Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as Tawnee Stone Movie an art form, Tawnee Stone Movie and the Tawnee Stone Movie motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world Tawnee Stone Movie with cameras, or by creating images using animation Tawnee Stone Movie techniques or special effects.
Films Tawnee Stone Movie are cultural artifacts created Tawnee Stone Movie by specific cultures, Tawnee Stone Movie which reflect those Tawnee Stone Movie cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a Tawnee Stone Movie source of popular entertainment and a Tawnee Stone Movie powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion Tawnee Stone Movie pictures a universal power of communication. Tawnee Stone Movie Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional Tawnee Stone Movie films are made up of a series of Tawnee Stone Movie individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The Tawnee Stone Movie viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect Tawnee Stone Movie known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film Tawnee Stone Movie stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and Tawnee Stone Movie most Tawnee Stone Movie commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include Tawnee Stone Movie the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially Tawnee Stone Movie created, two-dimensional images Tawnee Stone Movie in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the Tawnee Stone Movie praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient Tawnee Stone Movie speed for the images on the pictures Tawnee Stone Movie to appear Tawnee Stone Movie to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of Tawnee Stone Movie film animation.
A frame from Tawnee Stone Movie Roundhay Tawnee Stone Movie Garden Tawnee Stone Movie Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the Tawnee Stone Movie development of celluloid film for still photography, it Tawnee Stone Movie became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a Tawnee Stone Movie person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned Tawnee Stone Movie by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to Tawnee Stone Movie 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an Tawnee Stone Movie entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Tawnee Stone Movie Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the Tawnee Stone Movie turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure Tawnee Stone Movie by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up Tawnee Stone Movie into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as Tawnee Stone Movie effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave Tawnee Stone Movie the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a Tawnee Stone Movie pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, Tawnee Stone Movie most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film Tawnee Stone Movie scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was Tawnee Stone Movie interrupted by the breakout of World War I while Tawnee Stone Movie the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Tawnee Stone Movie Eisenstein, F. W. Tawnee Stone Movie Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Tawnee Stone Movie Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to Tawnee Stone Movie advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each Tawnee Stone Movie film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on Tawnee Stone Movie the screen. These sound films Tawnee Stone Movie were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next Tawnee Stone Movie major step Tawnee Stone Movie in the Tawnee Stone Movie development of cinema was Movie Forums the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved Tawnee Stone Movie making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation Tawnee Stone Movie needed] Tawnee Stone Movie but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, Tawnee Stone Movie which remained a black-and-white medium until Tawnee Stone Movie the mid-1960s. By the Tawnee Stone Movie end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the Tawnee Stone Movie 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the Tawnee Stone Movie rise of film school Tawnee Stone Movie educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes Tawnee Stone Movie the medium experienced in the latter half of Tawnee Stone Movie the 20th Tawnee Stone Movie century. Digital technology has been the driving force in Tawnee Stone Movie change throughout the Tawnee Stone Movie 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film Tawnee Stone Movie theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It Tawnee Stone Movie was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Tawnee Stone Movie Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film Tawnee Stone Movie differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences Internet Movie Data Base from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Tawnee Stone Movie Ferdinand de Tawnee Stone Movie Saussure's semiotics among other things Tawnee Stone Movie has given Tawnee Stone Movie rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory Tawnee Stone Movie and others.
Criticism
Main article: Tawnee Stone Movie Film criticism
Film criticism is Tawnee Stone Movie the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two Tawnee Stone Movie categories: Tawnee Stone Movie academic Tawnee Stone Movie criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and Tawnee Stone Movie other Tawnee Stone Movie media.
