Guide to Using the Notes:

-They aren't gospel (don't blame me if you get it wrong on your test)
-Please do let me know if I have something wrong and I will correct it for myself and the others who view the notes
-The notes for each day ARE MESSY, there are LOTS of spelling and punctuation errors.
-A star (*) in front of a word or phrase indicates that it was written on the board.

If I mention a time, that refers to the recording that I took of the class.  Some details might be missing in that section that need to be verified with the recording.

Good Luck!

Wes Osborn
co240204@ohiou.edu
History 102 Fitzgibbon Ohio University Lancaster Winter 2008

Class notes for 3/12/2008:

*Decembrist Revolt
*Tsar Nicholas I

Talking about the situation in the Congress KINGDOM of Poland.  There was confusion in Russia after Alexander’s death because of some previous arrangement.  Finally decieded that Nicholas should be the Tsar.  Some liberal officers conned some troops against pledging and oath to Nicholas.  These officers had been exposed to liberal ideas in the West while fighting and they didn’t like the way that Russia was handling.  These young officers attempt a coup that is known as the Decembrist revolt that MISLEADING the troops in ST. PETERSBURG IN THINKING THAT THE THRONE has been STOLEN by Nicholas.  They were trying to take advantage of the confusion that had occured about who was supposed to take the throne.  Nicholas didn’t want to start his regin with bloodshed so he tried to negiotiate.  Nicholas ENDED up having some of the revolters fired upon and it does break up the revolt.  THIS STARTS the revolutionary tradition in RUSSIA even though it is not important in the short term, it eventually overthrows the government and replaces it with communism in the later.

Nicholas was conservative to begin with, he becomes a person who really hates the ideas of revolutions and believes that RUSSIA should stamp out revolutions WHEREEVER they occur.

The revolutions in FRANCE and BELGIUM reached word in Poland and they started to take and interest.  Nicholas began to organize troops to march west and stamp out revolutions in FRANCE and BELGIUM.  He also order his troops in Poland (the polish army) to begin mobilizing.  They didn’t want ANYTHING to do with stamping out revolutions.  Nicholas had never been a lover of constitutions, but he does end up going to WARSAW and swearing allegence to the consitittuion even though he really didn’t care for them, he felt that it was his duty to support it.  CONSTANTINE who was Nicholas brother was the person who was kind of the tsar’s right hand person in Poland - but he wasn’t well liked.

Originally when the Polish choose to rebel against RUSSIA did well at first because poland had their own army and russia didn’t have many troops there.  THE REBELS weren’t really together on what they were fighting for when it came to going against RUSSIA.  some felt that the constitution should BE STRICTLY follwed by russia.
other’s wanted POLAND to have a truely indepentant state.  They ALSO WANTED their Polish lands back from RUSSIA, AUSTRIA and PRUSSIA.

Nicholas WOULDN”T negiotate with the rebels in any way.  The Polish people declared that the tsar was no longer their king and declared their indepedance from RUSSIA.  the only hope that the Polish people might have had is if they were able to get some help from BRITIAN or FRANCE.  although both countries gave them their sympathy - they were not going to fight for them.  AUSTRIA and PRUSSIA sealed off their own boarder to prevent any of their people from trying to give aid to the Polish people.

Nicholas sent a HUGE army into Poland.  The Poles were defeated and the only thing that slowed down RUSSIA’s army was an OUTBREAK of cholera.  one the epedimect had passed the russian continued their advance and overwhelmed the poles.

*ORGANIC STATUE the polish constitution was technically retained, but it was IGNORED.  instead they were ruled by the ORGANIC STATUE of 1832.  This made Poland and INDIVISIABLE part of the RUSSIAN empire.  Technically poland got to keep it’s liberites, but RUSSIA kept taking more away from them.  Polish laws were replaced by russian laws.  the TSAR is no longer required to go be king of Poland.  RUSSIA also DESTROYED any signs of Polish natiolism.  RUSSIA begain taking all the battle flags and other natiolic items that might have identified a Polish state.

The BOURBON dynasty was overthrown, BELGIUM was freed from Netherland, and POLAND was overtaken by russia.  None of the countries tried to interfere to stop these things from happening.  The things that had been accomplished earlier in Vienna become meaningless at this point.

===========

thoughts about great britian after the napoelon wars.  england continues becoming more and more isolated.  they really aren’t interested in interviening.  they want to stay isolated at much as possible.

After the napoleonic wars, britian really should have been happy.  they had always opposed Napoleon and know he was finally out of the picture.

england had a bit of a POST WAR recession.  after building military weapons and such, when the war it over - it takes a while to retool.  the working class suffers the most because the agriculute and manufacturing business had problems.

during the napoleonic wars, britian would lend MONEY to other countries during the wars.  they wouldn’t always send troops, but they would send money to other countries.  they would also feed the other countries.  but it didn’t have to supply food to it’s allies any longer.  the money that britian lent to other countries would lots of times end up getting spent on items that other countries ordered from britian.  when the war was over, so were the order from other countries.  also the sizes of the british armies had to be reduced.

a faction of the *TORY PARTY, lead by the PRIME MINISTER *LORD LIVERPOOL.  Liverpool didn’t believe IN ANY GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE in the market.  he didn’t think that the government should be invovled and that it all would sort itself out.  *PETERLOO (saint peters field and waterloo) MASSACRE, a mass protest of WORKERS in MANCHESTER.  the government tried to disburse the crowd and ended up firing on some of the people and killed them.  the liberal press took them to task over this.

*SIX ACTS OF 1819, the government took more rights away from people.  they got scared after the massarce and didn’t try to negiotate, but made things even stricter on the people.  they went against many traditional rights of the english people.  there were talks of secret military training of the lower classes.  THERE WAS AN ACT that didn’t ALLOW FOR ANY SECRET MILITARY TRAINING.  there was also and ACT that MEANT THAT THERE WOULD BE A SPEEDY trial for any of those who were trying to do anything against the government.  it BECAME easier for the government to look for search warrants for the government to search for weapons for guns in peoples homes.  there was censorship of government publications.  there was also put a HEAVY stamp tax on the NEWSPAPERS.  NEWSPAPERS were a VERY important method of distributing information, so the government made them more expensive and tried to put them out of business so the lower class couldn’t buy them.

the english people were not used to such repression and the *WHIG PARTY often attended these protest movements.  *CATO STREET CONSPIRACY a small group of radicals organized this CONSPIRACY that was a plan to MURDER the entire TORY CABINET.  the prime minister and all the cabinet members.  they would also sieze the bank of england and the tower of london and would lead to a mass uprising.  THIS didn’t go very far and 5 of the LEADERS were hanged for TREASON.

*ROBERT PEEL - GEORGE CANNING.  CASTLEREIGH had been a member of the conservative TORY PARTY.  there was a more MODERATE faction in the TORY PARTY.  the knew that the repressive measures that the government was imposing on the british people were bad for the tory party.  The party was restructored and included more moderate members.  CANNING was the foreign minister who tried invovle britian goods more in trade and be less a part of what was happening in greater europe with police.

Look for details on ROBERT PEEL at 17 minutes.

The government finally reduced the TAX paid on IMPORTED grain.  the TORIES had been traditionally supporters of farmers.  the GOVERNMENT would therefore tax heavily imported grain to keep the price up.  this helped the wealthy landowers, but was hard on the working class.  so these taxes were finally removed.

the LIVERPOOL ministry was finished and then CANNING tried to organize a government, but it only laster a YEAR.  then DUKE OF WELLINGTON served as prime minister for about 3 years, but he tried to run it much more like the army.  his government was forced out by the WHIG party and some TORIES.  he was very unpopular.

*EARL GREY - a new government was formed under the WHIG leader of EARL GREY.  had served for awhile and was interested in POLITICAL REFORM.  even though britian appeared to be very liberal compared to other european countries, instead of powers being upheld within the monarchy, parliment ended up being much of a facade.  the parliment WAS BY THE WELL TO DO FOR THE WELL TO DO.  it was controlled by the landed aristocratics were the only ones that were able to vote.  so to vote you had to have a lot of land.  the elections were held over several weeks so there was a great deal of room for corruption.  SEATS hadn’t been restructed for CENTURIES.  some of the new INDUSTRIAL cities didn’t have ANY votes.  but OLD MIDEVIL cities had several seats available within the area.  The seats stayed within one family or might have been sold.  The HOUSE OF NOBLES were the nobles and they had equal power as the house of commons.

many reformers felt that it was ESSTENTIAL to reform elections to the house of commons to make it represent MORE of they way that the nation looked.  the reform of parliament TOOK A LONG TIME.  they weren’t going to just add new reps for the cities that had grown in population.  NOBODY wanted to give up their existing seats either.  this area was difficult to reform.

ALSO THE ECONOMY needed to be reformed.  the industrial revolution had gotten underway.  Britain lead the world in industriazation.  this was an explotation of the VERY POOR by the very rich.  There was child labor.  The landowners felt that they needed to raise sheep, because wool was very expensive.  so they would force the tennat farmers that had been living on the land so that they could graze the sheep in those pastures.  THOSE PEOPLE had very little choice about what they were going to do. they had to move to the city.  the WHOLE family and the children had to pitch into to help the entire family so they would end up working as well.  in some cases children as young as 5 or 6 would work in the textile mills.  their job would be to make sure that as the thread came across there would be no snags to prevent defects in the material.  the children would stand there and have to UNTANGLE the looms if they got stuck.  some of the young females also had to resort to prostitution.  everyone in the family made some kind of contrabutition.

given the nature of the makeup of parliament it wasn’t likely that these things were going to change anytime soon.  some wanted trade unions, but they were ILLEGAL.

the WHIG party felt that would have to reform these systems.  THEY felt they needed to reform the parliament first and then new members would be able to reform other areas.  MANY DID NOT WANT to INTERFER in anyway with the economy.  The WHIG ministry headed by EARL GREY headed up a reform BILL.  it was finally passed.  *REFORM BILL of 1832, a very important act.  The measure was passed in the HOUSE OF COMMONs, but the HOUSE OF LORDS REJECTED the reform bill.  *WILLIAM IV, again, the monarch didn’t have much real power.  the king WILLIAM IV knew that there was STRONG SUPPORT for bill by the people.  WILLIAM IV does the one thing that he was able to do would be to CREATE ENOUGH LORDS to pass the bill.  He would find those that supported it and then give them the ranks that they needed to be able to be a part of the house of LORDS.  THE HOUSE OF LORDS DIDN”T WANT and people to TAINT THEIR RANKS.   so they just went ahead and passed the bill.

THE REFORM bill didn’t change things overnight.  but it began to change the house of commons.  the process was very evolutionary.  the BILL MEANT that the base of the TORY party no LONGER HELD THE POWER THAT IT ONCE did.  the BILL did increase the people could vote.  those that lived in the city OR WERE BASICALLY WEALTHY enough to pay HIGH RENT then you could vote.  It meant that many still couldn’t vote.  BEFORE the bill 1/20 adult males could vote.  3/20 could vote after the bill.  not democratic, but closer.

the 2nd PART OF THE BILL redistributed seats within the house of commons.  this change was quite a shakeup.  56 towns that had members of parliament ended UP LOOSING some of their members.  the CITIES that were part of the idustrial revolution gained seats for the FIRST time.  this was more representative than the previous system.

ALSO the reform bill changed the NUMBER OF DAYS that they election took place.  2 days was the new voting length to help lessen the possiblity of bribery.

The BILL IS KNOWN AS THE GREAT REFORM BILL.  It gave power to the MIDDLE class.  THOSE WHO PASSED THE BILL didn’t want to go ANY FURTHER.  they didn’t want to give any power to the lower class.  the lower class had supported the bill, but THEY DIDN”T GET ANYTHING OUT OF IT.

the lower class then illegally started to participate in trade unions.  they would call them something else, but they were really trade unions.  also the lower class engaged in *CHARTISM.  this movement centered around the PEOPLES CHARTER.  they wanted to show members of parliament how discontent they were with the setup.  they got together a petition with a large number of SIGNATURES to show parliament the support for these items.  THEY WANTED TO GIVE ALL MALES THE RIGHT TO VOTE.  They wanted to REMOVE THE LAND OWNERSHIP restrictions for members of the parliament.  The CHARTIST MOVEMENT did GET A LOT OF SIGNATURES.  but when the presented it to PARLIAMENT, they were ignored.  THE MOVEMENT WAS PEACEFUL though.  they didn’t participate in revolutions like the were doing on the european contient.  they don’t RIOT like they do in other places.  they feel that they can EVENTUALLY BRING about change.  they feel that they do have some sort of a voice.  ALL OF EUROPE in 1848 will be having revolutions, but ENGLAND and RUSSIAN don’t riot.  The people of ENGLAND felt that they did have a voice.

Class notes for 3/10/2008:

details for question 1 : each country develops a type of government that is INFLUENCED.

The BEST WAY TO DEAL WITH THE QUESTIONS is to FOCUS THE MAJORITY OF THE TIME on the parts that are for the 3rd quiz.

YOU SHOULDN”T REALLY RIGHT OUT ALL THE MATERIAL, but you should be able to write AN OUTLINE to us as your STUDY GUIDE.

===
there will be NOT SHORT ESSAYS.

The CONGRESS system that was developed by the european powers.  The european powers were trying to create a system that would maintain peace within europe.  The congress system seemed at first to be working, the congress of EXLACHAPEL seemed to be the most successful of the congress.

Great Britian was reluctant to get too invovled with the issues of the contient.  At first they start to participate, but CASTLERAUGH seems to be the only one that was interested in maintating this, not the BRISTISH public or the BRITISH cabient.

Now that the money had been paid by FRANCE the idea of the ambassadors meeting on a regular basis STOPPED.

