CA1216900A - Autoregulating heater - Google Patents
Autoregulating heaterInfo
- Publication number
- CA1216900A CA1216900A CA000442197A CA442197A CA1216900A CA 1216900 A CA1216900 A CA 1216900A CA 000442197 A CA000442197 A CA 000442197A CA 442197 A CA442197 A CA 442197A CA 1216900 A CA1216900 A CA 1216900A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- current
- layer
- curie temperature
- lamina
- heater
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K3/00—Tools, devices, or special appurtenances for soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering, not specially adapted for particular methods
- B23K3/04—Heating appliances
- B23K3/047—Heating appliances electric
- B23K3/0475—Heating appliances electric using induction effects, e.g. Kelvin or skin effects
Abstract
IMPROVED AUTOREGULATING HEATER
ABSTRACT
An autoregulating electrically shielded heater employs a structure of two magnetically permeable members of different Curie temperatures and preferably differing resistivities.
The two members are in electrical contact with one another;
having at their interface a very low resistivity layer or member provided by copper or a like material. A first of the electromagnetic members has the lower Curie temperature and high resistivity while the other of said members has the higher Curie temperature of the two and preferably lower resis-tivity. A constant current a.c. source is connected to induce currents in the members parallel to their interface. Below the Curie temperature of the first member, current is substan-tially confined to a narrow region along a surface remote from the interface. Above the Curie temperature, some of the current spreads into the low resistance layer or member and into the second electromagnetic member where it is confined, due to skin effect to a narrow region adjacent the interface.
The I2R heating is greatly reduced, 6 to 1 in a typical case, so that autoregulation of temperature occurs near the Curie temperature of the first member. Since the current in the second electromagnetic member is limited in its penetration by skin effect, a low frequency power supply may be employed in a thin device without radiation of the electromagnetic field.
ABSTRACT
An autoregulating electrically shielded heater employs a structure of two magnetically permeable members of different Curie temperatures and preferably differing resistivities.
The two members are in electrical contact with one another;
having at their interface a very low resistivity layer or member provided by copper or a like material. A first of the electromagnetic members has the lower Curie temperature and high resistivity while the other of said members has the higher Curie temperature of the two and preferably lower resis-tivity. A constant current a.c. source is connected to induce currents in the members parallel to their interface. Below the Curie temperature of the first member, current is substan-tially confined to a narrow region along a surface remote from the interface. Above the Curie temperature, some of the current spreads into the low resistance layer or member and into the second electromagnetic member where it is confined, due to skin effect to a narrow region adjacent the interface.
The I2R heating is greatly reduced, 6 to 1 in a typical case, so that autoregulation of temperature occurs near the Curie temperature of the first member. Since the current in the second electromagnetic member is limited in its penetration by skin effect, a low frequency power supply may be employed in a thin device without radiation of the electromagnetic field.
Description
6~
BACKGROUND OF T~IE INVENTION
The present invention relates to autoregulating electric heaters and more par-ticularly, to an electromagnetic autoregulating electric heater operable with a low frequency energy source without radiating harmful electromagnetic fields and which has a high autoregulating power ratio; i.e., a high ratio of rates of generation of heat.
In th-e U.~. Pa-tent No. 4,256,945 of Carter and Krumme, there is described an autoregulating electric heater having a laminated structure; one lamina of which has high magnetic permeability and high resistance and another lamina of which is non-magnetic ana has a low resistance (such as copper) in electrical contact, and therefore, thermal contact with the first lamina. This structure is adapted to be connected across a constant current, a.c~, source such that the layers are in a sense in parallel across the source.
Due to skin effect, the current is initially confined to the high magnetic permeability, high resistance layer so that P =
KRl where P is power, K is I which is a constant, and R is the effective resistance of the permeable material at high current concentrations. The dissipation of power heats the layer until it approaches its Curie temperature. The permeability of the lamina decreases towards the level of the second layer, copper for instance, at about its Curie temperature. The current is no longer confined to the high resistivity first lamina by the magnetic properties of the first lamina, and spreads into the copper layer; the resistance to the current drops materially, the power consumed, P = KR 2 where R2<~ R1, is greatly reduced and the heating effect is reduced to a level that maintains the ~b ~6~
device at or near the Curie temperature. The device thus thermally autoregulates over a narrow temperature range about the Curie temperature.
The current source employed in the aforesaid patent is typically a high frequency source~ for instance, 8 to 20 MHz to insure that the current is confined to the thin, high resistance, ma~netic layer until the Curie temperature of the magnetic material is attained. Specifically, the maximum regulation is achie~ed when the thi-ckness of the magnetic layer is of the order o~ one skin depth at the fre~uency of operation. Under these circumstances, the maximum change in effective resistance of the structure is achieved at or about the Curie temperature. This ~act can be demonstrated by reference to the equation for skin depth in a monolithic, i.e., non-laminar magnetic structure: S.D.
