Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the Justice League Of America Movie field Justice League Of America Movie of film as an art Justice League Of America Movie form, and the motion picture Justice League Of America Movie industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or Justice League Of America Movie by creating images using animation Justice League Of America Movie techniques or special Justice League Of America Movie effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which Justice League Of America Movie reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular Justice League Of America Movie entertainment Justice League Of America Movie and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema Justice League Of America Movie gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles Justice League Of America Movie that Justice League Of America Movie translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series Justice League Of America Movie of individual images called Justice League Of America Movie frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as Justice League Of America Movie persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin Justice League Of America Movie of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion Justice League Of America Movie picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional Justice League Of America Movie terms for the field in Justice League Of America Movie general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and Justice League Of America Movie the movies.In the Justice League Of America Movie 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with Justice League Of America Movie devices such as Justice League Of America Movie the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of Justice League Of America Movie still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to Justice League Of America Movie be moving, a Justice League Of America Movie phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images Justice League Of America Movie needed to be carefully designed Justice League Of America Movie to Justice League Of America Movie achieve the desired effect � and the underlying Justice League Of America Movie principle became the basis Justice League Of America Movie for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Justice League Of America Movie Garden Justice League Of America Movie Scene, the world's earliest film, by Justice League Of America Movie Louis Le Prince, 1888
With Justice League Of America Movie the development of celluloid film for Justice League Of America Movie still photography, it became possible to directly capture Justice League Of America Movie objects in motion in real time. Early versions of Justice League Of America Movie the technology sometimes required a person to look into a Justice League Of America Movie viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a Justice League Of America Movie handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second Justice League Of America Movie depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Justice League Of America Movie Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed Justice League Of America Movie the Justice League Of America Movie individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and Justice League Of America Movie printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event Justice League Of America Movie or action with Justice League Of America Movie no editing or other cinematic Justice League Of America Movie techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's Justice League Of America Movie early Justice League Of America Movie sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely Justice League Of America Movie visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative Justice League Of America Movie silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken Justice League Of America Movie up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Justice League Of America Movie Other techniques such as camera movement Justice League Of America Movie were realized as effective ways to Justice League Of America Movie portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners Justice League Of America Movie would hire a pianist or organist or a full Justice League Of America Movie orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films Justice League Of America Movie came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Justice League Of America Movie Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early Justice League Of America Movie narrative Justice League Of America Movie film.
The rise Justice League Of America Movie of European Justice League Of America Movie cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with Justice League Of America Movie American innovator D. W. Griffith and Justice League Of America Movie the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Justice League Of America Movie Keaton and Justice League Of America Movie others, continued to Justice League Of America Movie advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers Justice League Of America Movie to attach Justice League Of America Movie to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and Justice League Of America Movie sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them Justice League Of America Movie "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development Justice League Of America Movie of cinema Justice League Of America Movie was the introduction of so-called Justice League Of America Movie "natural" color. Justice League Of America Movie While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods Justice League Of America Movie evolved making it Justice League Of America Movie more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively Justice League Of America Movie indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color Justice League Of America Movie after the end of Justice League Of America Movie World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as Justice League Of America Movie essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, Justice League Of America Movie which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of Justice League Of America Movie the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding Justice League Of America Movie decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise Justice League Of America Movie of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology Justice League Of America Movie has Justice League Of America Movie been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply Justice League Of America Movie to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Justice League Of America Movie Sixth Justice League Of America Movie Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, Justice League Of America Movie and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film Justice League Of America Movie theory, feminist Justice League Of America Movie film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film Justice League Of America Movie criticism
Film criticism Justice League Of America Movie is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, Justice League Of America Movie magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new Justice League Of America Movie releases. Normally Justice League Of America Movie they only see any given film once and have only a day or Justice League Of America Movie two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important Justice League Of America Movie impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films Justice League Of America Movie tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary Justice League Of America Movie and description of a film that Justice League Of America Movie makes up the Justice League Of America Movie majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom Justice League Of America Movie a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is Justice League Of America Movie a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well Justice League Of America Movie financed Justice League Of America Movie that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected Justice League Of America Movie success of critically praised independent movies indicates Justice League Of America Movie that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown Justice League Of America Movie to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little Justice League Of America Movie confidence that they refuse Justice League Of America Movie to Justice League Of America Movie give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. Justice League Of America Movie However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be Justice League Of America Movie worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist Justice League Of America Movie film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those Justice League Of America Movie who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film Justice League Of America Movie theory or film studies. These Justice League Of America Movie film critics attempt Justice League Of America Movie to come to understand Justice League Of America Movie how film and filming Justice League Of America Movie techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works Justice League Of America Movie published in newspapers or appear on television, Justice League Of America Movie their articles are published in scholarly journals, Justice League Of America Movie or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges Justice League Of America Movie or Justice League Of America Movie universities.
