Film is a term that encompasses Celebrity Movie Archive Browse individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special Celebrity Movie Archive Browse effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be Celebrity Movie Archive Browse an Celebrity Movie Archive Browse important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or Celebrity Movie Archive Browse indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema Celebrity Movie Archive Browse gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The Celebrity Movie Archive Browse origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, Movie Forums picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big Celebrity Movie Archive Browse screen, the silver Celebrity Movie Archive Browse screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse 1860s, mechanisms for producing Celebrity Movie Archive Browse artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical Celebrity Movie Archive Browse devices Celebrity Movie Archive Browse (such as magic lanterns) Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon Celebrity Movie Archive Browse called persistence of vision. Celebrity Movie Archive Browse Naturally, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse it Celebrity Movie Archive Browse became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early Celebrity Movie Archive Browse versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look Celebrity Movie Archive Browse into a viewing Celebrity Movie Archive Browse machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached Celebrity Movie Archive Browse to a drum Celebrity Movie Archive Browse turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending Celebrity Movie Archive Browse on how rapidly the crank was Celebrity Movie Archive Browse turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light Celebrity Movie Archive Browse through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" Celebrity Movie Archive Browse onto a Celebrity Movie Archive Browse screen for an entire Celebrity Movie Archive Browse audience. These reels, so exhibited, came Celebrity Movie Archive Browse to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were Celebrity Movie Archive Browse static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely Celebrity Movie Archive Browse visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the twentieth century, films began Celebrity Movie Archive Browse developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together Celebrity Movie Archive Browse to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple Celebrity Movie Archive Browse shots of varying sizes and angles. Other Celebrity Movie Archive Browse techniques Celebrity Movie Archive Browse such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the audience Celebrity Movie Archive Browse in silence, theater Celebrity Movie Archive Browse owners Celebrity Movie Archive Browse would hire a Celebrity Movie Archive Browse pianist Celebrity Movie Archive Browse or organist Celebrity Movie Archive Browse or a full orchestra to play music fitting Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European Celebrity Movie Archive Browse filmmakers such Celebrity Movie Archive Browse as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action Celebrity Movie Archive Browse on the screen. These sound films were Celebrity Movie Archive Browse initially distinguished Celebrity Movie Archive Browse by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and Celebrity Movie Archive Browse theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public Celebrity Movie Archive Browse was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the end of World War Celebrity Movie Archive Browse II, as the industry in America came to view color Celebrity Movie Archive Browse as Celebrity Movie Archive Browse essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding Celebrity Movie Archive Browse decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all Celebrity Movie Archive Browse part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse 20th century. Internet Movie Data Base Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop Celebrity Movie Archive Browse concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It Celebrity Movie Archive Browse was started by Ricciotto Celebrity Movie Archive Browse Canudo's The Birth Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led Celebrity Movie Archive Browse by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed Celebrity Movie Archive Browse from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Celebrity Movie Archive Browse Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by Celebrity Movie Archive Browse arguing that film's artistic essence Celebrity Movie Archive Browse lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's Celebrity Movie Archive Browse psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things Celebrity Movie Archive Browse has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of films. In general, these works can be divided into Celebrity Movie Archive Browse two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears Celebrity Movie Archive Browse regularly in newspapers and other Celebrity Movie Archive Browse media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new Celebrity Movie Archive Browse releases. Normally they only see any Celebrity Movie Archive Browse given Celebrity Movie Archive Browse film once and have only a day or Celebrity Movie Archive Browse two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed Celebrity Movie Archive Browse action, horror, and Celebrity Movie Archive Browse comedy films tend not Celebrity Movie Archive Browse to be greatly affected by a Celebrity Movie Archive Browse critic's Celebrity Movie Archive Browse overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes Celebrity Movie Archive Browse up the majority of Celebrity Movie Archive Browse any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will Celebrity Movie Archive Browse often doom a film to Celebrity Movie Archive Browse obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some Celebrity Movie Archive Browse claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted Celebrity Movie Archive Browse movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent Celebrity Movie Archive Browse movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Celebrity Movie Archive Browse Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several Celebrity Movie Archive Browse