Film is a term that encompasses individual motion Encore Movie Channel pictures, the field of film as Encore Movie Channel an art form, and the motion picture Encore Movie Channel industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques Encore Movie Channel or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in Encore Movie Channel turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or Encore Movie Channel indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions Encore Movie Channel by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of Encore Movie Channel a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in Encore Movie Channel succession, a viewer Encore Movie Channel has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence Encore Movie Channel of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of Encore Movie Channel the name "film" comes from the fact Encore Movie Channel that photographic film (also Encore Movie Channel called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Encore Movie Channel Many Encore Movie Channel other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, Encore Movie Channel and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for Encore Movie Channel the images on the Encore Movie Channel pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for Encore Movie Channel the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Encore Movie Channel Le Prince, 1888
With the development Encore Movie Channel of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Encore Movie Channel Early versions Encore Movie Channel of the technology sometimes Encore Movie Channel required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which Encore Movie Channel were Encore Movie Channel separate paper prints attached Encore Movie Channel to a drum turned by Encore Movie Channel a handcrank. The Encore Movie Channel pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how Encore Movie Channel rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the Encore Movie Channel 1880s, the Encore Movie Channel development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly Encore Movie Channel to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and Encore Movie Channel magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, Encore Movie Channel came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static Encore Movie Channel shots that showed Encore Movie Channel an event Encore Movie Channel or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing Encore Movie Channel scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes Encore Movie Channel were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such Encore Movie Channel as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in Encore Movie Channel silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By Encore Movie Channel the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of Encore Movie Channel European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, Encore Movie Channel along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, Encore Movie Channel continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling Encore Movie Channel them Encore Movie Channel "talking pictures", or Encore Movie Channel talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction Encore Movie Channel of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film Encore Movie Channel and theater musicians, color was Encore Movie Channel adopted more gradually as methods Encore Movie Channel evolved making Encore Movie Channel it more practical and Encore Movie Channel cost effective to produce "natural color" Encore Movie Channel films. The public Encore Movie Channel was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to Encore Movie Channel black-and-white,[citation needed] Encore Movie Channel but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, Encore Movie Channel more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War Encore Movie Channel II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the Encore Movie Channel mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of Encore Movie Channel film. New Hollywood, French New Encore Movie Channel Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers Encore Movie Channel were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, Encore Movie Channel and Encore Movie Channel Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from Encore Movie Channel reality, Encore Movie Channel and Encore Movie Channel thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin Encore Movie Channel reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its Encore Movie Channel ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in Encore Movie Channel its differences from reality, and this gave rise to Encore Movie Channel realist theory. More Encore Movie Channel recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the Encore Movie Channel analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and Encore Movie Channel journalistic film criticism that appears Encore Movie Channel regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics Encore Movie Channel working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given Encore Movie Channel film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those Encore Movie Channel of certain genres. Mass marketed action, Encore Movie Channel horror, and comedy films tend not to Encore Movie Channel be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The Encore Movie Channel plot summary and description of a film that Encore Movie Channel makes up the majority of any film review Encore Movie Channel can still have Encore Movie Channel an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the Encore Movie Channel influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically Encore Movie Channel praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions Encore Movie Channel can have considerable Encore Movie Channel influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there Encore Movie Channel have been several films in Encore Movie Channel which film companies have so little confidence that Encore Movie Channel they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers Encore Movie Channel are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be Encore Movie Channel worth Encore Movie Channel seeing and the films often do poorly as a Encore Movie Channel result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and Encore Movie Channel true film critics are those who Encore Movie Channel take a more academic approach Encore Movie Channel to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film Encore Movie Channel studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques Encore Movie Channel work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers Encore Movie Channel or appear on television, their articles are published Encore Movie Channel in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be Encore Movie Channel affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making Encore Movie Channel and Encore Movie Channel showing of motion pictures became a source Encore Movie Channel of profit almost as soon as Encore Movie Channel the process was invented. Upon seeing Encore Movie Channel how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films Encore Movie Channel privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would Encore Movie Channel normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, Encore Movie Channel import and screen Encore Movie Channel additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play Encore Movie Channel of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture Encore Movie Channel ever produced. Encore Movie Channel Other pictures soon followed, Encore Movie Channel and motion pictures became Encore Movie Channel a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, Encore Movie Channel while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their Encore Movie Channel performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual Encore Movie Channel salary Encore Movie Channel of one million Encore Movie Channel dollars.