= 5030J ~ cm where p is the resistivity of the material in ohm~cms, ~ is magnetic permeability mu and ~ is frequency of the current. The field falls off in accordance with e x where x is thickness/skin depth. Accordingly, in a monolithic structure, by calculation, 63.2% of the current is confined to one skin depth in the high mu material. In the region of the Curie temperature, where p = 1, the current spreads into a region S.D. = 5030 cm. If mu was originally equal to 200 (200-600 being possible), the skin depth in the region at the Curie temperature increases by the square foot of 200; i.e., the skin depth in the monolithic structure is now 14.14 times greater than with~ = 200.
The same type of reasoning concerning the skin effect may be applied to the two layer laminar structure in the aforesaid patent. Below the Curie temperature, the majority of the current flows in the magnetic layer when the thickness of ,~'' this layer is nominally one skin depth of the material below the Curie temperature. In the region of the Curie temperature, the majority of the current now flows in the copper and the resistance drops dramatically. If the thickness of this high mu material were greater than two skin depths, the percentage change of current flowing in the high conductivity copper would be less and the resistivity change would not be as dramatic. Similarly, if the thickness of the high mu material were materially less than one skln depth, the percentage of current flowing in the high resistivity material at a temperature less than the Curie temperature would be less so that the change of resistance at the Curie temperature would again not be as dramatic. The region of 1.0 to perhaps 1.~ skin depths of high mu material is preferred.
An exact relationship for the two layer case is quite complex. The basic mathematical formulas for surface impedance from which expressions can be obtained for the ratio of the maximum resistance, R , below the Curie temperature, to the minimum resistance, R i ~ above the Curie temperature, are given in Section 5.19, pp. 298-303 of the standard reference, "Fields and Waves in Communications Electronics," 3rd Edition, by S.
Ramo, J. R. Winnery, and T. VanDuzer, published by John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1965. Although the theory described in the above reference is precise only for the case of flat layers, it is still accurate enough for all practical applications in which the skin depth is substantially less than the radius of curvature.
The above facts are clearly demonstrated by the curves A
and B of the graphs of Figure 1 hereof which are based on the two-layer theory in the above reference. The curves are continuous with the parts lying to the left and right of the ~L2~
vertical dashed line being read ayainst the left and right scales! respectively. These curves are plots of autoreyulation power ratio as a function of frequency of the current applied to the patented devices. The maximum autoregulation power ratio is S achieved at 0.6 MHz for a material having a mu of 600, ~ = 75 x 10 ohm-cm and a thickness of 1O5 x 10 inch as illustrated in Curve B. In this case, one skin depth is 0.9 x 10 inch and the - peak ratio of 162 occurs at a frequency of 600 KHz. As indicated above, the thickness of the high mu layer if 1.5 x 10 3 inch.
Thus, the theoretical optimum thickness is 1.~7 times one skin depth thickness below the Curie temperature.
The curve A is for a bGdy having a first lamina of a thickness of 0.5 x 10 inch. It is noted that the peak ratio of 160 is attained at 6 MHz, at which frequency the skin depth in the magnetic material is .29 x 10 3 inchesO
Difficulty may arise in such devices when the Curie temperature is achieved due to spread of the current and/or magnetic flux into adjacent regions outside of the device, particularly if the device is located close to sensitive electrical components.
In co-pending patent application, S~N. 398,354 filed March 15, 1982 there is described a mechanism for preventing the high frequency field generated in the heated device from radiating into the regions adjacent the device. This effect is accomplished by insuring that the copper or other material of high conductivity is sufficiently thick, several skin depths at the frequency of the source, to prevent such radiation and electrical field activity. This feature is important in many applications of the device such as a soldering iron where ~2~
electromagnetic fields may induce relative1y large currents in sensitive circuit components which may destroy such components.
As indicated above, the magnetic field in a simple, single layer, i.e., monolithic structure, falls off as e so that at three skin depths, the field is 4.9~ of maximum, at five skin depths, it s 0~67%, and at ten skin depths, the field is b.oO5% of maximum For many uses, thicknesses of three skin depths are satisfactory although ten or more may be required with some highly sensitive devices in the vicinity of large heating currents.
- The devices of the patent and application are operative for their in~ended purposes when connected to a suitable supply, but a drawback s the cost of the high frequency power supply.
