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CRM
CRM客户关系管理 (Customer Relationship Management)
是 指企业为了赢取新顾客，巩固保有既有顾客，以及增进顾客利润贡献度，而透过不断地沟通以了解并影响顾客行为的方法；其主要以运用资料仓储为基础，将有关企 业活动之信息，透过数据采矿﹝Data Mining﹞的工具，分析汇整出对顾客有效并可供参考之信息，以提升顾客之满意度。 SCM
供应链管理(Supply Chain Management): 是计划,组织和控制从最初原材料到最终产品及其消费的整个业务流程,这些流程链接了从供
应商到顾客的所有企业。供应链包含了由企业内部和外部为顾客制造产品和提供服务的各职能部门所形成的价值链。 -美国生产和库存控制协会(APICS) 伊文斯（Evens）认为：“供应链管理是通过前馈的信息流和反馈的物料流及信息流，将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商，直到最终用户连成一个整体的模”。
SCM供应链管理 (Supply Chain Management)
产 品由起始原料转换成完成品至最终顾客手上的流动过程中，影响其执行绩效的个体组合而成之网络称为供给链，供给链的组成个体可能包括：供货商→制造→工厂→ 配销点→零售商→最终顾客；而供应链管理之定义，简单而言，就是需求与供应适当的结合，以达到资源﹝人、设备、物、资金﹞运用与分配之有效性与及时性。其 有下列三项目标： 1. 最少成本，使得企业能够在正确的地点取得正确的产品。 2. 尽可能让存货降至最低，但仍旧能够提供优异的客户服务。 3. 缩短产品的生命周期。 定义1：商业流程集成论
供应链管理是集成从最终用户到最初供应商的商业流程，以向客户以及其他相关者提供产品、服务、信息，达到增值的目的。 Supply chain management is the integration of key business processes from end user through original suppliers， that provides products, services, and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders (Lambert and Cooper, 2000。这两名教授都是Ohio State University的）。 定义2：集成概念 供应链管理是种集成概念，以管理从供应商到最终用户的销售渠道的整体流通。 原文如下： Supply chain management (SCM) is an integrative philosophy to manage the total flow of a distribution channel from the supplier to the ultimate user（Ellram and Cooper， 1990）。 定义3：协作论 供应链管理是合作伙伴们在设计、实施和管理致密无缝的增值过程中的协作，以满足最终客户的具体需求，其成功取决于对人力、技术资源的开发和集成，以及对物料、信息和资金流的协同管理。原文如下： SCM is the collaborative effort of multiple channel members to design, implement, and manage seamless value-added processes to meet real needs of the end customer. The development and integration of people and technological resources as well as the coordinated management of materials, information, and financial flows underlie successful supply chain management. （Fawcett和Magnan，2001） 定义4：系统、战略协调论 供应链管理是对公司内部以及供应链中的传统职能和手段的系统、战略性的协调，以提高具体公司以及供应链伙伴的长远绩效。这个定义由University of Tennessee的Mentzer教授等人于2001年提出，原文如下： SCM is the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purpose of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole. ECM
企业内容管理(ECM)是技术也是策略. 从产品方面讲, 企业内容管理是技术,工具以及方法,以实现在企业范围对内容的捕获,管理,存储,保护,发布. ECM同时也是策略,负责管理企业或组织所有的非结构化信息. ECM不仅仅是网站内容管理 ---他要远远更复杂,更重要.在最基础的层面,ECM工具支持企业或组织有序管理并利用非结构化信息,而无论信息身处何处.
--Meta Group SOA
所谓服务导向架构(SOA)是打破相互独立而不互动的传统应用，将软件变成一个由中间件软件，与上面的模组化功能（称为服务）组合而成的灵活整体，可以依据企业业务面的需求而“兜”成对客户或使用者的服务。中介软件则负责服务提供软件元件控管，及与其他软件整合的任务。 ITIL
The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) is a framework of best practices for quality IT Service Management; IT Service Management is defined as the delivery and support of IT services to meet the business needs of an organization. These procedures are vendor-independent and apply to all aspects of IT infrastructure.
ITIL is made up of a collection of books that describe the different aspects of IT Service Management. The Service Support and Service Delivery manuals are viewed as the core of ITIL, which is built on a process-model view of controlling and managing operations. The recommendations of ITIL were developed in the late 1980s by the United Kingdom Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA), which later merged into the Office of Government Commerce (OGC). ITIL has been readily adopted and accepted as a global standard for IT Service Management since the mid-1990s. Implementing ITIL practices is a culture change initiative. People are going to complain about having to do things differently than they did in the past. You need a strong sponsor to push the change. If you don’t have one, don’t attempt the implementation—or look for limited success.