In the United States today, much of Encore Movie Channel the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi Encore Movie Channel cinema which produces the largest number of films in Encore Movie Channel the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Encore Movie Channel Valley pornographic film industry Encore Movie Channel should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to Encore Movie Channel the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a Encore Movie Channel notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet Encore Movie Channel many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film Encore Movie Channel awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for Encore Movie Channel educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing Encore Movie Channel of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate Encore Movie Channel promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews Encore Movie Channel are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, Encore Movie Channel may result in recutting or even Encore Movie Channel refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for Encore Movie Channel films that will Encore Movie Channel be exhibited Encore Movie Channel in the future at a cinema, on whose Encore Movie Channel screen they are shown. The Encore Movie Channel term "trailer" Encore Movie Channel comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film Encore Movie Channel programme. Encore Movie Channel That practice did not Encore Movie Channel last long, because patrons tended to leave Encore Movie Channel the theater Encore Movie Channel after the Encore Movie Channel films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are Encore Movie Channel now Encore Movie Channel shown before the Encore Movie Channel film Encore Movie Channel (or the Encore Movie Channel A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature Encore Movie Channel of the film determines the size Encore Movie Channel and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be Encore Movie Channel made with a skeleton crew, Encore Movie Channel often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced Encore Movie Channel through open, collaborative processes. Encore Movie Channel Filmmaking Encore Movie Channel takes Encore Movie Channel place all over the world using Encore Movie Channel different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the Encore Movie Channel American studio system.
This production cycle typically Encore Movie Channel takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises Encore Movie Channel preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people Encore Movie Channel hired Encore Movie Channel by a film company, employed Encore Movie Channel during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from Encore Movie Channel cast, the actors who appear in front of Encore Movie Channel the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the Encore Movie Channel production staff, Encore Movie Channel consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose Encore Movie Channel primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication Encore Movie Channel between production and Encore Movie Channel crew Encore Movie Channel generally passes Encore Movie Channel through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known Encore Movie Channel in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion Encore Movie Channel pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced Encore Movie Channel by safer materials. Stock widths and the film Encore Movie Channel format for images on the reel Encore Movie Channel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed Encore Movie Channel to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and Encore Movie Channel projected at various Encore Movie Channel speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though Encore Movie Channel 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally Encore Movie Channel cited as a standard silent Encore Movie Channel speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 Encore Movie Channel frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene Encore Movie Channel should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per Encore Movie Channel second was Encore Movie Channel chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the Encore Movie Channel late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to Encore Movie Channel be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, Encore Movie Channel the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, Encore Movie Channel and Encore Movie Channel the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed Encore Movie Channel as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be Encore Movie Channel recorded separately from shooting Encore Movie Channel the film, but Encore Movie Channel for live-action Encore Movie Channel pictures many parts of the soundtrack Encore Movie Channel are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not Encore Movie Channel limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have Encore Movie Channel problems in terms of preservation Encore Movie Channel and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films Encore Movie Channel through the use of separation Encore Movie Channel masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through Encore Movie Channel red, Encore Movie Channel green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also Encore Movie Channel been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them Encore Movie Channel (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of Encore Movie Channel concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products Encore Movie Channel in order to make Encore Movie Channel them available to future generations (and thereby increase Encore Movie Channel revenue). Encore Movie Channel Preservation is Encore Movie Channel generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling Encore Movie Channel and Encore Movie Channel storage.
Some films Encore Movie Channel in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in Encore Movie Channel television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors Encore Movie Channel are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent Encore Movie Channel filmmaking Encore Movie Channel often takes place outside Encore Movie Channel of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or Encore Movie Channel indie film) is Encore Movie Channel a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, Encore Movie Channel business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth Encore Movie Channel of the indie film scene in the late 20th Encore Movie Channel and early 21st century.