The forces of natiolism and liberalism were taking hold and having a force and an influence on europe that had not exsisted ealier.  LIBERERILISM what the idea that governments should be bound by a constitiution, even if it was a constitutional monarchy.

the area that was most HARD HIT by these forces was the germinies.  the germanies had not been unified after by the congress.  some younger college students felt that they would be granted a unified germany for restiting naeoplan.

metternick wanted to CRUSH the forces of LIBERIALISM and NATIONLISM in the germanies and the italian states.  a MENTALLY unbalanced GERMANY student had MURDERED an agent of CZAR alexander.  metternick used this is an EXCUSE to clap down on liberialism and nationlism in the germines.  HE got the support of the king of PRUSSIA and then he summoned a meeting of *CARLSBAD is where the representatives from the 9 largest GERMAN states.  they agreed to a statement that had been drawn up by AUSTRIA and PRUSSIA known as the *CARLSBAD DECREES.

the DECRESS called for the dissovlement of the student bodies that were supporting nationlism and liberilism.  government inspectors WOULD ALSO be deployed to sit in on classes to observe classes as they were being taught and the material being used to make sure that they weren’t teaching nationlism.  they ALSO practiced censorship.  NEED DETAILS at 14 minutes.

METTERNICK felt that these decrees were successful according to him because they kept any revolutions in germany because it was kept under strict control and liberalism and nationalism were suppressed.

metternick got the support of his other allies in europe, but CASTLERAUGH was unable to PUBLICLY express his support for the decrees.  ALEXANDER was in his liberial PHASE and he refused to support the decrees, instead he contendmend them.

the failure to get the support of britian and russia MADE metternick KNEW that he couldn’t change british PUBLIC opinion, but metternick FELT that if he could win over the CZAR of russia then he would also be able to win over all of russia (because the people really had no voice).

metternick believed that the CZAR was really a supported of the status quo and that he didn’t really want to see ANY changes in europe.  once revolution begins to spread metternick is able to easily get the CZAR on his side because the CZAR also apposes any changes.

there are revolutions in SPAIN and portugal and some in the italian states.  ALEXANDER offered to march troops across europe to supress the revolutions in SPAIN.  BRITIAN did support this.  CASTLERAUGH said that the alliance had never been to supress the REVOLUTIONS of a particular state. they felt that the PEOPLE of a country should be able FIGURE the internal affairs of their own states.  BRITIAN did have some other reasons for also opposing russia’s invovlement in spain.  BRITIAN was CONCERNED that the if the revolutions that were in the SPANISH colonies were also supressed, then they WOULD BE UNABLE TO TRADE with the coloinies if the colonies returned to SPANISH rule.

metternick felt that something had to be done to keep these revolutions from getting out of hand.  *CONGRESS OF TROPPAU was called by CZAR ALEXANDER.  the congress was attended by PRUSSIA, RUSSIA and AUSTRIA.  this was basically a meeting between the three eastern powers.  BRITIAN and FRANCE ONLY SENT OBSERVERS, they really didn’t participate.

The CZAR goes into a conservitive phase at the point that this confrence is called.  at the conference metterick put forth a statement that had already been approved by the three easter european powers.  *PROTOCOL OF TROPPAU authorized the allowing of interference of OTHER STATES to get invovled when there are revolutions in a country.  if there is a revolution in on country that might spread somewhere else or cause disorder.  OTHER COUNTRIES have the power to CRUSH the revolution.

CASTLERAUGH STRONGLY opposed this statement.  based upon the agreements in VIENNA, austria might be able to intervine in ITALY but that was a special circumstance.  he said that the CONGRESS didn’t have the authority to put to down revolutions wherever they occured.

*CONGRESS OF LIABACH is reconviening of the TROPPAU congress to be closer to the revolutionary distirbances that were taking place at the italian states.  it was agreed that AUSTRIA should send an army to crush the revolutions that were happening in the ITALIAN states.  toward the end of the confrence WORD reached that there was a uprising occuring in GREECE.  RUSSIA choose to keep this issue of the table at the end of the congress.  RUSSIA felt that the areas that were part of the ottaman empire were bound to RUSSIA with religious ties.  there was a special relationship with those countries of easter europe.  at the next CONFRENCE the greece and spanish revolutions would be discussed.

AUSTRIA was able to crush the revolutions that were occuring in italy.  Russia offered to send troops again, but they were declined again.

After crushing the revolutions in italy, metterick tried to re-establish TIES with castleraugh.  they were BOTH worried that RUSSIA would be able to establish itself in GREECE with a foothold that would give it too much power.

castleraugh was convienced that he should attend the next confrence.  BEFORE the next conference was HELD castleraugh committed SUICIDE.  castleraugh had issues with his personal life and his workload.  castleraugh was supposed to be observed by someone ALL the TIME.  THIS was an important moment in international scence.

*CANNING replace castleraugh (who had been more conservative than the british public).  canning didn’t see any advantage to being tied down to the CONGRESS and the european contient.  he did not got to VERONA himself, but did send a representative.

*VERONA CONGRESS biggest question was what to do with the revolution that had occured in SPAIN.  FRANCE felt that they should be able to intervine in FRANCE.  france should have the right since it was the CLOSEST should be able to go crush the revolution.  EVERYONE except BRITIAN was OK with this.  CANNING strongly disagreed with allowing the congress to interfer in SPAIN.  this marked the withdrawl of BRITIAN from congress.  CANNING felt that it was OK that nations were getting back to taking care of themselves.  he didn’t care that he message to the congress was rejected.

CANNING repeatedly blocked the efforts of the russia, prussia and austria to continue a congress system.  YOU BEGIN TO SEE AN EAST/WEST SPLIT.  It will end up being BRITIAN and FRANCE versus the three EASTERN MONARCHIES.  they begin to support the nationalism and liberalism on the conteinent.

the SETTLEMENT that had been agreed upon at VIENNA should be the one that is LIVED by.  they wanted to freeze history and keep things the way that they had been agreed upon at that point from then on out.

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unsuccessful attempt to freeze history.  change begins to come about, some of this really starts in the france.  louis the 18th ENJOYED being king, he wanted to enjoy the last years of his life and just wanted to be king.  Louis 18th found that the NOBLES however wanted to TURN back the CLOCK.  When Louis 18th dies *CHARLES I (Count d’ Artois) was his replacement.  He was VERY CONSERVATIVE and had encourage Louis 16 to hold his ground against the revolutions.

Charles X had LEARNED NOTHING from his years of exile.  he wanted remove the consitiution that HAD been put in place after the revolutions, even those this was a very moderate constitution.  he wanted to restore the noblility and the POWER of the catholic church.  he wanted to put the church back in charge of the education system.  THESE MEASURES really allenitated the upper middle class including businessmen and bankers.

CHARLES X wanted to compensate the noblilty for the LOSS of their special rights.  because they had given them up at one point during the revolution - they thought they get some compensation for giving up these privledges.  IN ORDER to finance this COMPESNATION he came up with a method that would mean that the UPPER MIDDLE CLASS WOULD HAVE TO PAY THEM.  Charles planned to reduce the interest of the BONDS that had been floated to pay back the bonds that were floated to pay back the allies and GIVE the extra MONEY to the nobles.

FRANCE BECAME divided between the minority of those who wanted the OLD WAYS back and the MAJORITY that wanted things to remain the same or BECOME more liberial.  GROWING RESENTMENT to the kings policies.  businessmen, veteran of the napolean wars, liberal thinkers.

CHARLES X seemed completely unaware of this resentment.  he seemed to think that he could restore things back to the way that they were before.  HE APPOINTED a ROYALIST MINSITRY that was HATED by most of the FRENCMEN.  the opposition to the king was directed by MODERATE liberals that based their authority on the CONSITIUTION that had been put back in place after the allies brought the monarchy back.  MOST didn’t want anything too radical, they just wanted what they felt had been promised them through the constitiution.

*JULY ORDINANCES were issued  by the government that issued STRICT cencorship.  DISMISSED those that had just been elected because the king felt that they were too liberal.  the king had the right to do this, be he had done it two times within the past 6 months.  PREIVOUSLY 100K had been able to vote the ORDINANCES reduced this to just 25K, and these people would only be the MOST weathly of people.

Most people felt that these measures were in oppostition to the constitution.  the government felt that they would be able to do this and that there would be no unrest.  they didn’t prepare and troops to handle the issue thought that the issues might be seen as controveserly.  HE WAS VERY WRONG ON THIS ISSUE.  Liberial journalists meet and they began to oppose the acts and barracades began to appear in the streets of paris.  they were able to block access to the city very easily to defend the barracades.  artillery is not effect in these small narrow wide streets they were unable to get their equipment down in these streets.

after the july ordianaces BARRICADES began to appear and grow.  WITHIN three days of the publication of the ordianances the CONTROL of PARIS had been lost.  CHARLES found out when he returned to PARIS that the flags had been changed on the city.  CHARLES X sent emmisaries ahead to offer to negiotiate and remove the ORDINANCES - BUT HE IS REJECTED and has to FLEE the country.

What next for france. DETAILS at 20 minutes.  Some wanted a republic (students and workers, the mobs and masses).  They had someone that they wanted to serve as a constitutional monarch.  TALLEYRAND supports the idea of france being a constitutional monarchary.  *LOUIS PHILLIPPE is proclaimed the new ruler and is KING of the FRENCH people.  he agreed to rule as a CONSITIUTIONAL monarch and RESTORES the revolutionary FRENCH FLAG.  one of the key settlements was the restoration of the bourbon dynasty.  with LOUIS PHILLIPPE this was the over turning of the BORBOUN dynasty. The fighting was done by the working class and students, but the benificiarny is the upper middle class.

again there was FEAR that revolution would SPREAD from france outward.  FRANCE becomes the HAVEN of the europe and it’s revolutionary capitial.  other countries will follow the revolutions of PARIS.  the news of the PARIS revolution spreads and so do the revolutionary uprising across europe.

BELGIUM is one of the first places revolution occurs.  The BELGIUM being joined to NETHERLANDS doesn’t work out to well.  they had different relgions and back grounds.  the news of paris leads to GROWING oppositions from people in belgium.  AT FIRST there were demands for MORE RIGHTS ONLY, but after awhile opinion in BELGIUM was that they were different people and they should be a different nation.  within a few weeks of the uprise in paris. BELGIUM radicals been holding secret meetings and then began attacks on the NETHERLANDS.  The NETHERLANDS were caught somewhat suprised by this.  The army that the NETHERLANDS sent was defeated and BELGIUM declared its independance.  BELGIUM ends up its own country and writes its own constitution.

BRITIAN and FRANCE support BELGIUM independance.  But RUSSIA, PRUSSIA and AUSTRIA opposed this.  AUSTRIA begans to get tied down with revolutions in ITATLY and needs to consentrate their efforts of supressing those issues.

*TSAR NICHOLAS I was the replacement of ALEXANDER as ruler of russia.  NICHOLAS there was never any doubt, he was a conservative through and through.  He wanted to send troops to supress the revolutions in BELGIUM and in FRANCE.  Although they did not go there because they had their own issues within poland.

*PALMERSTON was the british foreign minister that played a role in the decisions of this LONDON conference.  TALLYRAND and PALMERSTON handled most of the discussions that happened at this congress. PALMERSTON did NOT want BELGIUM to become a satillete of FRANCE that was their biggest concern.  The GREAT POWERS agreed in europe that they would recongnize BELGIUM and that its NEUTRALITY would be gaurentted by the the GREAT POWERS.  *Details at 35 minutes.  The european powers also decided who the ruler would be and that BELGIUM would be a constitutional monarchy.  NETHERLANDS did not like this and they tried to send someone to over take BELGIUM again.  they aren’t successful because BRITIAN and FRANCE defend BELGIUM against them.

the bloodest of all the disturbances occured in POLAND.  this would also alter the VIENNA settlement.  in poland the situation was very complicated.  when ALEXANDER died, there was the problem of how succession would be handled after his death.  UNDER the laws of succession, his succesor should have been *CONSTANTINE who was the brother of ALEXANDER.  however, unknown to many russian CONSTANTINE had renounced his right to the throne because he wanted to marry a woman from poland.  she was noble, but not royal - so his kids would not inherit the throne.  IN order for CONSTANTINE to marry this woman ALEXANDER forced him to renounce his right to the throne.  this had never been announced to the PUBLIC.

NICHOLAS seemed to think that because the decree had never been published that is was not offical.  CONSTANTINE and NICHOLAS send messages to each other congratulating each other on the fact that they thought each other were now CZAR.

*DECEMBRIST REVOLT is the revolt lead by a group a nobles and vetrans of the napeolism armies.

Class notes for 3/5/2008 (WARNING I WAS VERY TIRED DURING THIS CLASS)

FINAL is 3/17 for the exam is at the regular time.

The EXAM, the FIRST PART WILL BE ALMOST LIKE A 3rd midterm covering the data that we’ve covered the last time.

THERE ARE NO SHORT ESSAYS on the FINAL.  The things will probably be FILL IN QUESTIONS.

25 points will be the comprehensive part of the EXAM, he will give a LIST ON MONDAY OF 8 QUESTIONS.  YOU’LL ANSWER ONE OF THE TWO.  THE WORDING OF THE QUESTIONS will be the SAME AS THE STUDY.  IT COULD BY ANYONE OF THE QUESTIONS OF THE 8, it could be on anyone of the 8.  DON”T try to guess what they will be, you should know on all of this data.

From the reign of terror onward.

Polish-Saxon Question:
*RUSSIA
*PRUSSIA
*FRANCE
*AUSTRIA
*BRITAIN

CONGRESS OF VIENNA a well studied event.  Some see an interesting approach to peave making here about a balance of power.  There ARE NOT EUROPEAN wars like the wars of the religion for 100 years.  The next major war was going to be WWI, there is almost a century of reliative peace after this time period.

The congress itself was almost torn apart by the Polish-Saxon Question almost lead to the allies fighting amongest themselves.

Previously we talked about the Polish side of the question with a Russia wanting to create a state that the russian CZAR would have control over.


Saxon was an great ALLIE of NAPOLEAN.  They remained LOYAL until then end of the napoalean war.  IF RUSSIA were to GET ALL THE LAND IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF WARSAW was going to be carved out of terriotory of AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA.

PRUSSIA DEMANDED ALL OF SAXONY IF IT WERE TO LOSS ITS POLISH land.  Austria and britian opposed this *details at 12 minutes.

This upraor gave FRANCE and TALLEYRAND the opening that they were looking for, it would give FRANCE a chance to restore itself AMOUNG the great powers.  HE uses this rift of the POLISH-SAXON question.

