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Film is Movie Thumbs a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion Movie Thumbs picture industry. Films Movie Thumbs are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects. Films are Movie Thumbs cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those Movie Thumbs cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and Movie Thumbs a powerful

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method for educating � or indoctrinating � Movie Thumbs citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives Movie Thumbs motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide Movie Thumbs attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the

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dialogue. Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in Movie Thumbs succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer Movie Thumbs cannot see Movie Thumbs the flickering between frames due to an Movie Thumbs effect known Movie Thumbs as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact Movie Thumbs that photographic film (also Movie Thumbs called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for Movie Thumbs recording and displaying motion pictures. Many Movie Thumbs other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, Movie Thumbs and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include Movie Thumbs the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, Movie Thumbs and the movies.In the 1860s, Movie Thumbs mechanisms for producing Movie Thumbs artificially created, two-dimensional Movie Thumbs images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines Movie Thumbs were Movie Thumbs outgrowths of simple Movie Thumbs optical devices (such Movie Thumbs as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures Movie Thumbs at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the Movie Thumbs basis for Movie Thumbs the development of film animation. A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888 With the

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development of Movie Thumbs celluloid film for still photography, it Movie Thumbs became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology Movie Thumbs sometimes required a person to look Movie Thumbs into a viewing Movie Thumbs machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures Movie Thumbs were shown at a variable speed of about 5 Movie Thumbs to 10 Movie Thumbs pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images Movie Thumbs to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector Movie Thumbs to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an Movie Thumbs entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to Movie Thumbs be known as "motion pictures". Movie Thumbs Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an Movie Thumbs event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques. Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion Movie Thumbs pictures were

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purely visual art through Movie Thumbs the late

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19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a Movie Thumbs hold on the public Movie Thumbs imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple Movie Thumbs shots of varying sizes

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and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than Movie Thumbs leave Movie Thumbs the audience in silence, Movie Thumbs theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music Movie Thumbs fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came Movie Thumbs with a prepared list Movie Thumbs of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for Movie Thumbs major productions. A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Movie Thumbs Moon) (1902), an Movie Thumbs early narrative film. The rise of Movie Thumbs European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers Movie Thumbs such as Sergei Eisenstein, Movie Thumbs F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator Movie Thumbs D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance Movie Thumbs the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to

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each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies. The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" Movie Thumbs color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was

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adopted Movie Thumbs more gradually as methods evolved making it more Movie Thumbs practical Movie Thumbs and

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cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed Movie Thumbs to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more Movie Thumbs and more Movie Thumbs movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to Movie Thumbs view color as essential to attracting audiences Movie Thumbs in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, Movie Thumbs col Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. Movie Forums New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film Movie Thumbs school educated independent Movie Thumbs filmmakers were all part of the Movie Thumbs changes the medium Movie Thumbs experienced in the Movie Thumbs latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in Movie Thumbs change throughout the 1990s and into the Movie Thumbs 21st century. Theory Main article: Film theory Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic Movie Thumbs concepts that apply to the study of Movie Thumbs film as art. It was Movie Thumbs started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Movie Thumbs Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Movie Thumbs Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic Movie Thumbs essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce Movie Thumbs reality Movie Thumbs not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to Movie Thumbs realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory Movie Thumbs and others. Criticism Main article: Film criticism Film criticism is Movie Thumbs the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and Movie Thumbs journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media. Film Movie Thumbs critics working for newspapers, Movie Thumbs magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only Movie Thumbs see any given film once and Movie Thumbs have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, Movie Thumbs critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to

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be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary Movie Thumbs and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film Movie Thumbs review can Movie Thumbs still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is Movie Thumbs extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity Movie Thumbs and financial loss. The impact of Movie Thumbs a reviewer on a Movie Thumbs given

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film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make Movie Thumbs an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies Movie Thumbs indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown Movie Thumbs to spark interest Movie Thumbs in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers Movie Thumbs an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be Movie Thumbs worth Movie Thumbs seeing Movie Thumbs and the films often do poorly as a result. It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known Movie Thumbs as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work Movie Thumbs is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and Movie Thumbs what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published Movie Thumbs in newspapers or appear on television, Movie Thumbs their articles are published in scholarly journals, or Movie Thumbs sometimes in up-market

