Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using American Pie Movie animation techniques American Pie Movie or special effects.
Films are American Pie Movie cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect American Pie Movie them. Film is considered to American Pie Movie be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method American Pie Movie for educating � or American Pie Movie indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some American Pie Movie films American Pie Movie have become American Pie Movie popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that American Pie Movie translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of American Pie Movie a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion American Pie Movie that motion is American Pie Movie occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an American Pie Movie effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains American Pie Movie a
The origin of the name "film" American Pie Movie comes from the fact American Pie Movie that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium American Pie Movie for recording American Pie Movie and displaying American Pie Movie motion pictures. Many American Pie Movie other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, American Pie Movie flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include American Pie Movie the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in American Pie Movie motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were American Pie Movie outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures American Pie Movie at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden American Pie Movie Scene, the American Pie Movie world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture American Pie Movie objects in American Pie Movie motion in American Pie Movie real time. Early American Pie Movie versions American Pie Movie of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were American Pie Movie separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was American Pie Movie turned. Some American Pie Movie of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual American Pie Movie component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly American Pie Movie to the American Pie Movie development of American Pie Movie a motion picture projector to American Pie Movie shine light through American Pie Movie the processed and printed film and American Pie Movie magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known American Pie Movie as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were American Pie Movie static American Pie Movie shots that showed American Pie Movie an event or American Pie Movie action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's American Pie Movie early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the American Pie Movie turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing American Pie Movie scenes together American Pie Movie to tell narratives. The scenes American Pie Movie were later American Pie Movie broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement American Pie Movie were realized as effective ways to portray a American Pie Movie story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full American Pie Movie orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with American Pie Movie a American Pie Movie prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major American Pie Movie productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip American Pie Movie to the Moon) American Pie Movie (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema American Pie Movie was interrupted by the American Pie Movie breakout American Pie Movie of World War I while the film American Pie Movie industry in United States American Pie Movie flourished with the American Pie Movie rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. American Pie Movie Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, American Pie Movie Buster Keaton American Pie Movie and American Pie Movie others, continued to advance American Pie Movie the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film American Pie Movie a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development American Pie Movie of cinema was the introduction American Pie Movie of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent American Pie Movie film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making American Pie Movie it more practical and American Pie Movie cost effective to produce American Pie Movie "natural color" films. The public American Pie Movie was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes American Pie Movie improved and became as American Pie Movie affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as American Pie Movie essential to American Pie Movie attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the American Pie Movie end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the American Pie Movie 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, American Pie Movie French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were American Pie Movie all American Pie Movie part of American Pie Movie the changes the medium experienced in the latter American Pie Movie half American Pie Movie of the 20th century. Digital technology American Pie Movie has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into American Pie Movie the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise American Pie Movie and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by American Pie Movie Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth American Pie Movie Art. Formalist American Pie Movie film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by American Pie Movie arguing that American Pie Movie film's artistic essence lay American Pie Movie in American Pie Movie its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. American Pie Movie More recent analysis American Pie Movie spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand American Pie Movie de Saussure's semiotics American Pie Movie among other things American Pie Movie has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film American Pie Movie criticism is American Pie Movie the analysis and evaluation of films. In American Pie Movie general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by American Pie Movie film scholars American Pie Movie and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
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Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review American Pie Movie new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and American Pie Movie have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment American Pie Movie of a film. American Pie Movie The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any American Pie Movie film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most American Pie Movie dramas, American Pie Movie the American Pie Movie influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often American Pie Movie doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's American Pie Movie box office performance American Pie Movie is a matter American Pie Movie of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an American Pie Movie impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of Armageddon The Movie some heavily-promoted American Pie Movie movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme American Pie Movie critical American Pie Movie reactions can have considerable American Pie Movie influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in American Pie Movie little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence American Pie Movie that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers American Pie Movie are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued American Pie Movie that journalist film American Pie Movie critics American Pie Movie should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a American Pie Movie more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory American Pie Movie or American Pie Movie film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect American Pie Movie they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are American Pie Movie published in scholarly journals, American Pie Movie or American Pie Movie sometimes in up-market magazines. They also American Pie Movie tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film American Pie Movie industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process American Pie Movie was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and American Pie Movie its product, was American Pie Movie in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films American Pie Movie privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue American Pie Movie and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon American Pie Movie followed, and motion American Pie Movie pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture American Pie Movie actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie American Pie Movie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million American Pie Movie dollars.
In the United American Pie Movie States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers American Pie Movie exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest American Pie Movie number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature American Pie Movie length films a year produced by the Valley American Pie Movie pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making American Pie Movie movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky American Pie Movie nature of filmmaking; many films have American Pie Movie large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin American Pie Movie Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social American Pie Movie significance. American Pie Movie The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent American Pie Movie film awards American Pie Movie in the United States, providing recognition American Pie Movie each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic American Pie Movie merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in American Pie Movie lieu of or American Pie Movie in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used American Pie Movie to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films American Pie Movie that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at American Pie Movie the end American Pie Movie of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films American Pie Movie ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film American Pie Movie (or the A movie in a double feature American Pie Movie program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films American Pie Movie need computer American Pie Movie generated American Pie Movie imagery (CGI), created American Pie Movie by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very American Pie Movie little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. American Pie Movie Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and American Pie Movie is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production American Pie Movie cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken American Pie Movie up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third American Pie Movie year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of American Pie Movie producing a American Pie Movie film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with American Pie Movie but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose American Pie Movie primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the American Pie Movie director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the American Pie Movie crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, American Pie Movie shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the American Pie Movie crew.