AFTER PRUSSIA says they want all of SAXONY and RUSSIA wanted all of POLAND.  TalleyRAND ENCOURAGED contraversy amounngst the congress.

*PRUSSIA AND RUSSIA are agreeing
so you have two against two.
*AUSTRIA AND BRITIAN are agreeing

austria and prussia are really fighting over control of the germanies.

in the midst of the STALEMATE TALLEYRAND intervenved.  GIVING PRUSSIA saxony would remove A KING FROM HIS THRONE.  *DETAILS AT 16 minutes.

PRUSSIA was so upset that they said that they were willing to go to war.  ALEXANDER said that his troops were already in the land that he wanted and dared someone to remove them from that area.

TALLEYRAND unites France, Austria and Britian so that it is THREE against two.  so france that really had little power coming into this, but TALLEYRAND is able to make France a player in this power struggle.

TALLEYRAND convinces AUSTRIA and BRITIAN that they should sign a treaty of alliance against PRUSSIA and RUSSIA.  they figure out how many troops will they provide.  TALLEYRAND says that the collation against FRANCE was already dissovled because he was able to get them to fight amoungst themselves.

SOME SAY that this was not really all that BIG of a deal because EUROPE was really worn out.  BRITIAN had already said that they weren’t going to be able to provide troops and money to such an endever.

The TREAY details were secret, but PRUSSIA and RUSSIA knew that three of the countries were cooperating.

*DETAILS AT 22 minutes.

METTERNICK of AUSTRIA proposed a comprimise that was taken as the SOLUTION to the POLAS RUSSIA would get back some of ITS polish territory.  AUSTRIA would get back some of ITS territory and the rest of the GRAND DUCHY lands would form the KINGDOM OF POLAND, but the MONARCH would be the CZAR of RUSSIA.  so russia did gain 3.2 million people and gets closer to the heart of EUROPE.

PRUSSIA got very generous territory areas.  IT got about 40 percent of SAXONY.  the other 60 percent WAS RETURNED to the former ruler, the king of SAXONY.  PRUSSIA got some territory near the FRENCH BOARDER and some areas in the GERMENIA.

AUSTRIA got area in NORTHERN ITATLY and along the cost.

*LISTEN TO THE WRAP UP AT 25 minutes.

once the polish-saxon question was resolved the other issues were pretty easily resolved.

ITATLY was not a COUNTRY at this time, there was no ITATLY is was a GEOGRAPHICAL EXPRESSION (said by metternick).  NAPOElAN had controlled parts of NORTHERN ITATLY but he hadn’t unified the whole thing.  NEITHER RUSSIA or PRUSSIA really had any interest in ITATLY.  britian support AUSTRIA, so AUSTRIA pretty much got it’s way with ITATLY.

*LOMBARDY
*VENETIA
provinces that were CLEARLY ITALIAN, but they got JOINED TO AUSTRIA.  as a result of the congress, ITATLY basically is controlled by austria and under there influence.  this will become and issue in the 1900 hundreds.
THE POPE was put back in charge of the papal state *DETAILS as 30 minutes.

the southern part of ITATLY had been ruled.  the smaller states were ruled by some of the members of the AUSTRIAN family.  AUSTRIAN feels that when there are revolutions in ITATLY that it will be the one that is supposed to go in and take care of these.

idea of nationalism.  this was a new idea and the RULERS didn’t really care about nationalities.  rulers sometimes ruled many different areas at once.

THE GERMAINS will be the next major ISSUE.  There had bee 300 states at one point, NAPOELAN had already merged some states and took out some rulers.  GERMANY was pretty complicated.  YOUNG MEN had been INFLUENCED by the idea of nationalism.  they had been banding together against FRANCE.  many wanted to UNIFY germany within the country, but THIS WOULD UPSET THE BALANCE OF POWER so the powers that be were NOT REALLY INTERESTED IN THIS happening they don’t want this to happen.

A CONGRESS VIENNA committee was setup that was dominated by PRUSSIA and AUSTRIA that basically came up with *THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION.  this was a loss union of 38 GERMAN states.  IT WAS NOT TRUE UNITIY.  however the confederation allowed the rulers to appoint representatives to get together in a common state and discuss issues of COMMON interest.  this was not a body that had power to legistate.  this system was QUITE weak that really only provided a weak paper UNITY.

one OTHER ISSUE that was made at the CONGRESS OF VIENNA to give BELIGUM to the NETHERLANDS. because they are located on FRANCES northern boarder.  they want to make it MORE difficult for france in the future to expand.  ONE REASON that france had the chance to EXPAND was because it was surronded by weak smaller countries.  that is also why they gave PRUSSIA land that boarder FRANCE.

NORWAY was detached from DENMARK and was given to SWEDEN.

SWEDEN whose ruling family had died out asked one of the ruling marshals of NAPOELAN to rule the country.  he also TURNED AGAINST NAPOELAN and kept as the ruler and EXPANDED THE LANDS.  *39 minutes NEED MORE DETAILS.

SWITZERLAND was restablished and NEUTRALITY.  this has pretty much remained sacred and has continue to remain to EVEN TO TODAY.  the independance was maintained, although it was maintained through WWII.

another QUESTION that was raised was the SLAVE trade.  british opinion was OPPOSED to the slave trade and that there should be an international agreement that should end the slave trade.  CASTLEREAGH was usually more conservative and didn’t press this issue.  THOUGH HE DID SUGGEST that a committee should be established.  THEY deliberated this for a long time and all that they were able to do was to CONDEM this traffic in HUMANS, but they DID not do ANYTHING to PROHIBT it.

ALL THESE ISSUES were included in the *FINAL ACT of the CONGRESS OF VIENNA.  this is the ONLY TIME that they all meet together and signed this even though the SMALLER countries really had no voice in this at all.

*100 days - when napoelan returns from EXILE for about 3 months.  he had returned from the island that he had been assigned to rule *ELBA.  NAPOELAN had a lot of supporters still in france and had a lot of SPIES and agents.  HE knew that there was a lot of dissastifaction with the new government.  THEY DIDN”T HAVE a problem with the king.  BUT THEY HAD A PROBLEM WITH THE ULTRAROYALISTS.  they wanted to turn the clock back and go back to the powers of the CHURCH and the NOBLES.  BUT the ULTRAROYALISTS wanted more power to the king than the king actually wanted.  The generals that had HELPED NAPOLEAN were replaced by nobles and the troops didn’t really like this leaders.

NAPOLEAN returned from ELBA.  he felt that he was able to return because FRANCE was violating the treaty of FONTANBLUE.  the FRENCH government was NOT paying the pensions that they were supposed to be paying to NAPOLEAN and his family so he feels that gives them the right to return.

the TROOPS that were sent by the KING don’t stop him, but they JOIN him.  before he arrives in PARIS, this king actually flees paris.

NEWS of NAPOLEAN’s return reaches VIENNA.  they ORDER their troops to do an about face and RETURN to FRANCE.  they had been fighting amongst each other, but they quickly forgot this and went to FRANCE.

NAPOLEAN knew that he couldn’t deaft the allies with his troops, but he felt that he could defeat them by turning the allies amoung one another.  NAPOLEAN orders the files that had been kept at the CONGRESS OF VIENNA.  The treaty that TALLEYRAND had put together was one of the documents that NAPOLEAN finds and then HE SENDS a copy to ALEXANDER to try and upset him.  but this doesn’t stop russia from trying to oust NAPOLEAN.

PRUSSIAN and RUSSIAN troops more quickly than RUSSIA.  *WATERLOO is NAPOLEAN’s greatest defeat that most people remember.  after NAPOLEAN’s is defeated at WATERLOO he is EXILED to a more remote place *ST. HELENA and he is put under a CLOSER watch than before.  A BRITISH OFFICER is in charge of seeing NAPOLEAN everyday.  NAPOLEAN DOES DIE on the island.

WHAT KIND OF TREATY should be struck with FRANCE now with its allies.  MANY of the FRENCH had supported NAPOLEAN’s return.  MANY felt that they should give FRANCE a very harsh treatment.  the british feel that it should be more moderate.

*SECOND PEACE OF PARIS was signed.  this document reduced FRANCES boarders to those of 1790.  the previous treaty was boarders of 1792.  it IS ALSO made to PAY repermations to the other countries.  IT IS ALSO OCCUPIED by an ARMY of up to 150K men for up to 5 years.  It also has to support the ARMY while it was occupation.  FRANCE is able to pay back these reperamations within a couple of years.  THIS is not the worst treaty that it could be.  they actually don’t want FRANCE to HATE the allies in the future so they try to make it fair.

--------

*CONGRESS SYSTEM

EUROPE tries to maintain peace after NAPOELAN.  THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA was almost like the first of these meetings where the EUROPE countries would get together and work out there problems.  there is dispute about the origins of the CONGRESS system.

One agreement *QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE is the signing of the four major allies at the SAME time that the SECOND PEACE OF PARIS was signed.  this document helped guarntee that the FRENCH peace treaty was put together.  the ALLIANCE provides that in the event of any new threat from FRANCE then they will act together to work against them.  They will SUPPLY 60 thousand MEN a piece to create force to go against france. 

THEY ALSO AGREE under ARTICLE ?? question minute 3 that they will meet together on a regular basis to dicuss france.

AS TIME GOES ALONG SOME WILL try to FREEZE history and keep things the SAME way that they were at the time of this agreement.

*HOLY ALLIANCE - a strange document that was largely the work of ALEXANDAR the 1st of RUSSIA.  ALEXANDAR has a strange history.  he had many mistresses.  although his WIFE had a child it DIDN”T APPEAR to be his, it had resimblance to one of his friends.  AFTER the BURNING OF MOSCOW by FRANCE, ALEXANDER becomes convinced by SOME WHO TELL HIM that he has a MISSION to bring PEACE on EARTH that he has been brought to earth for this purpose.  he even gives some thought by having studies about a consitituion in russia, but he never tries to create one.  he starts trying to inject religion into everyday on life.

ALEXANDER is the main writer of the document of the HOLY ALLIANCE.  the language is very vague and holds this odd high religious ideas.  *DETAILS AT 8 minutes.  The british didn’t sign this, but they supported the principles.  IN PRIVATE the diplomats of the EUROPEAN countries thought that the document was nonsense.

*DUKE OF WELLINGTON when he and catstleraguegh were invited to meet and review this document they had a HARD time trying to keep a straight face.  WELLINGTON had been a general at WATERLOO.  METTERNICK said that is was a lound sounding NOTHING.

this HOLY ALLIANCE was really just trying to make the CZAR feel like he had some support on this but he actually didn’t have much.

THE QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE was the more important document in the congress establishment.

The 4 allies held regular meetings at the ambassador level at the EMBASSY OF GREAT BRITIAN under the DUKE OF WELLINGTON who presides over the meetings of the 4 allies.  they go over the notes from their spies.  they go over how the payments are being made by france and make sure that they are being distrubuted fairly.  they also go over the troop levels that were to be mainted in FRANCE.

with the approval of this group FRANCE was able to pay off the reperations by selling bonds that would allow them to get a good interest rate.  this allowed them to pay up the reperation early.  THEY HOPED that the allies would evacute FRANCE.

the allies felt that it was time to HOLD A GENERAL meeting to deciede what to do now that france had PAID its debt.  in 1818 a meeting was held at *AIX-LA-CHAPELLE was were this meeting took place the FRENCH sent a representative BUT he was NOT ABLE TO ATTEND ANY OF THE MEETINGS.  METTERNICK AND CASTLEREAGH didn’t allow the smaller european countries to attend the meeting.  THIS MEETING was probably the most successful of the CONGRESS.  they agreed that the troops should LEAVE france.  the army was there to make sure that france paid the reperations and they had paid them so they felt that the troops could lead.  they also got and UPDATE ON NAPEOLAN from britian.  THERE WAS A SECRET AGREEMENT that renewed the QUADRUPLE Alliance that renewed the agreement AGAINST FRANCE to make sure that it didn’t rise up again.

FRANCE was made part of a QUINTIPLE agreement that would include FRANCE in a peace deal.  ALEXANDER wanted to discuss mutal disarmmemant.  the czar also wanted to create a new treaty that would create and INTERNATIONAL army that would guarnteed the BOARDERS and GOVERNMENTS of the exsisting states.  that would make sure that exsiting boarder were maintained.  this proposal was blocked.  there was also a proposal from ALEXANDER to stomp out any revolutions that might occur.

the british government and people were becoming upset with RUSSIA and many in britian FELT that there interest in taking part in EUROPEAN affairs.  they don’t want constant invovlement.  EVEN CASTLERAUGEH agreed that they wouldn’t want to put together an army that would wipe out revolutions around the EUROPEAN contient.

ALEXANDER was misunderstood his interpretations.  ALEXANDER really wasn’t trying to prevent change, but he felt that if you made sure that the boarders were maintained you could encourage CONSTITUTIONS within europe becuase their boarders would be safe.  and they would be safe from internal revolutions.  HIS PLANS WERE REJECTED BY METTERNICK AND CASTLERAUGEH.

although the congress of AIX-LA-CHAPELLE was successful you could start to SEE that BRITIAN was not going to make any extensive commitements to further peace in europe.  CASTLERAUGEH felt that you could sign agreements to prevent french rising up again, but not further.

METTERNICK IS a realist.  he’ll sign anything the ALEXANDER puts in front of him, but he doesn’t really believe in them. he wants to play russia along.  BUT HE REALLY DOESN”T believe in them and ESPECIALLY in a CONSTITUTION.

Class notes 3/3/2008:

peace was established after naepolean signed a peace treaty and the the FIRST PEACE of PARIS was signed with the burbon dynasty and have given france quite a lot of concessions in hopes that it would settle down europe.

