CA1059027A - Extraction of protective antigen from b pertussis and antigen - Google Patents
Extraction of protective antigen from b pertussis and antigenInfo
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- CA1059027A CA1059027A CA242,453A CA242453A CA1059027A CA 1059027 A CA1059027 A CA 1059027A CA 242453 A CA242453 A CA 242453A CA 1059027 A CA1059027 A CA 1059027A
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- pertussis
- antigen
- pathogens
- agent
- denaturizing
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
- A61K39/099—Bordetella
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S530/00—Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof
- Y10S530/806—Antigenic peptides or proteins
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S530/00—Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof
- Y10S530/82—Proteins from microorganisms
- Y10S530/825—Bacteria
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Abstract
EXTRACTION OF PROTECTIVE ANTIGEN
FROM B PERTUSSIS AND ANTIGEN
Abstract of the disclosure This application is directed to a process for the preparation of a protective antigen from Bordetella pertussis in which pathogens of Bordetella pertussis are mixed with an aqueous solution of a denaturizing agent and a neutral salt.
The resultant liquid supernatant which comprises an aqueous suspension of the protective antigen containing denaturizing agent is separated from the residue of pathogens and the denaturizing agent is then separated from the aqueous suspension. A
protective antigen is obtained which can be used in the prepa-ration of a pertussis vaccine.
FROM B PERTUSSIS AND ANTIGEN
Abstract of the disclosure This application is directed to a process for the preparation of a protective antigen from Bordetella pertussis in which pathogens of Bordetella pertussis are mixed with an aqueous solution of a denaturizing agent and a neutral salt.
The resultant liquid supernatant which comprises an aqueous suspension of the protective antigen containing denaturizing agent is separated from the residue of pathogens and the denaturizing agent is then separated from the aqueous suspension. A
protective antigen is obtained which can be used in the prepa-ration of a pertussis vaccine.
Description
HOE 74lB 032 1059~ 7 The present invention provides a protective antigen from Bordetella pertussis, a process for its preparation by extrac-tion of the pathogens and subsequent adsorption of the ex-tracted antigens on a carrier material, and furthermore pro-UU~.;t3~ t~pe~ y ~J~L'I~USSiS V~l;Ci~ 3~ w~ h ~;ull~,ai~ ~ al~.l--gen.
The conventional pertussis vaccines for active immuniza-tion against the whooping-_ough generally contain dead patho-ge~s of Bordetella pertussis. It is known that these patho-gens often cause local pain and inflammation of the place of Yaccination, sometimes also fever and in certain cases even neurological complications such as the dreaded encephalitis.
Attempts have therefore been made to replace the pathogen containing vaccine by an extract vaccine in order to attain a better tolerance. Although the preparation of extracts from pertussis pathogens by means of salt solutions, as described several times in the literature, results in a solubilization of a small part of the protective antigen complex, the yields are relatively poor, and the extracts, as do the pathogens, consist of numerous components being toxic in part, so that they do not bring about an improved tolerance of the vaccine.
Because of the polydispersity of the antigen material, a strict limit is set to a further purification of the salt ex-tracts. Generally, by means of the usual biochemical purifi-cation processes, a distribution of the protective activity into several fractions is obtained without substantially in-creasing the specific protective activity. In order to in-crease the yield, attempts have also been made to open the 29 pertussis pathogens, for example by means of ultrasonics.
The conventional pertussis vaccines for active immuniza-tion against the whooping-_ough generally contain dead patho-ge~s of Bordetella pertussis. It is known that these patho-gens often cause local pain and inflammation of the place of Yaccination, sometimes also fever and in certain cases even neurological complications such as the dreaded encephalitis.
Attempts have therefore been made to replace the pathogen containing vaccine by an extract vaccine in order to attain a better tolerance. Although the preparation of extracts from pertussis pathogens by means of salt solutions, as described several times in the literature, results in a solubilization of a small part of the protective antigen complex, the yields are relatively poor, and the extracts, as do the pathogens, consist of numerous components being toxic in part, so that they do not bring about an improved tolerance of the vaccine.
Because of the polydispersity of the antigen material, a strict limit is set to a further purification of the salt ex-tracts. Generally, by means of the usual biochemical purifi-cation processes, a distribution of the protective activity into several fractions is obtained without substantially in-creasing the specific protective activity. In order to in-crease the yield, attempts have also been made to open the 29 pertussis pathogens, for example by means of ultrasonics.
- 2 - ~
Apart from the great apparatus expenditure, this process is not satisfactory because it does not solve the problem of at-taining a higher purification degree of the protecti~e antigen.
It should be mentioned in this connection that the so-~ailed hLstamine-sensitizing factor Gf the per~u3sis pathog~,ls may be obtained by treatment with an aqueous sodium chloride solution containing 4 M urea, and that it was not possible to remove the urea without loss of histamine-sensitizing activity.