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magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities. Industry Main article: Film industry The making and showing of motion pictures became a source Movie Thumbs of profit almost as soon Movie Thumbs as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, Movie Thumbs was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first Movie Thumbs films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. Movie Thumbs In each country, they would normally add Movie Thumbs new, local scenes to their Movie Thumbs catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries Movie Thumbs of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that Movie Thumbs overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded Movie Thumbs huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had Movie Thumbs a contract that called for an annual salary of Movie Thumbs one Movie Thumbs million dollars. In the United States today, Movie Thumbs much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of Movie Thumbs the world, such as Movie Thumbs Mumbai-centered Bollywood,

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the Indian film industry's Hindi Movie Thumbs cinema which produces Movie Thumbs the largest number of films in the world.[1] Movie Thumbs Whether Movie Thumbs the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley

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pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led Movie Thumbs cinema production Movie Thumbs to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making Movie Thumbs equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish. Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition Movie Thumbs each year to films, ostensibly based Movie Thumbs on their artistic merits. There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition Movie Thumbs to lectures and texts. Preview A preview performance refers Movie Thumbs to a showing of a movie to Movie Thumbs a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere Movie Thumbs itself. Previews Movie Thumbs are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.) Trailer Main article: Trailer (film) Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are Movie Thumbs shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers Movie Thumbs are now shown before the Movie Thumbs film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins. The nature of the film determines Movie Thumbs the size and type of crew required during Movie Thumbs filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D Movie Thumbs modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made Movie Thumbs with a skeleton

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crew, often paid very little. Movie Thumbs Also, Movie Thumbs an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, Movie Thumbs styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range Movie Thumbs from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within Movie Thumbs the Movie Thumbs American studio system. This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution. Crew Main article: Film crew A Movie Thumbs film crew is a group Movie Thumbs of people hired by a film company,

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employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the Movie Thumbs purpose of producing a

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film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from Movie Thumbs cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also Movie Thumbs distinct from Movie Thumbs the production staff, consisting of Internet Movie Data Base producers, managers,

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company representatives, Movie Thumbs their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through Movie Thumbs the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined Movie Thumbs hierarchies and Movie Thumbs standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production Movie Thumbs special effects. Caterers (known in the

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film industry as "craft Movie Thumbs services") are usually not considered part of the crew. Technology Film stock consists of transparent

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celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an Movie Thumbs emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to Movie Thumbs its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints. Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 Movie Thumbs frame/s and projected from 18 Movie Thumbs frame/s on up (often reels

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included instructions on how fast Movie Thumbs each scene should be shown) [1]. When Movie Thumbs sound film was introduced Movie Thumbs in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. Movie Thumbs 24 Movie Thumbs frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them Movie Thumbs to record at a Movie Thumbs consistent speed, quiet camera design Movie Thumbs � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the Movie Thumbs camera, Movie Thumbs the Movie Thumbs invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly Movie Thumbs the same speed Movie Thumbs as its corresponding action. Movie Thumbs The soundtrack can be recorded Movie Thumbs separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously. As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the Movie Thumbs basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of Movie Thumbs still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films Movie Thumbs have problems in terms of preservation and Movie Thumbs storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save Movie Thumbs color films through the Movie Thumbs use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue Movie Thumbs filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued Movie Thumbs obsolescence cycle makes them Movie Thumbs (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term Movie Thumbs preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern Movie Thumbs to both film historians and archivists, and

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to Movie Thumbs companies interested in Movie Thumbs preserving their existing products in order to make them available Movie Thumbs to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling Movie Thumbs and storage. Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in Movie Thumbs television production. Movie Thumbs Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are Movie Thumbs gaining ground as Movie Thumbs well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, Movie Thumbs especially because footage can be evaluated and Movie Thumbs edited without waiting Movie Thumbs for the film stock to be processed. Movie Thumbs Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 Movie Thumbs most major motion pictures are still recorded on film. Independent Main article: Independent film The Lumiere Brothers Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major Movie Thumbs studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced Movie Thumbs without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century. On Movie Thumbs the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in Movie Thumbs cast and crew. There is