所谓ITIL(IT Information Library)是将企业IT视为服务公司业务使用者的部门，ITIL提供一套框架说明服务支持（service support）与服务传递（service delivery）包括哪些作业，而每项作业的执行流程。 articles.techrepublic.com.com/5102-10878-571057...
articles.techrepublic.com.com/5102-10878-5710571.h... Service Support
* Service Desk Function * Incident Management * Problem Management * Change Management * Configuration Management * Release Management Service Delivery * Availability Management * Capacity Management * Financial Management * Service Level Management * IT Service Continuity Management There are three levels of ITIL certification:
IT规划
不进行IS规划的损失
Kobler Unit: * IS投资失去控制 * IS投资成为矛盾的源泉 * 局部收益 全局受损 * 系统的寿命短促 开放系统（Open System）是无数公司能应用的系统并且是公共领域中通常遵循的标准。开放系统具有以下特征：
它们是与供应商无关的，并且广泛地可用。 它们是根据事实和已有标准实现的产品和技术为基础。 它们在异类环境中可以互操作。 必须从几家供货厂商得到其接口、软件或规范。 对于实现接口，必须是免版税或只需要很少量的版税。 Eric Sperley: The Enterprise Data Warehouse, Volume I: Planning, Building And Implementation 事实标准（de facto standards）是指最初由一家厂商或开发商所指定的标准，后来在行业被广泛使用，以至于它们成为非正式的标准。
工业标准（industry standard）在标准控制组织内供货商之间达成协议的基础上，描述了硬件或软件的结构和功能。 IT治理
《IT领导力》里的客观管理指标表。
美国麻省理工学院斯隆管理学院（MIT Sloan Center for Information Systems Research）最近把能让业务和IT灵活结合起来的这种素质叫做“IT智慧”。
2007年国际商业机器公司（IBM）的CIO领导力中心、斯隆管理学院和哈佛商学院联合举办的首席信息官（CIO）领导力调研，针对全球175位 CIO进行详细调研后得出的结论。该调研发现，具备“IT智慧”的企业拥有更优秀的财务业绩，具体表现在成本、利润、创新和市值上。而这种“IT智慧”的获得，得益于企业里CIO的成长和成熟。与去年的调查结果相比，有一个明显的变化是，80%的CIO相信他们已经是高层管理团队中受到重视的成员。这验证了CIO们的素质更加全面，正在企业里渐入佳境。 Implement a service catalog for all IT requests. The first step in gaining control is to establish a single, unified process for requesting IT resources. A service catalog is an online, Web-based application that lists all of the services that IT provides along with a detailed description of each service, any service-level or quality expectation for that service, and a price for each. Collecting all requests in one place makes it harder to circumvent the process and provides data to help manage service delivery as well as record relevant information for tracking and reporting purposes.
CIO
美国研究机构Gartner在对450位非IT 业务经理调查后发现，根据对企业战略决策的重要程度排序，在八个高级行政职位中，IT负责人仅优于人力资源负责人，列在倒数第二位。
InformationWeek：Google的CIO的职责是什么？ Merrill：将技术和业务结合是CIO存在的目的所在，但我们的信念是技术要消失。现在日益明显，我们IT工作的方式是要驱动业务，明天的CIO不是一个“业务人”，明天的CIO是以不同的方式理解业务的“技术人”。我着手进行的工作，我想也是行业里正在流行的趋势，是寻找新的方式以使Google的员工更加充满活力。“什么是我们不得不解决的业务问题，我们如何改革他们？”这是根本不同的经验。CIO不是带着滑稽眼睛的极客，更多的是实际行动的商业思维领导者。 Hardware
虚拟化技术是一种调配计算资源的方法,它将不同层面——硬件、软件、数据、网络、存储——隔离开来。今天计算机的典型安排是，操作系统被直接安装在 计算机的硬件上，应用程序被直接安装在操作系统上。通过一个直接接在本地机器上的显示器显示程序的界面。在这种情况下，对其中一层的改动往往会影响到其他 层，这使得任何改动难以实施。 虚拟化技术利用软件把不同的层面的应用分开，使改动更容易被实施，其带来的结果是简化了管理，更有效地利用IT资源，以及随时随地提供合适的计算资源的灵活性。 虚拟化技术有很多种类型。虚拟机器利用软件创建一个虚拟机来模拟底层硬件的服务和功能。这使得它能在一台机器上运行多个操作系统。当这项技术应用在服务器上时被称为服务器虚拟技术；如果应用在用户电脑上，它被称为桌面虚拟技术。 虚拟化技术并不是一项新技术。IBM公司在20世纪60年代初就首先在大型计算机上应用了虚拟机技术。微软公司的Windows NT操作系统里包括一个虚拟DOS机。Connectix公司在1997年推出了虚拟个人电脑（微软公司在2003年收购了Connectix公司）。 EMC公司在1999年推出了其VMware系列的第一款产品——VMware工作站。Softricity公司在2001年推出了世界上第一款虚拟应用 程序——SoftGrid（微软公司在2006年收购了Softricity公司）。 hardware virtualization
The job of the hypervisor is to control processor, memory and other
firmware resources. The hypervisor acts like a traffic cop, allowing
multiple operating systems to run on the same device without requiring
source code or binary changes. Each operating system appears to have
the processor, memory, and other firmware resources all to itself --
but in reality, the hypervisor is controlling the processor and its
resources, allocating what is needed to each operating system in turn.
