT A RETURN THE THE MONARCHY.

IT is a REQUIREMENT that 2/3rds of the legislative BODY would COME FROM THE CONVENTION.  THIS IS ONLY TO APPLY IN THE FIRST ELECTION.  this will allow some degree of stablity into the contry and people will forget about problems.

There is a ROYALIST uprising in paris in 1795.  The GOVERMENT CALLS on the military for HELP.  one of those who responded to the governments cry for help was an arlitlary general *NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.  he used cannons to hit the streets of PARIS with a “WHIFF OF GRAPESHOT”.  the narrow streets work to the advantage of the military.  This breaks up the demonstration of the ROYALISTS.  MANY of them get killed by this cannon fire.

with the destructions of the royalist uprising, the DIRECTORY is able to take full power.  They were able to squelch uprising from the left and the right, even with this they were not able to govern well.  IT WAS A PERIOD OF CONFUSION and poltically instablitiy.

GREATEST problem was the NEW RULERS DIDN”T HAVE ANY SUPPORT IN THE COUNTRY.

The government of the directory was only able to get by playing politics of on faction against or another OR WOULD HAVE TO CALL IN THE MILITARY.  You had a situation where the GENERALS WERE PLAYING A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE.  it was not democratic because the decisions were being made by the general.

when the elections of 1797 was held the ROYALIST GOT A LOT OF SUPPORT.  this made a fear that there would be the return of a monarch.  The army was CALLED in and expelled the PROMINIATE ROLAYISTS.  They had to flee OR THEY WERE ARRESTED.

The counsils were purged of the royalist deputies and the others left were able to get more powers.  THEY DIDN”T REALLY HAVE A FUNCTIONING SYSTEM BECAUSE THE ARMY HAD TO BE CALLED IN EACH TIME.  The fate of the country continued to rest more int he hands of the army generals.

BONAPARTE was a brilliant general.  HE had defeated armies larger than his own.  DEAFETED AUSTRIAN armies in ITALY.  normally when an enemy was defeated, the generals would work out an THEN POLITICANS would work out the peace treaties.  WHEN HE DEFEATED AUSTRIAN, he choose to MAKE THE PEACE TREATY after defeating the AUSTRIAN ARMY.  his peace treaties are then accepted by the directory.

NAPOLEON was able to take an army to EGYPT to establish a FRENCE empire in the middle east.  he saw this as a way of hurting the ENGLISH.  egypt was part of the ottoman empire, but BONAPARTE wanted this to hurt ENGLAND.  because ENGLAND was already in INDIA.  what they wanted to do was use EGYPT as a transport route to INDIA that was being used by ENGLAND.

ENGLAND was BONAPARTE’s major enemy.  he is always looking for ways to defeat the english.  BONAPARTE was able to come into EGYPT and make some impressive victories.  ENGLAND’s NAVY STOPs BONAPARTE.  Russia also didn’t want FRANCE to be established in this area.  The british fleet is able to establish a BLOCKADE ALONG THE COAST so NAPOLEON is not able to get reinforcements or further supplies.

BONAPARTE has spies in FRANCE that said that the government of the directory might fail.  BONAPARTE didn’t want to be in EGYPT when big things were happening in paris with the possible fall of the government.  WHEN HE RETURNS to FRANCE HE IS GREATED as a hero.  Even though he abandoned is army in EGYPT it is overlooked.  The army he left in EGYPT does eventually loose and they become POWs for many years.

People were really looking for someone to bring stablity into france.  The leaders of the DIRECTORY feared that they were too weak to with stand any challange for the left or the right.  A plan was developed that the TWO COUNCILS would meet outside of PARIS.  They were told it was not safe to meet in paris and they should meet outside of paris to be protected by the army.  The troops that were directing them were ACTUALLY loyal to BONAPARTE.

As part of the plan, BONAPARTE appeared before the two counsils and proposed that the DIRECTORS would resign.  *CONSULS - both houses would appoint three people INCLUDING BONAPARTE to the consuls.  *SIEGES (what is the third estate - an abbey).  These three people would work on a new constituition.

The COUNSIL of ANCIENTS THEY ACCEPTED THE SUGGESTION.

The COUNSIL of FIVE HUNDRED, didn’t agree with the PLAN.  the ones that didn’t agree were THROWN out by the army lead by the army of BONAPARTE’s brother.  those that were left agreed to to BONAPARTE’s plan.  They created the constitution of 1799.

“THIS LEAD TO THE FALL OF THE MIDDLE CLASS GOVERNMENT.”

NAPOLEON would eventually be the emporeror of france. to bring the revolution FULL CIRCLE.

when napoleon restores the empire he restores the noblity.

The COUNSUL made  a declararation that the revolution was OVER.

===========

THE TEXT HAS A GOOD SECTION ON BONAPARTE.

He was a frenchman, BUT ONLY BY A YEAR.  he was born on the island of corsia only the year before BONAPARTE was born.  BONAPARTE’s FRENCH was always pronounced with an ITALIAN accent.

the son of a minor noble, whose ancestry was ITALIAN, not FRENCH.  his father didn’t have MUCH WEALTH, but did have a LOT OF CHILDREN.  when NAPOLEON was 9 years old, he was given a chance to go to FRANCE to study in a military academy.  Because france was trying to make CORSICA more intergrated into FRANCE they were allowing people to be appointed to military schools.

he study to be an officer in the army.  he study to BE THE ARTILLERY.  he was good in MATH and because he was good in this.  ARTILLERY was also the area where you could GET AHEAD by what you knew, NOT WHO YOU KNEW.  this was before the fall off the class system so advancements came from family and not from skill.  you were able to advance based upon your ablity somewhat.

under the normal course of events BONAPARTE’s might be able to MAKE CAPTIAN in about 12 years (which would have probably been topss for him).  but because of the revolutions he advanced farther, he was made to a GENERAL in the army by the age of 25.  when the revolution began in 1795 it appeared that he didn’t have much going for him, not a lot of money or friends amoung the officer core.

he spent his time reading history including military history.  intially his dreams were limited, thought about liberating corisica or writing a histroy of the island.  BONAPARTE’s THOUGHTS were changed by the downfall of the monarchy.  MANY of the nobles including of the military fled the country.  SO this allowed for people who left behind to move more quickly through the ranks.

NAPOLEON was appointed by the committee of public safety.  so when ROBSPIERRE was appointed as a general by the committeee of public safety.

in 1796 he was put in charge of the FRENCH committees in ITALY.  he fought many battles AGAINST the AUSTRIANS and won.  people were upset because he didn’t use standard military pratice.  he would attack from the rear and the sides and all sorts of non-normal tactics.  he ALSO was the one that NEGIOTED the peace.

when AUSTRIA was defeated.  it left ONLY ENGALD as the other EURPOEAN power.  but ENGLAND had a NAVY that was too powerful.  he was always looking for ways other than by sea to somehow afflict other methods of harming ENGLAND.

HE IS APPOINTED AS A PROVISONAL CONSUL (the most powerful of the three)

the constituition of 1799 retained the FORM of the REPUBLIC.  BONAPARTE was first counsil and MUCH OF THE POWER was in his hands.  there was a complex system of government will a legislative branch.  but power was really in the hands of BONAPARTE.

ONE change was that people got to VOTE UP OR DOWN on accepting the constitution.  NAPOLEON’s power and this new constituition were seen favorably by the people.

just because BONAPARTE was popular DID NOT MEAN that he was going to have a stable government.  BONAPARTE was a military genius and POLTICAL genius.  he new that he was going to have to reduce opposition AND WIN ADDTIONAL SUPPORT.

*CONCORDAT of 1801 = the most important single group that OPPOSED the revolution at this time was the CHURCH.  BONAPARTE made this agreement STATE THE CATHOLISM was the the RELIGION OF THE MAJORITY OF FRENCHMEN.  this was not listed as the “offical religion”.  the upper clergy were going to be NOMINATED by NAPOLEON and then the pope would then concerate the nomination that was made by BONAPARTE.  the CHURCH had to agree to give up all its RIGHTS to confiscated lands.  IN RETURN the state would pay the salary of the CLERGY.  by this agreement of 1801 BONAPARTE removed ONE of the groups that would have opposed him.

BONAPARTE did NOT want to offend those who didn’t like the CATHLIC faith so RELIGIOUS FREEDOM was maintained and PROTESTANT ministers were PAID by the state.

BONAPARTE tried to move to establish unity, order and efficency in government.

PROVICAL OFFICALS, MAYORS of CITIES were to be appointed and controlled from PARIS.  tax collection was also handled centrally from PARIS.  France’s goverment became on of the most CENTRALIZED and EFFIENCENT governments of EUROPE.

one problem that BONAPARTE faced when trying to create and centralized government was that HE LACKED qualified officals.  BONAPARTE was WILLING to overlook someone’s past.  he didn’t CARE what you did before HE came to power, it just mattered  that you were LOYAL to him now.  one of his officals was from the REIGN OF TERROR, another person was an archbisoph of the OLD REGIME.  he didn’t care what you did yesterday, it was what you did today that mattered.  he still didn’t have enough officals.

even with this, he still doesn’t have enough officals WHILE he is expanding his empire.  HE believes that you have to improve the EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.  he creates a highly CENTRALIZED educational system.  the government maintains CENTRALIZED and SECLUARE CONTROL over the education system.  because teachers were state employees they were also taught to be loyal to NAPOLEON’s regime.  FRANCE’s education system was BETTER than most in EUROPE.  there was a long lead time before the results of the educational system came to fruition.

BONAPARTE WAS SUCCESSFUL in establishing LEGAL UNITY within france.  *CODE NAPOLEON = NAPOLEON took credit for something that started before he took power.  it kept most of the middle class law things.  ALL CITIZENS were EQUAL.  it was a SECURAL state, there was no offical religion of the state.  WIFES WERE SUBORDIANTE to the authority of their husbands.  children were legally SUBORDIANTE to their fathers.  it protected private property.  this also protected the employeers.  TRADE UNIONS AND STRIKES were prohibited by the law (similar to ENGLAND).  this measure did get some support from middle class.  The workers were able to have trial by jury and some other basic legal rights.  THIS did provide a unified law code amoung the provices of FRANCE.  AS FRANCE began to control other countries they ALSO IMPLEMENTED the *CODE NAPOLEON.
although he conquers other states and ENFORCES their law code, THE LAWs were exported, but THIS DOESN”T ALWAYS work well because LAWs are somewhat specific to the area that they boundary.

NAPOLEON keeps up the fasacde of representative government by allowing the people to vote ON allowing him to continue to be the empoeror of FRANCE.

most of the noblity WAS brought back.  if you had NOBLE linage you were able to use your TITLE again.  IF you worked HARD and were loyal to NAPOLEON then you were able to advance and get LOTS of rewards/titles/pensions.  CREATED the LEGION of HOUNOR.  most of the middle class welcomed the return the ablity of being able to be part of the NOBLITY again.  BONAPARTE is willing to give people titles and money if they work hard and are loyal.  the middle class is happy to have the gates of noblity once again opened up to them that it doesn’t matter who you father was you had the chance to advance.

NAPOLEON is best noted for his military victories.  some claim that he is given too much credit for his victories.  SOME GENERAL CHARATERICS that helped account for his success.  ever since the revolution begun, EURPOEAN states had formed alliances against france.  but france had prevailed even before NAPOLEON.  they had prevailed even though they had faced superior forces.  under NAPOLEON they were able to achieve EVEN greater successes.  NAPOLEON was a MASTER at creating disent AGAINST the collations that fought against him.  he was able to use the divisions against each other.  HIS FORCES TRAVELED LIGHT and moved without a lot of supplies.  they would BUY or TAKE the supplies that they needed while traveling.

MILITARY PRINICPAL of MASS.  GETTING THERE FIRSTEST WITH THE MOSTEST.  not the largest army, WHO has the SUPERIOR numbers at the POINT of the BATTLE TIME.  he followed a STRATEGY that included AUSTRIA that he continued to OVERRUN the AUSTRIAN by defeating them HE would then start the downfall of the COLLITION that had been started by this loss of AUSTRIA.

he had a large number of EXCELLENT OFFICERS.  he didn’t care what your background his.  he had a larger pool of people to CHOOSE as officers because he didn’t require that you had to come from an established family.  he had dozens of GOOD GENERALS.

he used his military ablilties to reshape the map of europe.  he destroyed MANY of the old states.  the germains were 300 states, he doesn’t away with them and consolidates them into smaller states.

*GRAND EMPIRE = 3 parts, created by NAPOLEON, the inner core or heart of the empire was FRANCE (but an expanded france bigger than it was before the revolution), next came the DEPENTDANT states that were tied to FRANCE through alliance and family connection - SPAIN, HOLLAND that were ruled by napoleon’s relatives - the swiss republic, the grand duchie of warsaw, ALLIED states were the third part of the grand empire.  states that has been defeated MILITARILY by NAPOLEON. they would then be forced to sign alliances with FRANCE as part of the peace treaties that they were made to sign.  his allies were expected to ADHERE to his ANTI-british stance. 

a country might sign allaince with NAPOLEON - but they don’t always adhere to the treaties that they’ve been made to sign.  this GRAND EMPIRE seems as if it does CONTROL THE DESTINY of EUROPE.

 Class notes 2/18/2008:

Will cover the enlightment, background to the French Revolution and the reign of 15 and 16.  The reasons for the revolution and the events of the revolution.  Begin with the aristocract revolut.

WILL CUT IT OFF WITH WHAT WE COVERED AT THE END OF LAST WEEK.  Nothing from today.  All the short essays from class.  If you don’t know dates put it into context

Not going to be someone that was spoke a couple of hours.  It is not going to be with someone that will be in just one sentence.

GET ALL DETAILS OF TEST FROM START UNTIL THE 5 minute time period.

---------
Last week talking about the declaration of pelnizte.  it is important becasuse many frenchmen didn’t understand dimplomancy.  IT doesn’t promise immediate help to the french government or the monarch.  if we can get all these people to agree then we will restore order in france.  MIGHT be told a “loud sounding nothing”.  IT WAS PERCIVED as being a direct threat.  SEEMS LIKE THIS COULD BE A SHORT ANSWER.

Up to this time we’ve been talking about he national consitency assembly.  ELECTIONS were finally held for this POWERFUL *LEGISTLATIVE ASSEMBLY. that was created by the consituition (details at 7 minutes.).  *GIRONDISTS is a power group of the assembly, who is a radical and a conservative can change quickly.  GIRONDISTS will start at the radical left and then move to the middle and then they will be pushed out the door.

the leaders of the GIRONDISTS wanted to see france established as a republic and ADOVOCATED REVOLUTIONARY WAR.  the belif that so long as there were any crowned heads in europe then their revolution would be in trouble.  they wanted to send french armies around europe to liberate these other countries with the help of their local people.

*JACOBINS - ROBESPIERRE lead the JACOBINS which were a radical politcal clubs that meets in paris.  they were moderate but after the attempted escape by the king they become more radical.  ROBESPIERRE was afraid of war.  he feels that if you have war in an unsettled situation that you will have a LOT OF INTERNAL turmoil (including price).  he feels that if you have all this TURMOIL at home then people will look for a STRONG MILITARY leader to bring regularity.  turns out that in the long run ROBESPIERRE will be right.

France goes to war with the prussia and austria *DUKE OF BRUNSWICK was the commander of the austrian and prussia forces.

intially the french armies didn’t do very well.  they had a lack of leadership.  many of the seniors officers had already feld the country.  they were intially defeated by the austrian and prussian forces.  FRANCE ALSO SUFFERED from the COUNTER-REVOLUTION forces internally.  they are facing both a foreign war and an INTERNAL war.  given the instablity of the situation the french currency dropped and prices rose.

*MARIE ANTIONETTE - the queen who was an austrian who was hated was FELT to be corresponding to her family encouraging them to keep fighting.  the MONARCHY was even more hated.  THE GIRONDISTS were afraid that if you GOT RID OF THE MONARACHs you’d have a NEW CONSITION because the PREVIOUS was tied to the constitiuinational monarchy.  The JACOBINS were more radical though and wanted to push out the monarchty.

-----17 minutes NEED LOTS MORE DETAILS

THE DUKE of BRUNSWICK let the national guard had weapons when he entered into paris that.  if ANY harm came to the king or his family then BRUNSWICK would destroy paris.  BRUNSWICK was doing well and thought that he was going to take PARIS.

this made the people of paris even more convienced that the royal family was in colusion with the enemy.  SOME MILTIA units and others loyal to the JACOBINS, stormed the castle.  the king and his family had to flee.  they sought refuge from the LEGISTLATIVE ASSEMBLY.  (check for details at 20 minutes).

the king had been encouraging though letters other countries to invade france and over through the revolutionaries.  the KING HADN’T destroyed the evidence of the letters that he had been writing to these other countries.

the LEGISTLATIVE ASSEMBLY choose to DISSOVLE itself and call for elections for a *NATIONAL CONVENTION.

the NATIONAL CONVENTION was to be voted into power by almost ALL adult males.  They felt that they needed to draw up a new consition because the CONSTATIONAL MONACHRY wasn’t working with a king that was treasonory.

The NATIONAL CONVENTION was made up of three groups:
*PLAIN - they were not tied to
*GIRONDISTS - next in size
*JACOBINS (MOUNTAIN) - had a number of leaders but the most promient was ROBESPIERRE

first item for the NATIONAL CONVENTION was what TO DO WITH THE KING.  ROBESPIERRE felt that he had committed treason and that death should be pronounced.

the GIRONDISTS felt that you needed to go through a legal process.  SO THEY WENT THROUGH a legal process and the KING WAS executed.

the GIRONDISTS backed the wrong side in the thoughts of what to do with the king.  the GIRONDISTS we successful for a while because the troops were successful in invading BRUSSELL???

LOTS OF DETAILS AT 26 minutes.

the pretiage of the GIRONDISTS suffered a set back when on the general’s choose deflect to the enemy.

One of the measures that the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY adopted was to setup REVOLUTIONARY COURTS.  there were concerns of foriegn enemies.  they were also concerned about INTERNAL counter revolutionaries that weren’t loyal.  in paris they would begin to hunt down these type of people.

*COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFTEY - orginally was only to keep an eye on the government ministers.  IT WOULD begin to BECOME a JOINT dictatorship IN FRANCE.

the economy was conintuing to get worse in france.  inflation was a problem and there were food shortages.  people were ROBBING stores for the FOOD.  they would leave the amount that the food had cost them before because they didn’t understand inflation.

the GIRONDISTS came out strongly against the RAIDING of shops and such.  the lower classes CALLED for the PURGE of the GIRONDISTS from the national assembly.  this was done by an organized.  the MOB is NOW able to dicate was the legisiglative branch is doing.

the JACOBINS can now control things in the NATIONAL CONVENTION.

Now were are in the lower class phase of revolution.  A new constitiuion is needed *CONSTITUTION of 1793 is for the lower class.  It made FRANCE A REPUBLIC.  It would ALSO ALLOW ALL ADULT MALES to vote.  BECAUSE NOBODY had any food, the lower class was pushing for PRICE CONTROLS, INFLATION CONTROLS, speculation on currency and method of allowing people to hoard things to get higher prices.

THE ASSEMBLY did ESTABLISH MAX prices for BREAD and other essential goods and services.  They DICTATED an increase on wages.  This frightens the MIDDLE CLASS.  they are worried about the government interferring with the freedom of the market.

the COMMITTEE of PUBLIC SAFTEY.  some of the JACOBINS including ROBESPIERRE joined the committee.  IT BECAME the CORE OF A STRONG GOVERNMENT.  the leadership was supposed to ROTATE monthly but ROBESPIERRE became the outstanding leader.

ROBESPIERRE came from a middle class family.  father was a lawyer.  he became intersted in the problems of the poor.  he was elected to the ESTATES GENERAL and then was elected to the LEGISTLATIVE ASSEMBLY.  he also became the CHEIF spokes person for the JACOBINS in the NATIONAL CONVENTION.  he became MORE RADICAL as the wars went along.  he thought that the only way that the revolution could be saved was through the arming of the *SANS-CULOTTES (lower class).  felt that france needed a strong central government and needed to restrain the wealthier classes.

COMMITTEE of PUBLIC SAFTEY and ROBESPIERRE were facing civil inserrection the proviences and france was being attacked in all sides.  The COMMITTEE became a joint dictatorship that began to organize the DEFENSES of the nation to handle the CIVIL wars that were going on the provences.  to meet the external threat, the invasions it insitied the *LEVEE EN MASSE (important concept) a change is taking PLACE in the WAY wars are fought.  compared to the concept of the ENTIRE nation in war.  changed the idea of the ARMY being a professional bussiness.  LEVEE EN MASSEE is war becoming a NATIONAL EFFORT.  moblizing the entire nation.  the whole society was organized to resist the invaders.  young men were trained for the armies.  WOMEN would make tents.  children would ROLE bandages.  OLDER men would address the troops and motaviate them to help defend france.

the LEVEE EN MASSEE WORKED.  france turned the table and pushed back the enemies on all fronts.  the military success added to the power and the prestiage of the COMMITTE OF PUBLIC SAFETY.

*REIGN OF TERROR - this was to deal with the INTERNAL enemies of france.

=====================

REIGN OF TERROR - intended to deal with internal enemies.  there fear that this group of counter-revolutionaries was undermining the efforts of the external efforts.  YOU HAVE A LOT OF TRIBUNALS especially in PARIS.  those who were accused of wanting the monarchy to return or something else.

the reign of terror - struck at those who were FALSELY accused.  if you wanted your neighbors property or wife, then you would accuse them of being against the revolution.  SOME WHO were tried and executed were legitamate, but many would not have been convicticed under a “real” court considering the evidence.

the queen, MARIE ANTIONETTE, the GIRONDISTS, and some of the JACOBINS who started the reign of terror FELL VICTIM to it.  The reign of terror didn’t even last a who year.  the exact number killed is hard to determine because there was no record keeping.  25,000 died and as many as ???? 4 minutes were held prisoner.

many of those who were put to death were somewhat against the revolution.

the CLASS origins of those who were executed ONLY ABOUT 8 percent of the victims were nobles.  most of those put to death were not nobles.  THE NOBLES were NOT HARMED unless they had somehow come out against.  the nobles were LIKED, so if they were brought to TRIAL, MANY PEOPLE would come out against them.  IF YOU DIDN”T actively particpate in the counter revolutionary movement.  if you stayed holed up in your estate and didn’t say anything to anyone.

6 to 7 percent were clergymen.

the largest group were those who were members of the 3rd estate or the working class.  31 percent were working class 28 percent were peasants.

the guioteene was supposed to be more human and was more effecient.  it was designed by a doctor.  THE OLD SYSTEM OF HANGING or axing the head chopped off took a long time.  The guioteene was a razor sharp blade that comes down on the head.

they had some many victims that they would have to line them up.  they ran it almost in an assembly line type of fashion.  sometimes they had a back log.  in one case in a costal city they had a couple of thousand people that had been convicted.  so they PUT THEM ON A BARGE and brought them out to SEA and then SUNK the boat to get rid of the back log.

during the reign of terror when ROBESPIERRE was directing the government, there were some positive developments.  THEY WIPE OUT THE PAYMENTS that were due to the former noble class from the peasants.  THEY MADE IT EASIER for the peasant to PURCHASE land that hadn’t been bought by the middle class was made available to the peasants on very favorable terms.  they intiated many social services and other.  THEY DIDN’T HAVE MUCH LAND and their agricultural methods weren’t very good so the peasants were given instructions on how to make their land more productive.  they also began some vocational teachings to promote futher teachings.  they also ABOLISHED SLAVERY in all FRENCH TERRITORIES.

a revolutionary calendar was created to ELIMINATE the sundays, saints days and the holy days of the church.  they wanted to eliminate the holy days when people would not have to work.  THERE WAS STRONG ANTI-clericalism and against organized religion.  The NEW CALENDAR didn’t use BEFORE CHRIST AND AFTER CHRIST.  they wanted to do away with this and instead use the dividing point AS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.  they used roman numerals.  the year was divided into twelve months, each month was to be 30 days LONG.  THEY DAYS LEFT OVER ARE USED AS A PARTY TIME.  They used decades - they are a TEN DAY WEEK these were called decades.  PROBLEM was what DAY do you get off, ONE DAY OUT OF TEN INSTEAD of 1 out of 7.  napolean discarded this calendar.

nobody else in earth used the calendar so in diplomat cooresponce everything has to be translated and given in BOTH DATES.

ROBESPIERRE also introduced a new form of worship.  KNOWN as the worshipping the “SUPREME BEING”.  a belief in god but not in any organized religon.

these mesauses lead to growing dicontent.  ROBESPIERRE was not very good with political skills.  MANY in the the CONVENTION began to fear for their own lives.  MANY who had worked with ROBESPIERRE earlier on became victims of the reign of terror and were put to death.

*THERMIDOR month in the revolutionary calendar.  a group of deligates in the CONVENTION got together with others and said that ROBESPIERRE was a threat to EVERYONE in the CONVENTION.  they agreed to have him arrested and executed.  the most imporant reason for ROBESPIERRE’s down fall was that he had recently MADE a SPEECH to the CONVENTION saying that the COMMITTEE of PUBLIC SAFETY had weeded out many people in the general populace that THERE WERE MORE INCLUDING MEMBERS of the CONVENTION.  they felt that they needed to move against HIM before they moved against THEM.  even though ROBESPIERRE was wounded they still took him to the GUIOTENEE.

they didn’t feel that killing ROBESPIERRE would change the revolution.  some wanted the revolution to become even more radical.  but things began to change.  gradually the more radical aspects of the regin of terror were ABANDODED.  the MEN THAT SUCCEDD ROBESPIERRE were well to do property OWNERS.  this swings the revoution back to the right to toward the MIDDLE CLASS.

bottom of circle is the reign of terror and the EXTREME RIGHT.