The question whether the histamine-sensi~zing activi+y is en-tirely or partially identical with the protective antigen is still in dispute. Besides hints to the fact that they are different components, Y. Sato, Symp. Series Immunobiol. Stan-dard., Vol. 13, pp. 214 - 220, indicates that the treatment of a 22 S pertussis antigen with urea destroys the protective activity.
It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a protective antigen complex in soluble form from pertussis pathogens with higher yields and optionally higher purification degree than hitherto attained, and to use the purified antigen as substantially active component of per-tussis vaccines.
This and other ob~ects are accomplished by the process of this invention the essence of ~hich comprises treating per-tussis pathogens with solutions of denaturizing agents, se-parating the pathogens and adsorbing the solubilized material either directly or after a ~urther purification in a denatur-izing medium on a carrier material insoluble in water.
Subject of the present invention is therefore a process 29 for the preparation of a plotective a~tigen from Bordetella ~0 590Z~7 pertussis, which comprises mixing pathogens of Bordetella per-tussis with an aqueous solution of a denaturizing agent and a neutral salt, separating the liquid supernatant from the re-sidue of the pathogens, adding a water-insoluble adsorption , u~t~ ~ily l~l tll~ p~3~ ul t~l~ u~
and separating subsequently the denaturizing agent from the aqueous suspension of the protective antigen.
The treatment of the pertussis pathoge~ with the cited aqueous solution which results in an extraction of the patho-gens is carried out most easily by keeping the pathogens sus-pended in the solution as homogeneously as possible. However, this operation mode involves very long extraction times. The efficiency of the extraction is increased already by slightly moving the pathogens, for example by simple stirring. Appa-ratus usual for homogenization may be advantageously employed in order to increase the yield and to shorten the extraction time. Depending on the agitation means, the extraction time is in a range of from 1/2 to 48 hours; on the average, it is about 18 hours.
The extraction temperature is advantageously from 1 to 40C. Temperatures below room temperature, for example in a range of from 1 to 10C, are preferred.
During the extraction, the mixture is maintained at a pH of from 6 to 10, preferably at pH 8. In the case where this pH does not establish itself, it may be adjusted by ad-ding suitable buffer solutions.
Extract and pathogen residue are advantageously separat-ed by centrifug~tion. Suitable for obtaining a cell-free ex-29 tract are also filtration devices which are capable to retain ~05902'7 microorganisms.
Surprisingly, it has been observed that the protective antigen in a solution containing denaturizing agents has the properties of a relatively homogeneous, uniform substance, so t.lat lt~ f ~ ~hGl pUL il ~ ~a~iut~ h~ p-G~n~ uI ~-le UG~
izing agent is possible. This may be advantageously carried out by gel chromatography, by which separation of toxic com-ponents from the protective antigen is obtained in the case where the development is obtained by means of a buffer con-taining a denaturizing agent. Suitable media for gel chroma-tography are above all dextrane cross-linked with epichloro-hydrine, available on the market as Sephadex(R) of the company Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden, or copolymers of acrylamlde and methylene-bisacrylamide, available on the market as Bio-Gel p(R) of the company Bio-Rad ~aboratories, Ricnmond, U.S.A.
As buffer substances to be used in the process of the in-vention there may be employed compounds normally used in bio-chemical work ~r stabilizing the pH of the solution, advantage-ously those described in Handbook of Biochemistry, Cleveland (Ohio), 2nd Edition, p. J 23~, for example tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane. It has proved to be advantageous to add small amounts (from about 1 to 20 mM) of so-called chelate or com-plex forming agents to the buffer solution, for example ethy-lene-diamine-tetraacetate (EDTA).
When an adsorbent is used, its choice depends substantial-ly on the intended application of the protective antigen. For the preferred applications of a pertussis vaccine, an immuno-logical additi~e proved in ~accine manufacture is preferably 29 used which may be of inorganic origin, such as calcium phos-phate or aluminum oxide. Preferably, AlP04 and/or C~ -aluminum hydroxide are employed in a final concentration (solids con-centration in the final product) of from 0.05 to 0.4 % (w/v).
However, also organic polymers are suitable, especially poly-anionic additives insoluble in the solutions of the denaturizlng agents, for example derivatives of polyacrylic acid~ When ~
the antigen is not to be administered to humans and animals, any adsorbent usual for the adsorption of proteins may be ad-ded to the solution of the protective antigen.
The denaturizing agent is advantageously removed by dia-lysis. Since the protective antigen in the physiological me-dium cannot pass through the dialysis membrane in contrast to the denaturizing agent, the progressive discharge of the latter causes precipitation of the protective antigen on the adsorbent, if such is present.