On the business Encore Movie Channel side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There Encore Movie Channel is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. Encore Movie Channel in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or Encore Movie Channel she has significant industry experience in film or television. Encore Movie Channel Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent Encore Movie Channel of digital alternatives, Encore Movie Channel the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle Encore Movie Channel to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The Encore Movie Channel cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, Encore Movie Channel and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in Encore Movie Channel the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both Encore Movie Channel production and post-production costs Encore Movie Channel have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a Encore Movie Channel commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as Encore Movie Channel DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system Encore Movie Channel pro-level software like Adobe Encore Movie Channel Premiere Pro, Sony Encore Movie Channel Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the Encore Movie Channel introduction Encore Movie Channel of DV technology, Encore Movie Channel the means of production have Encore Movie Channel become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a Encore Movie Channel movie, create and edit the sound and music, and Encore Movie Channel mix the final Encore Movie Channel cut on a home computer. However, Encore Movie Channel while the means Encore Movie Channel of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and Encore Movie Channel marketing remain difficult to accomplish Encore Movie Channel outside the Encore Movie Channel traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and Encore Movie Channel sold for distribution. The arrival of Encore Movie Channel internet-based video outlets such as Encore Movie Channel YouTube and Encore Movie Channel Veoh has further Encore Movie Channel changed the film making landscape in Encore Movie Channel ways that are still Encore Movie Channel to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties Encore Movie Channel to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a Encore Movie Channel similar Encore Movie Channel source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have Encore Movie Channel traditionally been amateurs, but some of Encore Movie Channel the more notable films have actually been Encore Movie Channel produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for Encore Movie Channel non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation Encore Movie Channel is the technique in which each frame of a film Encore Movie Channel is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and Encore Movie Channel stop motion), and Encore Movie Channel then photographing the result with a special Encore Movie Channel animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there Encore Movie Channel is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the Encore Movie Channel persistence of vision). Generating such a Encore Movie Channel film is Encore Movie Channel very labour Encore Movie Channel intensive and tedious, though the Encore Movie Channel development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation Encore Movie Channel is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies Encore Movie Channel comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least Encore Movie Channel since the 1950s, with animation being produced by Encore Movie Channel independent Encore Movie Channel studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have Encore Movie Channel gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital Encore Movie Channel technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Encore Movie Channel Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of Encore Movie Channel film, and then run through a Encore Movie Channel projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature Encore Movie Channel film is often shown Encore Movie Channel to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Encore Movie Channel Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a Encore Movie Channel few years.[5] In the Encore Movie Channel United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five Encore Movie Channel cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a Encore Movie Channel percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown Encore Movie Channel before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers Encore Movie Channel or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature Encore Movie Channel films were made to be shown Encore Movie Channel in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films Encore Movie Channel to be broadcast to Justice League Of America Movie larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers Encore Movie Channel to rent Encore Movie Channel or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats Encore Movie Channel of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also Encore Movie Channel videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released Encore Movie Channel as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as Encore Movie Channel film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with Encore Movie Channel a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep Encore Movie Channel movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this Encore Movie Channel rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN Encore Movie Channel AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood Encore Movie Channel movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; Encore Movie Channel 46% came from VHS and Encore Movie Channel DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a Encore Movie Channel century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, Encore Movie Channel motion Encore Movie Channel picture cinemas continued. In Encore Movie Channel the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the Encore Movie Channel local cinemas.
In the 1990s Encore Movie Channel and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home Encore Movie Channel theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD Encore Movie Channel or Encore Movie Channel plasma Encore Movie Channel screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will Encore Movie Channel be changing Encore Movie Channel in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve Encore Movie Channel from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full Encore Movie Channel HD Encore Movie Channel 1080p video playback at near Encore Movie Channel cinema quality. Video formats Encore Movie Channel are gradually Encore Movie Channel catching up with the resolutions and Encore Movie Channel quality that Encore Movie Channel film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray Encore Movie Channel offers a pixel resolution Encore Movie Channel of 1920?1080 a Encore Movie Channel leap from Encore Movie Channel the DVD offering Encore Movie Channel of 720?480 and the Encore Movie Channel paltry Encore Movie Channel 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or Encore Movie Channel 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video Encore Movie Channel format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all Encore Movie Channel current film resolutions. The only viable competitor to these Encore Movie Channel new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new technologies, the development of the home Encore Movie Channel video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was Encore Movie Channel a record year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film Encore Movie Channel to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations for the future. |