Where only a very low field may be permitted to radiate from the 15device, the frequency of the source is preferably maintained quite high, for instance, in the megahertz region, to be able to employ copper or other non-magnetic material having reasonable thicknesses.
rn accordance with the invention of my co-pending 20application 436,600 entitled "Autoregulating Electrically Shielded Heater," filed on September 13, 1983, a relatively low frequency constant current source may ~e employed as a result of fabricating the normally non-magnetic, low resistivi~y layer from a high permeability, high Curie temperature material. Thus, the device comprises a high permeability, high resistivity first layer adjacent the current return path and a high permeability, preferably low resistivity second layer remote from the return path; the second layer having a higher Curie temperature than the first mentioned layer.
~2~
As used herein, the term "iligh manetic permeability"
refers to materials having permeabilities greater than paramagnetic materials, i.e., ferromagnetic materials, although permeabilities of 100 or more are preferred for most applications.
The theory of operation underlying the invention of the aforesaid application field on September 13, 1983 is that my using a high permeability, high Curie temperature material as the lo~ resistivity layer, the skin depth of the current in this second layer is such as to confine the current to a quite thin layer even at low frequencies thereby essentially insulating the outer surfaces electrically and magnetically but not thermally with a low resistivity layer of manageable thickness.
The second layer is preferably formed of a low resistivity material, but this is not essential.
An example of a device employi~g two high mu laminae utilizes a layer of Alloy 42 having a resistivity of about 70-80 micro-ohms-cm, a permeability about 200, and a Curie temperature of approximately 300C. A second layer is formed of carbon steel having a resistivity of about 10 micro-ohms-cm, a permeability of 1000, and a Curie temperature of about 760~C. The s~in depths,using a 60 Hz supply are .1" for Alloy ~2 and .025" for carbon steel. An example of a practical 60 Hz heater based on the present invention,may employ a coaxial heater consisting of a .25 inch diameter cylindrical or tubular copper conductor (the "return" conductor), a thin layer (perhaps .002 in thickness) of insulation, followed by the temperature sensitive magnetic alloy having a permeability of 400 and a thickness of 0.1 inch, and finally an outer jacket of steel having a permeability of 1000 and a thickness of 0.1 inch. The overall heater diameter ~ould be a .65 inch~ If the heater is used in a situation requiring 5 watts per foot of heater length for, for instance, protection of a liquid against freezing, the total lenyth of the he~ter is 1000 feet, the resistance of the heater will be 1.96 ohms. The current will be 50 amperes, and the voltage at the generator end will be 140 volts at temperature somewhat below the Curie temperature of the temperature sensitive magnetic alloy on the inside of the outer pipe. If there were substantial changes in the electrical resistance due to variations of the thermal load, the required voltage must vary in order to maintain constant current. Either of these latter supplies provide current at costs considerably less than a constant current supply at ~-20 MHz.
The power regulation ratios (AR) in such a device; 2:1 to ~:1, are not as high as with the device of the patent with a resistivity difference of about 10:1, but the AR difference may be reduced by using materials of higher and lower resistivities for the low curie temperature and high Curie temperature materials, respectively. Also, a high mu, relatively low resistivity material such as iron or low carbon steel may be employed to further increase the power regulation ratio.
Referring to Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings, Curves A and B are plots of the autoregulating power ratios for the dual magnetic layer apparatus of the co-pending application.
It will be noted again that the autoregulating ratio of the device of the prior patent as depicted by Curve B of Figure rises to 160 at 7 MHz with a firs~ layer ~hickness of 0.5 x 10 inch and copper as the second layer. As depicted by Curve A of Figure 2, at 60 Hz with a first layer thickness of .125 inch, a ratio of 1. 6 i5 attained at 60 Hz and a ratio of 4 at 1000 hz. A
ratio of 4 is attained as shown in Curve B of Figure 2 with a different firs~ layer thickness of .010 a-t 1~0 KH~. These ratios are attained with layers of Alloy ~2 and carbon steel as previously indicated.
SUMMARY O~ THE INVENTION:
In accordance with the present invention, autoregulating power ratios o~ 6:1 to 7:1 are attained while retaining the ability to utilize low frequency supplies without producing unacceptable levels of ~ield radiation.
The objects of the invention are achieved by providing a region of high conductivity at the interface Gf the two members having high permeability of the application filed on September 13, 1983.
The material in the interface region may be copper, for instance, or other highly conductive material. The material may appear as a separate layer, a sandwich of magnetic, non-magnetic and magnetic material or may be bonded to the high and/or low Curie temperature, ferromagnetic layers at the interface to provide a low resistivity, interface region.
Typical thicknesses of the sandwich construction at lKHz are 0.03" for both the low and high Curie temperature ferromagnetic materials, respectively, and .010 inch for the copper layer.