*THERMIDORIAN RECATION.  the mean of the PLAIN (the largest group) started to exercise power.  many were businessmen.  they had gained wealth and other status from the revolution.  THEY DIDN”T WANT TO SEE A MONARCHY restored.  they had voted for the EXECUTION of the KING.  they didn’t have a problem with ROBESPIERRE EXCEPT FOR THE FACT THAT THEY HAD PREACHED social democarcy.  they had given TOO MUCH VOICE to the lower CLASSES.  they didn’t like that the price controls had INTERFERRED with the MARKET and interferred with PRIVATE PROPERTY.  they felt that there should be no wage or price controls.

the convention with the THERMIDORIAN’s replaced the PUBLIC SAFETY COMMITTEE and reduced the power of the COMMITTEE.  They wanted the CONVENTION and not COMMITTEE to control the direction of the french government.  the guiotenne was shutdown after ROBESPIERRE was executed.  most of those who were held in JAIL were released from prison.

*WHITE TERROR - an unoffical terror (color of monarchy and rolayty) not intiated or supported by the government.  this was CARRIED OUT by friends and family members of those who had been unjustly MURDERED during the reign of terror.  those that returned WHO LEFT THE COUNTRY whose family members that were executed while they were out of the country.  those who were judges or jury members during the REIGN OF TERROR where attacked by VIGILANTIES.

the economic situation got out of hand.  they were determined to FREE THE ECNOMY from any sort of controls.  the RESULTS were disaterous.  inflation SPIRLED UPWARD.  soon the cost of basic nessistaties was so HIGH that only the wealthy could afford them.  REAL WAGES were at a catostrophic level.  THE LOWER CLASS ONCE AGAIN choose to revolute.  the constitiution of 1793 hadn’t been fully implemented so there were those who were pushing for that.  but mostly this was an economic revolute.

DETAILS at 36 minutes.  they failed because they DIDN’T HAVE any real leadership.  BUT THE GOVERNMENT didn’t want to have this happen again.  SO THOSE WHO were leaders or expected leaders were executed or deported.

troops loyal to the goverment would search house to house in the lower class to search for weapons.  many of the lower class had fought in wars and they had brought the weapons home with them.  they were disarming the lower class.

the parisan lower class *san-culottes CEASED to exist as a threat to the government.  the THERMIDORIAN’s felt that it was NOW SAFE to go about creating a consitition and a government that was by and for the MIDDLE CLASS.  they didn’t have to worry about the lower class, they were able to shape the government how they wanted to.

Class Notes 2/13/2008:

NOT comprehisive TEST.  is a week from today, probably up to monday.  it will be the same format as the first one.  same amount of questions between book and lecture.

FRECH revolution touched off by the ARISTROCATIC revolute.  they expected to come out on top, but the middle class ended up in a position of leadership.  people had been afraid to come out in the open, but people began to believe that it was safe.

*PALAIS ROYAL support of duke of orleans who was very liberal.
Other was the group of Electors that met at the paris city hall.  they supported more liberal measures.

PARIS was becoming more radical and the government began to worry about this.  they began bringing in troops from outlying regions that haven’t been corrupted.  at the french revolution EVERYONE gets to die for their contry.  BEFORE that wars were things that the king was invovled in and there wass more of a PROFESSIONAL type of solider, not just everyday people.  the FRENCH revolution begins to bring the working type classes into warfar.

*NECKER who was popular with the people was dismissed from his position as the finance minister.  he was sent into exile.  The CITY of paris learned that NECKER had been dismissed the day after.  crowds began to form outside the PALAIS ROYAL, they made speech and said that the people should arm themselves to protect them from the government.

They had began to attack customs houses outside the city.  They began attackinga nd burning down these places that would tax those going into the city.  THEY BEGAN attacking anyplace that had weapons, police stations.  THIS BECAME dangerious to the GOVERNMENT AND to the LAND OWNING class.  the fear would be that the lower classs would get a hold of weapons and start attacking stores and such.

because of the fear of the land owners and the king cracking down.  the city HALL group began to form it’s own milita.  IT WAS TO PROTECT FROM THE KING AND THE LOWER CLASS.

EVEN THE KING allowed to do this.  They started putting together the national guard.  One of the first things that the revolutioinaries will demand is a national guard.  the army is the kING’s army and the national guard will be the ones that protect them from the KING’s army.

they wanted to make sure that the good members of the middle class were included.  they didn’t want weapons going to the LOWER CLASS.  the non working are excluded fromt he guard.  THIS TRADITION continues.  you had to pay for your own weapon and HORSE LATER on.  The middle class that establishes it wants to make sure that it was a good middle class group.

They began going to the people and asking where there might be stockpiles of weapons.  They would SEND the lower class all over the city looking for weapons.  they would mis lead them to try and wear out the people of the lower class that kept looking for weapons.

A MOB found a store house, weapons that had a LARGE storehouse of muskets and gundpower.  *BASTILLE elated by this find the CROWD choose do a MARCH on bastille.  This becomes the FRENCH independance day.  the march on the bastille becomes somewhat a mix of mythology.  this was a LARGE french prison that HAD been used to imprison political prisoners.  the MYTH is that the crowd when to free politcal prisons.  THERE WERE NO prisoners in the bastille there were only 7 prisoners there and NON were a polictical prisoner.  the crowd marched on the bastille because it was a symbol of the old regim and THEY FELT THEY WOULD FIND WEAPONS there.

when the crowd begins attacking, the city hall group tries to negoiate between the kings troops and the mob.  TROOPS within the BASITILLE began to fire into the crowdd and then the MOBl overwhelemed the and TOOK the BASTILLE.  they BEGAN just killing people.  NOT a good idea to iriate a mob, they killed the city hall guy that had been sending them around town.  the fall of the basitille had VERY little military significance but had a very big political signifiance.

the government had been thinking about GIVING up the NATIONAL ASSEMBLEY and they didn’t do that and they recalled NECKER.

those that had urged the king to take on the crowd including *COUNT D’ARTOIS choose to flee the country.

The PARIS setup a NEW city government and the national guard is fully put into motion.

the king traveled to paris with some of the deputies of the assembly and wore the colors of the revolution.  it seemed that the moderates had won and the assembly could begin putting together a CONSITION.  almost ALL of the revolutions WILL TAKE place in PARIS.

the french provinces were soon heard from.  when news of the events in paris reached the outer provinces.  a peasant movenment had been building with those poaches and attacking food caravans.  THE success of PARIS began enouraging the peasant even more.  provinval cities threw out their government and setup NATIONAL GUARDs men as well.  The FRENCH INDENTANTS were removed or they choose to leave.  this leaves the provinces without the king’s presence in the provinces.

the peasants wanted change including the privledges of the nobles.  they wanted and end to tithing and paying the nobles or having to perform service for them.  the news of PARIS encouraged the peasants to become even more arregisive.

*GREAT FEAR - part of the french revolution.  has significant consequences.  FRANCE is in the midst of an ecnomic crisises.  many wanders looking for work to get a meal and keep them alive.  the peasant were more hostle to the nobles than they might have been because of the ressision.  in radical or unsettling times, you have a LOT of rumors going around.  the goverment uses the media to try and seqelch any rumors today.  THE GREAT FEAR IS BASED ON A FALSE RUMOR.  According to the rumor, the priveledge classes were upset with what was happening in FRANCE and they were going to take it out on the peasants by giving weapons to the briggions that were wondering around the country for work.  lots of rural france believes this rumor.  the peasants began to organize and guards at the roads that have the roads that are going through them.

because the peasants already have weapons and the organizations, they BEGAN attacking the MANOR houses for the MANORAL RECORDS.  the record of the peasants needing to serve the lord ARE passed on from generation to generation and are recorded on paper in the MANOR houses.  if they think that they destroy the records they won’t have any obligations.  they sometimes burn down the manor with the noble and his family inside.  this is all the cause of the great fear.  it leads to big attack on these manors.

the impact in france of the great fear is that the system that the ASSEMBLY had been working on was going to look at the feduel system last.  A LOT OF THE LIBERAL NOBLES and some of the CLERGY end up renouncing that they are giving up a lot of their privledges including the peasants.  the UPPER RANKS of the clergy and nobles relized that the system of having the peseants is old fashioned.  THEY GIVE THEM UP BEFORE THE peasants take them.  they DON”T GIVE up all of these rights, the peasants are supposed to pay for them.

a rumor brings and END to a social system that had been there hundreds of years.  this removes the econimic system as well.

the politcal actions brought by the parisians and the peasants were significant, but there was NO assurance that these rights WOULD remain.

the national assembly wasn’t all that secure.  some of the members didn’t like the assembly or WANT to support tthe work of the assembly.  they would drag their feet and slow the process with the hope that the king would be able get enough military support to change the revolutionary movement.  they began to undermine the system.  france would have the consistion and absolute VETO that couldn’t be overriden that the king would be able to give.

the only way to get the king to support a consitiution would be to bring him to paris.  the king is only about 10 miles to the heart of paris.  if you bring the king into paris then you can pressure him with the MOB and keep and EYE on the KING.  the men did the talking and the WOMEN TOOK THE ACTION.  the women lead a great march out to VERISILLE.  this had to do with the fact that there was a FOOD shortage.  WOMEN were upset because there was not food for families.  there were food riots were being held by lower class women.  felt that the goverment was RESTRICTING the amount of food that was coming into the capitial.  MORE UNREST from lower class women.

there was word that the king was going to be bringing in troops from other countries??  the men went running behind the women that organzied a march to VERISILLE.  the women decapitated the GUARDS and carried their heads around sticks.  he agreed to send more food to paris and to some legislation that he had denied ealier.  the KING WAS FORCED to come BACK TO PARIS.  they felt as LONG AS the king was in PARIS there will be food.  10 DAYS later the national assembly choose to move into PARIS.  this ended up being a BIG deal for the revolution.
the revolution had been successfuly because of the working class and the middle class working together.  as a results of this alliance the king and the upper clergy had been discredited.  this was unstable.  THE ASSEMBLY was dominated by the MIDDLE class and were worried that the lower class would try to take over.  they felt the ones who paid taxes should be the ones that have the power.  THEY wanted to CURB the revolutionary excesses.  MARTIAL law was declared, the death penalty was enforced for revolutionary items and there was CENCORSHIP of the press.  the middle class wanted things to settle down and for there to be a good middle class consitiuition.
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*DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND THE CITIZEN the assmebly passed before the consitiuition.  the king evetually relunctanly agreed to this.  HAS A LOT OF LOFY pricipals that it trys to explanin.  IT really tries to PROTECT THE MIDDLE CLASS.  defends some of the basic ideas of the 3rd estate.  freedom of the press, for arbitraury arrest.  called for equality BEFORE the law.  no privledges for noble or the clergy.  EQUAL taxation, equal eligibility for the office if there was a qualification.  obvious the middle class did this because there were property protectiion.  SILENCE on freedom of assembly because of the fear of the lower class.  THE PROTESANTS and JEWS were tolerated, but the roman catholics where the offical church.

This declaration was a manifesto of the rights of the middle CLASS.

Keeping revolutions PHASES straight.  Trying to keep these all straight.  Upper class pushed aside, now the middle class in control.

The middle class resobinsble for the FIRST CONSTITIUION (OF MANY).  *CONSTITUTION OF 1791 is the first one that the middle class assembly puts together.

MOST AGREED that the king would be retained, but subject to the consitition (consitiuational monarchy).  “KING OF THE FRENCH” heridetary office.  He would recieve an ANNUAL SALARY.  not able to just spend whatever they want.  he would have an allowance.  right to appoint advisors, military commanders and ambassors. 

*SUSPENSIVE VETO right given to the king.  the king would be able to suspend or delay any non fininacal laws for a period of UP TO 4 years.  anything with money NO VETO.
because the legistlative elected every two years, it allowed the king to slow down ANY radical laws that might be going through during the time.

the ministers would be answerable to the assembly.  they could be called before committees and told to explain themselves.

the KING COULD TAKE THE FIRST STEP in declaring war or peace.  BUT A DECLARATION HAD TO BE APPROVED by the assembly.  the real power

*LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY they have the power.  UNICAMERAL BODY / it would ONLY HAVE ONE HOUSE.  they have unlimited tax power.  the could pass laws on any matter that they wanted.  the only thing that could curb their power was the kings SUSPENSIVE VETO.  the assembly had to stand for re-election every two years.

to make sure the assembley wouldn’t fall under the hands of radicals only those with SOME WEALTH and property would be able to have FULL voing powers.  there would be a TWO stage election process.  HAD TO BE MALE and 25 years of age and you have to pay a certain amount of tax.  property and age to vote and to serve in the assmebly.

for the next couple of years, the assembly got to working on a consitiution. 

70 percent of the adult males could vote in the first stage of the election.  50 percent could qualify AS electors (again similar to US pres process). 1 PERCENT would qualify to serve as a deputy, a member of the legislative assembly.  SIMILAR TO THE ENLISH HOUSE OF COMMONS.  AGAIN MIDDLE CLASS PHASE OF CONSITITUTION.

this consitiuiotion didn’t resolve the $$ problems that france had.  FRANCE NATIONALIZED the states of the church.  they confisacted the lands that the church had and PUT THEM UP FOR PUBLIC AUCTION.  the money collected was to be used to pay off the debt.  THE CONSITITION DID AWAY will all titles, no dukes.  even titles in the church were outlawed.  also no noblity titles anymore.

louis 16 declared the consition to be in effect.  called for national unity and declared that the revolution was over.  THIS WAS WISHFUL thinking that the revolution to be over.  most of the assembly and the king wanted the revoution to be over.  the CONSITION WOULDN’T last much longer than a year.

whenever you have an over throw there are those that feel that it didn’t go far enough others think it went to far.  IF PEACE HAD BEEN MAINTAINTED, the consitiution might have been maintained, but it wasn’t and that is one of the reasons that it didn’t stay in place.  THE CONSITIION also failed because the king was NOT SINCRE in his support for the consitiuion.

*MARIE ANTIONETTE louis 16 wife the queen.  they were secretly cooresponding with other governments encouraging them to interve and over through the revolution.  THEY DIDN”T like hear and call hear AUSTRIAN BITCH.  she said that if they didn’t have BREAD “let them eat cake” could have meant horse droppings.  she was trying to get her father to intervene and restore the old stlye of absolute monarchy.  they also tried to leave paris in a couch.

how can you have a consitiutional monarchy when the king doesn’t want to take a part in it.  MOST OF THE NOBLES didn’t like they had all their rights and privledges taken away from them.  MANY NOBLES had gone into exile.  what was at 27 minutes??????
most nobles JUST STAYED home and didn’t talk badly about the government.  they just stayed to themselves and kept quiet trying to wait out the revolution.

THE MOST SERIOUS OPPONENTS of the revolution were the CATHOLIC CHURCH and UPPER CLERGY.  *CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY: passed by the assembly.  this made the clergy, employees of the state.  this was adopted by assembly without consulting the POPE or the CLERGY.  THOSE that had supported the revolution did not support it after this point.  they also had support from their parioshiers in the lower class.  they became unhappy with the revolution.

some felt that it hadn’t gone far enough: the peasants didn’t have obligations to the nobles.  BUT THEY DIDN”T GET MORE LAND.  the lands of the church had been put up for auction.  but the peasants did not get the land because they didn’t have the money.  MIDDLE CLASS speculators were the ones that bought the land.  they feel that they are replacing on land lord for another because they have to pay rent to the middle class land owners now.

ANOTHER GROUP that didn’t like the revolutiion were the LESS WELL TO DO URBAN dwellers and shop keepers and some doctors and lawyers.  THEY were barred from FULL political parcipitation.  they may have only been able to cast votes, but they COULDN”T BE ELECTED as the assembly men.  They had fought against the government.  they didn’t get full rights or much gain in material benifits.

*SANS-CULITTES (this is the lower class politcal force) these were the wage earners and shop keepers.  they find allies in the assembly and they are able to drive the revolution MORE LEFTWARD.  further than some of the original.

even with these oppenents the consitiuion might have made it if the goverment had enough peace.  instead WAR BROKE OUT.  sharpened the tensions and gave hope to those who wanted to destroy the revolution.

THESE COUNTER REVOLUTIONISTS would put even more pressure on those that hadn’t supported the revolution.  they would make life even tougher on those people who didn’t support the revolution.

war would expose the treachery of the COURT.  EXPOSE the fact that the king was trying to get other countries to invade france.  THEY SAID he was a tratior for this and he didn’t do a good job hiding it.

war would lead to higher inflation.  higher food prices.

a small number of nobles supported the revolution government.

*CORDELIER CLUB, revolutionary groups of people.  dicuss poltics and things they wanted to achive.  this group BEGAN TO TAKE AN INTEREST in the problems of the lower classes.  the members were inclined to including ALL MALES the right to vote.  THEY BEGAN TO INDOCTRINATE the lower classes with the problems of the contituition of 1791.  had it not been that the king tried to escape france, it might have taken them longer to convience the lower classes of the problems with the consitioon.

when the king was brought back to paris after trying to escape.  they didn’t know what to do since they had a monarchy system.  he was supposed to help with the process, but he didn’t.  ALL THE KINGS POWERS WERE REMOVED.  AS soon as the king said that he would support the consitiution again, his powers were given back to them.

*JACOBIN CLUB refused to accept the comprimise that the king was allowed to be kept in office when he clearly didn’t support the form of goverment.  they began to petition against the assembly.
the national guard was CALLED out to make the demonstators break up.  SOME OF THE MEMBERS of the demonstrators were killed.  THIS LEAD TO A SPLIT of the JACOBIN club and the 3rd estate.  THE MORE RADICAL members of the CLUB begain to dominate the CLUB.

*ROBESPEIRRE, began to emerge as the leader of the JACOBIN club and the RADICAL FORCES in paris.

because louis 16 tried to escape, this played AN IMPORT ROLE IN THE OUTBREAK OF A WAR. 

*DECLARATION OF PILLNITZ: joint statement of austria and prussia.  THIS WAS NOT INTENDED as a strong threat to the revolution.  but it was INTERPRETED as being a threat to the revolutioation.  INVITED THE EUROPEAN POWERS IF THEY COULD ALL AGREE TO PREPARE TO UNITE TO RESTORE ORDER IN FRANCE.  VERY IMPORTANT STATEMENT.

it was hard to gett the europeans to agree on anything AND THEY DIDN”T say what they would do if they would unite.

THIS ENCOURAGE THE SUPPORTERS of the king.  they felt that help was on it’s way.  IT ALSO GAVE THE RADICALS in france further justification for their case of a REPUBLIC.  they want a republic at home and a REVOLUTIONARY WAR ABROAD.  they don’t think they will be accepted by the monarches in europe.  they won’t be accepted in europe so they have to go out and take down the other countries.  THISE DECLARATION BECAUSE responsible for the outbreak of war between FRANCE AND AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA.

Class Notes HIST102 2/6/2008:

*Louis 15th.  The remote causes of the french revolution.  until the 20th century and the communist revolution, this was the most written about subject until the russian revolution.

look at some of the remote and immediate reasons for the revolutions.  go with the more remote reasons first.  In the time of Louis 14th there was so much money spent on the palace and the wars that france was invovled in.  Louis 14 outlived a lot of people when Louis the 14th died the government owed more money than was in france.  if all the money in france was taken from the people it still wouldn’t be enough for all of the debt that was owed.  louis 15 was a young child who was louis 14 grandson.

louis 14 destroyed the power of any group to challege the government.  some people were afraid that the change in rulers would result in another fronde, but louis 14 has destroyed their ablitliy.  people wanted releif from the taxes of louis the 14.  *DUKE OF ORLEANS is the person who acted as the regient during the time of louis 15.  the orleans family was the second most powerful in the nation.  right behind the louis burbon family.

when the DUKE OF ORLEANS became regent, he tried to make a few minor reforms, but HE BELIEVED in politcal absolutism.  he thought taht you neeeded to put off major reform until Louis 15 came of age and would make choices about changing things then.  DUKE STOPPED persecuteing the Huguenots.  He did try to reform some of the tax code.

the duke of orleans choosen to work with some guy named *LAW who had been someone who was a mathmatician.  LAW was a scottish person who got into prison after a duel during a card came.  he then escaped at some point.

the duke of orleans was interested in meeting JOHN LAW.  LAW was tired of gambling and asked the DUKE for a charter to start a BANK.  this was orginally in private hands, but it had the power to ISSUE BANK NOTES or currency that could be used around FRANCE.  the bank did very well and was a big successes.  the governemnt choose to buy out the bank and made it a government bank but kept law on.

*MISSISSIPPI COMPANY was given a charter to do something with the colony.  need to find out at 11 minutes.  law’s company had the exclusive right of the louisanna territory and france.  then IT GOT THE RIGHTS to carry on all trade with FRANCE’s colonies.

the idea was to use the profits to PAY OFF THE FRENCH national debt using this money from the colonies.  people that FRANCE owed money to would get stock in the MISSISSIPPI company ang they would get dividines and would get paid back.  the SALES of the company shares went well.  not only was the company allowed to collect colony money but also the TAXES on these things would be collected on behalf on the governemnt.

LAW wanted to make reform the tax system and make it faired to the tax payers and get more money for the ggorvernement.  there were all these rumores that the louisanna territory thought that there was gold lying around in stuff adn people.  there were market rumors.  people thought that it was a sure thing because the government was behind it.

there was a lot of speculation going around about these tlypes of deals and there were a lot of stories that people had been doing well with these sorts of investments.  joint stock companies were being created in england and in france.  when you see people investing in other companies taht had even less going for it then it was so suprise that this company of LAW was ebing backed by so many people because it had better government backing.

the compnay didn’t do all that well, it had a lot of unrelized speculation.  even though the price of the stock was going up, they saw that you would have to WAIT A LONG TIME before it would make all the money it was supposed to.  the MARKET got jittery as more people began to selling.  some nobles LOT A LOT OF MONEY.  they had mortage their noble estates and the LOST everything.  many french people were upset and blamed the FRENCH governemnt.  LAW had to flee the country.  the DUKE continued to stay in the cournty but wasn’t able to get anything done after that.  the country was even WORSE off than it had been before.  this was a start of distrusting banks because they are unable to do this.

again, law was supposed to be hung for murder because of winning a gamble and was assused of cheating.  that iss when he fled his country of scotland and went to france.

law felt that there was trouble and movied his company “MISSISIPI BUBBLE” shares out of the company and into other countries.  THERE WASN’T ANYTHING in the LOUISANNA area that they once felt.
when the duke of ORLEANs died there was a brief regency and after that one died, LOUIS 15 named his tutor who was 73 held the postitions for 17 years and until he died at 90 he conducted things in the king’s name.  *FLUERY was a tuuro and cardinal?

he ecouranged expansion and building of roads and canals.  he knew that the country needed a period of peace and calm.  FLUERY was able to balance the budget.  it was the only time in the 1800s that france was able to balance it’s budget.

HE gave france the best government that IT HAD EVERY had.  when FLUERY died, LOUIS 15 stated that he was going to be his OWN CHEIF MINISTER.  his intentions were good, but he grew bored with running the government.  he did still  have intrestest in the foreign policy of france.  HE DIDN’T LIKE CONFRENTATION.  what would happen is that he would get THOUGHTS from his AMBASSOR and then wouldn’t confront them saying what they were going to do and then the KING WOULD WRITE a letter that stated something very different.  it was almost like you had two policies and louis 15 was making things more difficult.

louis 15 was of average intelligence, but said that he was always bored with government affairs.  the queen bore him 10 children in 12 years.  he said that they didn’t get along, but they must have.  HE DID have several MISTRESSES.  the mistress of LOUIS 15 would become a powerful figure in france.  the mistresses wass able to influence government decisions and choices.  she had a title and would show up at royal affairs.  the role of mistress was so powerful that father’s sought the position for their daugters and husbands for their wives.  because marriages were arranged, there was the thought of producing male children and then they could do whatever they wanted.  sometimes after they’ve had their children they would have mistresses and lovers.  that is why the husband might be interested in having his wife being the king’s mistress.  this would be one way that the family could be helped out.

the king’s mistress could have friends appointed and also be able to have laws passed.  if you offended the mistress as a goverrnment offical, you could lose your job.  LOUIS 15 RETURNED to the practice of spending a large amount of SOCIAL activities.  it returned and surpassed the splendor of LOUIS 14.  they would be coming up with all these things to satisfy LOUIS 15 boredom.  he spent a lot of tax money on these things.

this got LOUIS 15 hated by the nobles because they didn’t like that he had mistresses that he would flaut.  espeically since he would flaut his mistress infront of his children.  TAXES became more opressive and didn’t have ENOUGH money to pay the ARMY.  but the extravagent court life continue “THINGS WILL LAST IN MY TIME AT ANY RATE”.  he felt that after him there would be some major problems.  LOUIS the 15th became well hated for his policies.  LOUIS 15 was NOT a reformer.  it would have been diffficult to reform.  it would have been difficult to reform from TOP to BOTTOM.