Hardware virtualization is an evolving technology that may become
dominant, especially for server platforms, because it has the potential
to facilitate the consolidation of multiple workloads on a single
physical server without requiring third-party software. Network
The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access
Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually
stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.
Media Access Control (MAC) addresses identify network devices in LANs. MAC addresses are unique for each LAN interface on a device. MAC addresses are 48 bits in length and are expressed as 12 hexadecimal digits. The first six hexadecimal digits, which are administered by the IEEE, identify the manufacturer or vendor and comprise the organizational unique identifier (OUI). The last six hexadecimal digits comprise the interface serial number, or another value administered by the specific vendor. MAC addresses are sometimes referred to as burned-in addresses (BIAs) because they are burned into read-only memory (ROM) and are copied into random-access memory (RAM) when the interface card initializes. The three categories of LAN transmission are as follows:
• Unicast—One-to-one transmission • Multicast—One-to-many transmission • Broadcast—One-to-all transmission The four primary LAN topologies are as follows: • Star (hub-and-spoke)—All stations are attached by cable to a central point. • Ring—All stations are considered repeaters and are enclosed in a loop. Logical configuration is a ring; physical configuration might be a ring or a star. • Bus—All stations are directly attached to a shared cable segment. • Tree—All stations are interconnected via several bus networks in a logical extension to the bus topology. The four primary devices used in LANs include the following: • Hubs—Hubs operate at the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model and are essentially multiport repeaters, repeating signals out all hub ports. • Bridges—Bridges create multiple collision domains. Bridges work at the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model and operate at the data link layer (Layer 2). Bridges forward data frames based on the destination MAC address. Bridges utilize the spanning tree algorithm for path determination. • Switches—LAN switches are essentially multiport bridges. LAN switches are used to connect common broadcast domains (hubs) and to provide frame-level filtering as well as dedicated port speed to end users. LAN switches are also used to create virtual LANs (VLANs). Like bridges, switches use the spanning tree algorithm for path determination. • Routers—Routers are typically found at the edge of a LAN, interfacing with a WAN, or in more complex LAN environments. Routers operate at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model. What are the different type of networking devices?