films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give Celebrity Movie Archive Browse reviewers an advanced Celebrity Movie Archive Browse viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise Celebrity Movie Archive Browse to the tactic and warn Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the public that the film may Celebrity Movie Archive Browse not be Celebrity Movie Archive Browse worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It Celebrity Movie Archive Browse is argued Celebrity Movie Archive Browse that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt Celebrity Movie Archive Browse to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what Celebrity Movie Archive Browse effect they have Celebrity Movie Archive Browse on people. Celebrity Movie Archive Browse Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with Celebrity Movie Archive Browse colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as Celebrity Movie Archive Browse soon as the process Celebrity Movie Archive Browse was invented. Celebrity Movie Archive Browse Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about Celebrity Movie Archive Browse touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and publicly to the masses. In each country, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various Celebrity Movie Archive Browse countries Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of Europe to Celebrity Movie Archive Browse buy their equipment Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and photograph, export, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse import and screen additional product Celebrity Movie Archive Browse commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] Celebrity Movie Archive Browse was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became Movie Thumbs a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion Celebrity Movie Archive Browse picture actors became major Celebrity Movie Archive Browse celebrities Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and commanded Celebrity Movie Archive Browse huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that Celebrity Movie Archive Browse called for an annual salary Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film Celebrity Movie Archive Browse industry's Hindi cinema which Celebrity Movie Archive Browse produces the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the ten Celebrity Movie Archive Browse thousand-plus feature Celebrity Movie Archive Browse length films a year produced Celebrity Movie Archive Browse by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title Celebrity Movie Archive Browse is the source Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key Celebrity Movie Archive Browse force in the industry, due to the costly and risky Celebrity Movie Archive Browse nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of Celebrity Movie Archive Browse lasting social significance. The Celebrity Movie Archive Browse Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the United States, providing recognition each year to films, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry Celebrity Movie Archive Browse for educational and instructional films made in Celebrity Movie Archive Browse lieu of or in addition to Celebrity Movie Archive Browse lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are Celebrity Movie Archive Browse sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if Gay Movie unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their Celebrity Movie Archive Browse having originally been shown at the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse end of Celebrity Movie Archive Browse a film programme. That practice did Celebrity Movie Archive Browse not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers Celebrity Movie Archive Browse are now Celebrity Movie Archive Browse shown before the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse film (or the A Celebrity Movie Archive Browse movie in a double Celebrity Movie Archive Browse feature Celebrity Movie Archive Browse program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of Celebrity Movie Archive Browse crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse a low-budget, independent film may be made with a Celebrity Movie Archive Browse skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through Celebrity Movie Archive Browse open, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a Celebrity Movie Archive Browse variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio Celebrity Movie Archive Browse system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. Celebrity Movie Archive Browse The first year is taken up with Celebrity Movie Archive Browse development. The second year comprises Celebrity Movie Archive Browse preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people Celebrity Movie Archive Browse hired by Celebrity Movie Archive Browse a film company, employed during the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with Celebrity Movie Archive Browse but Celebrity Movie Archive Browse is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse company representatives, their assistants, and Celebrity Movie Archive Browse those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse such Celebrity Movie Archive Browse as writers and Celebrity Movie Archive Browse editors. Communication between production and Celebrity Movie Archive Browse crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews Celebrity Movie Archive Browse are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew Celebrity Movie Archive Browse handles everything in the photography phase: props Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and Celebrity Movie Archive Browse costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production Celebrity Movie Archive Browse special effects. Caterers (known Celebrity Movie Archive Browse in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of the crew.
Technology
Film Celebrity Movie Archive Browse stock consists of Celebrity Movie Archive Browse transparent Celebrity Movie Archive Browse celluloid, acetate, or polyester Celebrity Movie Archive Browse base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by Celebrity Movie Archive Browse safer materials. Stock widths and the film format Celebrity Movie Archive Browse for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most Celebrity Movie Archive Browse large commercial Celebrity Movie Archive Browse films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm Celebrity Movie Archive Browse prints.