In the case where a sterile product is required, the work-up, from the extraction to the obtention of the final, optionally adsorbed, material, may be carried out under sterile conditions. Alternatively, before removing the denaturizing agent and optionally before adding the adsorbent, a steriliza-tion filtration is intercalated, and the subsequent work-up has to be done under sterile conditions.
By denaturizing agents in accordance with this invention there are to be understood chemical compounds which cause dis-sociation of protein molecules into subunits, especially by splitting hydrogen bonds. Suitable compounds are urea or guanidine or the salts thereof, especially guanidine hydro-chloride. The denaturlzing agents are used in concentrations 29 of from 2 to 6 mols/liter; perferably from 4 to 6 mols/l, re-. - 6 -lative to the total solution.
Preferred neutral salts are water-soluble alkali metal halides, for example NaCl or ECl, and they are used in a con-centration of from 0~5 to 4 mols/lJ preferably 1 mol/l, re-lati~e to +he tot~l solUtio- n^nat~ i~ir.g agent and r.au tral salt have a synergistic effect in the extraction of the protective antigen.
Suitable starting materials for the process of the in-vention are Bordetella pertussis pathogens. They are propa-gated in known manner, for example by growing them in Cohen-Wheeler nutrient solution at about 35C with agitation, and they are obtained by precipitation with acids or organic sol-vents, or by centrifugation. For example, the Bordetella pertussis fermentation culture is subjected to an acid pre-cipitation at pH 3 ~ 5, preferably pH 4. For the acid pre-cipitation, all mineral acids, preferably 1 N hydrochloric acid, are appropriate, furthermore organic acids, for example acetic acid. Pathogens separated from the culture medium by centrifugation are of the same quality as those obtained by means of acetone or acid precipitation. The pathogens are advantageously used in aqueous suspension in a concentration of from 50.109 to 1000 109, preferably from 100.109 to 400.109, per ml.
The potency of pertussis vaccines is tested in animal tests according to Kendrick (P.~. Kendrick et al., Amer. J.
Publ. ~Iealth 37, 803 (1947) and Fed. Reg. 33, No. 118, 8818, - Paragraph 73.404 (1968)). Groups of 18 mice each are immuniz-ed with the pertussis antigen in three different states of 29 dilution and, after 13 days, the immunity is tested by an in-.~ , - - HOE 74/B 0~2 lOS9~Z7 tracerebral injection-infection with 200 ID50 living pathogens of Bordetella pertussis. A standard vaccine of known protec-ti~e value is always tested in the same manner. The protec-tive unit value which results from these tests is a-guide-line 40r +he pr^ctActi-~e act~vity ~rL h~ar.s (see Medica Ras.
Council Brit. Med. J. No. 5128, 994 (1959)).
After the extraction of pertussis pathogen suspensions having a pathogen density of 100.109 pathogens per ml accord-ing to the conditions of the process of th!is invention, values of from 25 to 75 IU/ml have been fourd. A vaccine having at least 8 IU/ml is generally acknowledged as being a potent vac-cine.
The toxicity is determined according to the rules of U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare in the following manner: 10 mice are treated with 0~5 ~1 of th^ pertussis vac-cine to be examined in a 1:2 dilution ratio. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH) Standards published in Federal Reg. ~, No. 118,8818 (1968)t Paragraph 7~.403, weight gains of 3 g/7 days are required. In the case of a pertussis antigen prepared according to this invention, the average weight gain of the mice is from 1 to 3 g after 72 hours, and from 5 to 6 g after 7 days. The antigen therefore does not contain any toxic parts of the pertussis pathogens and is well tolerated.
In addtion to the disclosed process for the preparation of the protective antigen from pertussis, the present invention provides protective antigens the parameters of which result from their preparation according to the above process.
29 The present invention provides furthermore products con-,, ~
` ~0590Z7 taining the protective antigen from pertussis in accordance with this invention, especially pertussis vaccines for the prophylaxis of whooping-cough, or for the manufacture of per-tussis antisera to be used for therapeutic or diagnostic pur-poses, ~u~ ai~ diagnostic produc~s containing the protective antigen from pertussis or antisera obtained therefrom. The pertussis vaccines to be manufacture~ in accordance with this invention are suitable for parenteral and oral administration.
The solution or suspension of the antigen may be protect-ed by adding antimicrobial preservation agents such as sodium timerfonate. In order to obtain a polyvalent vaccine, the pertussis antigen may be mixed in usual manner with other antigens and/or toxoids.
The present invention represents a substantial progress in the ob~ention of protective pertussis antig~ns or pertus-sis vaccines. The process is simple, and the protective ac-tivity of the adsorbed extract antigen is surprisingly high as compared with the data known from the literature. The high yield in the extract is illustrated by the fact that pathogens having been subjected to a 6 M urea extraction lost 80% and more of their protective activity. In the case of pathogens extracted by means of salt, however, a loss of only 10 - 20% of the protective activity is stated after separation of the extract. The fact that the antigen extract is not substantially polydispersible in a denaturizing medium allows separation of toxic components. Thus, an important increase in tolerance is to be expected when the antigen is administer-ed to human beings~ especially children.