Repeater: Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link. Bridges: These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent and control congestion. Routers: They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission. Gateways: They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model. 集线器 HUB
集线器的主要功能是对接收到的信号进行再生整形放大，以扩大网络的传输距离，同时把所有节点集中在以它为中心的节点上。它工作于OSI参考模型第二层，即“数据链路层”。 集线器是中继器的一种，其区别仅在于集线器能够提供更多的端口服务，所以集线器又叫多口中继器。集线器主要以优化网络布线结构，简化网络管理为目标而设计的。集线器（HUB）是对网络进行集中管理的最小单元，像树的主干一样，它是各分枝的汇集点。 以集线器为节点中心的优点是：当网络系统中某条线路或某节点出现故障时，不会影响网上其他节点的正常工作，这就是集线器刚推出时与传统的总线网络的最大的区别和优点，因为它提供了多通道通信，大大提高了网络通信速度。 然而随着网络技术的发展，集线器的缺点越来越突出，后来发起来的一种技术更先进的数据交换设备——交换机逐渐取代了部分集线器的高端应用。 交换机 Switch
它是集线器的升级换代产品，从外观上来看的话，它与集线器基本上没有多大区别，都是带有多个端口的长方形盒状体。交换机是按照通信两端传输信息的需要，用人工或设备自动完成的方法把要传输的信息送到符合要求的相应路由上的技术统称。广义的交换机就是一种在通信系统中完成信息交换功能的设备。 在计算机网络系统中，交换概念的提出是相对于共享工作模式的改进。我们知道集线器（HUB）是一种共享介质的网络设备，而且HUB本身不能识别目的地址，是采用广播方式向所有节点发送。即当同一局域网内的A主机给B主机传输数据时，数据包在以HUB为架构的网络上是以广播方式传输的，对网络上所有节点同时发送同一信息，然后再由每一台终端通过验证数据包头的地址信息来确定是否接收。在这种方式下我们知道很容易造成网络堵塞，因为其实接收数据的一般来说只有一个终端节点，而现在对所有节点都发送，那么绝大部分数据流量是无效的，这样就造成整个网络数据传输效率相当低。另一方面由于所发送的数据包每个节点都能侦听到，那显然就不会很安全了，容易出现一些不安全因素。 交换机拥有一条很高带宽的背部总线和内部交换矩阵。交换机的所有的端口都挂接在这条背部总线上。控制电路收到数据包以后，处理端口会查找内存中的MAC地址（网卡的硬件地址）对照表以确定目的MAC的NIC（网卡）挂接在哪个端口上，通过内部交换矩阵直接将数据迅速包传送到目的节点，而不是所有节点，目的MAC若不存在才广播到所有的端口。这种方式我们可以明显地看出一方面效率高，不会浪费网络资源，只是对目的地址发送数据，一般来说不易产生网络堵塞；另一个方面数据传输安全，因为它不是对所有节点都同时发送，发送数据时其它节点很难侦听到所发送的信息。这也是交换机为什么会很快取代集线器的重要原因之一。 路由器 Router
是一种连接多个网络或网段的网络设备，它能将不同网络或网段之间的数据信息进行“翻译”，以使它们能够相互 “读懂”对方的数据，从而构成一个更大的网络。它与前面所介绍的集线器和交换机不同，它不是应用于同一网段的设备，而是应用于不同网段或不同网络之间的设备，属网际设备。路由器之所以能在不同网络之间起到“翻译”的作用，是因为它不再是一个纯硬件设备，而是具有相当丰富路由协议的软、硬结构设备，如RIP 协议、OSPF协议、EIGRP、IPV6协议等。这些路由协议就是用来实现不同网段或网络之间的相互“理解”。 路由器有两大典型功能，即数据通道功能和控制功能。数据通道功能包括转发决定、背板转发以及输出链路调度等，一般由特定的硬件来完成；控制功能一般用软件来实现，包括与相邻路由器之间的信息交换、系统配置、系统管理等。 路由器具有判断网络地址和选择路径的功能，它能在多网络互联环境中，建立灵活的连接，可用完全不同的数据分组和介质访问方法连接各种子网。路由器只接受源站或其他路由器的信息，属网络层的一种互联设备，它不关心各子网使用的硬件设备，但要求运行与网络层协议相一致的软件。路由器分本地路由器和远程路由器，本地路由器是直接通过诸如光纤、同轴电缆、双绞线等传输介质连接的；远程路由器是不是通过以上传输介质直接连接的，而是通过其它网络，如电话网、有线电视网等进行远程连接的。 在局域网接入广域网的众多方式中，通过路由器接入互联网是最为普遍的方式。使用路由器互联网络的最大优点是：各互联子网仍保持各自独立，每个子网可以采用不同的拓扑结构、传输介质和网络协议，网络结构层次分明，还有的路由器具有VLAN管理功能。通过路由器与互联网相连，则可完全屏蔽公司内部网络，起到一个防火墙的作用，因此使用路由器上网还可确保内部网的安全。 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
A virtual private network (VPN) is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network. A virtual private network can be contrasted with an expensive system of owned or leased lines that can only be used by one organization. The goal of a VPN is to provide the organization with the same capabilities, but at a much lower cost.
The domain name system (DNS) is the way that Internet domain names are located and translated into Internet Protocol addresses. A domain name is a meaningful and easy-to-remember "handle" for an Internet address.