*CONGRESS OF VIENNA to settle the final map of europe choosing which changes of naepolean would be kept and what would be changed.  the four great powers had hoped that they would reach and AGREEMENT before the congress of vienna then they WOULD be able to DICTACTE to the rest of europe what was going to take place.  RUSSIA, AUSTRIA and PRUSSIA had especially big terratorial things that they wanted.  THEY ALMOST went to war in the end over these difference.

at the congress of vienna, personalities would play and important role.  *RUSSIA - TSAR ALEXANDER I, most interesting personalities in the congress.  alexander felt that he was in a strong position after the wars.  they were in occupation of the territory taht they wanted to acquire.  he had a large army and he FELT that russia was ENTITLED to make significant gains within europe.  HE BROUGHT ALONG ADIVISORS, BUT HE DID MOST OF THE SERIOUS neogiotations HIMSELF.  ALEXANDER was abnormal and had grown up spending half of his life at the COURT of CATHERINE the GREAT and read the works of the ENLIGHTMENT and had a very liberal tutor.  He talked about giving up the throne or giving RUSSIA a constitiuion.

THE OTHER HALF of the time he spent with his parents, who WAS anything BUT A LIBERAL.  he was subjected to military training by his father and other rigorous training.  THROUGHOUT HIS LIFE HE DIDN”T WANT TO CONFRONT PEOPLE, he would say them what they wanted to hear when he was with someone fact to face.  ALEXANDER was an ENIGMA, in part because of his dual upbrining.

ALEXANDER went to VIENNA with some defientate aims in MIND and knew what he hoped to acquire.

*GREAT BRITIAN - CASTLEREAGH is who represented them.  THE BRITISH where in a strong postition, they weren’t interested in anything on the contient they had already acquired what they wanted.  THEY wanted only to be diminish the gains of the other countries.  *BALANCE OF POWER is what BRITIAN really wanted so that NO ONE country would be able to dominate europe.  THEY WERE MOST WORRIED ABOUT RUSSIA AT THIS POINT.  they felt that IT WAS in their INTEREST TO MAINTAIN this balance.  they didn’t want wars on the contient.  WAR WAS BAD FOR TRADE AND THEIR BUSINESS.  they couldn’t gain anything by the war.

*AUSTRIA - METTERNICH was their foreign minister.  they felt that austria had suffered tremendously.  they were usually the ones that were attacked FIRST and lost the most.  THEY WERE WORRIED ABOUT FUTURE troubles.  WITH RUSSIA and PRUSSIA.  these were the countries that they saw could present them problems in the future. so they didn’t want these countries to gain so much. METTERNICH is ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS of the DIPLOMATS during his time.  he was  the key figure in dimplomacy during his time.  HE would use any method available to objecive his objectives in the confrence room, ballroom or the bedroom.  There was a rivlary between ALEXANDER and METTERNICH.  the austrians had a LOT of spies during the CONGRESS OF VIENNA.  they were spying on everyone including THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT OFFICALS.

*PRUSSIA - HARDENBERG (HUMBOLT) represented offically by price HARDENBERG was almost deaf so HUMBOLT had to accompany him and shout in his ear during dicussions because he didn’t hear anything *CAUTIOUS OPORTUNISM was the phrase to use during the VIENNA CONFERENCE.  PRUSSIA was almost wiped off the map by NAPOELON, he didn’t like that they were an ALLIE of FRANCE that then turned on them and attack FRANCE.  he only saved them because of the FRIENDSHIP that ALEXANDER had intially with FRANCE.  PRUSSIA was concerned that they would maintain to LEVEL OF BEING A GREAT POWER, but they WANT TO GET EVERYTHING THAT THEY CAN.

*FREDERICK WILLIAM III - muddies the waters.  he is the king of prussia and he told his negiotators that no MATTER WHAT THEY did that they CANNOT DO anything that would OFFEND OR GO AGAINST THE INTEREST OF RUSSIA and ALEXANDER because he felt that he had DEBT TO PAY AGAINST RUSSIA.  he felt that he owed his throne and country to russia.

*FRANCE was also invited to the CONGRESS OF VIENNA.  they were invited as sign of wanting to include them but they didn’t fell that FRANCE would do anything.  *TALLEYRAND was the member who represented FRANCE. he wanted to make sure that the other countries didn’t get to much.  they didn’t have a force so they had to RELY on TALLEYRAND to BECOME A PART of the certain committees that would make the real decisions.  FRANCE SUPPORTED THE IDEA OF THE BALANCE OF POWER.

there were representatives FROM EVERY OTHER COUNTRY.  many of the leaders came themselves with their entire entourage.  there were so many people that were in VIENNA that they didn’t have the accomidation to SUPPORT KINGS AND QUEENS with the luxuries that they demanded.

most of these other countries came to VIENNA expecting that this was going to be a european congress and that they WOULD HAVE A VOICE in the negotition.  HOWEVER the big powers had no INTENTION OF GIVING them a role in the congress.

it became nessecary to enterain the diginatires especially those from the smaller countries.  the laviousness of the entertainment was legendary.  it was the “CONGRESS THAT DANCED” because of all parties and dancing that was going on.  THERE WASN”T REALLY MUCH GOING on other than the parties.  there WAS ONLY ONE TIME WHENEVERY ONE WAS PRESENT AS A SINGLE BODY was to SIGN the final act of the congress.  MOST OF THE NEGOTIATING TOOK PLACE BEHIND CLOSED DOORS.  the didn’t dicuss everything has an entire body.

the congress felt it should be guided by three pricipals.  *LEGITMACY = where possible to restore rightful rulers to their thrones.  if there was a major state that had a king over thrown they would restore the ruler. *COMPENSTATION = those countries that had suffered serious losses during the wars expected to be compenstated from their losses.  they would either get their territory back or they would get another piece of land that would be equal.  *BALANCE OF POWER was the other thing that would guide them.

sometimes there would be conflict.  one country wanted land for compenstation, but that land also had a legitimate ruler.

THERE WERE MANY TERRITORIAL disputes.  One of the most famous that almost lead to war was *POLISH-SAXON QUESTION, most important issue at the congress.  background was that poland had been wiped off the map through the efforts of RUSSIA, PRUSSIA and AUSTRIA.  catherine had often played the key role in this.  poland had been destroyed.  THEY HAD ONCE been more powerful than RUSSIA.  poland didn’t have any natural boarders and a strange constitution.  it had a king but a STRONG BODY THAT REPRESENTED THE NOBLES.  it required ALL DECISIONS to be REACHED UNANIMOUSLY.  of course this was almost impossible.

even when the country was faced with destruction, they would start a WHOLE REFORM to strengthen the country internally, but during the last session a NOBLE could have a FREEDOM veto that would mean that they would have to start all over again.  They could even have a legal civil war to oppose the government issue and then invite someone to externally support them.

during the napoelon wars, many polish people had hoped that napoelon would restore the freedom of POLAND.  *DUCHY OF WARSAW napoelon created a state that was almost like a polish state, but he didn’t call it poland so that it wouldn’t upset russia.  he also later added land to it and it was called the GRAND DUCHY OF WARSAW.  russia took occupation of this land when they were fighting NAPOELON.

ALEXANDER suggested that they would great a new KINGDOM OF POLAND that would be carved out of the GRAND DUCHY OF WARSAW. there was a catch that the ruler of this THIS LAND WOULD ALWAYS be the KING OF POLAND and the CZARD of russia.  they would have their own government, but their ultimate ruler would be russia.

europe felt that from a foriegn policy standpoint that the poland army would have to support russia.  KINGDOM OF POLAND would be CREATED from lands that had largly belonged to AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA.

Class Notes 2/27/2008:

Candide Study Guide: http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/

Read the book and read over the notes on Volatire.  Also read on the enlightment.  The questions will not deal with the story, but will deal with the BETWEEN the LINES material.  Looking to offer plausablie deniablity.  READ NOTES ON VOLATIRE.  MAKE A STATEMENT ABOUT AN IDEA THAT VOLTAIRE HAS BACK IT UP WITH A STORY FROM CANDIDE.  YOU DON”T REALLY NEED TO KNOW THE CHARATERS NAMES, but use them to backup the point that Volatire was trying to make.  You WILL WANT TO DO AN OUTLINE to make sure that you cover all the points that you indented to cover.

NAPOELON had created an empire that was greater than EUROPE had seen in more than 1000 years.  his EMPIRE COLLAPASES almost as quickly as it was formed.  ONE OF THE REASONS that the EMPIRE doesn’t last is that he is unable to defeat GREAT BRITIAN.  he is always looking for some way to defeat the british, but because he wasn’t able to get to the british isles - he wasn’t able to defeat them because they controlled the seas with a great navy.

*CONTINENTAL SYSTEM created in 1806 and 1807 was a type of economic warfare.  BY DECREEN NAPOLEON declared the british isles to be in a state of BLOCKADE.  this is a decree that isn’t fully effect on paper.  NORMALLY this would mean that a NAVY would block ships from entering and exiting the british.  INHABITANTS of the british ISLES were subject to arrest if they were FOUND on the EUROPEAN contenient.  THE GRAND EMPIRE was prohibited from PURCHASING ENGLISH GOODS.  even NEATURAL ships that MIGHT HAVE stopped in the BRITISH isles were ALSO TURNED AWAYS FROM TRADE IN THE CONTINENT are turned away.

NAPOLEON felt that he could cause a depression in ENGLAND by cutting off their trade routes.  HE hoped that this would eventually cause bankruptcy.  BY NOT ALLOWING THE CONTEINENT TO purchase goods from the BRITISH then FRENCH business MIGHT have a better chance to export more of their goods.

This attempt at defeating the british failed.  The FRENCH bureacracy wasn’t large enough, or efficent enough to MONITORE all trading to make sure that the british weren’t coming.  it wasn’t possible to monitor all ports.  some could be smulggled in through smaller ports OR BY GIVING a GIFT to a local port authority you might be able to bribe them to allow the good into the system.

the WEAKEST compentent of the EMPIRE were those that had been FORCED to work with FRANCE by the fact that they had been beaten before or were afriad of being beaten by FRANCE so they had to create an alliance with FRANCE.  *TSAR ALEXANDER I was on of the TSARs that was really only part of the ALLIANCE in name or token only.  They still imported BRITISH GOODS.

The BRITISH ENCONOMY WAS HURT by the CONTINENTAL SYSTEM.

They were able to partially compensate for their losses by GAINING new MARKETS in SOUTH AMERICA.  Most of SOUTH AMERICA was part of the SPAINISH EMPIRE.  During the time of NAPOLEON many of the SOUTH AMERICAN countries were able to gain their independance as SPAIN came under FRENCH RULE.

while FRANCE establish a “PAPER” blockade britian was able to create a REAL BLOCKADE OF FRANCE’s good.

NAPOLEON doesn’t take into effect the importance of NATIONLISM (from ENLIGHTMENT period and the FRENCH REVOLUTION).  previously your LOYALTY had been to the monarch and NOT to the state.  NAPOLEON HAS PROBLEMS when he TRIES to put a FRECH GUY in charge of SPAIN with a FRENCH army.  the nationlists movement don’t like this.

NAPOLEON gets a suprise in fighting SPAIN because they use guerillia tactics and are able to make small strikes on familar ground.  more and more of his troops become tied up in SPAIN.

NAPOLEON ULTIMATE downfall is his decision to INVADE RUSSIA.

Russia had signed an alliance with FRANCE after they had been beaten.  TSAR ALEXANDER professed to be taken by NAPOLEON and said that they would become a powerhouse in EUROPE.  ALEXANDER was able to use the ALLIANCE to the benifit of RUSSIA.  When FRANCE was invading AUSTRIA, ALEXANDER said that they wouldn’t really be helping FRANCE and so AUSTRIA concentrated it’s forces against the FRENCH side (they still lost).

NAPOLEON army that invaded RUSSIA has 500K men.  ONLY HALF were Frenchman.  he doesn’t attack the RUSSIAN capitial and attack MOSCOW instead of SAINT PETERBURD.  MOSCOW was in teh central of the state.

the russians DON”T play by the RULES and they continue to RETREAT.  BUT THEY FOLLOW a “SROCHED EARTH POLICY” which detroys everything in their path so that the LIGHT TRAVELLING FRENCHMEN have trrouble gaining anything to help support them.  THE RUSSIANS do CONFRONT THE SMALL FORGING GROUPS that NAPOLEON might send out.  they would be attacked with the FORCE of SEVERAL THOUSAND men and destroy the frenchmen.

THE NOBLES are upset that ALEXANDER isn’t facing the FRENCH HEAD on.  They don’t want the FRENCH to be able to take MOSCOW so ALEXANDER agrees to CONFRONT THE FRENCH at the battle of *BORODINO.

FRANCE counts THIS BATTLE AS A VICTORY BECAUSE RUSSIA DOES RETREAT, but RUSSIA is able to many important FRENCH officers.  because russia ALMOST BREAKS through several times so french have to expose to their officers.

the FRENCH do take MOSCOW and the RUSSIAN exacute the CITY and move out of the city with the RUSSIAN troops.  The FRENCH TROOPS do loot the city.  A FIRE BREAKS OUT AND THERE IS A LARGE FIRE AND MOST OF MOSCOW IS DESTROYED.

France is in MOSCOW without any supplies AND WINTER IS APPROACHING.

ALEXANDER WILL NOT NEGIOTE any peace DEAL with NAPOLEON UNTIL there is NO FRENCHMEN on RUSSIAN soil.

NAPOLEON isn’t sure what to do.  he has only be in charge of france for a little while and he is concerned that if he doesn’t return soon.  NAPOLEON CHOOSES to RETREAT via the quickest way.  they don’t have enough to eat and they have a lot of STRAGGLERS that are trying to bring the stuff that they looted back with them.  ANY Stragglers were PICKED off by the RUSSIAN ARMY very quickly.

The MOST that ESCAPED were about 20% of the amount that came into the country.

NAPOLEON did ESCAPE and goes back into FRANCE and tries to ORGANIZE a NEW ARMY.  When the RUSSIANs approach the boarder of chasing the FRENCH out of the country they aren’t sure what to do.  Some felt that there was no need to follow NAPOLEON because he wasn’t going to attack RUSSIA again and that they SHOULD LET EUROPE worry about NAPOLEON.

