Film is a term Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic cultures, and, in turn, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic affect them. Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Film is considered to be an important art form, a source Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic of popular entertainment Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic films have become Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic popular worldwide attractions Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic by using dubbing or subtitles that Harry Potter Movie News translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic of vision, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic comes from the fact that photographic film Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic (also called film stock) had Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic historically been the primary medium Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic for recording and Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic displaying Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic motion pictures. Many other Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic movie. Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Additional terms for the field in general include the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic effect � Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic still Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic photography, it became Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic possible to directly capture objects in motion Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to look into a viewing machine to see the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic by a Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic on Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic how rapidly the crank was turned. Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic printed Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic audience. These reels, so exhibited, came Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic with no editing or Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic other cinematic Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic techniques.
Ignoring Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic films had gained Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic of the twentieth century, films Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Other techniques such as camera Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic or organist or Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic a Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic full orchestra Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic shot Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic American innovator Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic next major step in the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic end of Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic end Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic of Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic rise of Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic theory seeks to develop concise Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and systematic Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic by Rudolf Arnheim, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic emphasized how film differed from reality, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and thus could be considered a valid Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic recent Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic structuralist film theory, feminist film Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic films, especially those of Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic certain genres. Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Mass marketed action, horror, and Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic comedy films tend not Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to be greatly affected by Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic a critic's Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic overall judgment of a film. Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic The plot summary and description of a film that Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic such as most dramas, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the influence of reviews is Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic praised independent movies indicates Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic of Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic tactic and warn the public Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic critics are Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic or film studies. These film critics attempt to Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic effect they have on people. Rather than Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic having their works published in newspapers Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic set about Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic each country, they would normally add new, local Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic scenes Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic of 1898[citation Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic needed] was the first commercial Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic vaudeville Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Download Free Movie Song Tamil Charlie Chaplin had a contract that Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic of the world, such Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic produces the largest number of films My Teen Sex Movie in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic by Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic advances in affordable film making Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic equipment have Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic allowed independent film Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic films have large cost overruns, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic a select audience, usually for Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the purposes of corporate Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic promotions, before the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to judge audience reaction, which if Ranma Movie unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic or previews are film advertisements Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic on whose Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film Natalie Portman Movie programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic double feature program) begins.
The Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic film may be produced through open, collaborative Horror Movie Nude Scene Videos processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic technologies, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic documentary Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic in China to profit-oriented movie Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic by a film company, employed Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the actors who appear Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
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Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic due to its Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic flammability was eventually replaced by safer Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic (and distributed to theaters) Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic shot between 16 Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic frame/s and 23 frame/s Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic reels included instructions on how Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic fast each scene should be Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic constant speed was Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the slowest Windstruck Movie Poster (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic sound recorded on-set to Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic be usable without requiring large "blimps" Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic limited to motion Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic photography. It can be used to present a progressive Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic sequence of still images in Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the form of a slideshow. Film has Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic alternatives. Most movies on Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic studios save color Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic films through the use of separation masters � Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic three B&W negatives each exposed through Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic methods have also been used to restore films, although their Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic preservation of decaying film Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic stock is a matter of Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic concern to both film historians and archivists, and Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic rates; black Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and white films on safety bases and Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic prints Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic tend to keep up much better, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic have Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital Halloween Movie Plots projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and early 21st century.
On the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic out by Warner Bros. Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic opportunity Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic traditional Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic technology Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic barrier to movie Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic post-production can be installed in a commodity-based Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic personal computer. Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Technologies Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic a movie, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic difficult to Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic accomplish outside the traditional Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic is permissive enough Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to allow other parties to create fan fiction or Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic derivative Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Fan films vary tremendously Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic which each frame of a film Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic image, or by repeatedly making small changes to Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film Hindi Movie My Team is viewed at Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic is an illusion of continuous Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic to be Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic very time-consuming and often very expensive to Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed Top Box Office Movie at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic sometimes by a single person). Several independent Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic animation producers have gone Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic is a Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic pioneered by Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic productions, there is Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic moviemakers like Norman Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic McLaren, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Len Lye Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and Stan Brakhage, is painted and Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic The first theater designed exclusively Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic for cinema opened in Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic Thousands of such Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a Dr Bones The Bee Movie percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic and indeed, some Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic an incentive to theaters to keep movies in Bride Elizabeth Swann Movie Pic the theater longer. However, |