THere were three classes or estates:
*FIRST ESTATE - CLERGY (because this was an age of faith that would help you get to heaven) .5 percent 135,000 people controlled 6-10 percent of the usable land.
these people got the most of their wealth from the ownership of land.  technically speaking it didn’t make a difference what level of clergy but in practice THERE WAS. got income from tithes.  10 percent would go off the top before taxes.  this MUCH more like a tax and a matter of law.  the clergy would also get fees for baptising, marriage ceremony, etc.  the clergy also had a number of responsiblites that today the state would perform.  THEY HANDLED MOST OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM at all grade levels.  they church also ASSISTED THE POOR AND THE HOMELESS.  they would also assist in times of a bad harvest or other natural disaster.  THEY CLERGY WERE EXEMPT from direct taxation.  Because the government controlled salt, they would still have to pay this.  The CHURCH would have to make a “free gift” the government would come and ask the CHURCH to pay a portion of taxes, but not the CLERGY directly.  all the upper clergy CAME FROM the noble class.  these nobles WANTED to get into the clergy through a family PLAN of being able to put them into the clergy.  after the first born son was given all the land and money of the family then the SECOND SON they would try to get into the CHURCH as a bishop or something.  the oldest daugther you want to become the head of a convent.  YOU ARE TRYING to increase the power of the FAMILY.  the noble family used the church because they could trust the church to help support the family.  IF they didn’t use the church then they would have weakened thier estates as they were divided.  so this allowed them to concentrate their power in the first son.  you would be raised to be nun from the time.  becomes the means to handle the extra children to help contain the wealth of the family.  THE UPPER CLERGY are held by the NOBLE CLASS.  these men were supporters of the status quo.  although some at times would start supporting the ideas of the enlightened folks.  THE LOCAL PRIESTS WOULD COME FROM THE SERFS.  the lord of the manner would look to start to appoint someone to take the place of the manor.  he is techinically a member of the clergy, but he basically lives the same as the serfs, because they don’t have much to support them.  the LOWER CLERGY tend to sympathize with the serfs.  THIS WILL BECOME important later.  most of the lower class they

*SECOND ESTATE - Nobility 1.5 percent 200,000 probably had about 20 percent of the farmable land.  got their icbnome from dues and services paid by the peasents that lived on their estates.  although there were differences with the noble class, they weren’t quite as wide as the CLERGY.  the most pretigous class within the nobles *NOBILITY OF THE SWORD the most powerful class.  they were the fighters that fought for some leader, usually the duke.  they gained land and the right to pass on land.  they were the fighting and the military class.  felt that they COULD trace them back to 1000 years to someone of ANCIENT lineage.  they could trace thier line back several hundred years.  had manor houses.  the nobles would have JUDICAL AUTHORITY in MINOR crimes.  if you committeed petty theft back then you would have so many lashes or something, you wouldn’t be JAILED.  capital crimes were handled by the STATE instead of the nobles.  THE NOBLES PRILIVEDGES, had the EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO HUNT AND FISH.  this could be deligated, but it was a serrious crime to poach.  you could be executed if you poached one someeleses land.  the weathliest members were the count and the dukes were at the palace of versialles.  vast NUMBER of nobles don’t live in versialles.  they live on their countries estates, they might just get BY because they don’t have a lot of money if they might only have ONE ESTATE.  *NOBILITY OF THE ROBE second class of nobles.  when henry the 4th was trying to get the country back together he allows them to pass along their government positions through the family.  *PARLEMENTS mostly came from these courts they were members of the ROBE nobility.  *THIRD TYPE OF NOBLITY were those that had only recently gained membership to the noblility.  sometimes the king would as a reward would give you a title of noblity for doing a good treaty or something.  OR IF YOU MADE THE right connections and paid teh right price you could by your weigh into the noboblity.  NOT REALLY WELL ACCEPTED BY THE OTHER NOBLES.  you would instead try to get your children MARRIED into on of the other nobles.  IT BECOMES difficult to enter into the noblity.  the nobles want to close their ranks to prevent more people from entering into the class.  MOST NOBLES wanted to preserve the status quo.  YOU DID HAVE A handful of SWORD nobles that might be interested in change based upon the teachings of the enlightened writers.  they don’t want to overthrown the government.  but they want to reserect the power of the *ESTATES GENERAL they wanted to revive this even though it hadn’t met in many years.  The members of the ROBE really want to maintain the status quo.

*THIRD ESTATE - EVERYONE ELSE 98 percent and had 20 to 25 million people were made up of this estate.  (the commoners).  some members were more wealthy than the nobles.  they had a lot more “cash” money but not land.  Intially this meant the peasants, but this then became the urban class *bourgeoisie (middle class) originally meant those that just lived in the cities.  most of the peasants weren’t starving to death, but weren’t living well.  they didn’t have bank accounts or anthing, so there were times when they were starving.  the system had worked for a long time, but if they 98 percent ever relized their potentional power.  they could over turn the system.  and this is what happened during the french revolution.

the bourgeoisie get lumped together with the peasants or the serfs because they don’t fit anywhere else.

HIST102 Class Notes: 2/4/2008

*Voltair
*Montesquieu
*Roussean

Three FAMOUS Philophes of the Enlightment period.  Application of reason could help make things better in the world.

Most famous was Voltaire (which was his pen name).  comfortable backgroup middle class family.  known for plays and a number of other things.  generally non-policitcal.  once wrote about someone who was important and he was thrown into prision.

when you read candide you have to read between the lines.  HE DOESN’T want to go back into prison.  his interest is trying to get his poltical message across (THIS IS THE MORE IMPRTANT reason that he is writing).

after he turned 40 years of age he begain to increasingly move his writing about things that were more deep.  he could be sarcastic.  he could be mockingly.  when he was able to make his point he was able to get a laugh out of his audience.

he kept one step ahead of the law and lived closed to the boarder just in case.  HE ADMINRED england.  he felt that they respected freedom of thought.  on of voltaires great causes was one of religious toleration CRUSE THE INFAMOUS THING.  this was ghis famous cry.  the THING was biogratry, tolerancce and supersition.  he saw the organized cleargy behind these things.  becaise he lived in france he attacked the catholic clergy.  but he also attacked the whole christian view of the world.

in matters of government and politics he isn’t neseccaryly a BELIEVER in democracy.  he thought that if a GOVENMENT was enlightened it didn’t matter how power it was.  WHAT is an ENLIGHTENED government.  one that fought against stupidity and kept the clergy in a subordinate place.  one that allowed for freedom of thought and religion.  and also a government that promoted material and technical progress.

voltaire didn’t have a set form of government that was the best he preferred a form of government *ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM which is a form of government that might have a ruler with absolute power, but that power would be used in a englightened way the voltaire advocated.

voltaire was an admirer of *CATHERINE II (the great).  he belivied, like many people, that she was using he absolute authority to bring about good in Russia (although some of this was propiganda).  catherine and voltaire corressponded and catherine would send him financial gifts as well.

*Montesquieu - THE SPIRIT OF LAWS (most famous work).  He came from a noble family with land.  one of his noted ideas was that the form of government could vary.  there was NO ONE FORM that was best for everyone.  it might be based on the size of the country or the climate.  Given the size of the RUSSIAN empire is the best form of government for Russia and that DEMOCRACY wouldd only work in a SMALL COUNTRY or city state.

Montesquieu also had another doctirine that was aimed at royal absolutism in FRANCE.  he wanted a BALANCE of power.  objected to the thought that the king should have all the power.  he believed that power should be shared between the king on other groups.  it should be also shared with intermeidary groups.  be shared with the NOBLE and the palarments.  that power should be shared with the towns and the CHURCH as well.  which was different from some of the other philophes.  because most frenchmen were members of the church that the church should have some power in government as well.  THIS FINDS ITS way into the AMERICAN CONSITIUTION.

the final of the trio ROUSSEUA was the most profound or confusing writer of his age.  his ideas might have had the most lasting influcuence.  the ideas that he develops hearly on are CONTRACTEd by ideas that he had laster in life.  in most of his books he SEEMS to think that impulse is more IMPORTANT than critical thought (which was one of the pillars of enlightment).  he becomes a child OF NATURE AND FEELINGS.  of the begingers of the romantic age.  his ideas will influence the aactions against napoleon and the french revolution.

*Social Contract, most famous Rousseau work.  The idea of a *General Will.  he states that at sometime in the long dark past that madnkind had agreed upon a social contract.  that all individuals surrender their individual will into a more General AGREEDED upon Will of all.  but what does WILL mean?  is it a majority?  his views will influence the reign of terror.  his ideas influence the regin of terror.  his ideas will influence ROMATATISM and the reign of terror.  he influences the movement and the reaction against that movement.  LOOK FOR ALL DETAILS AT 18 mins.

You have rulers that claim to base the government and their laws on the teaches of these philiosphes.

*Elizabeth when he talked about peter the great, he is responsible for the death of his son.  this creates havok after peter dies.  GUARD REGIMENT is taking the place of the streklsky.  there creates real turmole after he dies.  he has several children that take over.

ELIZABETH is a czaria that rules for about 20 years.  She is the daughter of PETER and CATHERINE the Ist.  She was really a crummy ruler.  She liked to DRESS well and spend a lot of the money of the Russian tax money.  MOSCOW remained the second city and owned residency even though ST PETERSBURG was the capital.  One of the big fires in the MOSCOW and destroyed a number of gowns about 4000 which was her second residence.  listed that she had 15000 dresses after she tied.  she had about 3 gowns for each day.  She spent a lot of money and expected that HER NOBLES would live a certain lifestyle.  She issued a DECREE that all NOBLES must own couches of a certain value.  ALSO she said taht if you went out in public with a certain number of servants.
this did weaken RUSSIA because of all this spending.

one thing that ELIZABETH was determined to do was to get some stablity into the throne of RUSSIA.  she didn’t like that the guards and others had so much influence over the changes in the throne.  SHE DESTINGATED he successor who was a GRAND NEWPHEW who designtated as he succesor.  SHE THEN arranged a MARRIAGE for him.  to get him married to have a lot of children.  so that it would end the problem of a clear line of succession.  the person choosen to be the brinde was a young german priceness.

she was brought to RUSSIA to meet the empress to meet peter and undergo interviews and a through physical exam to make srue that she could bear children.  THEY coverted her to the RUSSIAN orthodox faith after she coverted she was known as CATHERINE.  she was 15 years old AND WAS MARRIED TO PETER.  they weren’t compatiable and didn’t get along well at all including sharing the same residnence which mean that they probably wouldn’t have children.  she was very smart and spent her time perfecting her FRENCH (german), also wrote poetry.  THIS IS WHAT THE PROBLEM is that elizabeth wanted the marriage so that there would be male offspring.  at first catherine was blamed, but elizabeth found out that the problem was with peter.  then catherine chooses to take a lover and follows this the rest of her life.  even before peter takes the throne she has a lover and also continues to increase the number of lovers.  SHE called them PUPILS.  her last pupil was 19 when she was 70.  before peter assumed the throne catherine kept these quiet.  AFTER she became EMPRESS, she maintained these lovers on an open basis.  CATHERINE doesn’t let HER favorites determine any policy.  after they are dropped as a favorite they might be brought back if they were smart.

catherine would treat her current favorites very well.  given jewels, LANDS that are conquered.  she doesn’t keep the lands for russia, but gives away the land and peasents to one of the favorites.  given an apartment and salary.  they would get lots of gifts and bounses. one time a coat was given to a favorite that was covered in diamonds completely.  very generous and leinent after they broke up.  even if they had been carring on another affair.  she sometimes made them king of poland or some other job.  one of her favorites was probably the father of PAUL.  technically the son of PETER IIIrd who she was married to at the time but this was probably not the case probably one of the lovers of CATHERINE.

*PETER RULES BREIFLY as PETER the IIIrd.  Would dress up in his full military uniform and then try to order the rats around and then behead when they didn’t obey.  NOT AN EFFICTIVE RULER.

PETER’s policies where not very popular and CATHERINE dressed up as one of the guard regiments.  No ONE LIKED peter and he agreed to abdicate and give up the throne.  he would be allowed to live in one of estates outside the capital.

the fact that CATHERINE become czarnia became empress was odd.  she had no biological line to the throne.  NOT LONG after assuming the throne PETER IIIrd was murdered with the knownledge of CATHERINE.  there was the thought that CATHERINE might be forced out of the throne.  she doesn’t seem very elightened.  but being enlightened, DOESN’T mean that you are liberal.

louis 15 a contemporary of catherine II of russia.  he allowed his mistress to have a lot of power.  would allow them to have family and friends at higher positions.

=========================after the break
catherine enlightened despote, but didn’t sound all the enlightened.  she thought that she could rule RUSSIA in an elightened way with a real design.  MOST WERE FAILURES OR she didn’t follow through on it.

enlightened thinkers felt that there was a natural law and that HUMAN laws should conform these laws of nature and to be in harmony with the natural laws.  the other enlightened rules said that they were applying the rules of the philiosphes and taht they were living in an age of reason.  for catherine her reign in DOMESTIC policy was dedicated to leading this sort of enlightened rule.  she is a complete outsider who is not a member of the family.  her extra legal postiion would lead to plots against her and she ALWAYS had to be on the lookout for those who would over through here.  the only ones that had power to over throw here were the nobles.  SHE WOULD CATER TO the NOBLES.

They largest class the /*Serfs would have positiions that got even worse that they already were for them.  this was the largest class of people.  she had to prove that she was more russian than the russians.  SHE had the most nationlist of demostic policies because she ws concerned about how russian should would appear.  she was most successful with her national policy.

if they were going to follow the philiosphes they would have to have a more rational form of government.  PETER had created a new system with new insitiutions.  although they still exsisted, they weren’t doing what peter wanted them to do.  catherine wanted to make them more effecient.  *IMPERIAL SENTATE was created by PETER the 1st.  this body did NOT make laws.  they senete ahd a number of administrative and judical functions.  catherine looked at this body and found that they were mostly ingornant and they didn’t know wwhat they were doing.  they would get bogged down in iminor deatils.  they couldd hear FROM courts around the empire.  she found that they had spent 6 months trying to find out who owned a SMALL peice of land.  THEY WERE SUPPOSED to be focuses on NATION issue.  THEY WERE ALSO supposed to APPOINT governors to CITIES OF A CERTAIN SIZE.  catherine asked them for spefics about the program, but they didn’t know how many cities and who they appointed and why.  another responsible was to KEEP TRACK of government income.  they were supposed to know how much money the government had so the rulter would known how to spend.  WHEN SHE ASKED them how much the government had brought in they gave her a FIGURE that was WAY OFF.  CATHERINE couldn’t stand all this caouse and disorder.  she was trying to reform these insitiutions.

CATHERINE divided the IMPERIAL SENATE into 6 sections that would have responbility for a particular area: maybe legal APPEALS or finances.  There would be one offical that would make sure that these 6 were doing their jobs and they weren’t getting bogged down.  this was to make the senate what peter had intended.

catherine MAINTAINED the colleges that peter had created.  CATHERINE kept these titles but made them more efficent and elimated confusion and overlapping authority.

*INSTRUCTION the core of CATHERINE’s domestic reform was to be one that reformed the legal system.  IT hadn’t been reformed in more than 100 years.  many laws had been dicated by many rulers.  there had been rules that might have been contracted by other edicats that had come later.  you could be guilty and innocent of something at the same time.  generally the more recent would be the one that they took.  the philiosphes felt that you needed to have a rational legal system.  she choose to make it harmonry with nature.  SHE CREATED A COMMISION for drafting a NEW CODE OF LAWS.  she herself wrote the instruction (which was almost the length of a book) then based upon this book they were supposed to reform the russian law code.  the commision meet, but there were a number of problems.  the instructions WHERE very long.  MOST didn’t have a background in LAW and didn’t know what they meant by enlightened langauge.  she would take a lot of the material from one of the Philiosphes and use it directly.  it was a group of almost 600 members.  when catherine saw that nothing was happening, she suspended their meetings because russian was supposed be in war and didn’t have time for it.  she dissolved the SENATE and they never MADE any changes to the laws that were on the book.  she never got this done.

the only thing that came out of this was that some ideas fromt he people of the probelms that they were having.

several of catherine’s reforms had a similar fate.  she would write about these and the philiosphes really felt that she was great.  they didn’t actually know what was going on in russia.  they didn’t know that none of reforms didn’t actually make it through.

russia had a predemotially illerate society until abou the beginging of the 20th centrey.  it takes a long time until education gets spread to the masses.  one of it’s reasons for it’s continueing backwards ness.

catherine did do some reforms: including a better system for administring the provences.  mostly administrative areas of reform.  peter talked about doing this, but wasn’t able to carry it out because he didn’t have the officals.  catherine does make some progress there.

*CARTER OF THE NOBLILITY: listed as a reform of catherine.  this is listed as something that she did.  under peter the great, everyone was to serve the state for the lifetime.  included the serfs that worked the land the nobles that were also supposed to spend their entire life in service to state.  first to the military or navy SENCONDLY to the government.

PETER the 3rd DID AWAY with having nobles the need to serve the STATE.  he did away with this requirement.  many nobles still choose to serve the state, but some left because they didn’t have to stay anymore.

catherine  ADDS to the rights of the nobles through this charter.  it organized the nobles by provence.  within each provinece the nobles formed a coporate body.  and then had the right to elect an offical known as the marshal of the noblity.  he would be their spokenmen or represtnative.  they COULD SELECT THEIR OWN JURORIES or JUDGES.  within the districts they had smaller groups.  the nobles were given rights that no one else enjoyed.  THEY COULD PETITION THE GOVERNOR, the SENATE or the ruler herself.  This transformed the russian nobles into a prilvedged class with GREAT power and influence but didn’t have ANY RESPONSIBILITIES.  as a CLASS, the nobles become kind of a parasite coporate body.  they have NO RESPONSIBILITIES that are equal to their power.  they DON’T even speak the same languages as the SERFS.  They spoke FRENCH, most didn’t know RUSSIA very well.  They felt that speaking RUSSIAN was for DOGS or SERFS.  All their coorspondence would be in French.  they become a group that becomes a GROUP of SUPERFOLUS MEN.  they don’t have a purpose.

in contrast to the privledges of the nobles, the SERFS had terrible misery.  they had very poor conditions that were MUCH CLOSER to slaves than to the SERFS in western europe.  In EUROPE the serfs didn’t BELONG to the noble.  they stayed with the land.  in RUSSIA they could be gambled with or they could be sold.  nobles use them as stakes in card games.  the serfs had NO privlidges or RIGHTS.  the SERFS were the propery.  They could be KILLED for the most part, even though they weren’t because they were property and they didn’t want to be lost by the noble.  BORN and DIE on the land.  you can’t marry someone from the adjacent estate.  they wouldn’t be punished if they killed their serfs.

it took couple of years to get something through the legal system.  eventually someone who killed their serfs got sent to a convent.

the serfs would sometimes respond by violence.  they might burn down a house.  they wouldn’t always be punished either, because other nobles didn’t like the way that these guy was treating his serfs.  they didn’t care that the serfs burnt down his house with him in it.

there were 40 major serf uprisinges during the first 10 years of catherines reign when the military had to be called in.

*PUGACHEU rebellion or uprising was the most major during catherines time.  Pugacheu served in the russian army.  he didn’t like the treatment of serfs and he feld to the outskirts of the country.  he wanted to get revenge for the treatment of serfs in the COUNTRY.  Pugacheu claimed to be PETER the 3rd, that he hadn’t been killed.  that he was leading his people the serfs to return him to his rightlful place.  he gathered 25000 men that began to OVERRUN manors.  they didn’t have weapons, they would kill all the nobles and their family.  as they grew larger they began to overrun cities.  HIS rebellion became well known abroad.  CATHERINE made light of it when writing to others outside the country.  really SHE WAS AFAIRD.  these serfs preffered to death to living as serfs.  ALL THESE nobles would FLEE cities and would move to large cities.  CATHERINE was engaged in the war with the OTOMAN empire.  CATHERINE brought forces back from this war and they overtook the PUGACHEU uprising.  he was hung and then drawn and quartered.  they took the body parts of pugacheu to serf villiages to try and teach them a lesson about rebelling.  most of the leaders were hanged.  most were JUST beaten though and returned because they were too valuable then kill.  although the rebellion was defeated it showed how much the peasents were upset.  CATHERINE didn’t really take any steps to making the peaseants a better life.  she didn’t want to do anything because it would upset the nobles than anything.

CATHERINE GOT the titles of the GREAT MORE BECAUSE of her FOREIGN policy.  Peter had been at war in that he suceed in taking land in the north, but not the south.  CATHERINE is able to get the ottoman empire though.  she is able to to get the black sea and overtake the TURKS.  she wanted remove the turks from europse and replace it would taken over by one of her nephews.  CATHERINE’s work began the slow and steady DECLINE of the OTTOMAN empire.  She is also able to EXTEND Russia WEST INTO POLAND.  Russia gains a great deal of terriotory and moves closer to europe.

whatever CATHERINE’s claims had made about beeing and Engligmtemed ruler dissppeared during the time of the french revolution.  SHE HATED the idea of the french revolution.  INSTEAD OF READING the changes that were being prompted through the FRENCH revolution.  instead of being encouraged by them, they were thrown in jail or killed.  one  russian writer that wrote about the problems of serfs in RUSSIA.  although this was written on two levels CATHERINE SAW through his writing and knew what it was for and banished the writer to SERBIA.  when she died there was no question.  she tried to ORGANIZE other eurpoean countries against the ideas of the FRENCH REVOLUTION.  at the end of her reign there was no doubt that she had banished any thought of having liberal ideas.

she didn’t plan for he succession and her son took over and HIS IDEAS were very different from HERS.

Class Notes 1/28/2008:

Read the text and study the notes.  Identifiy and give the singificance of several people or institions.  That could have SEVERAL paragraphs written about.

Louis 14 isn’t going to be a short essay because it can’t be given in one paragraphs.  The in between stuff will be.  Identifiy and GIVE the signinifance.  Identify is writing the biography.  Put in their influence, why is this treaty and class are important.

The test act that was covered in class was an attempt to exclude James from the sucession.  But the king couldn’t be included in this.  The declaration of indulgence was BY the king.  This was intended.  LOOK AT 5 minutes for this.

Tonight PART of what will be covered is going to be on the exam.  The enlighment will be on the second exam.

Russia begins to play a signifiant role in WESTERN CIV.

Russian begins to play a ROLE because of PETER I “THE GREAT”.  He is the pivital figure in russian history.  Also one of the most colorful rulers in history.  It was never thought that he would rule.  HE WAS THE SON of CSAR Alexis.  Alexis was marriage twice.  Peter was the ONLY child of the second marriage.  Alexis first wife had several children.

Peter had a great deal of freedom.  Peter physically was very different from his siblings from Alexis first marriage.  Most of his siblings had a physical or metal defect.  Peter grew up to be a giant 6 feet 8.  This was really a big person for this time.  He was a strong healthy person.

Peter would play with soliders.  They would build a fort with two armies.  Half of his soliders would attact and half would defend.  THEY WOULD USE REAL ARMOR.

Peter liked to do things with his hands and he WAS a strong individual.

Peter would go into Foreign section (or German section) of Moscow where he would meet all the outcasts of Eupore.  Having Peter say that he was going to Moscow was saying like you were going to the moon.  He would hang out at the bars because he was a heavy drinker.

Peter liked to talk about the West.  Russia had been cut off from the west for a  long time.  He liked to hear the stories of Europe.  Because Russia had been cut off from the West.

Peter wanted to start a Navy even though Russia didn’t have any WARM water ports.  He thought he would just concuer places to get a navy ports.

Because Peter’s siblings

Peter was orginally supposed to be the CZAR or the ruler.

Peter had a brother Streltsy (a palace gaurds).  In cooperation with Sophia and the Streltsy guards.  Sophia was strong and healthy but she was a women so she couldn’t rule.

Peter got to see his uncles get tossed onto the spears of the Streltsy guards during this uprising of Sophia.

Peter was originally supposed to be installed by his mother.

Peter had an older brother who had epilepsey and had other health problems.  His half brother was Ivan.  He had problems with trying to rule.

For a time there were co-czar.  They created a special throne for this reason.  At Russia at the time (which had been dominated by the mongoles for a long time).  You didn’t COME very CLOSE to the ruler.  People didn’t reliaze that the two czar’s.

There were two chairs, that were seperated by a wooden wall.  The czar had “a power behind the throne” who was sophia.

Peter didn’t have any interest in ruling the country.  He thought that it would be fine to have his mother rule for awhile.

No Russia ruler HAD ever left the country.  But Peter wanted to see the West.  No other ruler had left the country while he was in power.
In Russia, the form of government was Autocracy.  The ruler is the czar, emperor of the autocracy.  In an autocracy it GOES BEYOND royal absolutism.  They have the power of life and death.  There is NO ONE who has power over the czar.  He doesn’t have to seek or take any advice, so Peter was able to go ahead and just travel west.

Peter wanted to travel to the west to make contacts with foreign statemen.  He wants to learn from the west especially in the area of SHIP building for the Navy he wants.

Peter is traveling inconeto.  He thought that you should LEARN by doing.  SO he worked in the ship builders in Amersterdam.  Worked by common laborers.  Worked in England as well be side common laborers.

Peter used his trip as a recuriting drive and shopping spree.  He would hire engineers and experts and techniancs as he was going around.  If he liked a particular bridge he would have an engineer that he brought back to Russia.  He would also ship case loads of stuff back to Russia that he liked so that he could learn.

He talked to Royals and common people.

He learned from England that in dentistry.  He would just see people yanking teeth.  You wouldn’t complain about your teeth, Peter would just yank them out.  Including dentistry could be learned by doing.