ALEXANDER choose to FOLLOW NAPOLEON into EUROPE and this WAS the END for NAPOLEON.

when france returned to TRIED and build an new army when coming HE FOUND OUT that most of his ALLIANCES began turning against him.  SPAIN was liberated, with some assistance from BRITIAN they were able to throw out the FRENCH.  most of NAPOLEON ALLIES DESTERED HIM, but WHAT would the former ALLIES choose to do if they defeated NAPOLEON???  There was a lot of concern what would happen if NAPOLEON was gone.  THERE WAS CONCERN that RUSSIA would emerge as a NEW POWER to REPLACE FRANCE.  there was a fear that without an ALLIANCE they would not be able to defeat FRANCE.  THE BRITISH ARE A driving force in that they are the most concerned about removing NAPOLEON from FRANCE.  the BRITISH would provide a lot of money to people who were against the FRENCH.  they would supply these other countries with money.

-------------------

*CASTLEREAGH the problems of cementing the different states into a formal alliance against NAPOLEON, there was a STRONG REASON for

CASTLEREAGH was sent to the contient to negioate DIRECTLY with the EUROPEAN countries to get an agreement between and among the ALLIANCE members agains NAPOLEON.  CASTLEREAGH was trying to hold these states together until NAPOLEON was defeated.  HE found that AUSTRIANS believed that NAPOLEON could NEVER be defeated.  They wanted to NEGIOATE with NAPOLEON while he was down on the ropes.  They just want a peace that they felt could enforced.  ALEXANDER WANTED a total defeat of FRANCE with the RUSSIAN marching through PARIS much like FRANCE had marched through MOSCOW.

NAPOLEON wanted as MUCH NEGIOATING to take place as possible.  BUT THEY DID NOT STOP FIGHTING the FRENCH while the were NEGIOTIATING.  CASTLEREAGH continued to try and get a formal ALLIANCE between and among those fighting against FRANCE.  *TREATY OF CHAUMONT was the BRISTISH alliance BRITIAN, AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, RUSSIA signged a formal agreement that they would continue to war against FRANCE until they acheved their objectives.  ONE OF THE POINTS was establishing a CONFEDERATED GERMANY, ITALY would be restored TO SEPERATE STATES, there would be no italian unification,  SPAIN WOULD BE FREED and returned to it dynasty and HOLLAND WOULD BE ENLARGED.  the alliance LASTED FOR 20 years after the FRENCH had signed a PEACE treaty to keep the FRENCH from RISING UP AGAIN.

*BALANCE OF POWER was the general purpose of the TREATY.  this is an important concept.  They wanted EUROPE so that there WOULD BE NO ONE COUNTRY that would be powerful enough to DOMINATE the entire CONTIENENT.  this might be a way that you could maintain peace.

THE TREATY of th CHAUMONT did NOT make ANY mention of TERRIORTY BOUDARIES that would outline what each country would get or what each country would have a right to.  IT WAS AGREED that there would be CONGRESS of a PEACE congress that would meet in VIENNA to sort OUT the map of EUROPE to choose what would happen to the EUROPEAN contient.  BECAUSE NAPOLEON had shifted the map around so much they wanted to figure out what they wanted to keep and then move around.  THEY DIDN”T ACCOMPLISH THIS BECAUSE THE ALLIES began fighting against ONE another after the peace was accomplished.

MANY of the FRENCH generals felt that the people had suffered enough and couldn’t handle and ATTACK from all these ALLIES. *FREDERICK WILLIAM III of PRUSSIA marched THEIR TROOPS through PARIS.  they marched through PARIS even though NAPOLEON had not yet given up.  RUSSIAN troops did not loot the city of PARIS the way that the FRENCH did in MOSCOW.  ALEXANDER wanted to show that RUSSIAN troops weren’t the barbairins that the FRENCH TROOPS were.

AFTER the defeat of FRANCE it was FINALLY decieded to RETURN the old the old DYNASTY to france.  *LOUIS 18th (BOURBON DYNASTY) was the brother of the king that had been put to death.  LOUIS 17th never ruled because he was in prison and there was a revolution, the ROYALISTS felt they should still acknowledge that he SHOULD HAVE been the ruler.

LOUIS 18th was largely FAT and LAZY and just enjoyed being king and GOT ALONG WITH EVERYONE.

The choice is the NAPOLEON will be removed and the DYNASTY returned.

*TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU - because a lot had changed in FRANCE, the ALLIES choose to have LOUIS 18th rule as a CONSTITUITIONAL MONARCH.  The treaty of FONTAINEBLEAU was signed by NAPOLEON AS AN INDIVIDUAL and the allies.  NAPOLEON renounced the FRENCH thrown for HIMSELF and his DESCENDANTS.  NAPOLEON WAS ABLE TO KEEP HIS TITLE AS EMPEROR.  He WOULD NO RULE *ELBA a tiny island off the coast of italy.  NAPOLEON and his family WOULD BE PAID GENEROUS PENSIONS from the government of FRANCE.

peace had to be restored between THE BOURBON FRANCE and it’s allies.  *TALLEGRAND played an important part in the PEACE negiotations with FRANCE.  very interesting person.  served government after government.  WAS ALLOWED to serve revolutionary governments, also served NAPOLEON as a foreign minister for a time.  TALLEGRAND began to undermine NAPOLEON because he knew that NAPOLEON would never be satisfied.  TALLEGRAND NOW begins to serve LOUIS 18th.

The negiotiations were complicated between france and it’s allies.  the 4 governments that defeated france had a hard time decieding how to have peace.  BRITIAN wanted FRANCE to pay repermantions to the ALLIES.  NEED DEATILS AS 23 minutes.

the ALLIES agreed that the BOURBON DYNASTY should start with a clean slate and they did NOT want to weaken it by making them TAX their people heavly to pay the price of NAPOLEON.

the *FIRST PEACE OF PARIS was signed between france and it’s allies, this ends the fighting BETWEEN THE ALLIES and the country of FRANCE.  this seems to be quite lienant at FIRST, france gave up it’s empire, but was allowed to keep it’s boundaries that it has established earlier.  IT WAS able to keep 150 square miles of land that they had acquired.  THIS ENDS THE WAR.  there is hope that this will GIVE FRANCE AND EUROPE enough to recover from the wars and revolutions that had taken place.  they didn’t want to REKINDLE REVOLUTION in FRANCE.

the ALLIES were free to meet in VIENNA and work out the TERMS of the  TERRIORITES that had been the GRAND EMPIRE.  who will get what and what will get rearranged.

the CONGRESS OF VIENNA was NOT A PEACE treaty, but who would be restored to power that had been over thrown and what terriorties would be given to the victories.  THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA didn’t have a lot worked out on HOW it would be able to work.  ALL FOUR countries FELT that they would be running things, but they would invite all the european heads of states but that the VICTORS would be able to HOLD all the power.

 

Class Notes 2/25/2008

Top:
Privileged Classes
Aristocratic Revolt
Estates General

Swing to the left:
National Assembly
Bastille
Great Fear
Move to Paris (Assembly)

Middle Class (far left point)

Shift to the left (bottom point)
Constitution 1791
Legislative Assembly
War 1792
Counter Revolution

Lower Class (lowest middle point)

Shift to the right (heading to middle point)
Convention
Constitution of 1793 (most radical, never fully implemented)
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror

Thermidoran Reaction “White Terror”

Constitution of 1795 (the year III in the revolution calendar) (Middle Point)

Move to the top (Middle Point)

Constitution of 1799

Themodorians choose to disable robspiere, they make the consititution of 1795 WAS A MIDDLE CLASS constituiton.  the radical parts of the constituition of 1793 were taken out and they had more property rights.

1795 moved from focusing on the RIGHTS of the citizens to the DUTIES of the citizens.  A RETURN to INDIRECT elections.  in 1795 males who were 25 years of age and PAID TAXES were able to vote.

*COUNCIL OF ANCIENTS - the upper house of the legislate branch in the 1795.  You had to be 40 years of age to serve in this house.  there were 250 members.

*COUNCIL FIVE HUNDRED - the lower house.  THEY WOULD INTIATGE legislatation.  it would start HERE and then be passed UP TO THE ANCIENTS and agreed upon before it becomes law.

*DIRECTORY - a five man group that HELD the EXECUTIVE POWER.  they were elected BY THE TWO COUNCILS, BUT NOT members of the two councils.  they would then rotate ONE PERSON off each year.  EACH year one person would rotate off the council.

The NATION CONVENTION drew up this constitution.  THEIR PRIMARY CONCERN was a return of the monarchy.  Many PEOPLE were upset with the changes in government and the wars that were going on.  They wanted a return to internal stablity and peace abroad.  They were afraid that if open elections were HELD THEN THE PEOPLE WOULD WANT A RETURN THE THE MONARCHY.

IT is a REQUIREMENT that 2/3rds of the legislative BODY would COME FROM THE CONVENTION.  THIS IS ONLY TO APPLY IN THE FIRST ELECTION.  this will allow some degree of stablity into the contry and people will forget about problems.

There is a ROYALIST uprising in paris in 1795.  The GOVERMENT CALLS on the military for HELP.  one of those who responded to the governments cry for help was an arlitlary general *NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.  he used cannons to hit the streets of PARIS with a “WHIFF OF GRAPESHOT”.  the narrow streets work to the advantage of the military.  This breaks up the demonstration of the ROYALISTS.  MANY of them get killed by this cannon fire.

with the destructions of the royalist uprising, the DIRECTORY is able to take full power.  They were able to squelch uprising from the left and the right, even with this they were not able to govern well.  IT WAS A PERIOD OF CONFUSION and poltically instablitiy.

GREATEST problem was the NEW RULERS DIDN”T HAVE ANY SUPPORT IN THE COUNTRY.

The government of the directory was only able to get by playing politics of on faction against or another OR WOULD HAVE TO CALL IN THE MILITARY.  You had a situation where the GENERALS WERE PLAYING A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE.  it was not democratic because the decisions were being made by the general.

when the elections of 1797 was held the ROYALIST GOT A LOT OF SUPPORT.  this made a fear that there would be the return of a monarch.  The army was CALLED in and expelled the PROMINIATE ROLAYISTS.  They had to flee OR THEY WERE ARRESTED.

The counsils were purged of the royalist deputies and the others left were able to get more powers.  THEY DIDN”T REALLY HAVE A FUNCTIONING SYSTEM BECAUSE THE ARMY HAD TO BE CALLED IN EACH TIME.  The fate of the country continued to rest more int he hands of the army generals.

BONAPARTE was a brilliant general.  HE had defeated armies larger than his own.  DEAFETED AUSTRIAN armies in ITALY.  normally when an enemy was defeated, the generals would work out an THEN POLITICANS would work out the peace treaties.  WHEN HE DEFEATED AUSTRIAN, he choose to MAKE THE PEACE TREATY after defeating the AUSTRIAN ARMY.  his peace treaties are then accepted by the directory.

NAPOLEON was able to take an army to EGYPT to establish a FRENCE empire in the middle east.  he saw this as a way of hurting the ENGLISH.  egypt was part of the ottoman empire, but BONAPARTE wanted this to hurt ENGLAND.  because ENGLAND was already in INDIA.  what they wanted to do was use EGYPT as a transport route to INDIA that was being used by ENGLAND.

ENGLAND was BONAPARTE’s major enemy.  he is always looking for ways to defeat the english.  BONAPARTE was able to come into EGYPT and make some impressive victories.  ENGLAND’s NAVY STOPs BONAPARTE.  Russia also didn’t want FRANCE to be established in this area.  The british fleet is able to establish a BLOCKADE ALONG THE COAST so NAPOLEON is not able to get reinforcements or further supplies.

BONAPARTE has spies in FRANCE that said that the government of the directory might fail.  BONAPARTE didn’t want to be in EGYPT when big things were happening in paris with the possible fall of the government.  WHEN HE RETURNS to FRANCE HE IS GREATED as a hero.  Even though he abandoned is army in EGYPT it is overlooked.  The army he left in EGYPT does eventually loose and they become POWs for many years.

People were really looking for someone to bring stablity into france.  The leaders of the DIRECTORY feared that they were too weak to with stand any challange for the left or the right.  A plan was developed that the TWO COUNCILS would meet outside of PARIS.  They were told it was not safe to meet in paris and they should meet outside of paris to be protected by the army.  The troops that were directing them were ACTUALLY loyal to BONAPARTE.

As part of the plan, BONAPARTE appeared before the two counsils and proposed that the DIRECTORS would resign.  *CONSULS - both houses would appoint three people INCLUDING BONAPARTE to the consuls.  *SIEGES (what is the third estate - an abbey).  These three people would work on a new constituition.

The COUNSIL of ANCIENTS THEY ACCEPTED THE SUGGESTION.

The COUNSIL of FIVE HUNDRED, didn’t agree with the PLAN.  the ones that didn’t agree were THROWN out by the army lead by the army of BONAPARTE’s brother.  those that were left agreed to to BONAPARTE’s plan.  They created the constitution of 1799.

“THIS LEAD TO THE FALL OF THE MIDDLE CLASS GOVERNMENT.”

NAPOLEON would eventually be the emporeror of france. to bring the revolution FULL CIRCLE.

when napoleon restores the empire he restores the noblity.

The COUNSUL made  a declararation that the revolution was OVER.

===========

THE TEXT HAS A GOOD SECTION ON BONAPARTE.

He was a frenchman, BUT ONLY BY A YEAR.  he was born on the island of corsia only the year before BONAPARTE was born.  BONAPARTE’s FRENCH was always pronounced with an ITALIAN accent.

the son of a minor noble, whose ancestry was ITALIAN, not FRENCH.  his father didn’t have MUCH WEALTH, but did have a LOT OF CHILDREN.  when NAPOLEON was 9 years old, he was given a chance to go to FRANCE to study in a military academy.  Because france was trying to make CORSICA more intergrated into FRANCE they were allowing people to be appointed to military schools.

he study to be an officer in the army.  he study to BE THE ARTILLERY.  he was good in MATH and because he was good in this.  ARTILLERY was also the area where you could GET AHEAD by what you knew, NOT WHO YOU KNEW.  this was before the fall off the class system so advancements came from family and not from skill.  you were able to advance based upon your ablity somewhat.

under the normal course of events BONAPARTE’s might be able to MAKE CAPTIAN in about 12 years (which would have probably been topss for him).  but because of the revolutions he advanced farther, he was made to a GENERAL in the army by the age of 25.  when the revolution began in 1795 it appeared that he didn’t have much going for him, not a lot of money or friends amoung the officer core.

he spent his time reading history including military history.  intially his dreams were limited, thought about liberating corisica or writing a histroy of the island.  BONAPARTE’s THOUGHTS were changed by the downfall of the monarchy.  MANY of the nobles including of the military fled the country.  SO this allowed for people who left behind to move more quickly through the ranks.