29 The following examples illustrate the invention.
_ g _ 1~59~3Z7 E X A M P ~ E 1:
6 liters of 1 M tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane-HCl buffer having a pH of 8.0 and containing 50 mM of EDTA are added to 40 liters of a pertussis pathogen suspension having a dens,~y Ol 10v.109 pathogel.s p~r ml. ~Lter mixing, 14.4 lg of urea and 3.48 kg of NaCl are added, a volume of 60 l is obtained by adding water, and the suspension is stirred over-night by means of a magnetic agitator. After elimination of the pathogens by centrifugation(sharplessconcurrent ~entrifuge), - -10 3 liters of a 2~ suspension of AlP04 in admixture with a sus-pension of 1% Al(OH)3 is added. Subsequently, the urea is eliminated by dialysis against sterile 0.15 M NaCl in a Hollow-Fiber apparatus of Messrs. Amicon. After settling of the ad-sorbate, the total volume ls adjusted to 40 l by means of iso-tonic sodium chloride solution. An i~logen so obtained yield~
ed 25 IU/ml in the protection test according to Kendrick.
An extract prepared from the same starting material by treatment of the pathogens with 0.5 M NaCl yielded only 4.5 IU/ml irl the protection test according to Kendrick.
Toxicity determined in mice: 3 days + 3.2 g; 7 days +
5.8 g.
E X A M P ~ E 2:
After an extraction process according to Example 1, but star~ing with 200.109 pathogens per ml and an aqueous solution of 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride ~ 1 M NaCl, the protective value of the extract was 76 IU/ml.
Toxicity determined in mice: ~ days + 1.0 g; 7 days +
5.2 g.
HOE 74~B 032 10590~7 E X A M P ~ E _3:
The extract obtained according to Example 1, but with the use of 9.6 kg of urea instead of 14.4 kg, is concentrated to 2 1 by means of an ultrafilter and introduced into a column OI Sepnadex(R! G-75u, equilibraied with ~ne exiraciion buIIer (containi~4 M urea). Before chromatography, the concentrated extract, at a volume equivalent to 8û.1û9 pathogens per ml, yielded 8.25 IU/ml corresponding to 130 IU/mg of protein. The material, corresponding to the exclusion volume of the column up-to a molecular weight of about 90.000, is pooled, and the urea is eliminated by dialysis against 0.15 M sodium chloride solution. The fraction obtained after chromatography was concentrated to a volume corresponding to a density of 360.109 pathogens per ml and yielded 84.5 IU/ml in the protection test, corresponding to ~25 IU~mg OL protein.
Apart from the great apparatus expenditure, this process is not satisfactory because it does not solve the problem of at-taining a higher purification degree of the protecti~e antigen.
It should be mentioned in this connection that the so-~ailed hLstamine-sensitizing factor Gf the per~u3sis pathog~,ls may be obtained by treatment with an aqueous sodium chloride solution containing 4 M urea, and that it was not possible to remove the urea without loss of histamine-sensitizing activity.
The question whether the histamine-sensi~zing activi+y is en-tirely or partially identical with the protective antigen is still in dispute. Besides hints to the fact that they are different components, Y. Sato, Symp. Series Immunobiol. Stan-dard., Vol. 13, pp. 214 - 220, indicates that the treatment of a 22 S pertussis antigen with urea destroys the protective activity.
It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a protective antigen complex in soluble form from pertussis pathogens with higher yields and optionally higher purification degree than hitherto attained, and to use the purified antigen as substantially active component of per-tussis vaccines.
This and other ob~ects are accomplished by the process of this invention the essence of ~hich comprises treating per-tussis pathogens with solutions of denaturizing agents, se-parating the pathogens and adsorbing the solubilized material either directly or after a ~urther purification in a denatur-izing medium on a carrier material insoluble in water.
Subject of the present invention is therefore a process 29 for the preparation of a plotective a~tigen from Bordetella ~0 590Z~7 pertussis, which comprises mixing pathogens of Bordetella per-tussis with an aqueous solution of a denaturizing agent and a neutral salt, separating the liquid supernatant from the re-sidue of the pathogens, adding a water-insoluble adsorption , u~t~ ~ily l~l tll~ p~3~ ul t~l~ u~
and separating subsequently the denaturizing agent from the aqueous suspension of the protective antigen.
The treatment of the pertussis pathoge~ with the cited aqueous solution which results in an extraction of the patho-gens is carried out most easily by keeping the pathogens sus-pended in the solution as homogeneously as possible. However, this operation mode involves very long extraction times. The efficiency of the extraction is increased already by slightly moving the pathogens, for example by simple stirring. Appa-ratus usual for homogenization may be advantageously employed in order to increase the yield and to shorten the extraction time. Depending on the agitation means, the extraction time is in a range of from 1/2 to 48 hours; on the average, it is about 18 hours.
The extraction temperature is advantageously from 1 to 40C. Temperatures below room temperature, for example in a range of from 1 to 10C, are preferred.
During the extraction, the mixture is maintained at a pH of from 6 to 10, preferably at pH 8. In the case where this pH does not establish itself, it may be adjusted by ad-ding suitable buffer solutions.
Extract and pathogen residue are advantageously separat-ed by centrifug~tion. Suitable for obtaining a cell-free ex-29 tract are also filtration devices which are capable to retain ~05902'7 microorganisms.
Surprisingly, it has been observed that the protective antigen in a solution containing denaturizing agents has the properties of a relatively homogeneous, uniform substance, so t.lat lt~ f ~ ~hGl pUL il ~ ~a~iut~ h~ p-G~n~ uI ~-le UG~
izing agent is possible. This may be advantageously carried out by gel chromatography, by which separation of toxic com-ponents from the protective antigen is obtained in the case where the development is obtained by means of a buffer con-taining a denaturizing agent. Suitable media for gel chroma-tography are above all dextrane cross-linked with epichloro-hydrine, available on the market as Sephadex(R) of the company Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden, or copolymers of acrylamlde and methylene-bisacrylamide, available on the market as Bio-Gel p(R) of the company Bio-Rad ~aboratories, Ricnmond, U.S.A.
As buffer substances to be used in the process of the in-vention there may be employed compounds normally used in bio-chemical work ~r stabilizing the pH of the solution, advantage-ously those described in Handbook of Biochemistry, Cleveland (Ohio), 2nd Edition, p. J 23~, for example tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane. It has proved to be advantageous to add small amounts (from about 1 to 20 mM) of so-called chelate or com-plex forming agents to the buffer solution, for example ethy-lene-diamine-tetraacetate (EDTA).
When an adsorbent is used, its choice depends substantial-ly on the intended application of the protective antigen. For the preferred applications of a pertussis vaccine, an immuno-logical additi~e proved in ~accine manufacture is preferably 29 used which may be of inorganic origin, such as calcium phos-phate or aluminum oxide. Preferably, AlP04 and/or C~ -aluminum hydroxide are employed in a final concentration (solids con-centration in the final product) of from 0.05 to 0.4 % (w/v).
However, also organic polymers are suitable, especially poly-anionic additives insoluble in the solutions of the denaturizlng agents, for example derivatives of polyacrylic acid~ When ~
the antigen is not to be administered to humans and animals, any adsorbent usual for the adsorption of proteins may be ad-ded to the solution of the protective antigen.
The denaturizing agent is advantageously removed by dia-lysis. Since the protective antigen in the physiological me-dium cannot pass through the dialysis membrane in contrast to the denaturizing agent, the progressive discharge of the latter causes precipitation of the protective antigen on the adsorbent, if such is present.
In the case where a sterile product is required, the work-up, from the extraction to the obtention of the final, optionally adsorbed, material, may be carried out under sterile conditions. Alternatively, before removing the denaturizing agent and optionally before adding the adsorbent, a steriliza-tion filtration is intercalated, and the subsequent work-up has to be done under sterile conditions.
By denaturizing agents in accordance with this invention there are to be understood chemical compounds which cause dis-sociation of protein molecules into subunits, especially by splitting hydrogen bonds. Suitable compounds are urea or guanidine or the salts thereof, especially guanidine hydro-chloride. The denaturlzing agents are used in concentrations 29 of from 2 to 6 mols/liter; perferably from 4 to 6 mols/l, re-. - 6 -lative to the total solution.
Preferred neutral salts are water-soluble alkali metal halides, for example NaCl or ECl, and they are used in a con-centration of from 0~5 to 4 mols/lJ preferably 1 mol/l, re-lati~e to +he tot~l solUtio- n^nat~ i~ir.g agent and r.au tral salt have a synergistic effect in the extraction of the protective antigen.
Suitable starting materials for the process of the in-vention are Bordetella pertussis pathogens. They are propa-gated in known manner, for example by growing them in Cohen-Wheeler nutrient solution at about 35C with agitation, and they are obtained by precipitation with acids or organic sol-vents, or by centrifugation. For example, the Bordetella pertussis fermentation culture is subjected to an acid pre-cipitation at pH 3 ~ 5, preferably pH 4. For the acid pre-cipitation, all mineral acids, preferably 1 N hydrochloric acid, are appropriate, furthermore organic acids, for example acetic acid. Pathogens separated from the culture medium by centrifugation are of the same quality as those obtained by means of acetone or acid precipitation. The pathogens are advantageously used in aqueous suspension in a concentration of from 50.109 to 1000 109, preferably from 100.109 to 400.109, per ml.
The potency of pertussis vaccines is tested in animal tests according to Kendrick (P.~. Kendrick et al., Amer. J.
Publ. ~Iealth 37, 803 (1947) and Fed. Reg. 33, No. 118, 8818, - Paragraph 73.404 (1968)). Groups of 18 mice each are immuniz-ed with the pertussis antigen in three different states of 29 dilution and, after 13 days, the immunity is tested by an in-.~ , - - HOE 74/B 0~2 lOS9~Z7 tracerebral injection-infection with 200 ID50 living pathogens of Bordetella pertussis. A standard vaccine of known protec-ti~e value is always tested in the same manner. The protec-tive unit value which results from these tests is a-guide-line 40r +he pr^ctActi-~e act~vity ~rL h~ar.s (see Medica Ras.
Council Brit. Med. J. No. 5128, 994 (1959)).
After the extraction of pertussis pathogen suspensions having a pathogen density of 100.109 pathogens per ml accord-ing to the conditions of the process of th!is invention, values of from 25 to 75 IU/ml have been fourd. A vaccine having at least 8 IU/ml is generally acknowledged as being a potent vac-cine.
The toxicity is determined according to the rules of U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare in the following manner: 10 mice are treated with 0~5 ~1 of th^ pertussis vac-cine to be examined in a 1:2 dilution ratio. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH) Standards published in Federal Reg. ~, No. 118,8818 (1968)t Paragraph 7~.403, weight gains of 3 g/7 days are required. In the case of a pertussis antigen prepared according to this invention, the average weight gain of the mice is from 1 to 3 g after 72 hours, and from 5 to 6 g after 7 days. The antigen therefore does not contain any toxic parts of the pertussis pathogens and is well tolerated.
In addtion to the disclosed process for the preparation of the protective antigen from pertussis, the present invention provides protective antigens the parameters of which result from their preparation according to the above process.
29 The present invention provides furthermore products con-,, ~
` ~0590Z7 taining the protective antigen from pertussis in accordance with this invention, especially pertussis vaccines for the prophylaxis of whooping-cough, or for the manufacture of per-tussis antisera to be used for therapeutic or diagnostic pur-poses, ~u~ ai~ diagnostic produc~s containing the protective antigen from pertussis or antisera obtained therefrom. The pertussis vaccines to be manufacture~ in accordance with this invention are suitable for parenteral and oral administration.
The solution or suspension of the antigen may be protect-ed by adding antimicrobial preservation agents such as sodium timerfonate. In order to obtain a polyvalent vaccine, the pertussis antigen may be mixed in usual manner with other antigens and/or toxoids.
The present invention represents a substantial progress in the ob~ention of protective pertussis antig~ns or pertus-sis vaccines. The process is simple, and the protective ac-tivity of the adsorbed extract antigen is surprisingly high as compared with the data known from the literature. The high yield in the extract is illustrated by the fact that pathogens having been subjected to a 6 M urea extraction lost 80% and more of their protective activity. In the case of pathogens extracted by means of salt, however, a loss of only 10 - 20% of the protective activity is stated after separation of the extract. The fact that the antigen extract is not substantially polydispersible in a denaturizing medium allows separation of toxic components. Thus, an important increase in tolerance is to be expected when the antigen is administer-ed to human beings~ especially children.
29 The following examples illustrate the invention.
_ g _ 1~59~3Z7 E X A M P ~ E 1:
6 liters of 1 M tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane-HCl buffer having a pH of 8.0 and containing 50 mM of EDTA are added to 40 liters of a pertussis pathogen suspension having a dens,~y Ol 10v.109 pathogel.s p~r ml. ~Lter mixing, 14.4 lg of urea and 3.48 kg of NaCl are added, a volume of 60 l is obtained by adding water, and the suspension is stirred over-night by means of a magnetic agitator. After elimination of the pathogens by centrifugation(sharplessconcurrent ~entrifuge), - -10 3 liters of a 2~ suspension of AlP04 in admixture with a sus-pension of 1% Al(OH)3 is added. Subsequently, the urea is eliminated by dialysis against sterile 0.15 M NaCl in a Hollow-Fiber apparatus of Messrs. Amicon. After settling of the ad-sorbate, the total volume ls adjusted to 40 l by means of iso-tonic sodium chloride solution. An i~logen so obtained yield~
ed 25 IU/ml in the protection test according to Kendrick.
An extract prepared from the same starting material by treatment of the pathogens with 0.5 M NaCl yielded only 4.5 IU/ml irl the protection test according to Kendrick.
Toxicity determined in mice: 3 days + 3.2 g; 7 days +
5.8 g.
E X A M P ~ E 2:
After an extraction process according to Example 1, but star~ing with 200.109 pathogens per ml and an aqueous solution of 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride ~ 1 M NaCl, the protective value of the extract was 76 IU/ml.
Toxicity determined in mice: ~ days + 1.0 g; 7 days +
5.2 g.
HOE 74~B 032 10590~7 E X A M P ~ E _3:
The extract obtained according to Example 1, but with the use of 9.6 kg of urea instead of 14.4 kg, is concentrated to 2 1 by means of an ultrafilter and introduced into a column OI Sepnadex(R! G-75u, equilibraied with ~ne exiraciion buIIer (containi~4 M urea). Before chromatography, the concentrated extract, at a volume equivalent to 8û.1û9 pathogens per ml, yielded 8.25 IU/ml corresponding to 130 IU/mg of protein. The material, corresponding to the exclusion volume of the column up-to a molecular weight of about 90.000, is pooled, and the urea is eliminated by dialysis against 0.15 M sodium chloride solution. The fraction obtained after chromatography was concentrated to a volume corresponding to a density of 360.109 pathogens per ml and yielded 84.5 IU/ml in the protection test, corresponding to ~25 IU~mg OL protein.
Claims (12)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A process for the preparation of a protective anti-gen from Bordetella pertussis in which pathogens of Bordetella pertussis are mixed with an aqueous solution of a denaturizing agent and a neutral salt, the resultant liquid supernatant, comprising an aqueous suspension of the protective antigen containing denaturizing agent, is separated from the residue of pathogens and the denaturizing agent is then separated from the aqueous suspension.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 in which a water-insoluble adsorbent is added to the aqueous suspension before separating the denaturizing agent.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1 in which the patho-gens used as starting material are in aqueous solution in a concentration of from 50.109 to 1000.109/ml.
4. A process as claimed in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 in which the denaturizing agent is selected from the group of urea, guanidine and guanidine and urea salts.
5. A process as claimed in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 in which the liquid supernatant is purified in the presence of the denaturizing agent and a water-insoluble adsorption agent is subsequently added.
6. A process as claimed in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 in which the denaturizing agent is used in a concentration of from 2 to 6 mols/l.
7. A process as claimed in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 in which the neutral salt is sodium chloride, Potassium chloride or a mixture thereof.
8. A process as claimed in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 in which the neutral salt is used in a concentration of from 0.3 to 3 mols/l.
9. A process as claimed in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 in which the process is carried out at a pH of from 6 to 10.
10. A process as claimed in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 in which the process is carried out at a temperature of from 1 to 40°C.
11. A process as claimed in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 in which the water-insoluble adsorbent is AlPO4, C?-aluminum hydroxide or a mixture thereof and the absorbent is used in a concentration of from 0.05 to 0.2%.
12. A protective antigen from pertussis, whenever ob-tained according to a process as claimed in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 or by an obvious chemical equivalent thereof.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2461439A DE2461439C3 (en) | 1974-12-24 | 1974-12-24 | Process for the preparation of a protective antigen from Bordetella pertussis and agent containing the same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1059027A true CA1059027A (en) | 1979-07-24 |
Family
ID=5934586
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA242,453A Expired CA1059027A (en) | 1974-12-24 | 1975-12-23 | Extraction of protective antigen from b pertussis and antigen |
Country Status (17)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4029766A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS6222970B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | AT355203B (en) |
| BE (1) | BE837082A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1059027A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH628246A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2461439C3 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK143317C (en) |
| ES (1) | ES443624A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2295758A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1537849A (en) |
| IE (1) | IE42622B1 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL48730A (en) |
| LU (1) | LU74088A1 (en) |
| MX (1) | MX3785E (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7514858A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE431057B (en) |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2393065A1 (en) * | 1977-05-31 | 1978-12-29 | Merieux Inst | PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF LIPIDS FROM BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS AND IN PARTICULAR FROM BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS ENDOTOXIN |