The idea of the emperor of all the russias, talking and working with commoners was unknown in the West.  Also the West felt that they were barbaric.  An english country home was provided to Peter and his follwers.  They ended up knocking the place down because they did so much partying and trashing the place by throwing each other around and breaking through walls.

In 1698 while Peter was traveling through the West he got word that the Streltsy had once again revolted.  By the time Peter got word that the Streltsy had rebelled his followers in Russia had already regained power.  But Peter returned back to Russia.  Peter was convinced the his half sister Sophia was behind this again.  Peter returned to personally conduct an investiagation.

The way Peter investigated this was by torturing the Streltsy.  They admitted (falsely that Sophia was behind everything).  The Streltsy where destroyed by Peter.  He hung hundreds of them, by building special gallows.  He would MAYBE send some of them OUT to the farthest areas of Russia.

He put guard units back into place from his younger days.  When Peter dies these guards once again choose the rulter.

Peter doesn’t have Sophia put to death.  Sophia was fond of men.  So he made Sophia a Nun for the rest of her life.  HE ALSO had his wife (Peter) put in a convent and made a nun.

Peter had a son who was named Alexis.  He hated everything that Peter stood for, he liked the old Russia not the new ways that Peter was brining into Russia.

Alexis was indirectly associated in a plot against his father.  He knew of the plot, but he didn’t tell Peter about it.  Alexis feld the country because he fled to the holy roman emporer.

Peter knew that he was being sheltered by the emporer.  Peter said that he could come home because all was forgiven.  Peter has him tortured and put in jail and then Alexis dies.  He kills the heir to the throne.  Indirectly responsible for the death of his son.

There were qualities that were not admiarable.  Peter was at war with something or someone for almost all his reign.  Peter’s objective was to break through the land barriers, he WANTED ACCESS to the sea.  Had water to the north that was frozen over most of the year.

North would mean defeating sweden.  Sweden was powerful at the time.  It controlled land on the European contentient.  This is his enemy.

The Turkish empire is the enemy in the South.  He fought wars against both the Turks and the Swedes.  He breifly wins against the South, but Turks take back a lot of what they ahd lost.

Peter is able to defeat the swedes and is able to gain access to the baltic sea.  They now have a port to the sea.  They were able to gain ports and Russia is able to replace Sweden as ONE of the great powers.  From a military stand point he had good accomplishment.  He is able to defeat poland and get access in the West as well.
Most well know for modernizing and westerning Russia.  Peter’s pricipal interest was the military.  In his attempts to build up the military he got into many other areas of reform.  These were out growths of his military needs.  He might go very far afield when he started exploring.

Example:  War costs money.  Peter always needed money.  So he thought that he needed to reform taxes to get more money from the government.  Put peter didn’t know how many taxes payers there were, so he choose to have a census.  Sound progressive, but just wanted to support the army.  Found while taking a census that there were still some slaves.  Most Russians were Serfs (bound to the land).  Ends slavery so that THEY have to pay TAXES.  This is their privledge.  In russia the serfts were much closer to slaves than in eurpose.  In russia the serfs can be sold or given away they aren’t tied to the land as much as serfts in europe.

One of the things that peter did was enlarge the administration to make sure that he got all the tax money.  When you increase the number of administrators, you have to improved the education system to fill his expanding burecracy.

many of the reforms were improvised.  didn’t really have a long range plan.  mostly tied to military needs, if the military need ends, then the reform is forgotten other reforms aren’t carried out because he doesn’t have the right people to make sure that they get implement.  he starts out with a lot of plans, but he doesn’t always get them put into place.

peter had a strong conviction that every russian person should serve the state for his entire life.  everyone FROM HIGHEST to LOWEST should pay taxes.

taxes increase a lot during peter’s reign.  to increase his revenue, he setup a special committee to sit around and think up of new taxes.

had taxes on stamped paper - any legal document that had to be written on a offical paper with a government seal on it.  tax on the sale of salt and on cucumbers.  tax on oak coffins, bee keeping, tax on the wearing of beards.

peter wanted russians to look like westerns.  most russian males had full beards.  not so in the west.  they had short beards.  at court peter made his people look and dress like westerners.  if you came in with a beard, peter would cut your beard.  also a talior and would alter peoples long sleeves with wide sleeves.

sometimes to get the idea that peter only wages wars and collects taxes.  peter wanted to change or transform russia into more modern state.

he didn’t want to change the power of the czar under peter.  peter assumed that his word was law and it would be taken as soon by all the people.

he wanted to improve the effeciency of government.  we peter came to the throne.  there were 50 deparments of government that overlapped with some other departments.  they didn’t want to get rid of any jobs or people.  it was impossible to get anything done efficentanly.

peter created COLLEGES, in place of the 50 there would 12 COLLEGES or collectives.  foriegn affiars, finance.  collective foreign affairs.  YOU WOULDN’T have a minister of forieng affairs - there people were ALL equals, you didn’t have one leader in these colleges.

peter tried to reform the provincal administration.  this only really changed on paper, it didn’t change on the ground because he didn’t have the man power or the personal to make the changes in place.  some new titles, but remained a government by one man.

peter made some impressive econimic changes.  mostly this was done for the needs of war.  peter felt that in wartime  a country needed its own natural resources and manufacturing capablitlies.

russia didn’t have a small middle class.  small noblity and most were serfs.  in russia the government had to get directly invovled in manufacturing for this.  peter used government money to expand mines, create new inventions.  he hired technicans and sent young mean to the west to learn.

because there weren’t many that wanted to invest in these things, the government had to put its money into these companies to create and build these new endevors.

peter gave factory and mine owners the ablitlies to BUY serfs.  the serfs hated working in these places instead of the land.  the places were dangerous.  the serfs would escape in most cases they were captured and then returned and put back to work.  after being given some lashes.

peter felt that with all this manfacturing they would be able to have their own weapons and uniforms and stuff.

russia would remain behind western europe until the 19th and 20th century. before it really gets to be modern.

TABLE OF RANKS on of the changes brought about by peter the great.  did establish schools to train bucreatates or technicans.  peter hoped that the children that would attend these schools would be the children of the nobles.  the NOBLES DID NOT send their children to these schools.  to encourange and education he created a table of ranks to have everyone EARN their place in society.  if you were commoner that was a son of a person at peter’s courty.  if you entered into a job in the army or the navy.  there were three parrellel tracks.  one for navy and then the army and then the bueracracy.  of you made it so far in the tables of ranks then you COULD BE A NOBLE FOR YOURSELF.  if you went high enough then you got noble status for yourself, your family and your heirs.  the was unique to russia.

peter had a number of books importante from the west.  most were the tehnical areas, but there were some that were liturature.  he had them translated into russian.  he created the first newspaper.  he was also resposible for the acadameny of sciences.  peter was a part of every aspect of changes in russia.  he wanted to turn russias eyes to the west.

with a small segment of society, mostly the nobels, they did change.  especially those who went to the court of peter.  he would micromange when it came to the court.  when they visited peter at the court he made the nobels know table manners and edict.

women were not included in court life until alexis.  some of the banquents and such hadn’t had women in the past.  peter would give a practical exam to make sure that people would understand the proper rules of edicate.  he made sure that there were times that you had to act in a modern western way.

everything in russia came into peters supervision.

SAINT PETERSBURG was peters most lasting change.  Moscow was russia anchient capital.  He called this capatial his WINDOW on the WEST.  he built this in the baltic near where his navy was.  it was built on a swamp that had to be filled in.  thousands of people died while building this.  he had western architects that also helped designed this.

there have always been problems with the fact that the city was built on the swamp.  after the 1990s russia was bankrupt for quite a bit of the time.  the only way that the master pieces could be reserved was having sump pumps going all the time.  there was all this art that was going to be lost because the high humidity levels the place was built on a swap.

called the great because of his militiary successes.  expanded his countries borders, west into poland, north into sweden.  built a new capitial.  had changed many internal titles BUT THE GOVERNMENT was still a Autocracy.  the amount of land that was cultivated to have.  because TAXES had been increased so much, more had to be farmed so the serfs to feed themselves.  missed something that 7 minutes.  russia did have a navy created.  he created a large navy, created an expanded army.  broken the domainance of sweden in the north and replaced it.

he tried everything.  something at 8 minutes about a quote.  he brought russia out of obsercurity and after peter neither russia or europe would ever be the same again.

peter created a problem because he killed his only SON.  in the century after the death of peter’s son.  there were problems about who would become the ruler.  THE GUARDS REGIMENT, which were tied to the changes of peter felt that the succesor of peter should be the WIFE of PETER.  CATHERINE.

CATHERINE I was one of the greatest successes OF ALL TIME.  she was the mistress of one of peter’s generals.  peter took a liking to her.  they had children and then they later married.  She only lasted a SHORT time.  The begining of the period of instablitliy.

The AGE OF REASON OR THE ENLIGHTENTMENT:

The next ruler called CATHERINE 2nd, known as THE GREAT.  She carries the work of peter to succesion. BUT SHE WILL BE AN ENLIGHTENED RULER.

The ideas of the scientific revolution.  This will be seen as a time that ALL OLD ideas have been exploded.  They will want to test all areas of life to see if they are still valid.

In the ELIGHTENMENT, something at 13 minutes.  These will provide the foundations for the French Revolutions.

Only a small percentage of the population.  Most illterate and most not educated.  By the end of the 18 century were increasing.

The term on ENLIGHTENMENT was give to by the people of that time themselves.  There is a sense of progress amoung educated people.  THE WRITERS of the time were popularizers.  THEY WERE righting towards the new literte public.

Confident in reason and in science.  There was a belief in progress. Becomes a non religous faith.  The thought that AS TIME GOES ON, LIFE WILL imprtove.  this is a new concept.

also another important part of the ENLIGHMENT age was the FAITH IN THE POWER OF THE HUMAN MIND.  pure skeptism was overcome, they are less supersitious.  many educated cease to fear the devil OR fear god.  many choose not to believe in organized religion.  many don’t believe in a divine being or god anymore.

PHILOPOHES: through the efforts of these men, these ideas were spread.  they were popularizers and publicits.  they were men and some women who wanted to fill the need of a growning literate public.  many people wanted to know the advances in science.  they wanted to know the general IDEAS not all the details.

the class that was most noted for their curisoutiy was the sons and daughters of the business class.  THIS IS REALLY TRUE in FRANCE and more particlarly in PARIS.  you have a thoughtful reading public.

there was a VERY strict cencorship.  there was a complicated cencorship process.  PRE AND POST cencorship.  cenors might look at this before hand and stop it from being printed or WITHDRAWL it after being printed.  you had censors in the CHURCH, Governments and the COURTS. 

they would include humor or some other type of subterfuge to get past the censors.  as a young man voltaire had been in JAIL so he wrote carefully to avoid the censors.  he was more careful after being out of jail.  he doesn’t care about the story, his message has to do with ideas.  if you were a french writer you had to write things very carefully.  filled with double meanings innedues and jokes.  he could deny that he had any political messages.

PARIS was at the heart of the enlightment movement.  the most ambioutos part of the PHILOPOHES was undertake ENCYCLOPEDIE.  this was a work or project that was EDITIED BY DIDEROT.

This would have 17 large volumes that would have have scientific, technical and histroical knowledge.  IT did have a criticsm of exsisting society and exsiting institiutions.

PHILOPOHES:
Major Contributiors including:
MONTESQUIEU
VOLTAIRE
ROUSSEAU

sometimes the encyclopedie is threatened to be shut down.

Class Notes 1/23/2008:


First test is on the 30th, objective true/false fill in the blank worth 75 points.

Read the book and study your notes most 80 of the questions will come from class notes.

Short essays IDENTIFIY and GIVE THE SIGNIFANCE of 5 important people or terms.  THESE are usually several paragraphs.

All the short essays will come from material from CLASS.

There are NO DATE type questions that will be ASKED!  It might be a fill in part of a question, but no specific dates will be asked.

WILL INCLUDE SOME OF RUSSIA AND PETER THE GREAT.

Talking about l14 who spent lots of money for all his enterprises.  He was spending so much money on Versiale and Wars that he didn’t have much money.

Colber and policy of Mercantilsm.  Colbert was the finance mister for L14, they wanted to make the country wealthy so that the government would get more money, because there was more money in the country.  THEY WANTED TO EXPORT as much as possible and import AS LITTLE as possible.

To make this work colbert abolished a lot of local tarrifs.  There were remenants of old ways of doing stuff look at 7 minutes.

Consumers are the ones that really pay for taxes in the end because companies just pass this along.

It was difficult to remove all the tarrifs, because they were deeply seeded.

Tried to improve roads, bridges, canals.  This is to reduce the cost of transportant of goods so that you can increase the turn around time making it easier to ship and less expensive.  Again not enough money to spend on infasture.

Colbert wanted to produce quality goods.  If the goods you produce are excellent, then people will pay more for them once their names are KNOWN.  French hats BECOME popular because of their style etc.

Colbert also encouraged special industrias.  Glassware, woolen goods, silks, etc.  France becomes famous for these.

Colbert provides incentives to companies the government provides subsides and tax breaks to encourage new buisness.

Colbert expansion into MORE Colonies.  Mercantilsm policy means that you have a trade monopoly with your colony.  They PROVIDE raw materials, and then they are shipped back to mother country and processed and sent back to COLONIES to purchase.  This is a closed system colonies can only purchase from mother country.

Colbert also wanted an expanded NAVY.

Exception of exporting WAS FOOD.  Grain and bread was the staple of the lower class diet.  If lowerclass doesn’t have food they won’t be happy.

In general with l14 and Colbert, trade and manufactories developed with a lot more government control than in england.

2 problems, l14 could spend faster than colbert could bring the money into the system.  Also L14 had a religious intolerance towards the Huguenot's.  This cost the country because huguenot's were invovled with trade and manufactories.  The huguenot's fled the country because they were being percetued by l14.  Some would flee to other countries, so the hat maker might move to england or something.

l14; one law, one faith, one king.  this what the reign of l14 talked about.

l14 defends the catholic church.  this becomes the faith of l14 and france.  belivied that all his subjects should practice his religion and practice it the WAY HE DID.

when l14 was young he went through the motions of religion, his heart wasn’t in it.

when he was older he “got religion”.

l14 other religions were subverises.  how dare the practice anything other than the king.

in FRANCE A MOVEMENT KNOWN AS JANSENISM.  they claimed to be devout catholics, but many of their ideas were influnced by JOHN CALVIN.  The JANSENISM believed in displined lives with strict morals rules.  Some believed in predesitination.

l14 decieded that the jansenism were practicing a religion other than his OWN so made the pope condem them.

there were many convents, if there were jansenism in convents then THEY WERE DISPLACED and on convent was burnt to the ground.

L14 didn’t like the huguenot's.  In his early years, they had a lot of freedom in any European country.

With henry the 4th they had gotten a lot of rights with Edict of Nantes.  These were modified by the PEACE OF ALAIS.

Avioded partipating the FRONDE because they didn’t want to loose any more rights.

Totleration had been imposed by the king, not by the poeople.  With L14 this changed.  He considered that

The Jesuits battled against protestism.  The Jesuits were also CONFESSIONS to the royals.  L14 had one of these (NOTES HERE AT 25 mintues.).  They took confessions and were spiratual leaders.

L14 gets influenced by Jesuits confessors and starts encourange huguenot's to convert.

one was was through money.  if you go to the priest and then confess and then get bapatised then you might get some money.  not many huguenot's converted this way.

most women had childern by mid wifes.  mid-wifes were forced to baptised newborns as catholics.  if you didn’t raise the kid as a catholic, you could be thrown in jail.
the offical began enforcing the EDICT OF NANTES VERY STRICTLY.  the only lawful huguenot's churches and SCHOOLS were those that exsitied at the Edict of Nantes.  ALL OTHER CHURCHs were burnt DOWN (those that had been built after).

This didn’t convert all of them, so they tried other measures.

most army troops were forced upon the population. when the troops where in the area, the locals had to put them in villages and barns, etc.

the officals of l14 would go into huguenot's areas and then THEY WOULD SEND undisaplined troops into the HOMES of huguenot's.  The troops were allowed to do what they wanted in the homes of the huguenot's.

Many more people started converting and in 1685, there were so many huguenot's that had become catholic SO THEY DIDN’T need the EDICT OF NANTES anymore.

many huguenot's were successful businessmen that colbert had been encouraging.  many of these businessmen emigrated OUT of the country HARMING THE economy.

This hurt l14 and france in the way that the WORLD felt the europe had gotten past this idea of persecuting religions.  most european had choosen the live and let live, but keep the laws on the book.  france began persecuting this religious minority and other european countries felt that this was silly.

in the first half of his regin, he had good generals and advisiors and he did well. l14 doesn’t know when to stop.  this begins antagonizing all of Europe AND HE LOOSES most of the land that he gained.

l14 relized that he made a mistake.  it cost too much and they didn’t have enough focus on the poor people at home.

l14 outlived his sons and grandsons.  he lived a long time.   WHEN HE DIED the throne passed to HIS GREAT GRANDSON.

l14 understood that he had made some mistakes.  l14 had reigned for 72 years.

they made france powerful country, established the boudaries of modern france.  they created the absoulte monorachy.  but they didn’t make reforms to encourage the people to support this kingdom.

l14 was really hated by his people.  the common people were happy when he was dead.

----------------------

talk about the scientific revolution.  interested in knowing what the influence of science was OUTSIDE the relm of science.

when we talk about intellectual movements, it’s really about a small group of educated people that still shape the world and their countries.

The scientific views came into light in the 17th century (begining).  things were starting to stire and it would make a scientific way of thinking possible.

some people were saying that it was not possible to defintely know ANYTHING.
this viewpoint was more human and open (don’t know what he means at 2 mins)

some people would over believe basied on superstition.  there was no differance between alchemy and chemistry.  many didn’t see a differance between astronomy and astrology.  astrology was very prevelant, even though many were christans.  many wouldn’t go into battle or make major discissions without consulting astrologer.

this was also the highet of people being put to death because they were thought to be witches.  in some places there were witchcraft trials into later times.

which view was goiing to prevail HEAVY SCEPTISMISM (nothing can be believed) or supersistion everything could be bleieved.

BACON and DESCATES intrested in the problem of knowledge.  how can human’s know anything with certainty?  how can you know anything about nature with certainty.  They both were doubters.  BOTH BANISHED ALL previous historical beliefs from their ealier generations (they felt too many people believed on the acient world) the greek and romans made true was almost as true as the bible.  ATHESISM was not tolerated and both men were still religious.

bacon and DESCARTES believed that you had to test this past thories.  they missed something at 9 mintues.

bacon and his followers believed that you could come up with a mutli volume work that HAD ALL knowledge of man kind within them.  put aside preconcived notions and PERSEVIE things by your senses.  Taught that ALL KNOWLEDGE IS USEFUL.  Bacon would say that if you see something that you want to study, you don’t have to need a reason to study something.  you didn’t have to have a reason.  someone in the future might be able to use this information later for their studies.

bacon said that if it interests you then you should undertake an investiagtion even if there isn’t a real utlitiatiron purose to it.

THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARING: the most famous work by bacon is this book.  in this book bacon, encourages people to undertake studies that interest them.  bacon and his supporters were overly optimist.  brought forth the idea of progress.  BACON didn’t understand the importance of MATHAMETICS.  bacon didn’t appreciate math.

Descartes was known as a brilliant mathametian before he became known as a philiposher.  Descartes most famous pholicpical work was known as DISCOURSE OF METHOD.  he introduced the idea of the DOUBT EVERYTHING that could reasonably doubted.  eliminate preconcived notions or past ideas.

by doing this, Descartes arrived at the conclusion, the only thing that he can’t doubt is that he is living breathing doubting being.  “I THINK THERFORE I AM”.  he builds his system up from this point.

through this systematic doubt, Descartes proved that God exsisted and that the world exsisted and these other basic things.  Descartes arrived at DUALISM.  God had created two realities.  One was “THINKING SUBSTANCE” those things that only exsist in the mind.  Emotion, joy greif.  The other type was “EXTENDED SUBSTANCE” was anything that had a CONCRETE REALITY.  anything that exsisted.  except for the mind, everything had the quality that it occupied A PORTION of space.

things that had seemed to be the most real (emotions) now seemed to be unreal.  anything in the EXTENDED SUBSTANCE now could be measured, and equiations could be created.  math becomes the most powerful for human understanding.

men become optimistic.  there are no limits to what they CAN LEARN about the universe.

these advances by Descartes made it possible to think of nature in quantative terms. miss something at 22 mintues.

one important thing was the role of the earth in the universe.

2nd century AD most European believed in Ptolemy.  The earth was the center of the universe and that other bodies rotated around the stationary earth.  The universe according to Ptolemy.  There were 10 spheres and the last one was HEAVEN.  they were made of a non earthly substance.  beyond the 10th sphere there is NOTHING.  the universe is finite and has a stationary earth at it’s center.

when you observed things, it didn’t coform to them.  it didn’t look the same when you looked at the night sky from year to year.

they added spheres and got up to eighty, but it still did’t conform to what was seen in the sky.

the problem with the Ptolemy systems were studied by Copernicus ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY BODIES.  this was written by Copernicus, published in the the 1650s after Copernicus died.  he maintained that the Sun was the center of the solar system and that the earth was a planet that revolved around the sun.

Copernicus tried to prove his views through mathamatics.  His system didn’t work out either.  He assumed that the planets were circle movement and moved at a constant speed.

The theologians that were aware of Copernicus work rejected it.  Including Martin Luther.  Who was well educated that Joshua had told the Sun to stand still in the Bible, not the earth.

Mathameticians didn’t like that it didn’t work out properly when it came to the math of things, it wasn’t exact.

Copernicus contribuitions were added to by Kepler.  Kepler believed in math and felt that simple math laws were the basis for ALL natural phonomoens.  He demonstrated that planets moved elipically and they slowed down when they got closer to the sun.  This removed the rejection of the sun centered universe from the mathametitics.  His sun centered tables were more accurate than Ptolemy, who had been tossed out at this time.

Galileo, the quesion of what the heavenly bodies weren’t thought about having dimensions.  the earth moon and sun had them but everything else was JUST A POINT OF LIGHT.

in 1609 Galileo built on a telescope and concluded that the heavenly bodies made up of the same stuff as the earth was.  it became easier to think of the earth as another body.

many felt this was an attack on religion.  Galileo was brought before the court of the inquisition.  the church wanted to root out heirsy and you would recant or be put to death.  he was brought before the court, he was old and he recanted.  before the court of the inquisition and his work was placed on an INDEX of FORBIDDEN books.  dangerous to the fate of catholics.  Galileo nomonially recanted his views.

The person who brought all previous ideas to a cullmination was ISSAC NEWTON.  Born in england, graduated from cambridge university.  He played a role in the devoplement of calculs, the law of the composition of light, and he figured out about gravity.  he did this all before he was 24 and had graduated 2 years from cambridge.

he combined the best features of his prodessors by deveopling the scientific method.  you must subject your hyphotesis and subject it to experimentation.  nature was simple and could be expalined by mathematics.  math was developed along far enough.  there was only algebra and gemotry and that is why he made calculas.

MATHMATHICAL PRINICIPALS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY demonstrated that rules of gravitation applied to the entire UNIVERSE.  he made a system that produced a mechinatical universe that was displayed in mathematical terms.

newton was regarded as the greatest genious that ever lived.

newton’s ideas went beyond science and “MADE A SPITIRUAL” readjustment that man kind had to make.

people KNEW that the Ptolemy system was real. with newton’s disoveries, everything WAS IN DOUBT.  man kind was no longer the CENTER of god’s creation.  the earth is one planet in one solar system in a one universe.  how does this all fit together.

up until the scientific revolution, there was always a way to bridge the gap.  in the middle ages, if you conflicted with the church or the bible, THEN YOU READJUSTED your scientific findings.

After the scientific revolution everything is questions.  Europe is also in a period of discovery.  Finding other people and places and customs in the world.  All these other people on the earth put into question the nature of soclial institiouons.  harder to believe in the rightness in ones own ways.

in the late 17th century, then siamese (twain) then some of these people travel to paris france.  french missionaries that had gone to siam (catholic) went siam and ASKED the king to have ALL his people converted to christanity.  the king said that if GOD was all powerful then he could do it himself.  he would allow them to preach but he was going to do it.  people questioned what would happen to monks if they came to prech in france, they would be killed, which was the more advanced society.

Notes at 50 minutes.  A HEALTHY thought about questioning ALL sorts of things at this time.  GOVERNMENTs, three percent has advantages and ninety seven percent do all the work.

NEED MORE DETAILS FROM HERE ON OUT.

Class Notes 1/16/2008:

Royal rise in france:

3 kings: h3 and Louis 13 and Louis 14.

Louis 13 aided in his rise to power by Cardinal Richelieu and then Mazarin

Cardinal Mazarin assisted Louis 14.

check on some details at start.

Louis 13 and Cardinal Richelieu had an expansive foriegn policy.

The French army greatly expanded during this time, to a force of over 200k men.
Also a navy was developed at a great expense.

These costs for this expansion had to be born by the least wealthy, those who were members of the 3rd estaste.
Under the Louis 13, taxes more than doubled and France was still always in debt.

Up until the French revolution France was always in debt.  The lower classes were burdened with these taxes.  The Huguenot's tried to take an advantage of unrest.

Henry 4th tired to compromise.  Instead when people rebelled under Louis 13, THERE was no comprise, they were captured and beheaded.