NAPOLEON was appointed by the committee of public safety.  so when ROBSPIERRE was appointed as a general by the committeee of public safety.

in 1796 he was put in charge of the FRENCH committees in ITALY.  he fought many battles AGAINST the AUSTRIANS and won.  people were upset because he didn’t use standard military pratice.  he would attack from the rear and the sides and all sorts of non-normal tactics.  he ALSO was the one that NEGIOTED the peace.

when AUSTRIA was defeated.  it left ONLY ENGALD as the other EURPOEAN power.  but ENGLAND had a NAVY that was too powerful.  he was always looking for ways other than by sea to somehow afflict other methods of harming ENGLAND.

HE IS APPOINTED AS A PROVISONAL CONSUL (the most powerful of the three)

the constituition of 1799 retained the FORM of the REPUBLIC.  BONAPARTE was first counsil and MUCH OF THE POWER was in his hands.  there was a complex system of government will a legislative branch.  but power was really in the hands of BONAPARTE.

ONE change was that people got to VOTE UP OR DOWN on accepting the constitution.  NAPOLEON’s power and this new constituition were seen favorably by the people.

just because BONAPARTE was popular DID NOT MEAN that he was going to have a stable government.  BONAPARTE was a military genius and POLTICAL genius.  he new that he was going to have to reduce opposition AND WIN ADDTIONAL SUPPORT.

*CONCORDAT of 1801 = the most important single group that OPPOSED the revolution at this time was the CHURCH.  BONAPARTE made this agreement STATE THE CATHOLISM was the the RELIGION OF THE MAJORITY OF FRENCHMEN.  this was not listed as the “offical religion”.  the upper clergy were going to be NOMINATED by NAPOLEON and then the pope would then concerate the nomination that was made by BONAPARTE.  the CHURCH had to agree to give up all its RIGHTS to confiscated lands.  IN RETURN the state would pay the salary of the CLERGY.  by this agreement of 1801 BONAPARTE removed ONE of the groups that would have opposed him.

BONAPARTE did NOT want to offend those who didn’t like the CATHLIC faith so RELIGIOUS FREEDOM was maintained and PROTESTANT ministers were PAID by the state.

BONAPARTE tried to move to establish unity, order and efficency in government.

PROVICAL OFFICALS, MAYORS of CITIES were to be appointed and controlled from PARIS.  tax collection was also handled centrally from PARIS.  France’s goverment became on of the most CENTRALIZED and EFFIENCENT governments of EUROPE.

one problem that BONAPARTE faced when trying to create and centralized government was that HE LACKED qualified officals.  BONAPARTE was WILLING to overlook someone’s past.  he didn’t CARE what you did before HE came to power, it just mattered  that you were LOYAL to him now.  one of his officals was from the REIGN OF TERROR, another person was an archbisoph of the OLD REGIME.  he didn’t care what you did yesterday, it was what you did today that mattered.  he still didn’t have enough officals.

even with this, he still doesn’t have enough officals WHILE he is expanding his empire.  HE believes that you have to improve the EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.  he creates a highly CENTRALIZED educational system.  the government maintains CENTRALIZED and SECLUARE CONTROL over the education system.  because teachers were state employees they were also taught to be loyal to NAPOLEON’s regime.  FRANCE’s education system was BETTER than most in EUROPE.  there was a long lead time before the results of the educational system came to fruition.

BONAPARTE WAS SUCCESSFUL in establishing LEGAL UNITY within france.  *CODE NAPOLEON = NAPOLEON took credit for something that started before he took power.  it kept most of the middle class law things.  ALL CITIZENS were EQUAL.  it was a SECURAL state, there was no offical religion of the state.  WIFES WERE SUBORDIANTE to the authority of their husbands.  children were legally SUBORDIANTE to their fathers.  it protected private property.  this also protected the employeers.  TRADE UNIONS AND STRIKES were prohibited by the law (similar to ENGLAND).  this measure did get some support from middle class.  The workers were able to have trial by jury and some other basic legal rights.  THIS did provide a unified law code amoung the provices of FRANCE.  AS FRANCE began to control other countries they ALSO IMPLEMENTED the *CODE NAPOLEON.
although he conquers other states and ENFORCES their law code, THE LAWs were exported, but THIS DOESN”T ALWAYS work well because LAWs are somewhat specific to the area that they boundary.

NAPOLEON keeps up the fasacde of representative government by allowing the people to vote ON allowing him to continue to be the empoeror of FRANCE.

most of the noblity WAS brought back.  if you had NOBLE linage you were able to use your TITLE again.  IF you worked HARD and were loyal to NAPOLEON then you were able to advance and get LOTS of rewards/titles/pensions.  CREATED the LEGION of HOUNOR.  most of the middle class welcomed the return the ablity of being able to be part of the NOBLITY again.  BONAPARTE is willing to give people titles and money if they work hard and are loyal.  the middle class is happy to have the gates of noblity once again opened up to them that it doesn’t matter who you father was you had the chance to advance.

NAPOLEON is best noted for his military victories.  some claim that he is given too much credit for his victories.  SOME GENERAL CHARATERICS that helped account for his success.  ever since the revolution begun, EURPOEAN states had formed alliances against france.  but france had prevailed even before NAPOLEON.  they had prevailed even though they had faced superior forces.  under NAPOLEON they were able to achieve EVEN greater successes.  NAPOLEON was a MASTER at creating disent AGAINST the collations that fought against him.  he was able to use the divisions against each other.  HIS FORCES TRAVELED LIGHT and moved without a lot of supplies.  they would BUY or TAKE the supplies that they needed while traveling.

MILITARY PRINICPAL of MASS.  GETTING THERE FIRSTEST WITH THE MOSTEST.  not the largest army, WHO has the SUPERIOR numbers at the POINT of the BATTLE TIME.  he followed a STRATEGY that included AUSTRIA that he continued to OVERRUN the AUSTRIAN by defeating them HE would then start the downfall of the COLLITION that had been started by this loss of AUSTRIA.

he had a large number of EXCELLENT OFFICERS.  he didn’t care what your background his.  he had a larger pool of people to CHOOSE as officers because he didn’t require that you had to come from an established family.  he had dozens of GOOD GENERALS.

he used his military ablilties to reshape the map of europe.  he destroyed MANY of the old states.  the germains were 300 states, he doesn’t away with them and consolidates them into smaller states.

*GRAND EMPIRE = 3 parts, created by NAPOLEON, the inner core or heart of the empire was FRANCE (but an expanded france bigger than it was before the revolution), next came the DEPENTDANT states that were tied to FRANCE through alliance and family connection - SPAIN, HOLLAND that were ruled by napoleon’s relatives - the swiss republic, the grand duchie of warsaw, ALLIED states were the third part of the grand empire.  states that has been defeated MILITARILY by NAPOLEON. they would then be forced to sign alliances with FRANCE as part of the peace treaties that they were made to sign.  his allies were expected to ADHERE to his ANTI-british stance. 

a country might sign allaince with NAPOLEON - but they don’t always adhere to the treaties that they’ve been made to sign.  this GRAND EMPIRE seems as if it does CONTROL THE DESTINY of EUROPE.

 Class notes 2/18/2008:

Will cover the enlightment, background to the French Revolution and the reign of 15 and 16.  The reasons for the revolution and the events of the revolution.  Begin with the aristocract revolut.

WILL CUT IT OFF WITH WHAT WE COVERED AT THE END OF LAST WEEK.  Nothing from today.  All the short essays from class.  If you don’t know dates put it into context

Not going to be someone that was spoke a couple of hours.  It is not going to be with someone that will be in just one sentence.

GET ALL DETAILS OF TEST FROM START UNTIL THE 5 minute time period.

---------
Last week talking about the declaration of pelnizte.  it is important becasuse many frenchmen didn’t understand dimplomancy.  IT doesn’t promise immediate help to the french government or the monarch.  if we can get all these people to agree then we will restore order in france.  MIGHT be told a “loud sounding nothing”.  IT WAS PERCIVED as being a direct threat.  SEEMS LIKE THIS COULD BE A SHORT ANSWER.

Up to this time we’ve been talking about he national consitency assembly.  ELECTIONS were finally held for this POWERFUL *LEGISTLATIVE ASSEMBLY. that was created by the consituition (details at 7 minutes.).  *GIRONDISTS is a power group of the assembly, who is a radical and a conservative can change quickly.  GIRONDISTS will start at the radical left and then move to the middle and then they will be pushed out the door.

the leaders of the GIRONDISTS wanted to see france established as a republic and ADOVOCATED REVOLUTIONARY WAR.  the belif that so long as there were any crowned heads in europe then their revolution would be in trouble.  they wanted to send french armies around europe to liberate these other countries with the help of their local people.

*JACOBINS - ROBESPIERRE lead the JACOBINS which were a radical politcal clubs that meets in paris.  they were moderate but after the attempted escape by the king they become more radical.  ROBESPIERRE was afraid of war.  he feels that if you have war in an unsettled situation that you will have a LOT OF INTERNAL turmoil (including price).  he feels that if you have all this TURMOIL at home then people will look for a STRONG MILITARY leader to bring regularity.  turns out that in the long run ROBESPIERRE will be right.

France goes to war with the prussia and austria *DUKE OF BRUNSWICK was the commander of the austrian and prussia forces.

intially the french armies didn’t do very well.  they had a lack of leadership.  many of the seniors officers had already feld the country.  they were intially defeated by the austrian and prussian forces.  FRANCE ALSO SUFFERED from the COUNTER-REVOLUTION forces internally.  they are facing both a foreign war and an INTERNAL war.  given the instablity of the situation the french currency dropped and prices rose.

*MARIE ANTIONETTE - the queen who was an austrian who was hated was FELT to be corresponding to her family encouraging them to keep fighting.  the MONARCHY was even more hated.  THE GIRONDISTS were afraid that if you GOT RID OF THE MONARACHs you’d have a NEW CONSITION because the PREVIOUS was tied to the constitiuinational monarchy.  The JACOBINS were more radical though and wanted to push out the monarchty.

-----17 minutes NEED LOTS MORE DETAILS

THE DUKE of BRUNSWICK let the national guard had weapons when he entered into paris that.  if ANY harm came to the king or his family then BRUNSWICK would destroy paris.  BRUNSWICK was doing well and thought that he was going to take PARIS.

this made the people of paris even more convienced that the royal family was in colusion with the enemy.  SOME MILTIA units and others loyal to the JACOBINS, stormed the castle.  the king and his family had to flee.  they sought refuge from the LEGISTLATIVE ASSEMBLY.  (check for details at 20 minutes).

the king had been encouraging though letters other countries to invade france and over through the revolutionaries.  the KING HADN’T destroyed the evidence of the letters that he had been writing to these other countries.

the LEGISTLATIVE ASSEMBLY choose to DISSOVLE itself and call for elections for a *NATIONAL CONVENTION.

the NATIONAL CONVENTION was to be voted into power by almost ALL adult males.  They felt that they needed to draw up a new consition because the CONSTATIONAL MONACHRY wasn’t working with a king that was treasonory.

The NATIONAL CONVENTION was made up of three groups:
*PLAIN - they were not tied to
*GIRONDISTS - next in size
*JACOBINS (MOUNTAIN) - had a number of leaders but the most promient was ROBESPIERRE

first item for the NATIONAL CONVENTION was what TO DO WITH THE KING.  ROBESPIERRE felt that he had committed treason and that death should be pronounced.

the GIRONDISTS felt that you needed to go through a legal process.  SO THEY WENT THROUGH a legal process and the KING WAS executed.

the GIRONDISTS backed the wrong side in the thoughts of what to do with the king.  the GIRONDISTS we successful for a while because the troops were successful in invading BRUSSELL???

LOTS OF DETAILS AT 26 minutes.

the pretiage of the GIRONDISTS suffered a set back when on the general’s choose deflect to the enemy.

One of the measures that the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY adopted was to setup REVOLUTIONARY COURTS.  there were concerns of foriegn enemies.  they were also concerned about INTERNAL counter revolutionaries that weren’t loyal.  in paris they would begin to hunt down these type of people.

*COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFTEY - orginally was only to keep an eye on the government ministers.  IT WOULD begin to BECOME a JOINT dictatorship IN FRANCE.

the economy was conintuing to get worse in france.  inflation was a problem and there were food shortages.  people were ROBBING stores for the FOOD.  they would leave the amount that the food had cost them before because they didn’t understand inflation.

the GIRONDISTS came out strongly against the RAIDING of shops and such.  the lower classes CALLED for the PURGE of the GIRONDISTS from the national assembly.  this was done by an organized.  the MOB is NOW able to dicate was the legisiglative branch is doing.

the JACOBINS can now control things in the NATIONAL CONVENTION.

Now were are in the lower class phase of revolution.  A new constitiuion is needed *CONSTITUTION of 1793 is for the lower class.  It made FRANCE A REPUBLIC.  It would ALSO ALLOW ALL ADULT MALES to vote.  BECAUSE NOBODY had any food, the lower class was pushing for PRICE CONTROLS, INFLATION CONTROLS, speculation on currency and method of allowing people to hoard things to get higher prices.

THE ASSEMBLY did ESTABLISH MAX prices for BREAD and other essential goods and services.  They DICTATED an increase on wages.  This frightens the MIDDLE CLASS.  they are worried about the government interferring with the freedom of the market.

the COMMITTEE of PUBLIC SAFTEY.  some of the JACOBINS including ROBESPIERRE joined the committee.  IT BECAME the CORE OF A STRONG GOVERNMENT.  the leadership was supposed to ROTATE monthly but ROBESPIERRE became the outstanding leader.