Film critics working for newspapers, Tawnee Stone Movie magazines, and broadcast media Tawnee Stone Movie mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics Tawnee Stone Movie have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected Movie Thumbs by Tawnee Stone Movie a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews Tawnee Stone Movie will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
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The impact of a Tawnee Stone Movie reviewer on a given Tawnee Stone Movie film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now Tawnee Stone Movie so Tawnee Stone Movie intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, Tawnee Stone Movie the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies Tawnee Stone Movie which were harshly reviewed, as well as Tawnee Stone Movie the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have Tawnee Stone Movie considerable influence. Others note Tawnee Stone Movie that positive film reviews Tawnee Stone Movie have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced Tawnee Stone Movie viewing Tawnee Stone Movie to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually Tawnee Stone Movie backfires as Tawnee Stone Movie reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn Tawnee Stone Movie the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do Tawnee Stone Movie poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who Tawnee Stone Movie take a more academic approach to Gay Movie films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. Tawnee Stone Movie These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. Tawnee Stone Movie They also tend to Tawnee Stone Movie be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and Tawnee Stone Movie showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon Tawnee Stone Movie as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set Tawnee Stone Movie about touring the Continent to Tawnee Stone Movie exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, Tawnee Stone Movie export, import Tawnee Stone Movie and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Tawnee Stone Movie Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first Tawnee Stone Movie commercial motion picture ever produced. Tawnee Stone Movie Other pictures soon followed, and motion Tawnee Stone Movie pictures became a Tawnee Stone Movie separate industry Tawnee Stone Movie that overshadowed Tawnee Stone Movie the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of Tawnee Stone Movie films in the world.[1] Tawnee Stone Movie Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for Tawnee Stone Movie this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though Tawnee Stone Movie the expense involved Tawnee Stone Movie in making movies has Tawnee Stone Movie led cinema Tawnee Stone Movie production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable Tawnee Stone Movie film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the Tawnee Stone Movie costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films Tawnee Stone Movie have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards Tawnee Stone Movie (also known as "the Oscars") Tawnee Stone Movie are the Tawnee Stone Movie most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large Tawnee Stone Movie industry for Tawnee Stone Movie educational and instructional Tawnee Stone Movie films made in lieu Tawnee Stone Movie of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes Tawnee Stone Movie used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. Tawnee Stone Movie (cf Tawnee Stone Movie Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose Tawnee Stone Movie screen they are shown. The Tawnee Stone Movie term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons Tawnee Stone Movie tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature Tawnee Stone Movie program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need Tawnee Stone Movie computer Tawnee Stone Movie generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton Tawnee Stone Movie crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film Tawnee Stone Movie may be produced through open, Tawnee Stone Movie collaborative processes. Tawnee Stone Movie Filmmaking takes place Tawnee Stone Movie all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is Tawnee Stone Movie produced Tawnee Stone Movie in a variety of economic contexts that range Tawnee Stone Movie from state-sponsored documentary Tawnee Stone Movie in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle Tawnee Stone Movie typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction Tawnee Stone Movie and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group Tawnee Stone Movie of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose Tawnee Stone Movie of producing a film or Tawnee Stone Movie motion picture. Crew Tawnee Stone Movie are distinguished from cast, the Tawnee Stone Movie actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from Tawnee Stone Movie the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, Tawnee Stone Movie the crew handles everything in the Tawnee Stone Movie photography Tawnee Stone Movie phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., Tawnee Stone Movie lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft Tawnee Stone Movie services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock Tawnee Stone Movie consists of transparent celluloid, Tawnee Stone Movie acetate, or polyester Tawnee Stone Movie base coated Tawnee Stone Movie with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate Tawnee Stone Movie was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, Tawnee Stone Movie but due to its Tawnee Stone Movie flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock Tawnee Stone Movie widths and Movie How High the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and Tawnee Stone Movie distributed to theaters) as Tawnee Stone Movie 35 mm prints.
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Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally The Strangers Movie cited as a standard Tawnee Stone Movie silent speed, research indicates most Tawnee Stone Movie films were shot Tawnee Stone Movie between 16 frame/s and 23 Tawnee Stone Movie frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each Tawnee Stone Movie scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for Tawnee Stone Movie the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design Tawnee Stone Movie � allowing sound recorded Tawnee Stone Movie on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase Tawnee Stone Movie the camera, the invention of Tawnee Stone Movie more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion Tawnee Stone Movie pictures, since Tawnee Stone Movie the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence Tawnee Stone Movie of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been Tawnee Stone Movie incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance Tawnee Stone Movie as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of Tawnee Stone Movie preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry Tawnee Stone Movie is exploring Tawnee Stone Movie many alternatives. Tawnee Stone Movie Most movies on cellulose nitrate base Tawnee Stone Movie have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three Tawnee Stone Movie B&W negatives each Tawnee Stone Movie exposed through Tawnee Stone Movie red, green, or blue Tawnee Stone Movie filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also Tawnee Stone Movie been used to restore Tawnee Stone Movie films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for Tawnee Stone Movie long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and Tawnee Stone Movie to companies interested in preserving their existing products in Tawnee Stone Movie order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase Downloadable Movie Trailers revenue). Tawnee Stone Movie Preservation is generally a Tawnee Stone Movie higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due Tawnee Stone Movie to their high decay rates; black and Tawnee Stone Movie white films on safety Tawnee Stone Movie bases and color films preserved Tawnee Stone Movie on Technicolor imbibition Tawnee Stone Movie prints tend to keep up Tawnee Stone Movie much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have Tawnee Stone Movie been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video Tawnee Stone Movie cameras and digital Tawnee Stone Movie projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to Tawnee Stone Movie moviemakers, Tawnee Stone Movie especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Tawnee