Because maintaining a central list of domain name/IP address correspondences would be impractical, the lists of domain names and IP addresses are distributed throughout the Internet in a hierarchy of authority. There is probably a DNS server within close geographic proximity to your access provider that maps the domain names in your Internet requests or forwards them to other servers in the Internet. Subnet A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.
字母汤
Business Analyst (BA):a person who identifies the business needs of clients and stakeholders to determine solutions to problems;responsible for requirements development and management;acts as a bridge between the client,stakeholders,and the solution team.
Business process reengineering (BPR)
Business Process Improvement (BPI)
Best-of-Breed Software，单项优势软件
Build-versus-Buy，自行开发还是购买
DSS (Decision Support System) 决策支持系统
一 个以计算机为基础的交互式系统，可用来协助决策者使用数据和模式，以解决非结构性问题。所以决策支持系统，可说是一个以快速、交互作用式且具有使用者接口 来对特定领域提供信息以支持决策的软件（Vlugt,1989）。决策支持系统之组成，可分为三大部分：数据库及管理系统、模式库及管理系统、沟通界面软 件；其以模式库为核心，应用统计模式及管理数学等技术。 DRP (Distribution Resource Planning)
A disaster recovery plan (DRP) - sometimes referred to as a business continuity plan (BCP) or business process contingency plan (BPCP) - describes how an organization is to deal with potential disasters. Just as a disaster is an event that makes the continuation of normal functions impossible, a disaster recovery plan consists of the precautions taken so that the effects of a disaster will be minimized and the organization will be able to either maintain or quickly resume mission-critical functions. Typically, disaster recovery planning involves an analysis of business processes and continuity needs; it may also include a significant focus on disaster prevention. Disaster recovery is becoming an increasingly important aspect of enterprise computing. As devices, systems, and networks become ever more complex, there are simply more things that can go wrong. As a consequence, recovery plans have also become more complex. According to Jon William Toigo (the author of Disaster Recovery Planning). For example, fifteen or twenty years ago if there was a threat to systems from a fire, a disaster recovery plan might consist of powering down the mainframe and other computers before the sprinkler system came on, disassembling components, and subsequently drying circuit boards in the parking lot with a hair dryer. Current enterprise systems tend to be too large and complicated for such simple and hands-on approaches, however, and interruption of service or loss of data can have serious financial impact, whether directly or through loss of customer confidence. Appropriate plans vary from one enterprise to another, depending on variables such as the type of business, the processes involved, and the level of security needed. Disaster recovery planning may be developed within an organization or purchased as a software application or a service. It is not unusual for an enterprise to spend 25% of its information technology budget on disaster recovery. EAI (Enterprise Application Integration) is the process of integrating multiple, independently developed applications that may use incompatible technology and need to remain independently managed.
Implementing EAI boils down to moving information between applications. This includes setting the applications up to send, receive, and react to information. Definition by EAI Journal EDI (Electronic data Interchange)
EIS (Executive Information System) 主管决策系统
过滤、排选内外部各式信息，提示主管偏离计划的状况，并警示给每个相关主管。可依主管喜好的格式提供信息，掌握情况，协助主管解决问题。 get something working now and perfect it later.
Hardware as a Service (HaaS), in a grid computing context, is a pay-as-you-go model for accessing a provider's infrastructure and CPU power. Grid computing is a technology in which several computers work together to act as a single, more powerful computer. Some companies sell use of their grids over the Internet on a per-use basis. The user sends data and a program to process that data; the vendor's grid does the processing and returns the result.