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Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was American Pie Movie the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images American Pie Movie on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving American Pie Movie picture film American Pie Movie was shot and American Pie Movie projected at various speeds American Pie Movie using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute American Pie Movie (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s American Pie Movie and 23 frame/s and projected from American Pie Movie 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a American Pie Movie constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 American Pie Movie frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus American Pie Movie cheapest) speed American Pie Movie which allowed for sufficient American Pie Movie sound quality. Improvements since the American Pie Movie late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record American Pie Movie at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to American Pie Movie film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as American Pie Movie its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded American Pie Movie simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in American Pie Movie the form of a American Pie Movie slideshow. Film has also been incorporated American Pie Movie into multimedia presentations, American Pie Movie and often has importance American Pie Movie as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry Online Movie Database is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some American Pie Movie studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or American Pie Movie blue filters (essentially a reverse of the American Pie Movie Technicolor American Pie Movie process). Digital methods have also been American Pie Movie used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock American Pie Movie is a matter of concern to both film American Pie Movie historians and archivists, and American Pie Movie to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to American Pie Movie make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming American Pie Movie proper American Pie Movie handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital American Pie Movie projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. American Pie Movie Yet the American Pie Movie migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still American Pie Movie recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing American Pie Movie or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie American Pie Movie film American Pie Movie scene in the American Pie Movie late American Pie Movie 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to American Pie Movie conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films American Pie Movie put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 American Pie Movie were joint ventures, up from 10% American Pie Movie in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost American Pie Movie never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience American Pie Movie in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost American Pie Movie of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able Edwards Movie Theatres to American Pie Movie produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, American Pie Movie film American Pie Movie negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in American Pie Movie 1985, and more importantly, the American Pie Movie arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the American Pie Movie technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both American Pie Movie production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in American Pie Movie a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing American Pie Movie system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut American Pie Movie Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's American Pie Movie Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can American Pie Movie conceivably shoot American Pie Movie and edit a American Pie Movie movie, create and edit American Pie Movie the sound and music, and American Pie Movie mix the South Park Movie final cut on a home American Pie Movie computer. However, while the means of production American Pie Movie may be democratized, American Pie Movie financing, distribution, and marketing American Pie Movie remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film American Pie Movie making landscape in ways that are still American Pie Movie to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content American Pie Movie film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open American Pie Movie source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by American Pie Movie a film, television program, comic book or a similar American Pie Movie source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers American Pie Movie have traditionally been American Pie Movie amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film American Pie Movie school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures American Pie Movie to rarer full-length motion pictures
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Animation is the technique in American Pie Movie which each American Pie Movie frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn American Pie Movie image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see American Pie Movie claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is American Pie Movie viewed at a speed American Pie Movie of 16 or more frames per second, American Pie Movie there American Pie Movie is an illusion American Pie Movie of continuous movement (due to American Pie Movie the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to American Pie Movie be American Pie Movie viewed American Pie Movie on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is American Pie Movie very time-consuming and often American Pie Movie very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being American Pie Movie produced Voltron Movie by American Pie Movie independent studios (and sometimes by a American Pie Movie single American Pie Movie person). American Pie Movie Several independent animation producers have gone on to American Pie Movie enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way American Pie Movie of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" New Terminator Movie in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. American Pie Movie Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman American Pie Movie McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it American Pie Movie is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. American Pie Movie The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such American Pie Movie theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission American Pie Movie typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented American Pie Movie by an American Pie Movie independent theater for a lump sum, American Pie Movie and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the American Pie Movie bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made American Pie Movie to be shown American Pie Movie in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film American Pie Movie is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and American Pie Movie SelectaVision � American Pie Movie see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may American Pie Movie be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. American Pie Movie Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected American Pie Movie by their own studios upon American Pie Movie completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an Cinemark Movie Theaters average of about 50-55% of its ticket American Pie Movie sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The American Pie Movie actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, American Pie Movie and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to American Pie Movie theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, Devil May Cry Movie today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters American Pie Movie and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 American Pie Movie study by ABN American Pie Movie AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from American Pie Movie box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have American Pie Movie been American Pie Movie around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry American Pie Movie analysts predicted the American Pie Movie demise of local movie American Pie Movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and American Pie Movie 1970s, American Pie Movie such as the development of color television and large American Pie Movie screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people American Pie Movie to select American Pie Movie films American Pie Movie for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater American Pie Movie amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved American Pie Movie audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio American Pie Movie and visual American Pie Movie that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local American Pie Movie cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving American Pie Movie towards digital screens, a new American Pie Movie approach which will allow for easier and quicker American Pie Movie distribution of American Pie Movie films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces American Pie Movie a new challenge from home video by the likes of American Pie Movie a American Pie Movie new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video playback at near American Pie Movie cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that film American Pie Movie offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, American Pie Movie a future digital video American Pie Movie format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The American Pie Movie only viable American Pie Movie competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play American Pie Movie film content American Pie Movie at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new technologies, the development of the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a result American Pie Movie of the effects listed above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations for the future. |