Stone Movie Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion Tawnee Stone Movie pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Tawnee Stone Movie Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent Tawnee Stone Movie film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or Tawnee Stone Movie distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all Tawnee Stone Movie contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also Tawnee Stone Movie leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over Tawnee Stone Movie two-thirds of the films put out Tawnee Stone Movie by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful Tawnee Stone Movie director is almost Tawnee Stone Movie never given the opportunity to get a job on a Tawnee Stone Movie big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost Tawnee Stone Movie of professional film equipment Tawnee Stone Movie and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, Tawnee Stone Movie or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital Tawnee Stone Movie video in Tawnee Stone Movie the early 1990s, Tawnee Stone Movie have lowered the technology barrier to movie Tawnee Stone Movie production significantly. Both production and Tawnee Stone Movie post-production costs have been significantly Tawnee Stone Movie lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, Tawnee Stone Movie FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Tawnee Stone Movie Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and Tawnee Stone Movie consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie Tawnee Stone Movie make movie-making Tawnee Stone Movie relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV Tawnee Stone Movie technology, the means of production have become Tawnee Stone Movie more democratized. Tawnee Stone Movie Filmmakers can conceivably Tawnee Stone Movie shoot Tawnee Stone Movie and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, Tawnee Stone Movie and mix the final cut on a Tawnee Stone Movie home computer. However, while Tawnee Stone Movie the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain Tawnee Stone Movie difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for Tawnee Stone Movie distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further Tawnee Stone Movie changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open Tawnee Stone Movie content film is much like an independent film, Tawnee Stone Movie but it is Tawnee Stone Movie produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a Tawnee Stone Movie license which is permissive Tawnee Stone Movie enough to allow other parties to create fan Tawnee Stone Movie fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A Tawnee Stone Movie fan film Tawnee Stone Movie is a film or Tawnee Stone Movie video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's Tawnee Stone Movie copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films Tawnee Stone Movie have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films Tawnee Stone Movie vary tremendously in length, Tawnee Stone Movie from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures Tawnee Stone Movie to rarer Tawnee Stone Movie full-length motion pictures
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Animation is the technique in which each Tawnee Stone Movie frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as Tawnee Stone Movie a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to Tawnee Stone Movie a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed Tawnee Stone Movie at a speed of 16 or more Tawnee Stone Movie frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement Tawnee Stone Movie (due to the persistence of Tawnee Stone Movie vision). Tawnee Stone Movie Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the Tawnee Stone Movie process.
File Tawnee Stone Movie formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a Tawnee Stone Movie computer or over Atonement Movie the Internet.
Because Tawnee Stone Movie animation Tawnee Stone Movie is Tawnee Stone Movie very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, Tawnee Stone Movie the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced Tawnee Stone Movie by independent Tawnee Stone Movie studios (and sometimes by a Tawnee Stone Movie single person). Several independent animation producers have gone Tawnee Stone Movie on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production Tawnee Stone Movie and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. Tawnee Stone Movie This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous Tawnee Stone Movie by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first Tawnee Stone Movie theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because Tawnee Stone Movie admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before Tawnee Stone Movie the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A Tawnee Stone Movie picture" rented Tawnee Stone Movie by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" Tawnee Stone Movie of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown Tawnee Stone Movie before the feature film consists of previews Tawnee Stone Movie for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to Tawnee Stone Movie be shown in Tawnee Stone Movie movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no Tawnee Stone Movie longer being shown in theaters. Recording Tawnee Stone Movie technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and Tawnee Stone Movie SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads Tawnee Stone Movie may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, Tawnee Stone Movie some films that are Tawnee Stone Movie rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these Tawnee Stone Movie markets.
The movie theater pays an average Tawnee Stone Movie of about 50-55% Tawnee Stone Movie of its Tawnee Stone Movie ticket sales to the Tawnee Stone Movie movie studio, Tawnee Stone Movie as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number Tawnee Stone Movie higher than that, Tawnee Stone Movie and decreases as the duration of a film's showing Tawnee Stone Movie continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. Tawnee Stone Movie However, today's barrage of Tawnee Stone Movie highly marketed movies ensures that most movies Tawnee Stone Movie are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that Tawnee Stone Movie defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater Tawnee Stone Movie count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN Tawnee Stone Movie AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office Free Movie Trailers To Watch ticket Tawnee Stone Movie sales; 46% came from VHS Tawnee Stone Movie and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture Tawnee Stone Movie films have been around for more Tawnee Stone Movie than a century, film is still a relative newcomer Tawnee Stone Movie in the pantheon of fine arts. In the Tawnee Stone Movie 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color Tawnee Stone Movie television and large screens, motion picture cinemas Tawnee Stone Movie continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders Tawnee Stone Movie enabled people to select films for Tawnee Stone Movie home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the Tawnee Stone Movie death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification Tawnee Stone Movie systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people Tawnee Stone Movie to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided Tawnee Stone Movie audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able Tawnee Stone Movie to provide: Tawnee Stone Movie a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and Tawnee Stone Movie moving towards digital Tawnee Stone Movie screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters Tawnee Stone Movie a reprieve from their Tawnee Stone Movie predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video Tawnee Stone Movie by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which Tawnee Stone Movie can provide full HD 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that film Tawnee Stone Movie offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap Tawnee Stone Movie from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a Tawnee Stone Movie future digital video Tawnee Stone Movie format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new technologies, the development of the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a result of the effects Tawnee Stone Movie listed above but it has flourished, Tawnee Stone Movie strengthening film studio expectations for Tawnee Stone Movie the future. |