Nicholas Carr, author of "Does IT Matter?," first used the term "Hardware as a Service" to describe services such as Amazon.com's Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). MES (Manufacturing Execution System) 制造执行系统
辅 助生管人员收集现场数据及控制现场制造流程，提供企业改善制程、提高生产效益的工具。大部分的MES系统模块皆会包括订单管理(Customer Order Management ,COM)、物料管理(Material Management System, MMS)、制程控管系统 (Work In Process Tracking , WIP)、生产排程(Production Scheduling System , PSS)、质量控管(Statistical Process Control , SPC)、设备控管(Equipment Management System, EMS)及对外部系统的PDM整合接口(PDM Integration Interface)与ERP整合接口(ERP Integration Interface)等模块。MES是将企业生产所需的核心业务如订单、供货商、物管、生产、设备保养、品管等流程整合 在一起的信息系统，它提供实时化、多生产型态架构、跨公司生产管制的信息交换；可随产品、订单种类及交货期的变动弹性调整参数等诸多能力，能有效的协助企 业管理存货、降低采购成本、提高准时交货能力，增进企业少量多样的生产控管能力。 Off-the-Shelf
OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing) 在线分析处理
操作储存在静态数据仓储(Data Warehouse)内广泛资源的软件技术。其透过快速、一致、交谈式的界面对同一数据提供各种不同的呈现方式，供不同层面的使用者如分析师、经理及高阶主管等使用，使其具备透析数据反应出来信息的能力。 OLAP有三项要件： 1.动态多维度分析。 2.可执行复杂计算。 3.有时间导向处理能力。 OLAP 最大的特色，便在于它对数据多维处理的能力；也就是说，它可以很快地做各种维度的纵向或横向的数据汇整处理。随着使用OLAP经验的累积，决策者除了拥有 使用数据的能力之外，同时会累积使用信息甚或使用知识的能力。对OLAP而言，历史资料(Historical data)系用以推断未来，而组合数据(aggregate data)系用以估计所输入的数据，除此之外，OLAP亦可执行资源配置及趋势分析等复杂计算。 OLTP(On-Line Transaction Processing) 在线交易处理 处 理大量的例行性交易数据，并经过应用程序的特定处理将信息存放于数据库，可以被实时地存取增删。对管理活动层级而言，其所支持的对象属于最基层的一般事务 性与作业性交易。在线交易所搜集到的历史数据，可定期地以批次作业方式汇制成周期性报表如日报、周报、旬报、月报、季报及年报等，供中阶或高阶主管参考。 The Open Document Format (ODF) is an XML-based open source file format for saving and exchanging text, spreadsheets, charts, and presentations. Files saved under ODF, termed "OpenDocuments," have easily recognizable extensions. The most commonly encountered extensions include:
Out of Box
PDM (Product Data Management) 产品数据管理系统
协 助工程师进行数据管理，让企业透过标准程序管制提高整体效率，并使作业程序电子化及标准化。用来管理特定产品从研发到量产之生命周期里全程各点产生的一切 信息，例如CAD图面、3D模型数据、NC程序、CAE分析结果，测试数据、设计历史和相关制程文件。其涵盖的数据型态是多元性，让各阶层工程师可清晰了 解各式资料间的关连性和阶层架构，并以此「共同数据」(common data)为执行作业的依据。 Personal digital assistants (PDAs)
RAID (redundant array of independent disks; originally redundant array of inexpensive disks)
RAID (redundant array of independent disks; originally redundant array of inexpensive disks) is a way of storing the same data in different places (thus, redundantly) on multiple hard disks. By placing data on multiple disks, I/O (input/output) operations can overlap in a balanced way, improving performance. Since multiple disks increases the mean time between failures (MTBF), storing data redundantly also increases fault tolerance. A RAID appears to the operating system to be a single logical hard disk. RAID employs the technique of disk striping, which involves partitioning each drive's storage space into units ranging from a sector (512 bytes) up to several megabytes. The stripes of all the disks are interleaved and addressed in order. In a single-user system where large records are stored, such as medical or other scientific images, the stripes are typically set up to be small (perhaps 512 bytes) so that a single record spans all disks and can be accessed quickly by reading all disks at the same time.
In a multi-user system, better performance requires establishing a stripe wide enough to hold the typical or maximum size record. This allows overlapped disk I/O across drives. There are at least nine types of RAID plus a non-redundant array (RAID-0):
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
Round-and-Clock，全天候的
Seamless Integrated，无缝整合
SI (systems integrator)
Silo，专属应用 ：指单一的、孤立的、相互不关联的系统和服务
SIS (Strategic Information System) 策略信息系统 使 用信息科技支持组织现有策略，或创造新的策略机会，使企业拥有竞争优势。策略信息系统很强调时机，在竞争者为普遍采用之前，是一个能获取竞争优势的策略系 统，一旦竞争者纷纷跟进，则丧失竞争优势，而成为一般的信息系统了。策略信息系统是EIS的提升，EIS偏向内部数据，包括人事、薪资等，SIS的核心是 外部信息，包括顾客、竞争者、市场等，能提供总体及市场环境的外部信息，以便研拟策略性的决策。 State-of-the-art，尖端的
So-Simple-Anyone-Could-Do-It
Trial-and-Error
Tried-and-True，可靠的
Try-before-you-Buy
VAR (value-added reseller)
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
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