Richelieu wanted to establish a central govenrment.  When the Huguenot's rebelled against Louis 13, he defeated them militarily and REMOVED some of their rights.  Louis 13 took back some of the rights that they got in the "EDICT OF NANTES".  The Huguenot's had to sign a new treaty the "PEACE of ALIAS", this amended the EDICT OF NANTES.  Under the peace of alias, the MILITARY and TERRITORY rights where removed from the Huguenot's.  They did still have the civil rights.

Richelieu died and then Louis 13 died shortly after.  1642 is the year they died.

Mazarin was a protege of Richelieu and WORKED WITH Louis 14.  Mazarin brought Richelieu’s foriegn policy plan to completion.

This continued emphasis on foriegn policy meant that internal affairs (domestic issues) were ignored.  PEOPLE BEGAN TO COMPLAIN.

A series of revolts known as "THE FRONDE" occurred in 1648-1653.  The causes of these uprisings were because of ecomnic distress and that the noble class wanted to  attempt to reassert their power.  They were mostly caused by the heavy taxes.  REILIGON WAS NOT A FACTOR in the uprisings.

The Huguenot's didn't want to cause anymore problems after the "peace of alais", so they didn’t take part in THE FRONDE.

SECOND DIFFERENCE with THE FRONE is that ROYAL officals PLAYED an IMPORTANT ROLE in the uprising.  for many decades, positions in the local governemnt were BOUGHT.  if you wanted to collect taxes ON SALT (which the government had monopoly on).  the government would expect a certain amount of money and THEN THOSE WHO purchased the right would get to keep the excess.  These tax COLLECTING RIGHTS MADE it seem like these people were almost like land owners.  They were a second class of noble citizens.

The one UNITING ELEMENT WAS that Mazarin was A HATED FIGURE.  He was a chief minister.  The KING techincally was Louis 14, BUT was JUST 5 years old.  The regient was ANNE OF AUSTRIA, who was Louis 14 mother.  SHE left most of the running of the county to Mazarin.

Another important group for the FRONDE were those men who sat in the "Parlement" (french spelling of parliament).  THEY WERE NOTHING LIKE THE ENGLISH version of the parliament.  Instead, the Parliament are almost LIKE SUPREME courts for a particular DISTRICT in FRANCE.  The most IMPORTANT was the PARLEMENT of paris.  Those who sat were the nobility of office holders.  They believed that the powers that Mazarin and the central government held should be theirs.

Nobody support the central government and Mazarin INCLUDING the army.  He even feld the country several times.  He returned because those groups against him weren't organzined.

TWO SIGNIFICANCANT consiquences of the FRONDE.  PEOPLE become more willing to accept a CENTRAL GOVERNMENT.  LOOK at 19 minutes.

When there isn't a weak central government, you have death and other problems.  To avoid this you need to have a central government.

The second part of the FRONDE is that Louis 14 is insulted.  He doesn't like the things that are happening.  When he becomes old enough to become king, he says that he is going to DESTROY the ablility of anyone to challlege him.

Louis 14 was known as the "God given", they fact that he was born seemed to be a maricle.  ANNE and Louis 13 didn't get along and share the same residence.  when Louis 13 was out hunting away from paris.  instead of going to paris, he went to another castle of his and ANNE just happened to be there.

from the time he was born they thought he was special and unique.  he was BORN WITH A FULL SET OF TEETH.

seen as a very unique and great ruler.  didn't seem to happen in the early years of his life.

early on he was happy to leave things in the hands of mazarin.

when Louis 14 got into his teens, they felt that he would assume some responsibilities and that he would start taking a role in some government.

Louis 14 was more interested in pursuing women instead of govern responsibilities.  single female servants were in a seperate quarters.  he crawls over a tile roof trying to see this gal and he almost falls from the roof.   he is kind of the playboy type king.  doesn't really want to prepare for king ship.

when mazarin dies in 1661, most people expected that Louis 14 would appoint another cheif minister after this guy died.  INSTEAD Louis 14 chose to become HIS OWN CHIEF MINISTER.  this was SHOCKING to most people.  He would take upon all these duties.  there are lots of ceremonies that you have to do.  HE ALSO had to attend a bunch of counsils and other meetings as well.

what was shocking that in the 50 years that he was ruling with this long life, he spends every waking minute being KING AND CHIEF MINISTER.  this was shocking because he hadn't displayed this attitude before.

Louis 14 wasn't a genius, but he chose his advisors well.  and HE LEARNED A LOT FROM THEM.  he listens to the expects and makes good decisions based upon their advice.  he does this well in the first half of his reign.

he DOESN'T adjust his policies.  he is fighting wars and winning, but doesn't understand that there needs to be a stopping point.

he FORMAL education isn't very good because he just dismissed his tutors or didn't pay attention to them.

BUT he then became very methodical and was determined that he was going to take on all these duties well.

Louis 14's desire of a system of order and obedience that caught his attention.  he FELT that is was nessecary to DESTROY the indepenance of the nobels.  he MADE it so that it was the KING and the KING ALONE that would hold all the power, make ALL THE laws and control the ARMED forces.  ALL POWER IN his hands.  SAID "I AM THE STATE".

the nobles were denied meaningful positions in government.  he didn't want the nobels to have the chance to plan against him, so he brought the MOST POWERFUL nobles to ALWAYS LIVE AND BE AT COURT.  The king has favors and money at his disposal.  If you want your son to be an officer to be in the army, then the only way to get this is was to be close to the king at his COURT.  if you didn't live near court then Louis 14 would just pretend that he didn't know him.

Louis 14 brough the nobels to court.  there was social engagements that nobles were expected to attend.  they were given titles and EVEN PENSIONS.  he DIDN'T give them any power though.

brining the powerful nobles to court CUT them OFF from the lower nobles.  Before the higher nobles would enourage the lower to take part in the uprising.

but Louis 14 MADE A CLASS DIVIDE between those at COURT and those who are NOT AT COURT.

"Versailles" is a castle that is built outside of paris.  They live in almost LOWER than poverty level cubicles in there area.  they would fight over these crummy places to live, because they felt this was were the power was at.

The royal officals had been a problem, but Louis 14 makes them superfluous.  some of these positions had been out there in the proviences, but they didn't have ANY power.  THE KINGS reps out in the provinces where the KINGS APPOINTED "INTENDANTS".  both beuariances exsisted, but the only one that had power was the intendants.

if they asked the offical for the provience then it might get delayed IN COMMITTEES for years.  the officals, couldn't get it for YEARS, but if they went to the intendants to get things DONE REALLY FAST.  local officals could still be elected, but they COULD'T get anything done.

the KING kept strict control over the intendants during the time of Louis 14.

"BOSSUET", was the bishop who came up with this thought of the.  bossuet, kept the idea that all power comes from GOD and those who use power are responsible to GOD AND GOD ALONE for the way they use that power.  Louis 14 was the emobodiment of "royal absolutism", meant that all law and all force in a country monopolized by the LAWFUL king.

bossuet said that the power of the king was absolute and that the kings power was god's representive in the policital affairs of men.

bossuet said that the kings power was abousute but NOT one could dicact to him.  BUT THE POWER WAS NOT ARBITRARY.

if you want to impose a new tax, then a new tax was made and it just became law.  BUT THE POWER CANNOT BE ARBITRARY, you can't just SAY that it would be legal to murder your mother in law.  GOD'S law says that it is not LEGAL to murder anyone.

basically this idea of bossuet's was that the king was a king of divine right.  bossuet has a theorictal basis for this, but many people believe IT practically as well.  people felt that the best way to have peace and ORDER was through the KING


===== post break

one thing that Louis 14 did was take control of the military.  for a long time the armed forces were ran as a private enterprise.  the officers all came from high nobel families.  the high nobel would be called in and they would be given money to raise the army.  when he recruited with this money and paid them then they were loyal to the officer and not the KING.  even though there were inspections, the king could get away with fewer people because they would be notified before any inscpection.  they would have 450 people and then pocket the differance of the money that would be left over

under Louis 14, he still appoints powerful nobily families persons as officers.  but the PERSON below them would be a MUCH lesser noble that needed the job that would be loyal to the king.  THE TROOPS are recuirted in the NAME of the KING and paid in the name of the king.  Barracks were just starting to be built, they would just live in the barns and outbuildings of the people.  it was the obligation of the populas.  the KING STILL USED inscpectors, BUT DIDN"T WARN them anymore if there was inspection coming up anymore.  OR you would pay the differance or lose your postition or be killed.  They also started using uniforms during this time.  UNDER Louis 14 the army expanded greatly to about 400K MEN.  With this expansion of military YOU NEED a larger central governemt to support the army.

the army is greater threat agaisnt it's enemies and less a threat of the king.

Louis 14 wanted to awe the people and the WORLD.  his best example of this was his palace of Versailles.  It is awesome INSIDE, not so great outside, but awesome inside.

the palace was so large that it TOOK 35K people 30 years to complete the building.

Louis 14 was the SUN king, there was a LOT of GOLD all over the palace.  there were all kinds of mirrors, mosiacs and paintings.  there were also ponds that you could wonder about.

when the final price was in, he supposedly had all the records destroyed to hide how much for future generations would be hidden how much money he had spent.

there were all sorts of rituals.  IT WAS IMPORTANT WHO HANDED HIM HIS BATH ROBE.  they would fight over this.

when the king's meal was passing in the hallway, a man had to remove his HAT and a WOMEN had to bow.  The food was going to become a PART OF THE KING so it was very important.

60 percent of tax reveues were spent there.  court edicate was a life study.  height of bad

everything that the king did had a ceremony.  SOME were so minute that there were 8 of these when he rose in the morning.

the ceremonies fufilled the intent of Louis 14, because this did keep the nobles busy with minutia.  they used to fight against the king, but now they fought against themselves for the rights to do this lame things.

this marked the ruin of the french nobility for the class of the nobels.  they are also very busy so they don't have time to make trouble from the king.  they look down upon the country nobility.

positions in government that held power were HELD by the middle class OR THE lower noblility.  he would pick people that were not indepentetly weathly.  NEVER CALLED THE ESTASTES GENERAL.  destroyed the indepencance of the palarments.  One of the rights of the palarments, was to register the kings decree.  they would keep a record of the kings law.  The palarment could in the past refuse to register a DECREE.  "A BED OF JUSTICE" would allow the king to issue and edicat and the paralment that didn't want to be register.  the KING WOULD CALL YOU in his presence.  YOU WERE NOT ALLOWED TO SPEAK directly to the king.  so he would call them in and then he was going to make a law.  they couldn't respond so it was assumed it was law.

Louis 14 "CREATED COUSILS OF STATE" to deal with foriegn affairs OR own to deal with roads, or one that dealt that military Louis 14 was a MEMBER of ALL THE councils.  even thouh he couldn't be to all of these, they had to ask like he was there.  and they knew they couldn't make any choices without his presence anywhere.

in england local deicisons were made locally.  in FRANCE local decisions were MADE CENTRALLY.

in order to support the army and the versailles, THEY NEEDED A LOT OF MONEY.  They didn't always have a lot of money.  Inefficent collection of taxes.  Direct taxes were handled through many people.  INDIRECT Taxes like a tax on SALT were purchased rights.

State didn't get a lot of money from what was collected.  anything above that was collected wouldn't go to the government.

the main reason ffor the weekness of the economy.  FRANCE could raise taxes withouth the consent of the NOBLES SO LONG AS HE DIDN"T take the nobles.

only those who paid taxes were the 3rd estate.  they didn't have the ablitly to pay these direct taxes ALL THAT WELL.  BUT INDIRECT ALL HAD TO PAY THEY ALL NEEDED SALT.

wasn't good for the government because it was unable to tax those who had money.

wasn't good for the noblilty because they didn't really have ANY CONTROL of how the tax money was spent.  so this really wasn't all that great for them anyhow.

in france you don't have a common inserest of the nobles keeping the taxes lower for the 3rd estate people.  they 3rd estate people didn't feel that they had a voice.

if he raised the amount of taxes there is a certain point that people feel that they wanted to EAT FOOD instead of paying taxes.  because people didn't have any assests for the government to take.  so they didn't have any more to take from them.

Louis 14 devauled the currency by shaving gold coins to make them worth less.

Louis 14 sold titles of nobility.  government sold commisions in the military and noblity to people who had money.

ALL THIS STUFF DIDN"T DO MUCH TO BALANCE THE BUDGET.

Louis 14 wanted to make france economically powerful.

Fianace minitster "COLBERT" - "MERCANTILISM" Louis 14 was hoping that he would make france rich.  MERCANTILISM holds that the wealth of the nation is determined by the AMOUNT OF GOLD AND SILVER HELD in that nation.  The government does everything to ENCOURAGE EXPORTS and DISCOURAGE IMPORTS.  Export ALOT, import a LITTLE.

if you export 5k hats, and you don't import anything in return.  england would have to give you gold or silver in return.

EXPORT OF GRAIN WAS DISCOURAGED.  this would cause a shortage with the lower class.

Make the country properous then you'll be able increase the amount that the government can take into the country.

This helps make the country richer, but Louis 14 can find a way to spend it.

Class Notes 1/14/2008:

Charles II was brought back without anything being forced UPON HIM.

Charles the II did issue the "Declaration of Breda" he did this without being forced.  Allowed pariament to determine countries religiout and with the royalist lands. (what is this at about 3 minutes).  If he chooses that all the people get the royalists lands back to them.

King said that he would punish anyone for acts during the civil war.  He chooses to "pass the buck" on the tough issues.  Passes the issues onto parliment.  Doesn't GIVEN PERMINENT ISSUES to parliment, just one time issues to pass the buck.

King promises to pay the army and then disband the large army after they have been paid.  This is because the army tended to be very purtain, to help remove them as a threat to the king.

These promises in Breda were really well recieved.  They don't increase/decrease parliment or the king.  The king estendially had the same POWERs that his father had.  Charles II needed to reliaze that there were limits to HOW far people could be pushed.

Charles II benifited from the excesses of the Cromwell reign, so people were willing to go along with most of what Charles wanted.  The Anglican church became more STRONGLY aligned with the KING.

The upper class in England was strongly royalist, because they feared a return to the REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT.  When elections were held for parliament seat, those that get elected are supporters of the king.  They wanted to return to the system that the TUDORS had of cooperation between king and government.  They GAVE THE KING ENOUGH TAX money to fund the king's government for the rest of his reign.  They are giving up the power of the purse.  Charles II removed a lot of the OLD TAXES and required gifts that had been required by his father and grandfather.

Legally speaking everything was supposed to be the same as it was BEFORE Cromwell.

The privledge classes wanted the system to work, because they didn't want a revolution that would in any why be reprsentative that would be like a republic.

Generally speaking in his early years Charles IInd seemed like a good one to restore the monarch.  He wasn't has head strong or tackless as his predecessors.

Parliment was in the hands of the aristoriacy, either by the Lords or the Landowners.

The priviledges CLASSES HAD AGREED TO TAX THEMSELVES (IMPORTANT).  They paid taxes, but THEY EXPECTED A VOICE THROUGH PARIALMENT on HOW THEIR MONEY IS GOING TO BE SPENT. 

The honeymoon of parliament and the king didn't last very long.  The ISSUE was religion.  There was a trend amoung the upper classes to return to the catholic religion.  The protestant churches didn't like this tendancy.  Any parliment issues against catholics or popery were widely supported.  They feared catcholics more than the purtians.  The KING HOWEVER DOES WANT TO BE CATHOLIC, he is personally tied to it.

Louis 14 was ADMIRED by charles II.

"TREATY OF DOVER" is a secret treaty between louis 14 and charles II.  louis the 14th was supposed to supplement charles II to provide for a war between france and england against the dutch.  This was so charles the IInd wouldn't have to ask parliament for money.

TREATY also said that Charles IInd and his brother JAMES (also the heir).  They would both OPENLY acknowledge that they had become CATCHOLIC.

Charles IInd didn't do this until he was on his deathbed.  JAMES basically immediately openly acknowledges that he is a ROMAN CATHOLIC.

"TEST ACT" passed by parliament in 1673, required that anyone who held a government office or army position would need to be a member of the anglican church.  Directed mostly toward James, this act meant that JAMES had to resign.  THEY WANTED TO EXCLUDE JAMES from suceeding to the throne.  Charles wouldn't allow this.

Those who supported the KING on this issue were known as "TORIES", include james as next heir.  Those WHO WANTED TO EXCLUDE James from the throne were known as the "WHIGS".

Not that the TORIES supported catholism, but they felt that they shouldn't interfer with the RULES of SUCESSION.

When it looked like the WHIGS would get enough support to exclude james, CHARLES DISMISSED the parliment.  check some facts at 29 minutes.  Charles dies in 1685, deathbed conversion to catholism.

JAMES II
Was more confrentational and wanted to restore the CATHOLIC church.  James was also KING OF SCOTLAND.  1685 there was a scottish rebellion.  He defeated the scots.  The tradition was to disband the english army after fights.  INSTEAD JAMES KEPT this standing ARMY as a larger force.  He stationed them NEAR london to threaten PARLIAMENT.  Parliament protested the stationing of this ARMY and refused to REPEAL the "TEST ACT".

James dismissed parliament and wouldn't call new elections.

James appointed people to posts that were CATCHOLIC that failed the test act.  1687 JAMES granted the "DECLARATION OF INDULGENCE" which gave religous FREEDOM to Catholics and to the PURITIANS.

If a special law like this was passed then, it was supposed to be READ IN ALL CHURCHES to get the word at.

7 BISHOPES REFUSED to allow this to be read.  They were arrested and force to be put on trial.

The Anglican church had been a great supporter of the monoarchy, when the king supported the church.

MOST PEOPLE FELT THAT they could OUTWAIT the king.  The king WAS older.  2 Protestant daugthers.  When he dies his older daughter MARY whose is a protestant will suceed and there will be nothing to worry about.

After several years of NOT HAVING any children JAMES' second wife a CATHOLIC gives birth to a CATOLIC SON who was baptism as a catholic.

Not even the tories wanted to see a perminant catholic dynasty.  They just wouldn't accept this type of a ruling.

The TORIES don't like to mess with the succession.  SO THEY PUT OUT A STORY THAT THE CHILD WAS'T the kings child.  Instead it was a kid born to a servant and the king was just pretending.  Many people had witnessed the BIRTH of JAMES SON, about 60 people.

The TORIES and WHIGS cooperatate to make sure that there won't be a catholic succesion.

"Mary FIRST DAUGTHER OF JAMES, protestant" and her husband "WILLIAM III OF ORANGE" (he was dutch).  They were sent for BY the TORIES and the WHIGS to recieve the crown of ENGLAND.  William felt that England would be the allie of the dutch against france.

William landed in england with a small force.  But as the ARMY moved along it gained more supporters and JAMES got the picture and choose to FLEE toward FRANCE.

"GLORIOUS REVOLUTION" of 1688 not a SINGLE LIFE IS lost and it results in a change in monarches.

A special convention is called and names William and MARY as CORULERS.

This leads to a new monoarchy and a new PARLIAMENT THAT PASSES A: "BILL OF RIGHTS"

These were traiditonal rights that were historical to the parliament.  Freedom of Election in parliament and freedom of parliament to pass new acts and arbitrary.  NEED DETAILS as 46 mins.  RIGHTS that people had always considered to be theirs and they WANTED THEM TO BE PUT INTO LAW.  These were TRAIDIOTNAL provisions that they felt the sturats had tried to remove.   THE ONLY NEW PROVISION was the fact that IT PROHIBITIED a large standing army without the approval of parliament.

The trend was to a firm establishment of a parlimentary government.

TUDORS = Even balance monarch and parliment
STUARTS = SHIFT to power of the monarch.
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION: SHIFT TO POWER OF THE PARLIAMENT.

The king still felt that he mostly conducted the foreign policy of parliament didn't have any say in this.

In France the privledged will be EXCEPT from direct taxes but will HAVE NOT SAY on HOW THE MONEY IS SPENT.  ALL THE CONTROL OF THE TAXES WILL BE PASSED TO THE MONOARCHY.  16.00 minutes, who GETS TO PAY TAXES.

-------SECOND HALF

The situation on the contient (esp in the case of France) religion is going to play an important factor.  France had been divided among catholics and protestants.  Catholics had more POWER.

Huguenots where the protestants in France.  They were much like the PURITIANS and followed Calvin.

In France there were the "WARS OF RELIGION".  Gather some information at the 3 minute point.

The country descends into anarchy.  There are lots of murders.

In addition to the religious struggle, there was a struggle of the authority of role of the CENTRAL GOVERNMENT.  This goes back in FRANCE to the MIDDLE AGES.  Lots of times the REAL POWER was in the local government officals.

The FRENCH were able to centralize government again and make the KING REALLY A KING.

Many of the nobles are always trying to find ways to gather the powerback again.  THEY FIND ONE WAY to do this is to bring religous issues into the mixture.  Sometimes the noblemen become protestant just to find a way to shake up the central government.

Many of the townsmen and urban people are trying to get more freedom from the central government.

In many cases religion was just a way to upset the government.

Catholics also felt that they should support the catholic church because it made the government happy and this was good for them.

average 40 percent OF NOBELS were HUGUENOTS and 60 were catcholic.

huguenots had THEIR OWN ARMIES and were a real threat to central government.

The MAJORITY of the PEASENTS and the towns that they live is are mostly catholic.

The nobels that were truely huguenots, would just make all the peasents in their land that they controlled.  they would just through everything out.

the huguenots were only 2 percent of the population.  so they are only 40 percent of the 2 percent.  small group, but they are the fighting class and they are powerful.

the huguenots are too powerful to be stamped out, but not strong enough to take over.  you get 4 decades of was about this stuff.

there is a lot of bloodsheed by both sides.

some of the Massacures invovle 10s of thousands of people.  the queen mother, was going to to marry daugther to a catholic.  she invivted all the huguenots to paris for the wedding and have all the catholics murder them.

"HENRY OF NAVARRE - HENRY IV" - The protesant that the QUEEN mother had her daugther marry was

Details around 14 minutes about Henry IV.  Henry IV was made king, but most didn't recongize him because he was not catholic in a majority catcholic contry.

Henry was a politique WHO FELT THAT TOO MUCH was being made of religous belief.  they felt that too much was being made out of this.  PARIS IS WORTH IS MASS.  They planned on locking henry out of paris.  HE SAID "PARIS IS WORTH A MASS", he didn't care enough about religion to make what ever needed to be done with his religion he will convert to what ever religion he needs to be.

He begins reuiniting france and returning the power of the central government.

"DUKE of SULLY" Chief advisor to Henry IV, helps to restore central authority and restore the country.

"EDICT OF NANTES" important step taken to restore the central power of the government.  Adopted by the king to calm the huguenots.  This grants the huguenots some religous liberties without total religous freedom.  There is some religious liberty granted.  Huguenots nobels are allowed to hold protesant religous servious in your home.  Huguenots could also pratice their religon in most towns were they were the majority.  NO PROTESANT services in paris or if a catholic bishop lived in that city.

HUGUENOTS had the same civli rights as catholics enjoyed.

HUGUENOTS were allowed to fortify towns were they were majority to defend these towns they could have their armies to command protestant armies to defend these towns.  THIS IS UNPOPULAR, most contraversial part of the EDICT.

EDICT was not popular with catholics.  They felt that he was trying to please his old religion.  THIS WAS NOT ENFORCED BY POPULIST SENTIMENTS, but INSTEAD BY THE KING.

Henry was trying to reunite the country to end all the old annomisities. 

There were nobles using religion to try and gain power, most were bribed into submission.  given land or titles or something else to support the central govenrment.  Many of the govenrment officals in the outlying areas that had not been paying attention the central government.  HENRY ALLOWED these people to PASS ALONG THESE OFFICE through HERIDARY means to their sons and such.  They are able to PAY a yearly fee to do this.  This group of people become a second group of nobliity.

Henry 4th was able to reduce waste and corruption with Sully and this reduced taxation.

Because of all the wars all the infastructure was in very bad shape.  Sully and Henry begain a program to improve roads and bridges and canals.  Promoted business, farming and TRADE as well.

Before the wars.  France was a rich coutry.  The wars had destroyed this prosperiaty.  Henry makes the country stable again.

In 1610 he was assisnated because of religous reasons again. 

He didn't destroy the ablity of the nobels and the huguenots to revolt.  He didn't remove the ablity for them to revolt in the future even though he had quieted them down.

"Louis 13th", is 9 years old and BECOMES KING WHEN HENERY DIES.  He doesn't run the country.

The regient who acted in louis behalf is "MARIE DE MEDICI".  The nobels begin to to and reassurt there power.  The huguenots don't think that they are getting a fair shake so 34 minutes need details.

Marie decides to call a meeting of the "estates general" dates back to the middle ages, hadn't meet as frequently as parliament.  Consisited of the three estates or classes that are in FRANCE.  3 classes, they would each have representatives .  CLERGY has the HIGHEST LEVEL and they are FIRST ESTATE.  The SECOND STATE WAS the nobelity.  The THIRD ESTASTE was everyone else (commoners).

1614 is when the estates general was called IT DIDN"T ACCOMPLISH anything when it met.  SO MARIE MEDICI just DISMISSES them in 1615.  They are dismissed for 175 years.  They WON"T meet again until the begining of the FRECH REVOLUTION.

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT was supposed to be conducted by THE KING ONLY.  LOUIS 13th and 14th don't call the estates. 