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a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in Movie Thumbs 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film Movie Thumbs or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead Movie Thumbs roles. Before the Movie Thumbs advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to Movie Thumbs being able to produce, direct, Movie Thumbs or star in a traditional studio film. The Movie Thumbs cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were Movie Thumbs up 23%, according to Variety.[2]. But the advent of consumer camcorders Movie Thumbs in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution

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digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the Movie Thumbs hardware and software for post-production can Movie Thumbs be Movie Thumbs installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Movie Thumbs Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive. Since the introduction of DV Movie Thumbs technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home Movie Thumbs computer. However, while the means Movie Thumbs of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to Movie Thumbs accomplish outside the traditional system. Movie Thumbs Most independent Movie Thumbs filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh Movie Thumbs has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined. Open content film Main article: Open content film An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through Movie Thumbs open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other Movie Thumbs parties to create fan fiction

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or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place Movie Thumbs outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. Fan film Main article: Fan film A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or Movie Thumbs a similar source, Movie Thumbs created by fans rather than by the source's copyright Movie Thumbs holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary Movie Thumbs tremendously in length, from short Movie Thumbs faux-teaser trailers for Movie Thumbs non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures Animation is the technique in which each Movie Thumbs frame of a film is produced Movie Thumbs individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly Movie Thumbs making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop Movie Thumbs motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames Movie Thumbs are strung together and Movie Thumbs the resulting film is viewed at a speed of Movie Thumbs 16 or more frames per second, there is

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an illusion Movie Thumbs of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process. File Movie Thumbs formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer Movie Thumbs or over the Internet. Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. Movie Thumbs However, the Movie Thumbs field of independent animation has Movie Thumbs existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios Movie Thumbs (and Movie Thumbs sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to Movie Thumbs enter the professional animation industry. Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and Movie Thumbs adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from

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movie theaters to television.[3] Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted Movie Thumbs and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector. Venues When it is initially produced, Movie Thumbs a feature film is often shown to Movie Thumbs audiences in a movie theater or Movie Thumbs cinema. The Movie Thumbs first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Movie Thumbs Thousands of such theaters were built

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or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be Movie Thumbs known as nickelodeons, because admission typically Movie Thumbs cost a nickel (five cents). Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or Movie Thumbs feature Movie Thumbs film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, Movie Thumbs a Movie Thumbs high quality Movie Thumbs "A picture" rented by an Movie Thumbs independent theater for Movie Thumbs a Movie Thumbs lump sum, and a "B Movie Thumbs picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and

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paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty"). Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie Movie Thumbs theaters. The development of television has allowed films to Movie Thumbs be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on Movie Thumbs VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film Movie Thumbs companies. Movie Thumbs Some films are now Movie Thumbs made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV Movie Thumbs movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered Movie Thumbs to be of Movie Thumbs inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their Movie Thumbs own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets. The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales Movie Thumbs to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as Movie Thumbs the duration of Movie Thumbs a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage Movie Thumbs of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only Movie Thumbs a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through Movie Thumbs good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD Movie Thumbs sales to consumers; and 28% came Movie Thumbs from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6] Future state While Movie Thumbs motion picture films have been Movie Thumbs around for more than a Movie Thumbs century, film is still a relative newcomer in the Movie Thumbs pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely Movie Thumbs available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the Movie Thumbs 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and Movie Thumbs large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas. In the 1990s and 2000s the development Movie Thumbs of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to Movie Thumbs select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and Movie Thumbs visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual Movie Thumbs that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a Movie Thumbs large, clear widescreen presentation of a Movie Thumbs film with a Movie Thumbs full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will Movie Thumbs be changing in the 2000s and moving towards Movie Thumbs digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite Movie Thumbs or hard disks), a development Movie Thumbs which may give local theaters Movie Thumbs a reprieve from their predicted demise. The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which Movie Thumbs can provide full HD 1080p video

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playback at near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the Movie Thumbs paltry Movie Thumbs 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing

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all current film Movie Thumbs resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new Movie Thumbs innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution. Despite the rise of all new technologies, the development of Movie Thumbs the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was Movie Thumbs a record year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many Movie Thumbs expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations for the future.

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