Originally moving picture film Celebrity Movie Archive Browse was shot and projected at various speeds using Celebrity Movie Archive Browse hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 Celebrity Movie Archive Browse frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. Celebrity Movie Archive Browse When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per Celebrity Movie Archive Browse second was chosen because it was the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse slowest (and thus Celebrity Movie Archive Browse cheapest) Celebrity Movie Archive Browse speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras Celebrity Movie Archive Browse � Celebrity Movie Archive Browse allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be Celebrity Movie Archive Browse usable without Celebrity Movie Archive Browse requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and Celebrity Movie Archive Browse lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, Movie How High and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse same speed as its Celebrity Movie Archive Browse corresponding action. The Celebrity Movie Archive Browse soundtrack can be recorded separately Celebrity Movie Archive Browse from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack Celebrity Movie Archive Browse are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion Celebrity Movie Archive Browse pictures, since Celebrity Movie Archive Browse the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film Celebrity Movie Archive Browse has also been incorporated Celebrity Movie Archive Browse into Celebrity Movie Archive Browse multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base Celebrity Movie Archive Browse have been copied Celebrity Movie Archive Browse onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters Celebrity Movie Archive Browse � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in Celebrity Movie Archive Browse preserving their existing products in Celebrity Movie Archive Browse order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse assuming proper handling and Celebrity Movie Archive Browse storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology Celebrity Movie Archive Browse similar to that used in television Celebrity Movie Archive Browse production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Celebrity Movie Archive Browse Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. Celebrity Movie Archive Browse An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major Celebrity Movie Archive Browse movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed Celebrity Movie Archive Browse to the growth Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of the indie film scene in the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse late 20th and early 21st century.
On the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also Celebrity Movie Archive Browse leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend Celebrity Movie Archive Browse in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has Celebrity Movie Archive Browse significant industry experience in film or television. Celebrity Movie Archive Browse Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing Celebrity Movie Archive Browse inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution Celebrity Movie Archive Browse digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse technology barrier to movie Celebrity Movie Archive Browse production Celebrity Movie Archive Browse significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production Celebrity Movie Archive Browse can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system Celebrity Movie Archive Browse pro-level software like Adobe Celebrity Movie Archive Browse Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Celebrity Movie Archive Browse Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and Celebrity Movie Archive Browse mix the final cut Celebrity Movie Archive Browse on Celebrity Movie Archive Browse a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further Celebrity Movie Archive Browse changed the film making Celebrity Movie Archive Browse landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is Celebrity Movie Archive Browse much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties Celebrity Movie Archive Browse to create fan Celebrity Movie Archive Browse fiction Celebrity Movie Archive Browse or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan Celebrity Movie Archive Browse film
A Celebrity Movie Archive Browse fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse created by fans rather than by the source's copyright Celebrity Movie Archive Browse holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, The Strangers Movie but some of the more notable films Celebrity Movie Archive Browse have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in Celebrity Movie Archive Browse length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film Celebrity Movie Archive Browse is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or Celebrity Movie Archive Browse more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due Downloadable Movie Trailers to Atonement Movie the persistence of vision). Generating such a Celebrity Movie Archive Browse film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer Celebrity Movie Archive Browse or Celebrity Movie Archive Browse over the Internet.
Because animation is very Celebrity Movie Archive Browse time-consuming Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and often very expensive to produce, the majority of Celebrity Movie Archive Browse animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation Celebrity Movie Archive Browse has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of Celebrity Movie Archive Browse animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons Celebrity Movie Archive Browse moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by Celebrity Movie Archive Browse moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and Celebrity Movie Archive Browse then Celebrity Movie Archive Browse run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to Celebrity Movie Archive Browse audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse because Celebrity Movie Archive Browse admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film Celebrity Movie Archive Browse is the featured presentation Celebrity Movie Archive Browse (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there Celebrity Movie Archive Browse were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality Celebrity Movie Archive Browse rented for a percentage of the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid Celebrity Movie Archive Browse advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all Celebrity Movie Archive Browse mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being Celebrity Movie Archive Browse shown in Celebrity Movie Archive Browse theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent Celebrity Movie Archive Browse or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and Internet downloads may be available Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and have started Celebrity Movie Archive Browse to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films Celebrity Movie Archive Browse are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to Celebrity Movie Archive Browse theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage Celebrity Movie Archive Browse starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, Celebrity Movie Archive Browse today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run Celebrity Movie Archive Browse theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and Free Movie Trailers To Watch actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a Celebrity Movie Archive Browse 2000 study Celebrity Movie Archive Browse by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from Celebrity Movie Archive Browse box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; Celebrity Movie Archive Browse and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the Celebrity Movie Archive Browse pantheon Celebrity Movie Archive Browse of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television |