Industry
Main article: Film Justice League Of America Movie industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process Justice League Of America Movie was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new Justice League Of America Movie invention, and its product, was in their Justice League Of America Movie native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they Justice League Of America Movie would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and Justice League Of America Movie photograph, export, Justice League Of America Movie import and screen Justice League Of America Movie additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the Justice League Of America Movie first commercial Justice League Of America Movie motion picture ever produced. Other Justice League Of America Movie pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much Justice League Of America Movie of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the Justice League Of America Movie world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, Justice League Of America Movie the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema Justice League Of America Movie which produces the Justice League Of America Movie largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic Justice League Of America Movie film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though Justice League Of America Movie the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production Justice League Of America Movie to concentrate under the auspices of movie Justice League Of America Movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film Justice League Of America Movie productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the Justice League Of America Movie industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large Justice League Of America Movie cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of Justice League Of America Movie lasting social significance. The Justice League Of America Movie Academy Awards Justice League Of America Movie (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on Justice League Of America Movie their artistic Justice League Of America Movie merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made Justice League Of America Movie in lieu Justice League Of America Movie of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to Justice League Of America Movie a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes Justice League Of America Movie of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which Justice League Of America Movie if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience Justice League Of America Movie response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews Justice League Of America Movie are Justice League Of America Movie film advertisements for films that will be exhibited Justice League Of America Movie in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they Justice League Of America Movie are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end Justice League Of America Movie of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are Justice League Of America Movie now shown before Justice League Of America Movie the film (or the A movie in a double feature Justice League Of America Movie program) begins.
The nature of the film determines Justice League Of America Movie the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Justice League Of America Movie Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in Justice League Of America Movie a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in Justice League Of America Movie China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The Justice League Of America Movie second Justice League Of America Movie year comprises preproduction and production. The Justice League Of America Movie third Justice League Of America Movie year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by Justice League Of America Movie a film Justice League Of America Movie company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the Justice League Of America Movie film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting Justice League Of America Movie of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, Justice League Of America Movie and those whose primary Justice League Of America Movie responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and Justice League Of America Movie crew generally passes through the Justice League Of America Movie director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large Justice League Of America Movie crews Justice League Of America Movie are generally Justice League Of America Movie divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the Justice League Of America Movie departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, Justice League Of America Movie and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually Justice League Of America Movie not considered part of the crew.
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Technology
Film Justice League Of America Movie stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated Justice League Of America Movie with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer Justice League Of America Movie materials. Stock widths and the film Justice League Of America Movie format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 Justice League Of America Movie mm prints.