Louis 13th takes a personal role in the government around 1617.  Becomes the king in fact and name.  He was not a good administrator.  He needed help with these government roles.  He needed a "CHEIF ADMINISTRATOR".  HE SELECTS a catholic cardinal "CARDINAL RICHELIEU".  They work together to stregethen France and the power of the central government.  RICHELIEU embarks on a foriegn policy.  They do this without ignoring the domestic policy.

The FRECH government will always been looking for money because they are trying to dominant the continent and embarks on expensive wars to expand it's territory.

Class Notes 1/9/08:


don't wait until the night before to study.  review the notes after each class.  then at then of week you should review the notes at end of the week as well.  you should summarize the information at each weekend.

last class we study the tudor dynasty, THIS IS THE form of the beging of a reprsentative type of government.  one of the reasons that the tudor dynasty worked was that they were about to manipulate the house of commons.  one strange thing is that the monarch appoints the head of the house of governments.  the speaker was able to assign legilations to communties.  so the tudors appointed a good loyal person to head of the system.

mary was probably the least able to work with the parliment.  elizabeth.  MARY died in 1603 and on her death, we have the stuart dynatasty


the stuart dynasaty.  her cousin the king of mary from the scotland became the king of england.  HE WAS over cofident and he made some large mistakes.  because he was able to restore power and order in scotland he felt he could do the same in england.

STUART DYNASTY:
JAMES I
CHARLES I

james didn't even appear to comprise with parliment.

PARLIMENT:
-House of Lords (heridetary nobles and upper level clergy)
-House of Commons (these people weren't commoner's but wealthy land owners)

the english people still felt that parliment served them.  so when the king doesn't get along wwith partliment, then it.

the stuarts, were trying to inforce royal absolutism.  people saw them as someone who held things together.  english people felt that both king and parliment were the ones that kept things together.

even though james was very learned, he was totally tackless.  he refused to comprimise or retreat.  although the tudors didn't really believe in it they would negioate it.  she wanted at tax increase of 10$ she would approach parliment with a increase of 20 and then they would suggest that they go down to 10.

james wanted to lecture parliment and the enlgish people about how government and religon should really be.  james was refered to some as the "wiset fool in chrisendom".  wise in book learning, but didn't know how to use the system.

james was king of scotland since he was young.

many of the traits that charles had were the same as his father's.  he was just as uncomprimising as his father.  he did seem to care somewhat about his lower subjects though.  he faced similar problems as his father did.  they inherieted some of their problems from elizabeth.  one of the problems that they faced was with the growing dissatisfaction of the church of end.  elizebeth faced, but ignored most of the dissent.

many of the higher church of england felt that the majority of the catholic rituals should be maintained.  much of the heirachry wanted to continue this and the stuarts supported this as well.  they wanted "high church too".  the problem was that when james supported this policy, he had problems with the purutians.

Presbyterians: wanted to ablosh the offices of arcbisops and bisops.  instead they should be handled by prebyterias that were made up of laymen and clergy.  james didn't like this at all, he didn't like the presbyterias.  or james said that they could leave the country if they didn't accept the offical church.  if the clergymen didn't accept the position of the church then they were removed from thier posts.

this division between anglicans and purtians was even more so under charles.

the archipiosh of cantuerbery was the highest ranking offical in the church.

william laud was the top guy at the time.  he felt that this should be done very much like the catholic church.  if a decision was made by the church then everyone was supposed to follow it.  there was uniformity.  no local decisions were supposed to be made.  he didn't care for any varitions that elizabeth had allowed.  LAUD supported by CHARLES I felt that everyone should follow the single church rule law.  SOME Felt that these movements by charles were trying to RESTORE the catholic church in england.  many believed including james when looking for a suitable wife for charles didn't look for a protestant princess, he negioted with spainsh about marrying a catholic princess to marry.

when charles comes to the throne he marries a french princess WHO IS catholic.  she comes with many catholic people as her entourange.  technically catholism was illegal, although the kings wife was a practicing catholic.

it seemed to many that catholics were treated more lienatly than dissenting protestants.  this is a problem that they don't deal with very well.

there is also a LACK OF MONEY that they don't deal with very well.  the two STUARTS spent far greater sums of money than elizabeth had.  eurpoe at this time was having a general inflation that was caused by a large influx of precious metals.  the spanish had concequered most of central and south ameria that they sold from the native people.

inflation had been minimually up to this point it had been stable no more 1 percent over several decades.  governments are also affected by inflation.  most of the taxes that government was collecting came from fixed amounts on imports and exports.  if the government got 10 per barrell, then it didn't matter how much the wine was selling for, but the income remains steady.  governments work on percentages to better deal with inflation.  that way they can handle inflation flucations more easly.  THEN the reveue was fixed, but costs were increasing, but this could only be done for parliment.

the tudors were able to manipluate partliment for money because they had to ask them to increase taxes.  the sturants choose not to do this.  disputes between king.  the parliment becomes more and more indepentant from the king.  the stuarts started doing what they wanted and englishmen saw this as a violation of common practices.  neither understood the system and instead felt that royal power was more important.  this is what was HAPPENING in france.  the king had more power and the parlimentary body was just ignored.  the english people didn't accept this.  it wasn't king or parliment along.  parliment didn't want to assert authority either, they wanted comprmise with the sturants.

"Power of the purse" become the effective weapon of parliment.  new taxes and reveue had to come from both houses of parliment.  although partliment hadn't been defined very well, the king did most everything.  it came that there were cases when charles had to accept stuff because it was tied to a tax increase that they need.   the king did take taxes that had only applied to costal towns and choose to apply them to ALL towns instead.  he was supposed to be doing was necessary. the king would sell titles of nobliity.  the king can basically title whoever they want or make a title more important.  they would take money from common weathly people and then night them.  they would also create monoplies by having taliors create all the suites for the army.  they would only bid this out once to whoever was the best bidder.  they would also make BANKS give out loans to the government.  they would threaten arrest if banks didn't comply.

"Petition of right" was adpoted because of these actions.  It excluded royal power from an englishman's life.  the king had no power over property OR person.  ???????  Look this up in wikipedia ?????????  required consent by parliment, no matter what they choose to call it.  not subject to any old imprisment.  the start of the idea of "due process", you have to be charged, you have to be given a trial.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England

king was fighting a war at the time and needed more money that was being tied up by parliment, so they made the king accept it.  charles grew away from parliment and the enlish people.

"Duke of Buckingham" charles didn't like it when parliment wanted to impeach this guy.  had been a friend of james I.  charles had made him a principal advisor including to foreign policy.  he got into wars that didn't do them much good 1628 the duke was assinated after the impeachment failed.  his murder was greeted by parties because everyone hates him.  the murderer felt that parliment wasn't able to do their job so he choose to do it.

charles didn't get the hint that people didn't like the way things were, but charles just hated his people and parliment more in 1629 the house of commons passed some important resolutions aimed at the king.  anyone propoeses religous change or levy taxed without the consient of parliment or PAYs a tax that hasn't been approved is a tratior which is punished by death.  CHARLES then dismisses PARLIMENT.  the enlish don't have a consistiuitnal document.  there is nothing that required the king to call parliment into session.  nothing that said once it was dismissed that it had to be called back.  for the english system ?????? missed some sections here at 44 minutes.

charles choose to live within his income and didn't call elections for partliment.  he tried to live without parliment for aroudn 12 years.  from 1629-1640 they had no parliment, but it meant that it was difficult to live with.

while attempting to rule without parliment, charles didn't want to directly break the law so what he did was strech exsisting laws but to avoid a total break with law, they WOULD seach ACHIENT records for additional sources of revenue.  because the monorach had been around for a long time, there were old statues that might have to get 20 sheep from someone at christmas.  this had been phased, out though charles begain collecting them again for additional revenue.

the king also had a policy call "thorough" strict effeiency and centralization of things.  you consolidate your administration at one point to avoid duplication of effort to keep cost down "cost cutting measure".

people didn't like it even though it was on the books, but no one in the family had ever paid it.  the land owning class didn't like it because many applied to them.  but they didn't have a reason to side with parliment until this point.

people really didn't like that charles support laud and give catholics pass when it came to things.  puritains really didn't like this push to one church type of service.

1630s mid point charles ticked off so many people that there was only a small spark needed to set things off.  this was going to come from scotland, which the sturants were still king over 1637 charles order the subjects in scotland to accept a new prayer book to use for all services in scotland.  these prayer books were created by laud.  the scots were mostly puritains.  the puritans mostly felt in line with the ideals of Calvin.  charles said that the new prayer book would start on a certain day on sunday.

the revolution in scotland started when some lady comes into church and sees this new service book and throws the book at the minister's head.  this beigns an uprising in scotland.

charles requires that parliment come back into session to help stiffle the uprising.  when he calls them back, he wants new taxes and they aren't willing to just hand them over because they weren't happy with him.  THEY wanted partliment to be called overy 3 years and wanted the chief minister to BE EXECUTED.  charles agreed reluctanityly to the execution.  he sends troops to the house of commons to arrest 5 members of the house of commons. they were warned, but this sparked a civil war in england and in scotland.

this religous and consitiutunial in nature.  the scotts joined the side in enland that supported parliment.

"Oliver Cromwell" - purtain general, organzied a highly trained army.  he plays an important role.  the forces of the king were graduaally defeated.  in 1645 charles defeated.  what held the forces that overturned the king, was their hatered of the king.  the prebyterian wing wanted to setup a consitional monoarchy that would write a consitiation that wrote out the kings powers and partliments powers.  they also wanted to set the presbyterian chruch to REPALCE the church of england.  many in the army opposed these objectives.  the army was much MORE radical.  the soliders wanted a republic that did away witht he monarchy.  there was also a group of independants that were concerned with the matter of religion.  they wanted religous freedom for everyone back catholics and anglicangs.  they wanted each church to choose for it's self.

charles the first who was a priosoner: trys to make a comeback,but he failed an alinated more people from his cause.  CROMWELL springs into action and defeats the scottish army and MOVES against partliment.

"Long Parliment" that was in session 1640-1660 in 1649 there were only about 150 of the orignal 500 members were left.

CROMWELL sent troops under "KERNEL PRIDE" to conduct "PRIDE'S PURGE".  This was to purge partliment of any prebyterians members.  This THREWOUT 2/3rds of the parliment leaving about 50 members.

After the purge, the "RUMP PARLIMENT is was is left."  they fell that charles i should be put to death.  he was beheaded in 1649.

THE HOUSE OF LORDS WAS ABLOISHED and the monarchy was terminated.

England was declared to be a REPUBLIC called the COMMONWEALTH.  CROMWELL tried to govern, but didn't have much polictal imagination.  He stumbled from one form of government to another looking for one that the pople would accept.  a degree of religous freedom was estiablished: excluding cathlics, athestist and HIGH anglicans.

At first he left governing to the RUMP PARLIMENT and a consuel he created.  he had to squelch uprising in IRELAND.  He had a lot of prionsers put to death.

RUMP PARLIMENT selected persons to fill the vacancies, replacements are elected.

CROMWELL didn't like the rump parliment, he orders his troops to disperse the RUMP PARLIMENT.  "He shouted that it's YOU that have forced me to "

Now CROMWELL has NO KING OR PARLIMENT.  he did trust the ministers.  each congregation would select someone to help create a righoughess parlimentary body.  he got a bunch of religous fanatics.  one of the leaders of this parliment was known as "PRAISE GOD BAREBONES and the BARBONES PARTLIMENT" this only lasted 5 months and CROMWELL dismissed them.

on the advice of the miliarty leaders they dream up an english consitiuition.  this is a breif time of englands formal written consitiutions "INSTRUMENT OF GOVERNMENT" the only formal written consitiuiton they ever had.
-"LORD PROTECTOR" is CROMWELL's title and there was supposed to be a new parliment.

FROM 28 minutes ON, NEED NOTES FROM RECORDING.

Class Notes 1/7/08:

you don't have to have taken one course to be able to take the other.

this only covers 200 years, that covers many countries.  the text 8th or 9th edition.

volatire is writing in a time of censorship, making fun of the government and religion.  this is a satire.

80% of TEST material comes from the LECTURE.

OhioU does it's western civ stuff different than other univiresites.

First part is objective / WORTH 75% of the grade.  You need to know 5 out 7 important topics, these are short essays that you can write.  All the essay topics WILL be covered in class.  The stuff in the LECTURE IS MOST IMPORTANT.

What is covered:
There is no assumption that you know anything from 101 presenting contrast between two forms of government.  A representative government in england, their government formed over hundreds of years.  this is an evolutionary type of system.  See how things evovle over time.  It evovles as a type of a reprenative government.  The king and queen still have a lot of power.  Parliment has some powers, no idea of "one person one vote" all females and most males are not able to vote during this time.

the house of lords, nobles and upper church officals, that haven't been elected but have inherieted thier seats.
house of commons, can only be a part of this if you own a large amount of land/wealth.  this was into the 1900s.  in some cases you wouldn't even have had a lot of money, it had to be land.

if you want to member of parliement, they would sell the place.  you don't have to be a resident of your district to be a member.  these seats are sold.  often the elections were done in public.

talking about

the wars of the reformation, there was a protestant reforms, there is also some reforms within the catholic church.  they are more than just religous, they touch a lot of the other areas of life including politics.  the development of the england contitiunal system.

this will be contrasted with what happens in france.  the king holds absolute power, that is unchecked by any legal body.  there is a estates gerenal similar to the english parliment, but does hold any power like the english system.  but religion played an important rule.  there were a lot of killing over.  this is royal absolutism.

we will also be covering some of russia.  it is a facinating early history but doesn't have an impact on much western civ.  russia does begin to emerge in russia that goes past the royal absolutism.  the TSAR or TSARINA (means ceaser) - translated emperor.  the tsar has the power of life and death over a person.  look at peter the great who will reoreiate russia, he is the MID POINT of russia history (kind of like the break of BC and AD).  he represents a break from the past for a part of the upper class that he chooses to westernize russia.  then talk about catherine the great.  after peter the great neither russia or eurupoen will be the same.  peter was unhappy that people looked.  he didn't like that they wore had large beards and he really didn't like that.  he did it by force for the upper class, for the lower class they would have to pay a tax to enter into the CITY.  he also trimed off the selves of the people who wore long sleves.  he also moves the capatial from MOSCOW to SAINT PETERSBURG.

Catherine is also important for russia.  she is a great propigandist and has some interesting foreign policy ideas.

we'll cover some of the scientific revolutions.  wondering about the impact on the EDUCATED public.  this is a very small fraction of the population that is educated.  those usually only have a basic literacy.  it will demonstrate that certains ideas can be KNOWN to be correct (earth is the center of the universe) when things are proved wrong, it starts PEOPLE QUESTIONING OTHER IDEAS that we have about the world.  are we wrong about the form of government and the social structure?  why in france should ONE person hold all the power.  Why should the society be organized in such a way that 3% have the privledges and only 97% have the responsblites.  There are a WHOLE series of events that are really REVOLUTIONS.  We'll loook at these items in a circle.  There is a reign of terror.  When people are arrested and don't really get in a proper court more of the bar or kangroo court that is just a mob that sends most of them to death.  this is only one small part, the whole thing comes full circle with napoelation who is a military dictator, so the whole thing comes full circle.  then he tries to invade russia and fails.  napoelian just takes the holy roman empire and just does away with it.  the germanies that are 300 seperates states so he just does away with all of them.

france tries to export revolutions and over through monarchs everywhere.

when europe tries to rocver from all the waring that has gone on.  liberalism and nationalism will try to be stamped out by the monarchs and they will band together.

the industrial revolution will also be taking place.  this is starting to place in england during the 18th century.  strikes and collective bargaining are agaisnt the law according to the state.  there is a great deal of social discontent.  owner's will try to pay as little as they can, you want them to have enough strength to work without slowing or breaking the machines.  women get paid about half and kids about 1/4 of men.  children as young as 6 are working.  there aren't any labor laws.

marxist socialism is not really taking on, but there are some intellicatauls that are trying to bring about change buy explaining the plight of the workers.

breaks the idealogoy that the government should interfer any way with the labor laws.

at the beging of the industrial revolution, there are more workers than jobs available, so the power is held by the factory owners.

in england there is a period of religous change without a lot of uprising.
--------------

start by looking at england.  start with the english reformation and see how that ties in with the policatal changes that take place.

Tudor Dynasty:
-general belief that henry the 8th broke with the church because he wanted to anullment, because the pope didn't want to go along with it - 8th broke with the curch.
-main reason that he wanted to continue his tudor dynasty.

after a bloody war, HENRY 7th because the first of the new dynasty.  Henry the 7th worked a lot to restore stablity to the country.  Henry 7th oldest son was Arthur who was heir apparent and the thought was that he was going to become the king.  Arthur was married to a spanish princess Catherine of Aragon, they were married in their TEENS.  With some arranged marriages they didn't live together as husband and wife.  AUTHUR died before his father tied.

Henry 8th married his sister in law.  Henry 7th didn't like to spend much money at all.  Because Catherine didn't become Queen, her parents WANTED their money back.  Because she wasn't a virgin should would have needed an even larger dowry.  AN easy way out was to marry Henry 8th to Catherine.  But CANON LAW prevented them from getting married.  Based upon some teachings from Leviticus.  Catherine has several children, but most are stillborn.  There is one surviving child, her name is MARY.  8th is concerned about carring on the dynasty without another war.  He WANTED a MALE child to carry on the dynasty.  One reason that he wanted to MARRY his mistress.

ANNE BOLEYN: 8th thought that this would be easy to get an ANNULMENT of the church because they were not all that ucommon.  8th was a smart man, because he wasn't supposed to be king, he studied LATIN and german and other things.

CATHERINE was the AUNT of CHARLES the 5th.  Charles OWNED lots of LAND including ITALY.  The pope didn't want to upset Charles the 5th who was a powerful woman.  Part of the problem was that Catherine didn't want to go along with this.  The annulement meant that the marriage never happened so she has been BASICALLY living out of wedlock with the 8th, and she is still attracted to him.

For the pope to approve an ANNULEMENT, then it would be overrulling the preivous popes mistakes would weaken a paupecy even more.  The Pope dragged his feet.

The Pope is trying to put this off and the 8th reliazes that this isn't going to happen.  Then ANNE BOLEYN becomes pregnant and the 8th is worried that it might be a boy so he marries ANNE BOLEYN and makes her a queen WITHOUT AN ANNULMENT.  The 8th is EXCOMMUNICATED (outside the communion of the church - cannot partake of any of the sacruments of the church) from the church.

Henry the 8th - No regular time that PARLMENT must be called into session.  There was a tradition that the king would have to call parlment if he wanted NEW TAXES only.  If he could live on what he had then he didn't want to have to worry about it.  For england the 8th is a top down revolutions.  8th tries to make it look like the it's the englissh common people that are making the movements.  The parliment starts cutting off money from the catholics.  The pope would usually get money from.

Parliment makes the 8th the head of the church in England after BREAKING from the catholic church.  They create basically an english catholic church.  That is are far has Henry wants to go with the changes of the reformation, where as there are other reformations that are going on on the contenients (calvisnts and the luthers).  They still have mass, they still have it in latin, they don't have many changes.  8th still thinks of himself as catholic, but doesn't like the pope.

Many in England wanted more radical reformations, but there were some who wanted to also still be catholics.  Not as bloody reformations as on the contionets.  Most englanders don't want to die for others or kill others for their religon.  The 8th ends up having 6 wives.

8th's Kids are:
Mary
Elizabeth
then Edward VI

When 8th DIES the new heir and the new KING is EdWARD VI (at ten years old of age).  Edward came under the influence of an Uncle.  Edward only lives to be 16.

The church in England under Edward starting going in a more protest direction.

After Edward VI dies at 16, the leadership passes to Mary.

Mary is Bloody MARY, she wants to reverse the protestant trend and MOVE TO CATHOLIC.  She thought that MOST of the protestants where heretics and wanted to burn these people at the stake.  She had a couple hundred people put to death, including some clergy people.

When Mary came to the throne most people still didn't mind catholics.  But they didn't like the way she handled things.  SHE ALSO dismisssed ANY CLERGY that had married where dismissied them from thier posts.  She also married someone from Spain which was the chief rival in trade.  At the end of MARY'S reign most people didn't like catholism because of the way that she the CATHOLIC way that Mary had presented catholisms.

After MARY dies with NO children the throne comes to 8th's 3rd KID Elizabeth.  This was a child from 8th's ablitly to MARRY ANNE so she wasn't legitimate.  Normally only a declared pope legitmate person could rule.  ANNE is excuted by henry.  Declared also illegetimate by the church of england.  she is one of the great rulers.  would it be catholic, would it be protestant, what type of protestant?  just one without the pope or the more "radical type".  she weighed the facts of the case and choose a comprimise.  england would be protest, but would resemable the catholic church.

Elizabeth working with parliment passed the 39 ARTICLES.  Which established the Anglican Church.  A church which internally in it's belif was protestant.  But in the external flow of the services looked VERY MUCH like the catholic type of service.  Most people weren't educated, so what they saw in the protestant church LOOKED like the catholic church that they grew up with.  Most of the few that were dissastentfied catholics were somewhat percuscuted by only if they made a bunch of noise about it.  otherwise it was live and let live.  there were protestants that were unhappy that the CHURCH didn't go far ENOUGH with the there being ANY CATHOLISM in the church.  THEY WERE KNOWN AS PURITANS that wanted to purify the church of all catholics traditions.  Again they were mostly tolierated.  There was some trouble with them in the parliments, but it was flexiable enough that it worked for the most part.

The problem arises when elizebeth dies.  She was the virgin queen, SHE DIDN'T have any children.  So when she dies that is when the problems begin to arise.

From the eurpoen conteient the revolutions are from below that are from the lower grassroot movement.
 

Historical figures for HISTORY 102 Updated 1/30/08:

39 Articles
Established the Anglican Church.  Worked on by Queen Elizabeth.  The church internally in it’s beliefs was Protestant.  The external flow of the services was very much like the catholic mass.  After this was put into place, the Catholics and the Puritans were pretty much tolerated so long as they didn’t cause to much fuss.

Anglican Church
The offical church of England.  Created by Henry 8th.

Anne Boleyn
Second wife of Henry 8th.  Was his mistress.  He married her after she became pregnant with hopes that she would bear his first son.  Doesn’t wait for an annulment from church because this could be a son.  Later beheaded for charges of adultery and treason.  Mother of Queen Elizabeth the 1st.

Anne of Austria
Louis the 14th’s mother.  She was the reigent in charge of running France while Louis 14th was growing up.  She largely left running the country up to Cardinal Mazarin.

Arthur (Henry 7 son)
First son of Henry 8.  Was married in his teens to Catherine of Aragon.  Died before becoming king and was succeeded by his brother Henry the 8th, who became king and also married Catherine of Aragon.

Bacon

Barebones Parliament
Followed the Rump Parliament.  It was created by Oliver Cromwell.  It was named after one of the delegates whose name was Praise-God Barebones.  Its members were comprised of members of the church congregations to help create righteous governing body.  Lasted only 5 months and then Oliver Cromwell dismissed them.

Bossuet
Bishop during the time of Louis 14.  Believed in the theory of political absolutism and felt that the all power came from God and that those who use power were responsible to God and God ALONE.  Felt that the power of the king was absolute and that the king was God’s representative in the affairs of politics of men.  Bossuet did not feel that the king could use his power arbitrarily, he felt that the king must still answer to God.  Bossuet felt that the king had his power through divine right and used some theology to back this up.  Many power during the time of Louis 14 felt the same way as Bossuet.  That a powerful king was the best way to have order and peace.

Canon Law
Prevented divorces from occurring.  Which was a problem for Henry the 8th because he wanted to remarry so that he could have a son that would carry on the Tudor dynasty.  When the pope dragged his feet about granting an annulment (basically saying that the marriage of Henry to Catherine had never happened), Henry started his own church.

Cardinal Mazarin
Succeeded Cardinal Richelieu as the Chief Minister of France during the last years of the reign of Louis 13 and also during the reign of Louis 14.  Functioned as the as the ruler of France during the infancy of Louis 14.  While Louis 14 was growing up Anne of Austria left most of the running of the country to Mazarin.    Conituned the policies of Frances expansionism in Europe.  He was really hated by the several important groups (including the Army) in France and this hatred caused an uprising called the FRONDE.  The Nobles and the Parliament drove him out of the country.  Louis 14 was able to exploit the hatred of Mazarin to encourage his desires for a strong Central government.

Cardinal Richelieu
Worked with Louis 13 as his Chief Minister.  He was a Catholic Cardinal when he was selected by Louis 13 for the position.  He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions (they would behead and crush militarily those who attempted to stand against the government).  He was a close advisor to Marie de Medicis, who was Louis 13 mother and the regent of France when Louis 13 was younger.  He was hated by most of the nobility, because he consolidated the military by destroying all castles that the armies that worked for the nobles might have used against the King.   Because the Huguenot’s in France also held power and had strong holds, they stood in the way of consolidating power.  So, Richelieu defeated a Huguenot stronghold at La Rochelle.  Forced the Huguenot’s to sign a new treaty called: “The peace of Alais” that amended the “Edict of Nantes”.  It removed the military and territory rights of the Huguenot’s, but allowed them to keep some of the civil rights.

Catherine of Aragon
Originally married to Arthur (1st son of Henry 7).  When he died, her marriage to Arthur  was annulled and she became married to Henry the 8th.  She was a Spanish princess.  Her marriage to Henry 8th produced no sons (she did have a daughter whose name was Mary) and he was concerned about carrying on the Tudor dynasty, so he tried to get an annullment of their marriage.  Because she was the Aunt to Charles the 5th who owned lots of land including Italy, the pope did not want to grant the annulment to Henry the 8th. 

Catholics
Religion that both England and France were originally.  England splits from the religion after the pope doesn’t grant Henry the 8th an annulment.  France remains largely Catholics throughout.

Colonel Thomas Pride
Sent by Oliver Cromwell to purge the English parliament of all its Presbyterian members.  This was known as “PRIDE’S PURGE” and it removed 2/3rd of parliament leaving about 50 members.  The left over members where known as the rump parliament.  Cromwell ordered them purged because he felt that they were about to reach a deal with King Charles I.

Charles 5th (whose Aunt was Catherine)
His Aunt was Catherine, who was the first wife of Henry the 8th.  Because he owned a lot of land, including Italy the pope didn’t want to upset him by granting the annulment of Catherine’s marriage.

Charles I
Son of James the 1st.  Parliament would only give him more money if he recognized the Petition of Right.

Charles II
King of England who bring back the monarchy to England.  Is encouraged to return after the failures of Cromwell and his Republican Commonwealth.  Issued the Declaration of Breda without any prompting from parliament.  Charles dismisses the army after paying them because many of them were puritans and he didn’t want them to be able to rise up against him.  Charles does tend to “pass the buck” on some issues instead of addressing them.  Generally speaking at first Charles seemed like a good one to restore the monarchy, he wasn’t as head strong as some of his predecessors (other Stuarts).  Charles removed a lot of the old taxes that had been put back on the books by his predecessors because the parliament mostly is willing to fund the reign of the king.  There were issues between parliament over religion that brought the reign of Charles to an end, especially after it was known that he had allied with Louis 14 in the Treaty of Dover and agreed to become Catholic (in agreement for money to help fight the Dutch).  After the Declaration of Indulgence that suspended laws against the Catholics and the Protestants the parliament was still unhappy and issues the Test Acts requiring the King or government officials to be Anglican (to prevent his brother James II who was a declared Catholic) from taking the throne.  Charles II then choose not to recall parliament.

Colbert

Copernicus

Cromwell
Puritan general of the English “New Army” (held together by their hatred of the king), which was the army of the parliament.  He defeated Charles the 1st for parliament.  Although some in parliament wanted to replace the Anglican church with the Presbyterian church as the church of England, others in the parliament at the time wanted to keep the Anglican church and some independents wanted each church to be able to choose for itself.  When Charles the 1st tried to take advantage of these divisions within parliament and return to power Cromwell removed all the member’s from parliament that supported Charles’ cause (through Colonel Pride’s Purge).  He then disbanded parliament and setup an English Republican Commonwealth and served as the Lord Protector, which was almost equivalent to a king.

Declaration of Breda
Proclamation of Charles the 2nd that allowed parliament to determine the religious makeup of the country.  It also contained other acceptance terms which would allow Charles the 2nd to return to the throne.  Start of the English Reformation period.

Declaration of Indulgence
James the IInd put this into place because he had appointed several people to government officials that failed the “Test Acts” which required that they be members of the Anglican church.  This declaration gave fairly equal rights to both Catholics and Protestants.  7 bishops did fail to read this new law in their churches (which was the tradition) and they were arrested and put on trail.

Descartes

Duke of Buckingham
Was part of the inner circle of James the 1st.  Was thought to be the lover of James the 1st.  Openly sold titles to the highest bidder which angered the nobles as they felt that it cheapened their ranks.

Duke of Sully
Worked with Henry the 4th in France to help restore power to the central government.  Was a Huguenot himself.  Was disliked by Huguenot’s because he was loyal to the king and to the Catholics because he wouldn’t convert.  After Henry the 4th death he position in government was largely absent.  He did arrange the marriage of Henry the 4th to Marie de Medici.

Edict of Nantes
Issued by Henry the 4th who had previously been a Huguenot himself, granted Huguenot’s equality with the throne and also gave them religious and political freedom within their own domains.  Also protected Catholic interests to make it look more fair.  This also discouraged the building of new Protestant churches within Catholic areas.  Did not allow services to be held in areas where there was a Catholic bishop.  Also did allow Huguenot’s to HAVE THEIR OWN ARMIES THIS WAS THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL aspect of the Edict.

Edward VI

English Bill of Rights
Came after the Glorious Revolution.  Put into writing some of the rights that the English Parliament had traditionally held.  These rights had been removed from parliament by the Stuart dynasty and this document placed these rights back into place and made them laws.  It did INTRODUCE one new item into English law, that it would be unlawful for the King to have a large standing army without the approval of parliament FIRST.   Dictated the actions of the crown that would first require the approval of Parliament.

English Republician Commonwealth
Established by Oliver Cromwell as a replacement for the monarchy.  This


English Parliament
Made up of two bodies.  House of Lords and the House of Commons.

Estates General - 1st, 2nd, 3d

Exommunicated
No longer in communion with the Catholic church and cannot partake in any of the sacraments of the church.  Henry the 8th was excommunicated when he defied the pope and married Anne of Boleyn.  This is what lead to the formation of the Anglican church.

French Councils of State

French Intendants
These were holders of public administrative offices.  These were NOT purchasable hereditary offices.  Louis 14th appointed and used these officials during his time at the local government level to uphold the policies of Louis 14th.  The did NOT replace the hereditary office positions at the local level, but were more powerful as they had a closer tie to the central government and were able to move things through more quickly.

French Nobles
French Parliament
French Royal Officials
Galileo

Glorious Revolution
Replacement of King James IInd by William of Orange (William the 3rd).  This change of government took place without a single loss of life during the change of the monarchy.  This brought in a new parliament and king and was the beginning of the modern English Parliamentary system and it also brought in the “Bill of Rights”.  Shifted power away from the monarchy and towards the parliament.

Henry 4 (Henry of Navarre) - King of France.



Henry the 7th - King of England.  Start of the Tudor dynasty.  Henry the 7th worked to restored England after many years of blood wars.  His oldest son was Arthur who was married to Catherine of Aragon.  We Arthur died he arranged to have Henry the 8th marry her.  Henry the 7th was tight with money and didn’t want to give back her dowry.  He claimed that the marriage between Arthur and Catherine was never consummated, normally the catholic church wouldn’t have allowed a marry of a brother and sister-in-law.

Henry the 8th - King of England.


House of Commons
House of Lords

Huguenot
Term used to described those in France who where members of the Reformed Church of France known as French Calvinists.  A minority in France as most were Catholic.  More division between Catholics and Huguenots.

Instrument of Government
The only formally written constitution that England every really had.  This was drawn up by Oliver Cromwell on the advice of some of his military leaders AFTER dissolving the Barbones Parliament.

Isaac Newton


James I


James II


Jansenism

Jesuits - Royal Confessors to Louis 14


John Calvin


Kepler

Long Parliament
Name of the parliament called by Charles the 1st in 1640.  It was long because it could only be dissolved by the agreement.  Charles called the parliament because he needed additional funds after the Bishop’s War.  The members (including ALL of the House of Lords) where then purged by Cromwell and the resulting Parliament that was left was the Rump Parliament.

Lord Protector
Title that Oliver Cromwell gave himself after abolishing the monarchy and was implemented through the Instrument of Government document which created the English Republician CommonWealth.

Louis 13


Louis 14

Marie De Medici
Second wife of Henry the 4th.  She was the mother of Louis the 13th.  Because she was too weak to assert much power, she decides to call the Estates General a group similar to the English parliament that was established in the middle ages, but didn’t meet as often as the English parliament did.  She dismisses them the next year because they didn’t get anything done and they don’t get called again for 175 years.  Influenced greatly by Cardinal Richelieu during the time that she was the regent of France.  Her power began to grow under his leadership.

Mercantilism


Palace at Versailles

Peace of Alais
Amended the Edict of Nantes that Cardinal Richelieu had the Huguenots sign.  This allowed the Huguenots to continue practicing their religion, but removed some of the rights that they previously had.  It did remove their MILITARY and TERRITORY rights that they previously had.

Petition of Right
Gave property rights to the English people.  Before the petition people were unable to sue the crown.  This also prevented the government from arresting unlawfully, allowed for due process and prevented unjust punishment.  Enacted Under CHARLES the 1st.

Power of the Purse
The power that the English parliament had over the crown.  Because the parliament was comprised of the nobles who paid the taxes, their say in the government was that they had to OK any new taxes.  This power was given up when Charles the 2nd returned to the throne because the parliament was so eager to move away from the Cromwell period.


Presbyterians

Pride's Purge
A military charge lead by Colonel pride to Purge the English Parliament of any members who were trying to negotiate the return of Charles I from exile.  These members were mostly Presbyterians.  2/3rds of parliament was removed leaving only about 50 members.  They became known as the “RUMP” parliament,  which in this context means the remnants.  Also disbanded the HOUSE OF THE LORDS.


Protestants
Ptolemy

Puritans
Unhappy with the reforms of the Anglican church and felt that it didn’t go far enough to seperate itself from the Catholic church.  They wanted to PURIFY the church of all Catholic traditions.

Queen Elizabeth
The Virgin Queen of England.  Member of the Tudor dynasty.  Daughter of Henry the 8th and his 2nd wife Anne Boleyn.  Came to power after her half sister Mary died.  She was a well regarded leader and was known for getting her way with the parliament through expert negotiations.  Passed the 39 articles which made the Anglican church the official church of England.  Draws a balance between catholicism and protestants by having the service of the Anglican church remained similar to the Catholic church (the illiterate class was still comfortable).  Also those Puritans and Catholics that choose to worship differently were mostly allowed.  After the relative calm of the rule of Elizabeth, England is once again thrown into turmoil at her death because she had no children.

Queen Mary
Known as Bloody Mary.  Queen of England after the death of her younger half brother Edward VI.  She was the daughter of Henry the 8th and his FIRST wife Catherine of Aragon.  She wants to reverse the protestant trends that England had been taking and return Catholicism as the primary religion in England.  She felt that the protestants were heritics and should be burnt at the stake.  She had several people put to death that were protestants INCLUDING some clergymen.  She also dismissed any clergymen that had gotten married (since this wasn’t allowed in the catholic church).  In ENGLAND catholics weren’t really disliked until the time of Mary.  AFTER QUEEN MARY people disliked catholics because of the light that she portrayed them in.


Reformation Changes

Rump Parliament
Name given to the remaining parliament members who were left after PRIDE’S PURGE.  The HOUSE OF THE LORDS was also disbanded after the purge.  They felt that Charles I should be put to death.  These members were largely under the control of the Army and Oliver Cromwell.  Later dissolved by Cromwell when he didn’t feel that they were getting enough done an REPLACED by the Barbones parliament.

Stuarts
Attempted to shift power TOWARDS the monarchy.  Largely unsuccessful as they didn’t want to compromise with parliament, but needed money to continue to fund their endeavors.
---Stuarts---
James I
Charles I
------Oliver Cromwell Period (not a Stuart)
Charles II
James II
------(Glorious Revolution)
William III of Orange and Mary IInd
Anne
---End Stuarts---

Test Act
Enacted by parliament as a revolt against the Catholic tendencies of the Stuarts (Charles II and his brother James).  Mostly an attempt to keep James I (who had openly admitted that he was Catholic to gain from the Treaty of Dover) from assenting to the throne by requiring that the ANYONE who was on the government or on the throne to be a member of the Anglican church.

The Fronde
A series of revolts that occurred in France during the time of Louis the 14 (although Mazarin held most of the power since Louis 14 was young).  Religious differences with the Huguenot’s WAS NOT A FACTOR in this uprising.   There were two revolts, on of the parliament and one of the nobles.  These were not successful, but convinced Louis 14th that he needed to go about consolidating power in a less direct way.

Tories
Believed in divine right and supported the idea of the hereditary nature of the monarchy.  During the time of James the 2nd, they supported his role as the next member to take the crown.  They also supported the Anglican church.  Supporters of the Charles the 2nd.

Treaty of Dover
Secret treaty between Charles 2nd and Louis 14th which was supposed to suppliment the income of Charles the 2nd for a war that France and England would wage against the Dutch.  This would allow Charles to conduct the war without asking parliament for more money to fund the endeavor.  The treaty also stipulated that Charles 2nd and James 2nd (heir to the throne) would have to OPENLY SAY THAT THEY WERE CATHOLIC.  Although Charles didn’t openly profess that he was Catholic, James did after signing this.

Tudors
Attempted to have more of an even balance between parliament and the monarchy.  They would usually try to get their way with parliament through manipulating parliament instead of open hostility.
---Tudors---
Henry the 7th
Henry the 8th
Edward the 6th
Mary the 1st (bloody Mary)
Elizabeth the 1st
---End Tudors---

Whigs
Wanted to exclude James II from the throne (through use of the Exclusion Bill that prevented Catholics from taking the throne) because he was thought to have Catholic tendencies.  Less friendly toward royal authority than the Tories and also supportive of non-Anglican groups like the Presbyterians.  When it appeared that the Whigs had gained enough support to prevent James 2nd (brother of current King Charles 2nd) from taking the throne, King Charles dismissed parliament.

William III of Orange and Mary (first daughter of James II)

William Laud
Archbishop of Canterbury.  Highest ranking official in the Anglican Church.  Supported King Charles I and the idea of an absolute monarchy.  Felt that everyone should follow a single church law.  Created a new prayer book for services that Charles insisted everyone should follow.  When it was given to Churches in Scotland to follow, the Scottish who were mostly Puritans STARTED AN UPRISING against the Church.

Historical figures for HISTORY 102:

39 Articles
Established the Anglican Church.  Worked on by Queen Elizabeth.  The church internally in it’s beliefs was Protestant.  The external flow of the services was very much like the catholic mass.  After this was put into place, the Catholics and the Puritans were pretty much tolerated so long as they didn’t cause to much fuss.


Anglican Church
The offical church of England.  Created by Henry 8th.

Anne Boleyn
Second wife of Henry 8th.  Was his mistress.  He married her after she became pregnant with hopes that she would bear his first son.  Doesn’t wait for an annulment from church because this could be a son.  Later beheaded for charges of adultery and treason.  Mother of Queen Elizabeth the 1st.

Anne of Austria
Louis the 14th’s mother.  She was the reigent in charge of running France while Louis 14th was growing up.  She largely left running the country up to Cardinal Mazarin.

Arthur (Henry 7 son)
Bacon

Barebones Parliament
Followed the Rump Parliament.  It was created by Oliver Cromwell.  It was named after one of the delegates whose name was Praise-God Barebones.  Its members were comprised of members of the church congregations to help create righteous governing body.  Lasted only 5 months and then Oliver Cromwell dismissed them.

Bossuet
Bishop during the time of Louis 14.  Believed in the theory of political absolutism and felt that the all power came from God and that those who use power were responsible to God and God ALONE.  Felt that the power of the king was absolute and that the king was God’s representative in the affairs of politics of men.  Bossuet did not feel that the king could use his power arbitrarily, he felt that the king must still answer to God.  Bossuet felt that the king had his power through divine right and used some theology to back this up.  Many power during the time of Louis 14 felt the same way as Bossuet.  That a powerful king was the best way to have order and peace.

Canon Law
Prevented divorces from occurring.  Which was a problem for Henry the 8th because he wanted to remarry so that he could have a son that would carry on the Tudor dynasty.  When the pope dragged his feet about granting an annulment (basically saying that the marriage of Henry to Catherine had never happened), Henry started his own church.

Cardinal Mazarin
Succeeded Cardinal Richelieu as the Chief Minister of France during the last years of the reign of Louis 13 and also during the reign of Louis 14.  Functioned as the as the ruler of France during the infancy of Louis 14.  While Louis 14 was growing up Anne of Austria left most of the running of the country to Mazarin.    Conituned the policies of Frances expansionism in Europe.  He was really hated by the several important groups (including the Army) in France and this hatred caused an uprising called the FRONDE.  The Nobles and the Parliament drove him out of the country.  Louis 14 was able to exploit the hatred of Mazarin to encourage his desires for a strong Central government.

Cardinal Richelieu
Worked with Louis 13 as his Chief Minister.  He was a Catholic Cardinal when he was selected by Louis 13 for the position.  He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions (they would behead and crush militarily those who attempted to stand against the government).  He was a close advisor to Marie de Medicis, who was Louis 13 mother and the regent of France when Louis 13 was younger.  He was hated by most of the nobility, because he consolidated the military by destroying all castles that the armies that worked for the nobles might have used against the King.   Because the Huguenot’s in France also held power and had strong holds, they stood in the way of consolidating power.  So, Richelieu defeated a Huguenot stronghold at La Rochelle.  Forced the Huguenot’s to sign a new treaty called: “The peace of Alais” that amended the “Edict of Nantes”.  It removed the military and territory rights of the Huguenot’s, but allowed them to keep some of the civil rights.

Catherine of Aragon
Originally married to Arthur (1st son of Henry 7).  When he died, her marriage to Arthur  was annulled and she became married to Henry the 8th.  She was a Spanish princess.  Her marriage to Henry 8th produced no sons (she did have a daughter whose name was Mary) and he was concerned about carrying on the Tudor dynasty, so he tried to get an annullment of their marriage.  Because she was the Aunt to Charles the 5th who owned lots of land including Italy, the pope did not want to grant the annulment to Henry the 8th. 

Catholics
Religion that both England and France were originally.  England splits from the religion after the pope doesn’t grant Henry the 8th an annulment.  France remains largely Catholics throughout.

Colonel Thomas Pride
Sent by Oliver Cromwell to purge the English parliament of all its Presbyterian members.  This was known as “PRIDE’S PURGE” and it removed 2/3rd of parliament leaving about 50 members.  Cromwell ordered them removed because he felt that they were about to reach a deal with King Charles I.

Charles 5th (whose Aunt was Catherine)
His Aunt was Catherine, who was the first wife of Henry the 8th.  Because he owned a lot of land, including Italy the pope didn’t want to upset him by granting the annulment of Catherine’s marriage.

Charles I
Charles II
Colbert
Copernicus
Cromwell

Declaration of Breda
Proclamation of Charles the 2nd that allowed parliament to determine the religious makeup of the country.  It also contained other acceptance terms which would allow Charles the 2nd to return to the throne.  Start of the English Reformation period.

Declaration of Indulgence
Attempt by Charles the 2nd to extend religious freedoms to non protestants.  Many felt that this was a swing back to Catholicism and instead encouraged Charles to replace it with the Test Acts instead.???????

Descartes
Duke of Buckingham
Duke of Sully
Edict of Nantes
Edward VI

English Bill of Rights
Came after the Glorious Revolution.  Put into writing some of the rights that the English Parliament had traditionally held.  These rights had been removed from parliament by the Stuart dynasty and this document placed these rights back into place and made them laws.  It did INTRODUCE one new item into English law, that it would be unlawful for the King to have a large standing army without the approval of parliament FIRST.   Dictated the actions of the crown that would first require the approval of Parliament.

English CommonWealth
English Parliament
English Republic
Estates General - 1st, 2nd, 3d

Exommunicated
No longer in communion with the Catholic church and cannot partake in any of the sacraments of the church.  Henry the 8th was excommunicated when he defied the pope and married Anne of Boleyn.  This is what lead to the formation of the Anglican church.

French Councils of State

French Intendants
These were holders of public administrative offices.  These were NOT purchasable hereditary offices.  Louis 14th appointed and used these officials during his time at the local government level to uphold the policies of Louis 14th.  The did NOT replace the hereditary office positions at the local level, but were more powerful as they had a closer tie to the central government and were able to move things through more quickly.

French Nobles
French Parliament
French Royal Officials
Galielo

Glorious Revolution
Replacement of King James IInd by William of Orange (William the 3rd).  This change of government took place without a single loss of life during the change of the monarchy.  This brought in a new parliament and king and was the beginning of the modern English Parliamentary system and it also brought in the “Bill of Rights”.  Shifted power away from the monarchy and towards the parliament.

Henry 4 (Henry of Navarre)
Henry the 7th
Henry the 8th
House of Commons
House of Lords
Huguenot
Instrument of Government
Isaac Newton
James I
James II
Jansenism
Jesuits - Royal Confessors to Louis 14
John Calvin
Kepler
Long Parliament
Lord Protector
Louis 13
Louis 14

Marie De Medici
Second wife of Henry the 4th.  She was the mother of Louis the 13th.  Because she was too weak to assert much power, she decides to call the Estates General a group similar to the English parliament that was established in the middle ages, but didn’t meet as often as the English parliament did.  She dismisses them the next year because they didn’t get anything done and they don’t get called again for 175 years.  Influenced greatly by Cardinal Richelieu during the time that she was the regent of France.  Her power began to grow under his leadership.

Marriage Annulment
Mercantilism
Palace at Versailles
Peace of Alais
Petition of Right
Power of the Purse
Presbyterians
Pride's Purge
Protestants
Ptolemy

Puritans
Unhappy with the reforms of the Anglican church and felt that it didn’t go far enough to seperate itself from the Catholic church.  They wanted to PURIFY the church of all Catholic traditions.

Queen Elizabeth
Queen Mary
Reformation Changes
Rump Parliament
Stuarts
Test Act

The Fronde
A series of revolts that occurred in France during the time of Louis the 14 (although Mazarin held most of the power since Louis 14 was young).  Religious differences with the Huguenot’s WAS NOT A FACTOR in this uprising.   There were two revolts, on of the parliament and one of the nobles.  The parliament wanted to maintain its rights to limit role power and the nobles wanted to

Tories
Believed in divine right and supported the idea of the hereditary nature of the monarchy.  During the time of James the 2nd, they supported his role as the next member to take the crown.  They also supported the Anglican church.  Supporters of the Charles the 2nd.

Treaty of Dover
Secret treaty between Charles 2nd and Louis 14th which was supposed to suppliment the income of Charles the 2nd for a war that France and England would wage against the Dutch.  This would allow Charles to conduct the war without asking parliament for more money to fund the endeavor.  The treaty also stipulated that Charles 2nd and James 2nd (heir to the throne) would have to OPENLY SAY THAT THEY WERE CATHOLIC.  Although Charles didn’t openly profess that he was Catholic, James did after signing this.

Tudors
Attempted to have more of an even balance between parliament and the monarchy.  They would usually try to get their way with parliament through manipulating parliament instead of open hostility.
Henry the 7th
Henry the 8th
Edward the 6th
Mary the 1st (bloody Mary)
Elizabeth the 1st

Whigs
Wanted to exclude James II from the throne (through use of the Exclusion Bill that prevented Catholics from taking the throne) because he was thought to have Catholic tendencies.  Less friendly toward royal authority than the Tories and also supportive of non-Anglican groups like the Presbyterians.  When it appeared that the Whigs had gained enough support to prevent James 2nd (brother of current King Charles 2nd) from taking the throne, King Charles dismissed parliament.

William III of Orange and Mary (first daughter of James II)

William Laud
Archbishop of Canterbury.  Highest ranking official in the Anglican Church.  Supported King Charles I and the idea of an absolute monarchy.  Felt that everyone should follow a single church law.  Created a new prayer book for services that Charles insisted everyone should follow.  When it was given to Churches in Scotland to follow, the Scottish who were mostly Puritans STARTED AN UPRISING against the Church.

Historical figures for HISTORY 102 Updated 1/27/08:

39 Articles
Established the Anglican Church.  Worked on by Queen Elizabeth.  The church internally in it’s beliefs was Protestant.  The external flow of the services was very much like the catholic mass.  After this was put into place, the Catholics and the Puritans were pretty much tolerated so long as they didn’t cause to much fuss.


Anglican Church
The offical church of England.  Created by Henry 8th.

Anne Boleyn
Second wife of Henry 8th.  Was his mistress.  He married her after she became pregnant with hopes that she would bear his first son.  Doesn’t wait for an annulment from church because this could be a son.  Later beheaded for charges of adultery and treason.  Mother of Queen Elizabeth the 1st.

Anne of Austria
Louis the 14th’s mother.  She was the reigent in charge of running France while Louis 14th was growing up.  She largely left running the country up to Cardinal Mazarin.

Arthur (Henry 7 son)
Bacon

Barebones Parliament
Followed the Rump Parliament.  It was created by Oliver Cromwell.  It was named after one of the delegates whose name was Praise-God Barebones.  Its members were comprised of members of the church congregations to help create righteous governing body.  Lasted only 5 months and then Oliver Cromwell dismissed them.

Bossuet
Bishop during the time of Louis 14.  Believed in the theory of political absolutism and felt that the all power came from God and that those who use power were responsible to God and God ALONE.  Felt that the power of the king was absolute and that the king was God’s representative in the affairs of politics of men.  Bossuet did not feel that the king could use his power arbitrarily, he felt that the king must still answer to God.  Bossuet felt that the king had his power through divine right and used some theology to back this up.  Many power during the time of Louis 14 felt the same way as Bossuet.  That a powerful king was the best way to have order and peace.

Canon Law
Prevented divorces from occurring.  Which was a problem for Henry the 8th because he wanted to remarry so that he could have a son that would carry on the Tudor dynasty.  When the pope dragged his feet about granting an annulment (basically saying that the marriage of Henry to Catherine had never happened), Henry started his own church.

Cardinal Mazarin
Succeeded Cardinal Richelieu as the Chief Minister of France during the last years of the reign of Louis 13 and also during the reign of Louis 14.  Functioned as the as the ruler of France during the infancy of Louis 14.  While Louis 14 was growing up Anne of Austria left most of the running of the country to Mazarin.    Conituned the policies of Frances expansionism in Europe.  He was really hated by the several important groups (including the Army) in France and this hatred caused an uprising called the FRONDE.  The Nobles and the Parliament drove him out of the country.  Louis 14 was able to exploit the hatred of Mazarin to encourage his desires for a strong Central government.

Cardinal Richelieu
Worked with Louis 13 as his Chief Minister.  He was a Catholic Cardinal when he was selected by Louis 13 for the position.  He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions (they would behead and crush militarily those who attempted to stand against the government).  He was a close advisor to Marie de Medicis, who was Louis 13 mother and the regent of France when Louis 13 was younger.  He was hated by most of the nobility, because he consolidated the military by destroying all castles that the armies that worked for the nobles might have used against the King.   Because the Huguenot’s in France also held power and had strong holds, they stood in the way of consolidating power.  So, Richelieu defeated a Huguenot stronghold at La Rochelle.  Forced the Huguenot’s to sign a new treaty called: “The peace of Alais” that amended the “Edict of Nantes”.  It removed the military and territory rights of the Huguenot’s, but allowed them to keep some of the civil rights.

Catherine of Aragon
Originally married to Arthur (1st son of Henry 7).  When he died, her marriage to Arthur  was annulled and she became married to Henry the 8th.  She was a Spanish princess.  Her marriage to Henry 8th produced no sons (she did have a daughter whose name was Mary) and he was concerned about carrying on the Tudor dynasty, so he tried to get an annullment of their marriage.  Because she was the Aunt to Charles the 5th who owned lots of land including Italy, the pope did not want to grant the annulment to Henry the 8th. 

Catholics
Religion that both England and France were originally.  England splits from the religion after the pope doesn’t grant Henry the 8th an annulment.  France remains largely Catholics throughout.

Colonel Thomas Pride
Sent by Oliver Cromwell to purge the English parliament of all its Presbyterian members.  This was known as “PRIDE’S PURGE” and it removed 2/3rd of parliament leaving about 50 members.  Cromwell ordered them removed because he felt that they were about to reach a deal with King Charles I.

Charles 5th (whose Aunt was Catherine)
His Aunt was Catherine, who was the first wife of Henry the 8th.  Because he owned a lot of land, including Italy the pope didn’t want to upset him by granting the annulment of Catherine’s marriage.

Charles I
Charles II
Colbert
Copernicus
Cromwell

Declaration of Breda
Proclamation of Charles the 2nd that allowed parliament to determine the religious makeup of the country.  It also contained other acceptance terms which would allow Charles the 2nd to return to the throne.  Start of the English Reformation period.

Declaration of Indulgence
Attempt by Charles the 2nd to extend religious freedoms to non protestants.  Many felt that this was a swing back to Catholicism and instead encouraged Charles to replace it with the Test Acts instead.???????

Descartes
Duke of Buckingham

Duke of Sully
Worked with Henry the 4th in France to help restore power to the central government.  Was a Huguenot himself.  Was disliked by Huguenot’s because he was loyal to the king and to the Catholics because he wouldn’t convert.  After Henry the 4th death he position in government was largely absent.  He did arrange the marriage of Henry the 4th to Marie de Medici.

Edict of Nantes
Issued by Henry the 4th who had previously been a Huguenot himself, granted Huguenot’s equality with the throne and also gave them religious and political freedom within their own domains.  Also protected Catholic interests to make it look more fair.  This also discouraged the building of new Protestant churches within Catholic areas.  Did not allow services to be held in areas where there was a Catholic bishop.  Also did allow Huguenot’s to HAVE THEIR OWN ARMIES THIS WAS THE MOST CONTRA

Edward VI

English Bill of Rights
Came after the Glorious Revolution.  Put into writing some of the rights that the English Parliament had traditionally held.  These rights had been removed from parliament by the Stuart dynasty and this document placed these rights back into place and made them laws.  It did INTRODUCE one new item into English law, that it would be unlawful for the King to have a large standing army without the approval of parliament FIRST.   Dictated the actions of the crown that would first require the approval of Parliament.

English CommonWealth
English Parliament
English Republic
Estates General - 1st, 2nd, 3d

Exommunicated
No longer in communion with the Catholic church and cannot partake in any of the sacraments of the church.  Henry the 8th was excommunicated when he defied the pope and married Anne of Boleyn.  This is what lead to the formation of the Anglican church.

French Councils of State

French Intendants
These were holders of public administrative offices.  These were NOT purchasable hereditary offices.  Louis 14th appointed and used these officials during his time at the local government level to uphold the policies of Louis 14th.  The did NOT replace the hereditary office positions at the local level, but were more powerful as they had a closer tie to the central government and were able to move things through more quickly.

French Nobles
French Parliament
French Royal Officials
Galileo

Glorious Revolution
Replacement of King James IInd by William of Orange (William the 3rd).  This change of government took place without a single loss of life during the change of the monarchy.  This brought in a new parliament and king and was the beginning of the modern English Parliamentary system and it also brought in the “Bill of Rights”.  Shifted power away from the monarchy and towards the parliament.

Henry 4 (Henry of Navarre)
Henry the 7th
Henry the 8th
House of Commons
House of Lords

Huguenot
Term used to described those in France who where members of the Reformed Church of France known as French Calvinists.  A minority in France as most were Catholic.  More division between Catholics and Huguenots.

Instrument of Government
Isaac Newton
James I
James II
Jansenism
Jesuits - Royal Confessors to Louis 14
John Calvin
Kepler

Long Parliament
Name of the parliament called by Charles the 1st in 1640.  It was long because it could only be dissolved by the agreement.  Charles called the parliament because he needed additional funds after the Bishop’s War.  The members where then purged by Cromwell and the resulting Parliament that was left was the Rump Parliament.

Lord Protector
Louis 13
Louis 14

Marie De Medici
Second wife of Henry the 4th.  She was the mother of Louis the 13th.  Because she was too weak to assert much power, she decides to call the Estates General a group similar to the English parliament that was established in the middle ages, but didn’t meet as often as the English parliament did.  She dismisses them the next year because they didn’t get anything done and they don’t get called again for 175 years.  Influenced greatly by Cardinal Richelieu during the time that she was the regent of France.  Her power began to grow under his leadership.

Marriage Annulment
Mercantilism
Palace at Versailles
Peace of Alais

Petition of Right
Gave property rights to the English people.  Before the petition people were unable to sue the crown.  This also prevented the government from arresting unlawfully, allowed for due process and prevented unjust punishment.

Power of the Purse
Presbyterians
Pride's Purge
Protestants
Ptolemy

Puritans
Unhappy with the reforms of the Anglican church and felt that it didn’t go far enough to seperate itself from the Catholic church.  They wanted to PURIFY the church of all Catholic traditions.

Queen Elizabeth
Queen Mary
Reformation Changes
Rump Parliament
Stuarts
Test Act

The Fronde
A series of revolts that occurred in France during the time of Louis the 14 (although Mazarin held most of the power since Louis 14 was young).  Religious differences with the Huguenot’s WAS NOT A FACTOR in this uprising.   There were two revolts, on of the parliament and one of the nobles.  The parliament wanted to maintain its rights to limit role power and the nobles wanted to

Tories
Believed in divine right and supported the idea of the hereditary nature of the monarchy.  During the time of James the 2nd, they supported his role as the next member to take the crown.  They also supported the Anglican church.  Supporters of the Charles the 2nd.

Treaty of Dover
Secret treaty between Charles 2nd and Louis 14th which was supposed to suppliment the income of Charles the 2nd for a war that France and England would wage against the Dutch.  This would allow Charles to conduct the war without asking parliament for more money to fund the endeavor.  The treaty also stipulated that Charles 2nd and James 2nd (heir to the throne) would have to OPENLY SAY THAT THEY WERE CATHOLIC.  Although Charles didn’t openly profess that he was Catholic, James did after signing this.

Tudors
Attempted to have more of an even balance between parliament and the monarchy.  They would usually try to get their way with parliament through manipulating parliament instead of open hostility.
Henry the 7th
Henry the 8th
Edward the 6th
Mary the 1st (bloody Mary)
Elizabeth the 1st

Whigs
Wanted to exclude James II from the throne (through use of the Exclusion Bill that prevented Catholics from taking the throne) because he was thought to have Catholic tendencies.  Less friendly toward royal authority than the Tories and also supportive of non-Anglican groups like the Presbyterians.  When it appeared that the Whigs had gained enough support to prevent James 2nd (brother of current King Charles 2nd) from taking the throne, King Charles dismissed parliament.

William III of Orange and Mary (first daughter of James II)

William Laud
Archbishop of Canterbury.  Highest ranking official in the Anglican Church.  Supported King Charles I and the idea of an absolute monarchy.  Felt that everyone should follow a single church law.  Created a new prayer book for services that Charles insisted everyone should follow.  When it was given to Churches in Scotland to follow, the Scottish who were mostly Puritans STARTED AN UPRISING against the Church.

Historical figures for HISTORY 102 Updated 1/29/08:

39 Articles
Established the Anglican Church.  Worked on by Queen Elizabeth.  The church internally in it’s beliefs was Protestant.  The external flow of the services was very much like the catholic mass.  After this was put into place, the Catholics and the Puritans were pretty much tolerated so long as they didn’t cause to much fuss.

Anglican Church
The offical church of England.  Created by Henry 8th.

Anne Boleyn
Second wife of Henry 8th.  Was his mistress.  He married her after she became pregnant with hopes that she would bear his first son.  Doesn’t wait for an annulment from church because this could be a son.  Later beheaded for charges of adultery and treason.  Mother of Queen Elizabeth the 1st.

Anne of Austria
Louis the 14th’s mother.  She was the reigent in charge of running France while Louis 14th was growing up.  She largely left running the country up to Cardinal Mazarin.

Arthur (Henry 7 son)
First son of Henry 8.  Was married in his teens to Catherine of Aragon.  Died before becoming king and was succeeded by his brother Henry the 8th, who became king and also married Catherine of Aragon.

Bacon

Barebones Parliament
Followed the Rump Parliament.  It was created by Oliver Cromwell.  It was named after one of the delegates whose name was Praise-God Barebones.  Its members were comprised of members of the church congregations to help create righteous governing body.  Lasted only 5 months and then Oliver Cromwell dismissed them.

Bossuet
Bishop during the time of Louis 14.  Believed in the theory of political absolutism and felt that the all power came from God and that those who use power were responsible to God and God ALONE.  Felt that the power of the king was absolute and that the king was God’s representative in the affairs of politics of men.  Bossuet did not feel that the king could use his power arbitrarily, he felt that the king must still answer to God.  Bossuet felt that the king had his power through divine right and used some theology to back this up.  Many power during the time of Louis 14 felt the same way as Bossuet.  That a powerful king was the best way to have order and peace.

Canon Law
Prevented divorces from occurring.  Which was a problem for Henry the 8th because he wanted to remarry so that he could have a son that would carry on the Tudor dynasty.  When the pope dragged his feet about granting an annulment (basically saying that the marriage of Henry to Catherine had never happened), Henry started his own church.

Cardinal Mazarin
Succeeded Cardinal Richelieu as the Chief Minister of France during the last years of the reign of Louis 13 and also during the reign of Louis 14.  Functioned as the as the ruler of France during the infancy of Louis 14.  While Louis 14 was growing up Anne of Austria left most of the running of the country to Mazarin.    Conituned the policies of Frances expansionism in Europe.  He was really hated by the several important groups (including the Army) in France and this hatred caused an uprising called the FRONDE.  The Nobles and the Parliament drove him out of the country.  Louis 14 was able to exploit the hatred of Mazarin to encourage his desires for a strong Central government.

Cardinal Richelieu
Worked with Louis 13 as his Chief Minister.  He was a Catholic Cardinal when he was selected by Louis 13 for the position.  He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions (they would behead and crush militarily those who attempted to stand against the government).  He was a close advisor to Marie de Medicis, who was Louis 13 mother and the regent of France when Louis 13 was younger.  He was hated by most of the nobility, because he consolidated the military by destroying all castles that the armies that worked for the nobles might have used against the King.   Because the Huguenot’s in France also held power and had strong holds, they stood in the way of consolidating power.  So, Richelieu defeated a Huguenot stronghold at La Rochelle.  Forced the Huguenot’s to sign a new treaty called: “The peace of Alais” that amended the “Edict of Nantes”.  It removed the military and territory rights of the Huguenot’s, but allowed them to keep some of the civil rights.

Catherine of Aragon
Originally married to Arthur (1st son of Henry 7).  When he died, her marriage to Arthur  was annulled and she became married to Henry the 8th.  She was a Spanish princess.  Her marriage to Henry 8th produced no sons (she did have a daughter whose name was Mary) and he was concerned about carrying on the Tudor dynasty, so he tried to get an annullment of their marriage.  Because she was the Aunt to Charles the 5th who owned lots of land including Italy, the pope did not want to grant the annulment to Henry the 8th.  

Catholics
Religion that both England and France were originally.  England splits from the religion after the pope doesn’t grant Henry the 8th an annulment.  France remains largely Catholics throughout.

Colonel Thomas Pride
Sent by Oliver Cromwell to purge the English parliament of all its Presbyterian members.  This was known as “PRIDE’S PURGE” and it removed 2/3rd of parliament leaving about 50 members.  The left over members where known as the rump parliament.  Cromwell ordered them purged because he felt that they were about to reach a deal with King Charles I.

Charles 5th (whose Aunt was Catherine)
His Aunt was Catherine, who was the first wife of Henry the 8th.  Because he owned a lot of land, including Italy the pope didn’t want to upset him by granting the annulment of Catherine’s marriage.

Charles I

Charles II
King of England who bring back the monarchy to England.  Is encouraged to return after the failures of Cromwell and his Republican Commonwealth.  Issued the Declaration of Breda without any prompting from parliament.  Charles dismisses the army after paying them because many of them were puritans and he didn’t want them to be able to rise up against him.  Charles does tend to “pass the buck” on some issues instead of addressing them.  Generally speaking at first Charles seemed like a good one to restore the monarchy, he wasn’t as head strong as some of his predecessors (other Stuarts).  Charles removed a lot of the old taxes that had been put back on the books by his predecessors because the parliament mostly is willing to fund the reign of the king.  There were issues between parliament over religion that brought the reign of Charles to an end, especially after it was known that he had allied with Louis 14 in the Treaty of Dover and agreed to become Catholic (in agreement for money to help fight the Dutch).  After the Declaration of Indulgence that suspended laws against the Catholics and the Protestants the parliament was still unhappy and issues the Test Acts requiring the King or government officials to be Anglican (to prevent his brother James II who was a declared Catholic) from taking the throne.  Charles II then choose not to recall parliament.

Colbert

Copernicus

Cromwell
Puritan general of the English “New Army” (held together by their hatred of the king), which was the army of the parliament.  He defeated Charles the 1st for parliament.  Although some in parliament wanted to replace the Anglican church with the Presbyterian church as the church of England, others in the parliament at the time wanted to keep the Anglican church and some independents wanted each church to be able to choose for itself.  When Charles the 1st tried to take advantage of these divisions within parliament and return to power Cromwell removed all the member’s from parliament that supported Charles’ cause (through Colonel Pride’s Purge).  He then disbanded parliament and setup an English Republican Commonwealth and served as the Lord Protector, which was almost equivalent to a king.

Declaration of Breda
Proclamation of Charles the 2nd that allowed parliament to determine the religious makeup of the country.  It also contained other acceptance terms which would allow Charles the 2nd to return to the throne.  Start of the English Reformation period.

Declaration of Indulgence
James the IInd put this into place because he had appointed several people to government officials that failed the “Test Acts” which required that they be members of the Anglican church.  This declaration gave fairly equal rights to both Catholics and Protestants.  7 bishops did fail to read this new law in their churches (which was the tradition) and they were arrested and put on trail.

Descartes

Duke of Buckingham

Duke of Sully
Worked with Henry the 4th in France to help restore power to the central government.  Was a Huguenot himself.  Was disliked by Huguenot’s because he was loyal to the king and to the Catholics because he wouldn’t convert.  After Henry the 4th death he position in government was largely absent.  He did arrange the marriage of Henry the 4th to Marie de Medici.

Edict of Nantes
Issued by Henry the 4th who had previously been a Huguenot himself, granted Huguenot’s equality with the throne and also gave them religious and political freedom within their own domains.  Also protected Catholic interests to make it look more fair.  This also discouraged the building of new Protestant churches within Catholic areas.  Did not allow services to be held in areas where there was a Catholic bishop.  Also did allow Huguenot’s to HAVE THEIR OWN ARMIES THIS WAS THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL aspect of the Edict.

Edward VI

English Bill of Rights
Came after the Glorious Revolution.  Put into writing some of the rights that the English Parliament had traditionally held.  These rights had been removed from parliament by the Stuart dynasty and this document placed these rights back into place and made them laws.  It did INTRODUCE one new item into English law, that it would be unlawful for the King to have a large standing army without the approval of parliament FIRST.   Dictated the actions of the crown that would first require the approval of Parliament.

English Republician Commonwealth
Established by Oliver Cromwell as a replacement for the monarchy.  This


English Parliament
Made up of two bodies.  House of Lords and the House of Commons.

Estates General - 1st, 2nd, 3d

Exommunicated
No longer in communion with the Catholic church and cannot partake in any of the sacraments of the church.  Henry the 8th was excommunicated when he defied the pope and married Anne of Boleyn.  This is what lead to the formation of the Anglican church.

French Councils of State

French Intendants
These were holders of public administrative offices.  These were NOT purchasable hereditary offices.  Louis 14th appointed and used these officials during his time at the local government level to uphold the policies of Louis 14th.  The did NOT replace the hereditary office positions at the local level, but were more powerful as they had a closer tie to the central government and were able to move things through more quickly.

French Nobles
French Parliament
French Royal Officials
Galileo

Glorious Revolution
Replacement of King James IInd by William of Orange (William the 3rd).  This change of government took place without a single loss of life during the change of the monarchy.  This brought in a new parliament and king and was the beginning of the modern English Parliamentary system and it also brought in the “Bill of Rights”.  Shifted power away from the monarchy and towards the parliament.

Henry 4 (Henry of Navarre) - King of France.



Henry the 7th - King of England.  Start of the Tudor dynasty.  Henry the 7th worked to restored England after many years of blood wars.  His oldest son was Arthur who was married to Catherine of Aragon.  We Arthur died he arranged to have Henry the 8th marry her.  Henry the 7th was tight with money and didn’t want to give back her dowry.  He claimed that the marriage between Arthur and Catherine was never consummated, normally the catholic church wouldn’t have allowed a marry of a brother and sister-in-law.

Henry the 8th - King of England.


House of Commons
House of Lords

Huguenot
Term used to described those in France who where members of the Reformed Church of France known as French Calvinists.  A minority in France as most were Catholic.  More division between Catholics and Huguenots.

Instrument of Government
The only formally written constitution that England every really had.  This was drawn up by Oliver Cromwell on the advice of some of his military leaders AFTER dissolving the Barbones Parliament.

Isaac Newton


James I


James II


Jansenism

Jesuits - Royal Confessors to Louis 14


John Calvin


Kepler

Long Parliament
Name of the parliament called by Charles the 1st in 1640.  It was long because it could only be dissolved by the agreement.  Charles called the parliament because he needed additional funds after the Bishop’s War.  The members (including ALL of the House of Lords) where then purged by Cromwell and the resulting Parliament that was left was the Rump Parliament.

Lord Protector
Title that Oliver Cromwell gave himself after abolishing the monarchy and was implemented through the Instrument of Government document which created the English Republician CommonWealth.

Louis 13


Louis 14

Marie De Medici
Second wife of Henry the 4th.  She was the mother of Louis the 13th.  Because she was too weak to assert much power, she decides to call the Estates General a group similar to the English parliament that was established in the middle ages, but didn’t meet as often as the English parliament did.  She dismisses them the next year because they didn’t get anything done and they don’t get called again for 175 years.  Influenced greatly by Cardinal Richelieu during the time that she was the regent of France.  Her power began to grow under his leadership.

Mercantilism
Palace at Versailles

Peace of Alais
Amended the Edict of Nantes that Cardinal Richelieu had the Huguenots sign.  This allowed the Huguenots to continue practicing their religion, but removed some of the rights that they previously had.  It did remove their MILITARY and TERRITORY rights that they previously had.

Petition of Right
Gave property rights to the English people.  Before the petition people were unable to sue the crown.  This also prevented the government from arresting unlawfully, allowed for due process and prevented unjust punishment.

Power of the Purse
The power that the English parliament had over the crown.  Because the parliament was comprised of the nobles who paid the taxes, their say in the government was that they had to OK any new taxes.  This power was given up when Charles the 2nd returned to the throne because the parliament was so eager to move away from the Cromwell period.


Presbyterians

Pride's Purge
A military charge lead by Colonel pride to Purge the English Parliament of any members who were trying to negotiate the return of Charles I from exile.  These members were mostly Presbyterians.  2/3rds of parliament was removed leaving only about 50 members.  They became known as the “RUMP” parliament,  which in this context means the remnants.  Also disbanded the HOUSE OF THE LORDS.


Protestants
Ptolemy

Puritans
Unhappy with the reforms of the Anglican church and felt that it didn’t go far enough to seperate itself from the Catholic church.  They wanted to PURIFY the church of all Catholic traditions.

Queen Elizabeth
The Virgin Queen of England.  Member of the Tudor dynasty.  Daughter of Henry the 8th and his 2nd wife Anne Boleyn.  Came to power after her half sister Mary died.  She was a well regarded leader and was known for getting her way with the parliament through expert negotiations.  Passed the 39 articles which made the Anglican church the official church of England.  Draws a balance between catholicism and protestants by having the service of the Anglican church remained similar to the Catholic church (the illiterate class was still comfortable).  Also those Puritans and Catholics that choose to worship differently were mostly allowed.  After the relative calm of the rule of Elizabeth, England is once again thrown into turmoil at her death because she had no children.

Queen Mary
Known as Bloody Mary.  Queen of England after the death of her younger half brother Edward VI.  She was the daughter of Henry the 8th and his FIRST wife Catherine of Aragon.  She wants to reverse the protestant trends that England had been taking and return Catholicism as the primary religion in England.  She felt that the protestants were heritics and should be burnt at the stake.  She had several people put to death that were protestants INCLUDING some clergymen.  She also dismissed any clergymen that had gotten married (since this wasn’t allowed in the catholic church).  In ENGLAND catholics weren’t really disliked until the time of Mary.  AFTER QUEEN MARY people disliked catholics because of the light that she portrayed them in.


Reformation Changes

Rump Parliament
Name given to the remaining parliament members who were left after PRIDE’S PURGE.  The HOUSE OF THE LORDS was also disbanded after the purge.  They felt that Charles I should be put to death.  These members were largely under the control of the Army and Oliver Cromwell.  Later dissolved by Cromwell when he didn’t feel that they were getting enough done an REPLACED by the Barbones parliament.

Stuarts
Attempted to shift power TOWARDS the monarchy.  Largely unsuccessful as they didn’t want to compromise with parliament, but needed money to continue to fund their endeavors.
---Stuarts---
James I
Charles I
------Oliver Cromwell Period (not a Stuart)
Charles II
James II
William III of Orange and Mary IInd
Anne
---End Stuarts---

Test Act
Enacted by parliament as a revolt against the Catholic tendencies of the Stuarts (Charles II and his brother James).  Mostly an attempt to keep James I (who had openly admitted that he was Catholic to gain from the Treaty of Dover) from assenting to the throne by requiring that the ANYONE who was on the government or on the throne to be a member of the Anglican church.

The Fronde
A series of revolts that occurred in France during the time of Louis the 14 (although Mazarin held most of the power since Louis 14 was young).  Religious differences with the Huguenot’s WAS NOT A FACTOR in this uprising.   There were two revolts, on of the parliament and one of the nobles.  The parliament wanted to maintain its rights to limit role power and the nobles wanted to

Tories
Believed in divine right and supported the idea of the hereditary nature of the monarchy.  During the time of James the 2nd, they supported his role as the next member to take the crown.  They also supported the Anglican church.  Supporters of the Charles the 2nd.

Treaty of Dover
Secret treaty between Charles 2nd and Louis 14th which was supposed to suppliment the income of Charles the 2nd for a war that France and England would wage against the Dutch.  This would allow Charles to conduct the war without asking parliament for more money to fund the endeavor.  The treaty also stipulated that Charles 2nd and James 2nd (heir to the throne) would have to OPENLY SAY THAT THEY WERE CATHOLIC.  Although Charles didn’t openly profess that he was Catholic, James did after signing this.

Tudors
Attempted to have more of an even balance between parliament and the monarchy.  They would usually try to get their way with parliament through manipulating parliament instead of open hostility.
---Tudors---
Henry the 7th
Henry the 8th
Edward the 6th
Mary the 1st (bloody Mary)
Elizabeth the 1st
---End Tudors---

Whigs
Wanted to exclude James II from the throne (through use of the Exclusion Bill that prevented Catholics from taking the throne) because he was thought to have Catholic tendencies.  Less friendly toward royal authority than the Tories and also supportive of non-Anglican groups like the Presbyterians.  When it appeared that the Whigs had gained enough support to prevent James 2nd (brother of current King Charles 2nd) from taking the throne, King Charles dismissed parliament.

William III of Orange and Mary (first daughter of James II)

William Laud
Archbishop of Canterbury.  Highest ranking official in the Anglican Church.  Supported King Charles I and the idea of an absolute monarchy.  Felt that everyone should follow a single church law.  Created a new prayer book for services that Charles insisted everyone should follow.  When it was given to Churches in Scotland to follow, the Scottish who were mostly Puritans STARTED AN UPRISING against the Church.