ROBESPIERRE came from a middle class family.  father was a lawyer.  he became intersted in the problems of the poor.  he was elected to the ESTATES GENERAL and then was elected to the LEGISTLATIVE ASSEMBLY.  he also became the CHEIF spokes person for the JACOBINS in the NATIONAL CONVENTION.  he became MORE RADICAL as the wars went along.  he thought that the only way that the revolution could be saved was through the arming of the *SANS-CULOTTES (lower class).  felt that france needed a strong central government and needed to restrain the wealthier classes.

COMMITTEE of PUBLIC SAFTEY and ROBESPIERRE were facing civil inserrection the proviences and france was being attacked in all sides.  The COMMITTEE became a joint dictatorship that began to organize the DEFENSES of the nation to handle the CIVIL wars that were going on the provences.  to meet the external threat, the invasions it insitied the *LEVEE EN MASSE (important concept) a change is taking PLACE in the WAY wars are fought.  compared to the concept of the ENTIRE nation in war.  changed the idea of the ARMY being a professional bussiness.  LEVEE EN MASSEE is war becoming a NATIONAL EFFORT.  moblizing the entire nation.  the whole society was organized to resist the invaders.  young men were trained for the armies.  WOMEN would make tents.  children would ROLE bandages.  OLDER men would address the troops and motaviate them to help defend france.

the LEVEE EN MASSEE WORKED.  france turned the table and pushed back the enemies on all fronts.  the military success added to the power and the prestiage of the COMMITTE OF PUBLIC SAFETY.

*REIGN OF TERROR - this was to deal with the INTERNAL enemies of france.

=====================

REIGN OF TERROR - intended to deal with internal enemies.  there fear that this group of counter-revolutionaries was undermining the efforts of the external efforts.  YOU HAVE A LOT OF TRIBUNALS especially in PARIS.  those who were accused of wanting the monarchy to return or something else.

the reign of terror - struck at those who were FALSELY accused.  if you wanted your neighbors property or wife, then you would accuse them of being against the revolution.  SOME WHO were tried and executed were legitamate, but many would not have been convicticed under a “real” court considering the evidence.

the queen, MARIE ANTIONETTE, the GIRONDISTS, and some of the JACOBINS who started the reign of terror FELL VICTIM to it.  The reign of terror didn’t even last a who year.  the exact number killed is hard to determine because there was no record keeping.  25,000 died and as many as ???? 4 minutes were held prisoner.

many of those who were put to death were somewhat against the revolution.

the CLASS origins of those who were executed ONLY ABOUT 8 percent of the victims were nobles.  most of those put to death were not nobles.  THE NOBLES were NOT HARMED unless they had somehow come out against.  the nobles were LIKED, so if they were brought to TRIAL, MANY PEOPLE would come out against them.  IF YOU DIDN”T actively particpate in the counter revolutionary movement.  if you stayed holed up in your estate and didn’t say anything to anyone.

6 to 7 percent were clergymen.

the largest group were those who were members of the 3rd estate or the working class.  31 percent were working class 28 percent were peasants.

the guioteene was supposed to be more human and was more effecient.  it was designed by a doctor.  THE OLD SYSTEM OF HANGING or axing the head chopped off took a long time.  The guioteene was a razor sharp blade that comes down on the head.

they had some many victims that they would have to line them up.  they ran it almost in an assembly line type of fashion.  sometimes they had a back log.  in one case in a costal city they had a couple of thousand people that had been convicted.  so they PUT THEM ON A BARGE and brought them out to SEA and then SUNK the boat to get rid of the back log.

during the reign of terror when ROBESPIERRE was directing the government, there were some positive developments.  THEY WIPE OUT THE PAYMENTS that were due to the former noble class from the peasants.  THEY MADE IT EASIER for the peasant to PURCHASE land that hadn’t been bought by the middle class was made available to the peasants on very favorable terms.  they intiated many social services and other.  THEY DIDN’T HAVE MUCH LAND and their agricultural methods weren’t very good so the peasants were given instructions on how to make their land more productive.  they also began some vocational teachings to promote futher teachings.  they also ABOLISHED SLAVERY in all FRENCH TERRITORIES.

a revolutionary calendar was created to ELIMINATE the sundays, saints days and the holy days of the church.  they wanted to eliminate the holy days when people would not have to work.  THERE WAS STRONG ANTI-clericalism and against organized religion.  The NEW CALENDAR didn’t use BEFORE CHRIST AND AFTER CHRIST.  they wanted to do away with this and instead use the dividing point AS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.  they used roman numerals.  the year was divided into twelve months, each month was to be 30 days LONG.  THEY DAYS LEFT OVER ARE USED AS A PARTY TIME.  They used decades - they are a TEN DAY WEEK these were called decades.  PROBLEM was what DAY do you get off, ONE DAY OUT OF TEN INSTEAD of 1 out of 7.  napolean discarded this calendar.

nobody else in earth used the calendar so in diplomat cooresponce everything has to be translated and given in BOTH DATES.

ROBESPIERRE also introduced a new form of worship.  KNOWN as the worshipping the “SUPREME BEING”.  a belief in god but not in any organized religon.

these mesauses lead to growing dicontent.  ROBESPIERRE was not very good with political skills.  MANY in the the CONVENTION began to fear for their own lives.  MANY who had worked with ROBESPIERRE earlier on became victims of the reign of terror and were put to death.

*THERMIDOR month in the revolutionary calendar.  a group of deligates in the CONVENTION got together with others and said that ROBESPIERRE was a threat to EVERYONE in the CONVENTION.  they agreed to have him arrested and executed.  the most imporant reason for ROBESPIERRE’s down fall was that he had recently MADE a SPEECH to the CONVENTION saying that the COMMITTEE of PUBLIC SAFETY had weeded out many people in the general populace that THERE WERE MORE INCLUDING MEMBERS of the CONVENTION.  they felt that they needed to move against HIM before they moved against THEM.  even though ROBESPIERRE was wounded they still took him to the GUIOTENEE.

they didn’t feel that killing ROBESPIERRE would change the revolution.  some wanted the revolution to become even more radical.  but things began to change.  gradually the more radical aspects of the regin of terror were ABANDODED.  the MEN THAT SUCCEDD ROBESPIERRE were well to do property OWNERS.  this swings the revoution back to the right to toward the MIDDLE CLASS.

bottom of circle is the reign of terror and the EXTREME RIGHT.

*THERMIDORIAN RECATION.  the mean of the PLAIN (the largest group) started to exercise power.  many were businessmen.  they had gained wealth and other status from the revolution.  THEY DIDN”T WANT TO SEE A MONARCHY restored.  they had voted for the EXECUTION of the KING.  they didn’t have a problem with ROBESPIERRE EXCEPT FOR THE FACT THAT THEY HAD PREACHED social democarcy.  they had given TOO MUCH VOICE to the lower CLASSES.  they didn’t like that the price controls had INTERFERRED with the MARKET and interferred with PRIVATE PROPERTY.  they felt that there should be no wage or price controls.

the convention with the THERMIDORIAN’s replaced the PUBLIC SAFETY COMMITTEE and reduced the power of the COMMITTEE.  They wanted the CONVENTION and not COMMITTEE to control the direction of the french government.  the guiotenne was shutdown after ROBESPIERRE was executed.  most of those who were held in JAIL were released from prison.

*WHITE TERROR - an unoffical terror (color of monarchy and rolayty) not intiated or supported by the government.  this was CARRIED OUT by friends and family members of those who had been unjustly MURDERED during the reign of terror.  those that returned WHO LEFT THE COUNTRY whose family members that were executed while they were out of the country.  those who were judges or jury members during the REIGN OF TERROR where attacked by VIGILANTIES.

the economic situation got out of hand.  they were determined to FREE THE ECNOMY from any sort of controls.  the RESULTS were disaterous.  inflation SPIRLED UPWARD.  soon the cost of basic nessistaties was so HIGH that only the wealthy could afford them.  REAL WAGES were at a catostrophic level.  THE LOWER CLASS ONCE AGAIN choose to revolute.  the constitiution of 1793 hadn’t been fully implemented so there were those who were pushing for that.  but mostly this was an economic revolute.

DETAILS at 36 minutes.  they failed because they DIDN’T HAVE any real leadership.  BUT THE GOVERNMENT didn’t want to have this happen again.  SO THOSE WHO were leaders or expected leaders were executed or deported.

troops loyal to the goverment would search house to house in the lower class to search for weapons.  many of the lower class had fought in wars and they had brought the weapons home with them.  they were disarming the lower class.

the parisan lower class *san-culottes CEASED to exist as a threat to the government.  the THERMIDORIAN’s felt that it was NOW SAFE to go about creating a consitition and a government that was by and for the MIDDLE CLASS.  they didn’t have to worry about the lower class, they were able to shape the government how they wanted to.

Class Notes 2/13/2008:

NOT comprehisive TEST.  is a week from today, probably up to monday.  it will be the same format as the first one.  same amount of questions between book and lecture.

FRECH revolution touched off by the ARISTROCATIC revolute.  they expected to come out on top, but the middle class ended up in a position of leadership.  people had been afraid to come out in the open, but people began to believe that it was safe.

*PALAIS ROYAL support of duke of orleans who was very liberal.
Other was the group of Electors that met at the paris city hall.  they supported more liberal measures.

PARIS was becoming more radical and the government began to worry about this.  they began bringing in troops from outlying regions that haven’t been corrupted.  at the french revolution EVERYONE gets to die for their contry.  BEFORE that wars were things that the king was invovled in and there wass more of a PROFESSIONAL type of solider, not just everyday people.  the FRENCH revolution begins to bring the working type classes into warfar.

*NECKER who was popular with the people was dismissed from his position as the finance minister.  he was sent into exile.  The CITY of paris learned that NECKER had been dismissed the day after.  crowds began to form outside the PALAIS ROYAL, they made speech and said that the people should arm themselves to protect them from the government.

They had began to attack customs houses outside the city.  They began attackinga nd burning down these places that would tax those going into the city.  THEY BEGAN attacking anyplace that had weapons, police stations.  THIS BECAME dangerious to the GOVERNMENT AND to the LAND OWNING class.  the fear would be that the lower classs would get a hold of weapons and start attacking stores and such.

because of the fear of the land owners and the king cracking down.  the city HALL group began to form it’s own milita.  IT WAS TO PROTECT FROM THE KING AND THE LOWER CLASS.

EVEN THE KING allowed to do this.  They started putting together the national guard.  One of the first things that the revolutioinaries will demand is a national guard.  the army is the kING’s army and the national guard will be the ones that protect them from the KING’s army.

they wanted to make sure that the good members of the middle class were included.  they didn’t want weapons going to the LOWER CLASS.  the non working are excluded fromt he guard.  THIS TRADITION continues.  you had to pay for your own weapon and HORSE LATER on.  The middle class that establishes it wants to make sure that it was a good middle class group.

They began going to the people and asking where there might be stockpiles of weapons.  They would SEND the lower class all over the city looking for weapons.  they would mis lead them to try and wear out the people of the lower class that kept looking for weapons.

A MOB found a store house, weapons that had a LARGE storehouse of muskets and gundpower.  *BASTILLE elated by this find the CROWD choose do a MARCH on bastille.  This becomes the FRENCH independance day.  the march on the bastille becomes somewhat a mix of mythology.  this was a LARGE french prison that HAD been used to imprison political prisoners.  the MYTH is that the crowd when to free politcal prisons.  THERE WERE NO prisoners in the bastille there were only 7 prisoners there and NON were a polictical prisoner.  the crowd marched on the bastille because it was a symbol of the old regim and THEY FELT THEY WOULD FIND WEAPONS there.

when the crowd begins attacking, the city hall group tries to negoiate between the kings troops and the mob.  TROOPS within the BASITILLE began to fire into the crowdd and then the MOBl overwhelemed the and TOOK the BASTILLE.  they BEGAN just killing people.  NOT a good idea to iriate a mob, they killed the city hall guy that had been sending them around town.  the fall of the basitille had VERY little military significance but had a very big political signifiance.

the government had been thinking about GIVING up the NATIONAL ASSEMBLEY and they didn’t do that and they recalled NECKER.

those that had urged the king to take on the crowd including *COUNT D’ARTOIS choose to flee the country.

The PARIS setup a NEW city government and the national guard is fully put into motion.

the king traveled to paris with some of the deputies of the assembly and wore the colors of the revolution.  it seemed that the moderates had won and the assembly could begin putting together a CONSITION.  almost ALL of the revolutions WILL TAKE place in PARIS.

the french provinces were soon heard from.  when news of the events in paris reached the outer provinces.  a peasant movenment had been building with those poaches and attacking food caravans.  THE success of PARIS began enouraging the peasant even more.  provinval cities threw out their government and setup NATIONAL GUARDs men as well.  The FRENCH INDENTANTS were removed or they choose to leave.  this leaves the provinces without the king’s presence in the provinces.

the peasants wanted change including the privledges of the nobles.  they wanted and end to tithing and paying the nobles or having to perform service for them.  the news of PARIS encouraged the peasants to become even more arregisive.