Originally moving picture film Justice League Of America Movie was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames Justice League Of America Movie per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were Justice League Of America Movie shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 Justice League Of America Movie frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements Justice League Of America Movie since the late 19th century include the mechanization Justice League Of America Movie of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent Justice League Of America Movie speed, Justice League Of America Movie quiet Justice League Of America Movie camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be Justice League Of America Movie usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase Justice League Of America Movie the camera, the Justice League Of America Movie invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the Justice League Of America Movie development of synchronized sound, allowing Justice League Of America Movie sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, Justice League Of America Movie but for Justice League Of America Movie live-action Justice League Of America Movie pictures many parts of Justice League Of America Movie the soundtrack Justice League Of America Movie are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the Justice League Of America Movie basis for photography. Justice League Of America Movie It can be Justice League Of America Movie used Justice League Of America Movie to present a Justice League Of America Movie progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary Justice League Of America Movie historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion Justice League Of America Movie picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color Justice League Of America Movie films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or Justice League Of America Movie blue filters (essentially a reverse of Justice League Of America Movie the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of Justice League Of America Movie decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing Justice League Of America Movie products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some Justice League Of America Movie films in recent decades have Justice League Of America Movie been recorded using Justice League Of America Movie analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, Justice League Of America Movie especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film Justice League Of America Movie stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded Justice League Of America Movie on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, Justice League Of America Movie or other major studio systems. An Justice League Of America Movie independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a Justice League Of America Movie major Justice League Of America Movie movie studio. Creative, business, Justice League Of America Movie and technological reasons have all contributed to Justice League Of America Movie the Justice League Of America Movie growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early Justice League Of America Movie 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out Justice League Of America Movie by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% Justice League Of America Movie in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a Justice League Of America Movie big-budget studio Justice League Of America Movie film Justice League Of America Movie unless he or Justice League Of America Movie she has significant industry experience in film Justice League Of America Movie or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films Justice League Of America Movie with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before Justice League Of America Movie the advent of Justice League Of America Movie digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock Justice League Of America Movie was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: Justice League Of America Movie in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up Justice League Of America Movie 23%, according to Justice League Of America Movie Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video Justice League Of America Movie in the early 1990s, Justice League Of America Movie have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly Justice League Of America Movie lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear Justice League Of America Movie editing system pro-level Justice League Of America Movie software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Justice League Of America Movie Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of Justice League Of America Movie production Justice League Of America Movie have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the Justice League Of America Movie sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish Justice League Of America Movie outside the traditional system. Justice League Of America Movie Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh Justice League Of America Movie has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content Justice League Of America Movie film
Main article: Open Justice League Of America Movie content film
An open content film is much like an independent Justice League Of America Movie film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license Justice League Of America Movie which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction Justice League Of America Movie or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major Justice League Of America Movie studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, Justice League Of America Movie comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been Justice League Of America Movie produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Justice League Of America Movie Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short Justice League Of America Movie faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced Justice League Of America Movie individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly Justice League Of America Movie making small Justice League Of America Movie changes Justice League Of America Movie to a model unit (see claymation and stop Justice League Of America Movie motion), and then photographing the result with Justice League Of America Movie a special animation camera. When the frames are Justice League Of America Movie strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film Justice League Of America Movie is very labour Justice League Of America Movie intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often Justice League Of America Movie very expensive to produce, the majority of animation Justice League Of America Movie for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. Justice League Of America Movie However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes Justice League Of America Movie by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and Justice League Of America Movie decreasing costs of animation Justice League Of America Movie by using Justice League Of America Movie "short cuts" in the animation process. Justice League Of America Movie This method was pioneered by Justice League Of America Movie UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific Justice League Of America Movie style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless Justice League Of America Movie animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is Justice League Of America Movie painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences Justice League Of America Movie in a movie theater or cinema. Justice League Of America Movie The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there Justice League Of America Movie were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for Justice League Of America Movie a lump sum, and Justice League Of America Movie a "B Justice League Of America Movie picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Justice League Of America Movie Today, the bulk of the material Justice League Of America Movie shown before the feature film consists of previews for Justice League Of America Movie upcoming movies and paid advertisements Justice League Of America Movie (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made Justice League Of America Movie to be shown Justice League Of America Movie in movie theaters. The development of Justice League Of America Movie television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older Justice League Of America Movie formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become Justice League Of America Movie revenue sources for the Justice League Of America Movie film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are Justice League Of America Movie distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of Justice League Of America Movie about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The Justice League Of America Movie actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as Justice League Of America Movie the duration of a film's showing continues, as an Justice League Of America Movie incentive to theaters to keep Justice League Of America Movie movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies Justice League Of America Movie that start in only a few theaters and actually Justice League Of America Movie grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 Justice League Of America Movie study by ABN AMRO, Justice League Of America Movie about Justice League Of America Movie 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box Justice League Of America Movie office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and Justice League Of America Movie DVD sales Justice League Of America Movie to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, Justice League Of America Movie cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in Justice League Of America Movie the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry Justice League Of America Movie analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development Justice League Of America Movie of color Justice League Of America Movie television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability |
