CA1128884A - Method for enzyme reutilization - Google Patents

Method for enzyme reutilization

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Publication number
CA1128884A
CA1128884A CA341,306A CA341306A CA1128884A CA 1128884 A CA1128884 A CA 1128884A CA 341306 A CA341306 A CA 341306A CA 1128884 A CA1128884 A CA 1128884A
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Canada
Prior art keywords
cellulose
enzyme
solid
simultaneous saccharification
reaction
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Expired
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CA341,306A
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French (fr)
Inventor
George H. Emert
Paul J. Blotkamp
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Gulf Oil Corp
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Gulf Oil Corp
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12N9/2405Glucanases
    • C12N9/2434Glucanases acting on beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds
    • C12N9/2437Cellulases (3.2.1.4; 3.2.1.74; 3.2.1.91; 3.2.1.150)
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/22Processes using, or culture media containing, cellulose or hydrolysates thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12PFERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/02Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
    • C12P7/04Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
    • C12P7/06Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
    • C12P7/08Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
    • C12P7/10Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12YENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01004Cellulase (3.2.1.4), i.e. endo-1,4-beta-glucanase
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12YENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01091Cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (3.2.1.91)
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/813Continuous fermentation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/814Enzyme separation or purification
    • Y10S435/815Enzyme separation or purification by sorption

Abstract

TITLE

METHOD FOR ENZYME REUTILIZATION
ABSTRACT

Cellulase, an enzyme useful in the saccharification of cellulose can be recycled by a process of selective ad-sorption on cellulose containing materials and readmitted to the reaction mixture in a batch, semi-continuous, or continuous simultaneous saccharification-fermentation process.

Description

BAC~GROUND OF THE INVEMTION
The reutilization o~ waste cellulose by saccharification to sugars and concurrent manufacture of single-cell protein and by saccharification-fermentation to alcohols, acids, and S the like, has lead to a search for new, more active, and cheaper sources of the enzyme cellulase.
One of the methods being employed is to search for fungi and mutants of fungi which naturally produce high yields of the enzyme when grown on selected nutrient media.
~0 Another method is to reuse enzyme that has already catalyzed one or more saccharification reactions by recycling .
- the enzyme. A recent patent, U.S. 4,009,075, to Hoge7 details s ~a method of concurrently vacuum-distilling a saccharification-; fçrmentation reaction to recover volatile products, in this 15 case, ethanol-water, at below the decomposition point for the enzyme and reusing the residual reaction solution containing the enzyme in subsequent sacch rification-fermentation reactions~- This last procedure is adaptable to the recycling of cellulase from a reaction which yields a volatile product . .
20 capable of being removed from the reaction vessel at tempera-tures where the enzyme is stable, i.e., below 35C. as for exa~ple the procedure of Gauss, et al. U.S. 3,990,045.
Howe~er, the energy necessary to vacuum distill the ethanol from the reaction mixture at a suffîciently low temper-~ ature not to degrade the enzymes is of sufficient magnitude - that alternative methods must be sought to recycle the active enzyme system or a portion thereof.

.,,' '~

.

8~
It has previously been shown that cellulase is comprised of at least three major active components useful in the degradation of cellulose to glucose units. ~hese components are for convenience, named cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, 5 and ~-glucosidase herein. Of these components, the cellobio-hydrolase (E.C.3.2.1.91) is considered to be responsible for the hydrolysis of cellulose with concurrent production of cellobiose residues, endoglucanase (E.C.3.2.1.4) is respons-ible for cleavage of cellulose internally at random points . 10 with concurrent production of lower molecular weight . oligosaccharides, and ~-glucosidase (E.C 2.2.1.21) which, - while not a cellulose degrading enzyme in the sense of the .. above materials, catalyzes the decomposition of cellobiose to ~ glucose.
15 . It has also been shown that pure cellulose, as for exanple, Avicel, will adsorb and bind to cello~iohydrolase and endoglucanase thereby concentrating them from aqueous mixtures.

-. '' ' ' .
This invention pertains to a method ~or recycling and re-20 using cellulase components in the simultaneoussaccharification-fermentation of waste cellulose-containing materials.
More particularly this invention relates to a method for recycling and reusing cellulase components in the 25 simultaneous saccharification-fermentation of waste cellulose-containing materials which involves adsorption of at least two components of the cellulase enzyme system on a freshly pre-pared portion of waste cellulose material and using the enzyme-waste cellulose combination as a portion of the feed to a further simultaneous sacchari~ication-fermentation 5 reaction.
During saccharificatiGn of cellulose in the presence of the enzyme cellulase in aqueous suspension, the solid cellulose materials become liquefied and dissolve in water.
Depending upon the crystallinity and susceptibility of the 10 cellulose toward degradation, from about 20 to about 80% of the solids will disappear from the suspension. Of the three major components of the cellulase enzyme system, two, cellobio-hydrolase and endoglucanaseO bind to so~id cellulose; and during degradation and liquefaction, are released into the 15 aqueous solution~ The third, ~-glucosiaase, does not bind to the cellulose and remains in the aqueous phase at all times.
Thus, at or near completion of a saccharification reaction, the components of cellulase are in solu.ion and available for an appropriate recovery method.
It has now been found that the cellulase components retain their activity and are also in solution after a simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction which causes degradation of the cellulose to ethanol. Moreover, the presence of ethanol does not inhibit the recovery of 25 cellobiohydrolase and endoglucanase from the solution.
Further, it has been discovered tha~ increasing the concentration of endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase alone in 1 simultaneous saccharificatlon-fermentation reaction can im-prove the rate and yield of ethanol recovery. During simultaneous saccharification-fermentation the enzymic catalyzed rate of degradation of cellulose is improved to a 5 point that the glucose content of the product increases faster than the yeast can consume it by conversion to ethanol. Thus, by recovering and reusing the enzyme components adsorbable on cellulose, one cannot only conserve the enzyme components but also improve the yield and rate of recovery of ethanol from a 10 subsequent simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction.
Adsorption is preferably accomplished by filtexing the reaction mixture to remove the solids and then adsorbing the enzymes from the filtrate by passing the reaction solution through a loosely packed plug of a portion of cellulose-15 containing starting material which will be utilized forsubsequent simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reactionsO ~ . .
This plug, containing the recovered endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase can be combined with a~itional starting 20 material including additional enzyme inocu~um to make up to the lnitial concentration of B-glucosidase and the whole subjected to saccharification-fermentation in the usual manner. Alternatively, enough fresh inoculum is added to make up the customary initial concentration of cellobiohydrolase 25 and endoglucanase This would provide a deficiency in ~-glucosidase, the cellobiose hydrolyzing enzyme. The lack of ~-glucosidase concentration does not significantly adversely ~ ~?d~
affect the yield or rate of ethanol form~ :ion, although the commonly used yeasts which ferment glucose to ethanol, as for example, Saccharom~ces cerevisiae, Candida brassicae, and Rhizopus javanicus, do not significantly ferment cellobiose 5 to ethanol.
As an additional procedure, the aqueous ethanol solution from which the endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase has been re-moved can be filtered through a plug of an oligosaccharide of 6 or more glucose units in lactone form. The oligosaccharide 10 lactone binds the B-glucosidase fraction which can also be added to the subsequent saccharification reaction. Alterna-tively, the ~-glucosidase can be adsorbed on conconavalin A, a haemagglutinizing protein isolated from the jack bean.
. .
Conconav~lin A is available from Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, ~iscatawayr New Jersey, 08854, as Con A and Con A sepharose.
' ' ' "' ' ' ''' '' ' Waste materials containing cellulose which have previous-ly been:disclosed as potential sources for degradation to simple organic molecules with the concurrent manufacture of a protein useful in animal feed are also useful as adsorbants 20 for an enzyme recycling process. Sources of this waste material include municipal waste, paper mill waste, saw mill waste, cotton gin waste, and the like. Of particular utility are waste paper and cardboard which can be pre-swelled or pulped and will form a loosely packed plug useful for 25 filtration or for slurry adsorption and which contains sufficient surface sites for enzyme adsorption.

8~

Alternatively, a purified cellulose product can be used as an adsorbent which is then added to the st~rting materials.
Such a purified cellulose is sold by American Viscose Division, FMC Corporation, Newark, Delaware, under the trade 5 name Avicel.
Upon completion of a simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction, that is t upon reaction to substantial equilibrium, the reaction medium contains unreacted cellulose, solid oligosaccharides, lignocellulosic materials, and other 10 undefined solid degradation products as well as alcohol, nutrients, cellulase enzyme components, and yeasts and yeast cells.
Filtration to remove the solid materials is usually the first step in purification of the desired ethanol productO
15 The filtrate is then subjected to a vacuum stripping operation to remove the ethanol. By the method of this invention the enzymes from the saccharification reaction are saved and re-cycled prior to ethanol stripping.
By the method of this invention, any cellulose-containing 20 solid material with sufficient surface area to provide binding sites or the enzyme, is contacted with ~he enzyme-containing - filtrate from a simultaneous saccharifica~ion-fermentation reaction which has been allowed to attain substantial equilib-rium of reaction. The method of contacti~ can be by adding 25 the cellulose solid to form a slurry and rapid filtration of the sluxry to recover the enzyme-cellulose solid or by passing the enzyme-containing filtrate through a plug of loosely packed cellulose solid.

In order for the rapid binding necessary to this method to occur it has been determined that the contact must be made at above p~I5 and above an ionic strength of 0.05M. ~t ionic strengths from 0.05M. to 0, the enzymes will not bind and 5 elution occurs. At below about pH4.8 the enzymes will not bind and elution occurs. However, since by the method of this invention, the enzymes are adsorbed on a substrate that they themselves can cause to be destroyed given appropriate reaction conditions and can thereby be released into the 10 media, the method of this invention is further accomplished by comhining the adsorbed enzyme-cellulose mixture with fresh feed cellulose in a subsequent simultaneous saccharification-: . fermentation reaction without elution.
.
.. . At abo~e pH8 the endoglucanase activity is lost bydenaturation of the protein. For this reason the adsorption must occur at between about pH5 and pH8; preferably at between.about pHS and about pH7.
Since, as noted above, the enzyme components act rapidly to cause degradation and liquefaction of the cellulose . 20 adsorbent, a react~on which occurs at above about 30C., it is desirable to perform the adsorption at temperatures at or below ambient room temperature to inhibit degradation of the cellulose adsorbent. Tempexatures from about 5C. to about 20C. are preferred.
Upon completion of the saccharification-fermentation reaction, some solid materials will remain, these may include, unreacted cellulose and solid degradation products, ligno-cellulose materials, unreactive solid components of the . .

8~
starting waste material, and the like. Inasmuch as a portion of the cellulase will rernain on this accumulation of unreactive products, yield of reclaimed cellulase is not theoretical and additional fresh enzyme must also be used.
5 This requirement for additional enz~me depends upon the amount and eharacter of the solids in the reaction mixture and can only be ascertained by assay of the reco~ered enzyme.
This method is used advantageously to increase the eellulose-hydrolysis-rate-determining enzymes by adding fresh 10 inoculum to a standard ~-glucosidase activity or the methoa ean be used to eeonomize on use of fresh inoculum to provide a standard endoglucanase or cellobiohydrolase level.
Cellulase inoculum useful for the present invention ean be purehased commercially from Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd. of 15 Tokyo, Japan as Meicelase P or manufactured as a metabolite from the growth of Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma- koningii, Fusarium solani, Fusarium javanicum, and the like. The manner of preparing the aqueous culture mass containing the eellulolytie enzyme eomplex is conventional, the cellulolytie 20 microorganisms being cultivated in known manner in an a~ueous nutrient medium in the presence of a cellulosie material in shake flasks or in submerged culture. Typical methods are shown in an article by Mandels & Weber, Advances in Chemistry Series, ACS 95, 39-414 (1969).
Preferably the aqueous eulture mass or an aliquot thereof is employed directly in the cellulose saceharification proeess without further treatment, except to adjust the pH if that is g_ 88~
necess~ry, as described by the method of }Iuff & Yata, U.S. 3,9g0,945.
As the alcohol-producing microorganism to be simulta-neously used with the cellulase, there can be employed such 5 microorganisms as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisi-ae and hizopus javanicus which have heretofore been used for the conversion of glucose into ethanol.
The procedure for recycle of cellulase components is adaptable to batch operation as will be described more 10 p~rticularly in the specific example hereinbelow~ Care must be taken in adsorption of the enzyme on cellulose and trans-, fers must be made with reasonable haste since the enzyme : . . .
, ,c'o~ponents adsorbed will solubilize the cellulose rather : .- .
quickly by their catalytic effect on hydrolysis. Once solubil-ization has occurred the enzyme although still adsorbed to the soluble oligosaccharides will be lost tu t~e supernatant. The process can also be adapted for semi-continuous operation b~
u,se of countercurrent columnar adsorption wherein the saccharification-fermentation product after filtration is r. .
20 countercurrently forced through a concentrated slurry of a portion of the starting cellulose-containing material. In this technique it is important to limit the contact time to minimize the amount of saccharification allowed to occur in the trans-fer chamber. As described above, dissolu~ion of the cellulose 25 without complete degradation to glucose c~n occur in the adsorbant chamber which will remove sites ~or adsorbence of enzyme.

~XAM~LE X
To duplicate 1 liter flasks (labeled ~ and B) were added:
229 yrams of an aqueous hydropulped pulp mill fines slurry containing 6~ cellulose;
200 ml of a cellulase solution of the following assay:
Filter paper reducing sugar activity by the method of Mandels and Weber, "The Production of Cellulases" Advances in Chemistry Series, ACS 95,391-414 28.20xlO 3, ~-glucosidase by the method of Emert, Purification and Characterization of 10 Cellobiase from Tri derma viride, University of Microfilms 74-12r343, Virginia Polytechnic Institu~e and State University 1973, Pp. 28-29, 106.60xlO 2, and protein by the method of Emert loc.cit. p.34, 4~50 mg/ml;
250 ml of a nutrient media consisting of the following 15 ingredients per liter of solution:
KH2PO4 2.2 g, MgSO4 7H2O 0.5 g, KCl 1.7 g, K citrate mono-hydrate 4.0 g~ citric acid monohydrate 0~8 g, CaC12 0.25 g, urea 2~5 g, yeast extract 1.0 g, FeSO4-7H2~ 10 mg, MnSO4 H2O 10 mg, ZnSO4 7H2O lO mg, CuSO4 1 mg;
21 ml of water; and 25 ml of a suspension of Saccharom~ces cerevisiae ATCC
4132 with a cell count of 200-250x106 ce~ls~ml which had previously been grown for 18 hours. The contents of the flasks were stirred at 150 r.p.m. and 40~. for 72 hours.
During the above reaction, addition2~ duplica~e samples (229 g-each) of the above-described pulp ~ill fines were soaked in a solution of 0.04 m acetate buffer at pH5 for 5 minutes .

and filtered tv re~oVe at least the volume o~ liquid representing the buffer. The contents of flasks A and ~ were centrifuged and the supernatant liquid added to the buf~ered s~mples of pulp mill fines and allowed to sit for 15 minutes 5 then fil~ered to remove at least the amount of liquid added.
The resulting mixtures tlabeled 3 and 4) and two control mixtures (labeled 1 and 2), each containing 229 g of pulp mill fines were ~reated in the following manner: To each were added 25 ml of the above-described nutrient medium, 200 ml of 10 the cellulase solution described above, 25 g. oS the yeast solution described above and enough water to make a total weight of sao g. The mixtures were allowed to react at 40C.
and 150 r.p.m. for 168 hours. Glucose and ethanol concentrations and conversions were determined at 48, 72, 96, 15 144, and 168 hours.
EtOH GlucosePercent ~laskSample mg/ml mg~mlConversion 148 hr 17.80 0.33 52.76 72 18~51 0.31 5~.86 96 18.51 0.59 54.86 144 '- 19.00 0.15 5~.32 - 168 21.20 0~14 62.84
2 48 15.92 0.36 47.19 72 17.27 0.30 51.19 g6 18.46 ~.30 54.72 144 19.51 1.29 57.83 168 21.02 0.14 62.30 388~
3 48 20.70 0.64 61.35 72 21.65 0.83 64.17 96 23.41 1.52 69.39 144 25.08 2.86 74.33 168 25.79 3.14 76.44
4 4B 21.44 0.64 63.55 72 23.27 1.24 68.97 96 250~9 2.77 75.55 144 25.83 4.51 76.56 168 26.98 5.2 79.97 Samples 3 and 4 which had been allowed to contact the .. supernatant liquid obtained ~rom the prior xeaction . ~demonstrated increased ethanol yield and conversion rate at .up to 168 hours of reaction time.
. ", ~ . , ,

Claims (6)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of recycling the endoglucanase (E.C.3.2.1.4) and cellobiohydrolase (E.C.3.2.1.91) portions of activity of cellulase enzyme which had been used as the cellulose hydrolyzing enzyme in a simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction of cellulose-to-ethanol by:
(1) separating the liquid fraction from the reaction mixture;
(2) contacting this enzyme and alcohol-containing liquid fraction with a cellulose-containing solid which is useful for the simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction at between about pH5 to about pH8 and at above an ionic strength of 0.05M to adsorb the enzymes thereupon;
(3) separating the solid fraction containing the adsorbed enzymes; and (4) using the solid enzyme-cellulose combination as a portion of the feed to a further simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction.
2. The process of Claim 1 wherein the enzyme and alcohol-containing liquid fraction and the cellulose-containing solid are contacted at between about 5° and about 20°C.
3. The process of Claim 1 wherein the enzyme and alcohol-containing liquid fraction and the cellulose-containing solid are contacted by adding the solid to the liquid to form a slurry.
4. The process of Claim 1 wherein the enzyme and alcohol-containing liquid fraction and the cellulose-containing solid are contacted by pouring the liquid through a loosely packed plug of the solid.
5. A series of simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reactions to manufacture ethanol from cellulose which comprises carrying out one simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction to substantial reaction equilibrium, separating the liquid fraction therefrom, contacting the liquid fraction with cellulose useful for a subsequent simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction at between about pH5 to about pH8 and above an ionic strength of 0.05M to adsorb the endoglucanase (E.C.3.2.1.4) and cellobiohydrolase (E.C.3.2.1.91) portions of cellulase activity therefrom, separating the solid fraction, adding the solid fraction to a subsequent simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction and adding fresh cellulase inoculum to make up the cellobiohydrolase and endoglucanase to the standard level.
6. A series of simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reactions to manufacture ethanol from cellulose which comprises carrying out one simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction to substantial reaction equilibrium, separating the liquid fraction therefrom, contacting the liquid fraction with cellulose useful for a subsequent simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction at between about pH5 to about pH8 and above an ionic strength of 0.05M to adsorb the endoglucanase (E.C.3.2.1.4) and cellobiohydrolase (E.C.3.2.1.91) portions of cellulase activity therefrom, separating the solid fraction, adding the solid fraction to a subsequent simultaneous saccharification-fermentation reaction and adding fresh cellulase inoculum to make up the .beta.-glucosidase (E.C.3.2.1.21) enzyme activity to the standard level.
CA341,306A 1979-04-27 1979-12-05 Method for enzyme reutilization Expired CA1128884A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US033,772 1979-04-27
US06/033,772 US4220721A (en) 1979-04-27 1979-04-27 Method for enzyme reutilization

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CA (1) CA1128884A (en)
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DK (1) DK104280A (en)
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FR (1) FR2455081A1 (en)
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