*GREAT FEAR - part of the french revolution.  has significant consequences.  FRANCE is in the midst of an ecnomic crisises.  many wanders looking for work to get a meal and keep them alive.  the peasant were more hostle to the nobles than they might have been because of the ressision.  in radical or unsettling times, you have a LOT of rumors going around.  the goverment uses the media to try and seqelch any rumors today.  THE GREAT FEAR IS BASED ON A FALSE RUMOR.  According to the rumor, the priveledge classes were upset with what was happening in FRANCE and they were going to take it out on the peasants by giving weapons to the briggions that were wondering around the country for work.  lots of rural france believes this rumor.  the peasants began to organize and guards at the roads that have the roads that are going through them.

because the peasants already have weapons and the organizations, they BEGAN attacking the MANOR houses for the MANORAL RECORDS.  the record of the peasants needing to serve the lord ARE passed on from generation to generation and are recorded on paper in the MANOR houses.  if they think that they destroy the records they won’t have any obligations.  they sometimes burn down the manor with the noble and his family inside.  this is all the cause of the great fear.  it leads to big attack on these manors.

the impact in france of the great fear is that the system that the ASSEMBLY had been working on was going to look at the feduel system last.  A LOT OF THE LIBERAL NOBLES and some of the CLERGY end up renouncing that they are giving up a lot of their privledges including the peasants.  the UPPER RANKS of the clergy and nobles relized that the system of having the peseants is old fashioned.  THEY GIVE THEM UP BEFORE THE peasants take them.  they DON”T GIVE up all of these rights, the peasants are supposed to pay for them.

a rumor brings and END to a social system that had been there hundreds of years.  this removes the econimic system as well.

the politcal actions brought by the parisians and the peasants were significant, but there was NO assurance that these rights WOULD remain.

the national assembly wasn’t all that secure.  some of the members didn’t like the assembly or WANT to support tthe work of the assembly.  they would drag their feet and slow the process with the hope that the king would be able get enough military support to change the revolutionary movement.  they began to undermine the system.  france would have the consistion and absolute VETO that couldn’t be overriden that the king would be able to give.

the only way to get the king to support a consitiution would be to bring him to paris.  the king is only about 10 miles to the heart of paris.  if you bring the king into paris then you can pressure him with the MOB and keep and EYE on the KING.  the men did the talking and the WOMEN TOOK THE ACTION.  the women lead a great march out to VERISILLE.  this had to do with the fact that there was a FOOD shortage.  WOMEN were upset because there was not food for families.  there were food riots were being held by lower class women.  felt that the goverment was RESTRICTING the amount of food that was coming into the capitial.  MORE UNREST from lower class women.

there was word that the king was going to be bringing in troops from other countries??  the men went running behind the women that organzied a march to VERISILLE.  the women decapitated the GUARDS and carried their heads around sticks.  he agreed to send more food to paris and to some legislation that he had denied ealier.  the KING WAS FORCED to come BACK TO PARIS.  they felt as LONG AS the king was in PARIS there will be food.  10 DAYS later the national assembly choose to move into PARIS.  this ended up being a BIG deal for the revolution.
the revolution had been successfuly because of the working class and the middle class working together.  as a results of this alliance the king and the upper clergy had been discredited.  this was unstable.  THE ASSEMBLY was dominated by the MIDDLE class and were worried that the lower class would try to take over.  they felt the ones who paid taxes should be the ones that have the power.  THEY wanted to CURB the revolutionary excesses.  MARTIAL law was declared, the death penalty was enforced for revolutionary items and there was CENCORSHIP of the press.  the middle class wanted things to settle down and for there to be a good middle class consitiuition.
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*DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND THE CITIZEN the assmebly passed before the consitiuition.  the king evetually relunctanly agreed to this.  HAS A LOT OF LOFY pricipals that it trys to explanin.  IT really tries to PROTECT THE MIDDLE CLASS.  defends some of the basic ideas of the 3rd estate.  freedom of the press, for arbitraury arrest.  called for equality BEFORE the law.  no privledges for noble or the clergy.  EQUAL taxation, equal eligibility for the office if there was a qualification.  obvious the middle class did this because there were property protectiion.  SILENCE on freedom of assembly because of the fear of the lower class.  THE PROTESANTS and JEWS were tolerated, but the roman catholics where the offical church.

This declaration was a manifesto of the rights of the middle CLASS.

Keeping revolutions PHASES straight.  Trying to keep these all straight.  Upper class pushed aside, now the middle class in control.

The middle class resobinsble for the FIRST CONSTITIUION (OF MANY).  *CONSTITUTION OF 1791 is the first one that the middle class assembly puts together.

MOST AGREED that the king would be retained, but subject to the consitition (consitiuational monarchy).  “KING OF THE FRENCH” heridetary office.  He would recieve an ANNUAL SALARY.  not able to just spend whatever they want.  he would have an allowance.  right to appoint advisors, military commanders and ambassors. 

*SUSPENSIVE VETO right given to the king.  the king would be able to suspend or delay any non fininacal laws for a period of UP TO 4 years.  anything with money NO VETO.
because the legistlative elected every two years, it allowed the king to slow down ANY radical laws that might be going through during the time.

the ministers would be answerable to the assembly.  they could be called before committees and told to explain themselves.

the KING COULD TAKE THE FIRST STEP in declaring war or peace.  BUT A DECLARATION HAD TO BE APPROVED by the assembly.  the real power

*LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY they have the power.  UNICAMERAL BODY / it would ONLY HAVE ONE HOUSE.  they have unlimited tax power.  the could pass laws on any matter that they wanted.  the only thing that could curb their power was the kings SUSPENSIVE VETO.  the assembly had to stand for re-election every two years.

to make sure the assembley wouldn’t fall under the hands of radicals only those with SOME WEALTH and property would be able to have FULL voing powers.  there would be a TWO stage election process.  HAD TO BE MALE and 25 years of age and you have to pay a certain amount of tax.  property and age to vote and to serve in the assmebly.

for the next couple of years, the assembly got to working on a consitiution. 

70 percent of the adult males could vote in the first stage of the election.  50 percent could qualify AS electors (again similar to US pres process). 1 PERCENT would qualify to serve as a deputy, a member of the legislative assembly.  SIMILAR TO THE ENLISH HOUSE OF COMMONS.  AGAIN MIDDLE CLASS PHASE OF CONSITITUTION.

this consitiuiotion didn’t resolve the $$ problems that france had.  FRANCE NATIONALIZED the states of the church.  they confisacted the lands that the church had and PUT THEM UP FOR PUBLIC AUCTION.  the money collected was to be used to pay off the debt.  THE CONSITITION DID AWAY will all titles, no dukes.  even titles in the church were outlawed.  also no noblity titles anymore.

louis 16 declared the consition to be in effect.  called for national unity and declared that the revolution was over.  THIS WAS WISHFUL thinking that the revolution to be over.  most of the assembly and the king wanted the revoution to be over.  the CONSITION WOULDN’T last much longer than a year.

whenever you have an over throw there are those that feel that it didn’t go far enough others think it went to far.  IF PEACE HAD BEEN MAINTAINTED, the consitiution might have been maintained, but it wasn’t and that is one of the reasons that it didn’t stay in place.  THE CONSITIION also failed because the king was NOT SINCRE in his support for the consitiuion.

*MARIE ANTIONETTE louis 16 wife the queen.  they were secretly cooresponding with other governments encouraging them to interve and over through the revolution.  THEY DIDN”T like hear and call hear AUSTRIAN BITCH.  she said that if they didn’t have BREAD “let them eat cake” could have meant horse droppings.  she was trying to get her father to intervene and restore the old stlye of absolute monarchy.  they also tried to leave paris in a couch.

how can you have a consitiutional monarchy when the king doesn’t want to take a part in it.  MOST OF THE NOBLES didn’t like they had all their rights and privledges taken away from them.  MANY NOBLES had gone into exile.  what was at 27 minutes??????
most nobles JUST STAYED home and didn’t talk badly about the government.  they just stayed to themselves and kept quiet trying to wait out the revolution.

THE MOST SERIOUS OPPONENTS of the revolution were the CATHOLIC CHURCH and UPPER CLERGY.  *CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY: passed by the assembly.  this made the clergy, employees of the state.  this was adopted by assembly without consulting the POPE or the CLERGY.  THOSE that had supported the revolution did not support it after this point.  they also had support from their parioshiers in the lower class.  they became unhappy with the revolution.

some felt that it hadn’t gone far enough: the peasants didn’t have obligations to the nobles.  BUT THEY DIDN”T GET MORE LAND.  the lands of the church had been put up for auction.  but the peasants did not get the land because they didn’t have the money.  MIDDLE CLASS speculators were the ones that bought the land.  they feel that they are replacing on land lord for another because they have to pay rent to the middle class land owners now.

ANOTHER GROUP that didn’t like the revolutiion were the LESS WELL TO DO URBAN dwellers and shop keepers and some doctors and lawyers.  THEY were barred from FULL political parcipitation.  they may have only been able to cast votes, but they COULDN”T BE ELECTED as the assembly men.  They had fought against the government.  they didn’t get full rights or much gain in material benifits.

*SANS-CULITTES (this is the lower class politcal force) these were the wage earners and shop keepers.  they find allies in the assembly and they are able to drive the revolution MORE LEFTWARD.  further than some of the original.

even with these oppenents the consitiuion might have made it if the goverment had enough peace.  instead WAR BROKE OUT.  sharpened the tensions and gave hope to those who wanted to destroy the revolution.

THESE COUNTER REVOLUTIONISTS would put even more pressure on those that hadn’t supported the revolution.  they would make life even tougher on those people who didn’t support the revolution.

war would expose the treachery of the COURT.  EXPOSE the fact that the king was trying to get other countries to invade france.  THEY SAID he was a tratior for this and he didn’t do a good job hiding it.

war would lead to higher inflation.  higher food prices.

a small number of nobles supported the revolution government.

*CORDELIER CLUB, revolutionary groups of people.  dicuss poltics and things they wanted to achive.  this group BEGAN TO TAKE AN INTEREST in the problems of the lower classes.  the members were inclined to including ALL MALES the right to vote.  THEY BEGAN TO INDOCTRINATE the lower classes with the problems of the contituition of 1791.  had it not been that the king tried to escape france, it might have taken them longer to convience the lower classes of the problems with the consitioon.

when the king was brought back to paris after trying to escape.  they didn’t know what to do since they had a monarchy system.  he was supposed to help with the process, but he didn’t.  ALL THE KINGS POWERS WERE REMOVED.  AS soon as the king said that he would support the consitiution again, his powers were given back to them.

*JACOBIN CLUB refused to accept the comprimise that the king was allowed to be kept in office when he clearly didn’t support the form of goverment.  they began to petition against the assembly.
the national guard was CALLED out to make the demonstators break up.  SOME OF THE MEMBERS of the demonstrators were killed.  THIS LEAD TO A SPLIT of the JACOBIN club and the 3rd estate.  THE MORE RADICAL members of the CLUB begain to dominate the CLUB.

*ROBESPEIRRE, began to emerge as the leader of the JACOBIN club and the RADICAL FORCES in paris.

because louis 16 tried to escape, this played AN IMPORT ROLE IN THE OUTBREAK OF A WAR. 

*DECLARATION OF PILLNITZ: joint statement of austria and prussia.  THIS WAS NOT INTENDED as a strong threat to the revolution.  but it was INTERPRETED as being a threat to the revolutioation.  INVITED THE EUROPEAN POWERS IF THEY COULD ALL AGREE TO PREPARE TO UNITE TO RESTORE ORDER IN FRANCE.  VERY IMPORTANT STATEMENT.

it was hard to gett the europeans to agree on anything AND THEY DIDN”T say what they would do if they would unite.

THIS ENCOURAGE THE SUPPORTERS of the king.  they felt that help was on it’s way.  IT ALSO GAVE THE RADICALS in france further justification for their case of a REPUBLIC.  they want a republic at home and a REVOLUTIONARY WAR ABROAD.  they don’t think they will be accepted by the monarches in europe.  they won’t be accepted in europe so they have to go out and take down the other countries.  THISE DECLARATION BECAUSE responsible for the outbreak of war between FRANCE AND AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA.

Class Notes HIST102 2/6/2008:

*Louis 15th.  The remote causes of the french revolution.  until the 20th century and the communist revolution, this was the most written about subject until the russian revolution.

look at some of the remote and immediate reasons for the revolutions.  go with the more remote reasons first.  In the time of Louis 14th there was so much money spent on the palace and the wars that france was invovled in.  Louis 14 outlived a lot of people when Louis the 14th died the government owed more money than was in france.  if all the money in france was taken from the people it still wouldn’t be enough for all of the debt that was owed.  louis 15 was a young child who was louis 14 grandson.

louis 14 destroyed the power of any group to challege the government.  some people were afraid that the change in rulers would result in another fronde, but louis 14 has destroyed their ablitliy.  people wanted releif from the taxes of louis the 14.  *DUKE OF ORLEANS is the person who acted as the regient during the time of louis 15.  the orleans family was the second most powerful in the nation.  right behind the louis burbon family.

when the DUKE OF ORLEANS became regent, he tried to make a few minor reforms, but HE BELIEVED in politcal absolutism.  he thought taht you neeeded to put off major reform until Louis 15 came of age and would make choices about changing things then.  DUKE STOPPED persecuteing the Huguenots.  He did try to reform some of the tax code.

the duke of orleans choosen to work with some guy named *LAW who had been someone who was a mathmatician.  LAW was a scottish person who got into prison after a duel during a card came.  he then escaped at some point.

the duke of orleans was interested in meeting JOHN LAW.  LAW was tired of gambling and asked the DUKE for a charter to start a BANK.  this was orginally in private hands, but it had the power to ISSUE BANK NOTES or currency that could be used around FRANCE.  the bank did very well and was a big successes.  the governemnt choose to buy out the bank and made it a government bank but kept law on.

*MISSISSIPPI COMPANY was given a charter to do something with the colony.  need to find out at 11 minutes.  law’s company had the exclusive right of the louisanna territory and france.  then IT GOT THE RIGHTS to carry on all trade with FRANCE’s colonies.

the idea was to use the profits to PAY OFF THE FRENCH national debt using this money from the colonies.  people that FRANCE owed money to would get stock in the MISSISSIPPI company ang they would get dividines and would get paid back.  the SALES of the company shares went well.  not only was the company allowed to collect colony money but also the TAXES on these things would be collected on behalf on the governemnt.

LAW wanted to make reform the tax system and make it faired to the tax payers and get more money for the ggorvernement.  there were all these rumores that the louisanna territory thought that there was gold lying around in stuff adn people.  there were market rumors.  people thought that it was a sure thing because the government was behind it.

there was a lot of speculation going around about these tlypes of deals and there were a lot of stories that people had been doing well with these sorts of investments.  joint stock companies were being created in england and in france.  when you see people investing in other companies taht had even less going for it then it was so suprise that this company of LAW was ebing backed by so many people because it had better government backing.

the compnay didn’t do all that well, it had a lot of unrelized speculation.  even though the price of the stock was going up, they saw that you would have to WAIT A LONG TIME before it would make all the money it was supposed to.  the MARKET got jittery as more people began to selling.  some nobles LOT A LOT OF MONEY.  they had mortage their noble estates and the LOST everything.  many french people were upset and blamed the FRENCH governemnt.  LAW had to flee the country.  the DUKE continued to stay in the cournty but wasn’t