| EP0000938B1 (en) * | 1977-08-22 | 1984-10-17 | National Research Development Corporation | Macromolecular covalent conjugates, methods for preparing and pharmaceutical compositions containing them |
| US4196192A (en) * | 1977-10-28 | 1980-04-01 | American Cyanamid Company | Combined Haemophilus influenzae type b and pertussis vaccine |
| NZ188211A (en) * | 1977-10-28 | 1984-09-28 | American Cyanamid Co | Isolation of polyribosyl ribitol phosphate(prp)from haemophilus influenzae type b;vaccine comprising prp and bordetellapertussis antigens |
| DE2961293D1 (en) * | 1978-02-17 | 1982-01-14 | Nat Res Dev | Immunogenic cell envelope preparations |
| US4247452A (en) * | 1978-03-01 | 1981-01-27 | The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland | Purification of pertussis haemagglutinins |
| US4338299A (en) * | 1980-11-17 | 1982-07-06 | Dso "Pharmachim" | Vaccine against pertussis |
| GB2144129B (en) * | 1981-08-24 | 1985-10-09 | Vilas V Likhite | Antigens as immunostimulant adjuvants |
| HU188847B (en) * | 1983-02-22 | 1986-05-28 | Human Oltoanyagtermeloe Es Kutato Intezet,Hu | Process for producing liophylized combined vaccines |
| US4705686A (en) * | 1986-05-09 | 1987-11-10 | American Cyanamid | Process for the preparation of acellular Bordetalla pertussis vaccine |
| US4845036A (en) * | 1987-02-03 | 1989-07-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Process for isolation of the B oligomer of pertussis toxin |
| CA1337859C (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 1996-01-02 | Masashi Chazono | Method for culturing bordetella pertussis, a pertussis toxoid and a pertussis vaccine |
| US5139776A (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 1992-08-18 | The Research Foundation For Microbial Diseases Of Osaka University | Method for culturing Bordetella pertussis, a pertussis toxoid and a pertussis vaccine |
| GB9924351D0 (en) | 1999-10-14 | 1999-12-15 | Brennan Frank | Immunomodulation methods and compositions |
| JP2010524508A (en) * | 2007-04-27 | 2010-07-22 | ダウ グローバル テクノロジーズ インコーポレイティド | Improved production and in vivo organization of soluble recombinant icosahedral virus-like particles |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3141824A (en) * | 1961-05-19 | 1964-07-21 | Lilly Co Eli | Pertussis antigen |
| US3395219A (en) * | 1964-12-11 | 1968-07-30 | Merck & Co Inc | Process for production of pertussis antigen |
| US3405218A (en) * | 1965-09-22 | 1968-10-08 | Parke Davis & Co | Extracting bordetella pertussis antigens with lithium bromide |
| US3465078A (en) * | 1965-10-21 | 1969-09-02 | Sydney Z Spiesel | Method of recovering antigens from bordetella pertussis cells |
-
1974
- 1974-12-24 DE DE2461439A patent/DE2461439C3/en not_active Expired
-
1975
- 1975-12-18 ES ES443624A patent/ES443624A1/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-19 NL NL7514858A patent/NL7514858A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-12-22 DK DK586575A patent/DK143317C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-12-22 LU LU74088A patent/LU74088A1/xx unknown
- 1975-12-22 CH CH1660875A patent/CH628246A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-12-22 US US05/643,123 patent/US4029766A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1975-12-23 AT AT980275A patent/AT355203B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-12-23 IE IE2807/75A patent/IE42622B1/en unknown
- 1975-12-23 CA CA242,453A patent/CA1059027A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-23 SE SE7514601A patent/SE431057B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-12-24 JP JP50153512A patent/JPS6222970B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1975-12-24 GB GB52894/75A patent/GB1537849A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-24 BE BE163118A patent/BE837082A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-12-24 IL IL7548730A patent/IL48730A/en unknown
- 1975-12-24 FR FR7539711A patent/FR2295758A1/en active Granted
-
1976
- 1976-01-05 MX MX766631U patent/MX3785E/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2461439C3 (en) | 1980-03-20 |
| DK143317B (en) | 1981-08-10 |
| JPS6222970B2 (en) | 1987-05-20 |
| BE837082A (en) | 1976-06-24 |
| FR2295758A1 (en) | 1976-07-23 |
| DE2461439A1 (en) | 1976-07-01 |
| US4029766A (en) | 1977-06-14 |
| AT355203B (en) | 1980-02-25 |
| ES443624A1 (en) | 1977-04-16 |
| MX3785E (en) | 1981-07-16 |
| IL48730A0 (en) | 1976-02-29 |
| ATA980275A (en) | 1979-07-15 |
| FR2295758B1 (en) | 1979-06-29 |
| DE2461439B2 (en) | 1979-07-12 |
| LU74088A1 (en) | 1976-11-11 |
| IE42622B1 (en) | 1980-09-10 |
| CH628246A5 (en) | 1982-02-26 |
| IL48730A (en) | 1978-10-31 |
| JPS5188623A (en) | 1976-08-03 |
| GB1537849A (en) | 1979-01-04 |
| IE42622L (en) | 1976-06-24 |
| DK143317C (en) | 1981-12-28 |
| NL7514858A (en) | 1976-06-28 |
| AU8780875A (en) | 1977-06-30 |
| DK586575A (en) | 1976-06-25 |
| SE431057B (en) | 1984-01-16 |
| SE7514601L (en) | 1976-06-25 |
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