In operation, as the Curie temperature of the first layer is approached and its permeability rapidly decreases, the current spreads into the copper layer and into the second magnetic layer. The total resistance of the structure, due to 6~
the presence of the copper, drops drarnatically providing a hiyh autoregulating ratio. Also,most of the current is confined to the copper layer and only a small percentage penetrates into the second magnetic layer. In conse~uence, this latter layer need he only 3 to 5 skin depths thick to effect virtually complete shielding of the device. Thus, the object of a large autoregulating power ratio in a relatively small device using a low frequency source is achieved. ~y low frequency is meant a source in the range of 50 Hz to 10,000 Hz although 50 Hz-8000 Hz is fully adequate.
With autoregulating rations of 6:1 and 7:1, the heating variations below and above Curie temperature are quite large so that the apparatus may respond rapidly to thermal load variations and thus maintain accurate temperature regulation in a small device operating at low frequencyO
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
The above and still fur~her objects/ features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of one specific embodiment thereto, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, wherein:
Figure 1 is a graph comparing the autoregulation ratios versus frequency characteristics of the apparatus of the aforesaid Carter and Krumme patent, for different thicknesses of the magnetic layer.
Figure 2 is a graph comparing the autoregulating versus frequency characteristics of the apparatus of my application filed on September 13, 1983 for different thicknesses of the lower Curie temperature material.
Figure 3 is a view in cross section of a solderiny iron fabricated in accordance with the present invention.
Fiyure 4 is a series of graphs comparing the autoregulating characteristics o~ the device of the present invention with the devices of the prior patent and the application filed on September 13, 1983.
Figure 5 is a series of graphs illustrating characteristics of the power versus temperature characteristics of the apparatus o~ the present invention in comparison with those of the a~oresaid Carter and Krumme patent and my application filed on September 13, 1983.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT:
Referring now specifically to Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated in cross section, a soldering iron tip fabricated in accordance with the present invention. The drawing illustrates an inner cone 2 of high permeability, high resistivity, low Curie temperature material, some examples of which, with their compositions, permeabilities, resistivities, and Curie temperatures are listed in Table below:
EFFECTIVE
MATERIAL CURIE POINT pPERMEABILITY
30% Ni Bal Fe 100C 80 X 10_6 100-300 36~ Ni Bal Fe 279C 82 X 10 6 ~
~2~ Ni Bal Fe 325C 71 X 10 6 200-600 46% Ni Bal Fe 460C ~6 X 10_6 52% Ni Bal Fe 565C 43 X 10 80~ Ni Bal Fe 460C 58 X 10 6 400-1000 Kovar 435C 49 X 10 An outer cone 4 is formed coaxial with and about the cone 2. The cone 4 is Eabricated from a high permeabilit~, preferably low resi-tivity and high Curie temperature material, examples of which are set forth in Table 2 below:
TA~LE 2 EFFECTIVE
MATERIALCURIE POI~T p PERMEABILITY
Low Carbon Steel 7~0C 10 X 10 6 > 1,000 Cobalt 1120~C 9.8 X 10 6 ~ 1,000 Nickel 353C 6.8 X 10 6 > 500 A layer 6 of high conductivity material such as copper is interposed between layers 2 and 4. The layer 6, as previously indicated, may be a separate layer or may be bonded to layer 2 and/or layer 4 along the interface between the layers.
A low resistance, cylindrical rod or tube 8, copper, for instance, extends along the axis of the cones 2 and 4 and is insulated therefrom except at the apex of the cones 2 and 4 and the layer 6. In one form of the invention, the apices of the cones 2 and 4 are drilled to a size to snuggly receive a small diameter extension 10 of the rod 8 which extension is suitably electrically in contact with the layers 2, 4 and 6 and mechanically secured (as by swaging or welding) in the passage through the apices of the cones 2 and 4. The extension 10 may terminate flush with the narrow end of the outer cone 4.
To complete the Figure, a constant current, a.c. supply 12 is connected between the center conductor and the large diameter ends of the cones 2 and 4.
Upon excitation of the supply 12, alternating current flowing in the circuit is confined to the surface of the cone 2 ad]acent the return path, i.e., the rod 8. The power dissipated is determined by the equation P = I R 1where I2 is a constant "K" due to the use of the constant current supply 12 and Rl is the resistance of the cone 2 at the frequency of the source. The resistance of the cone 2 is a function of the resistivity of the material and also the cross section of the cone 2 to which the current is confined by skin effect. Specifically, resistance is an inverse function of cross-sectional area so that as the cross section of the cone to which the current is confined decreases, as a result of increase in skin effect, the higher the resistance of the cone 2.
As previously indicated, the formula for skin depth in a monolithic material is S.D. = 5030 x 10 ~ cm in cgs units, where ~ is resistivity, A~ is magnetic permeability and is the frequency of the source. It is quite apparent the skin depth decreases with increase in frequency and thus the effective resistance increases the frequency.
In the present invention,power supplies of relatively low frequencies, i.e., 60 Hz to 10 Khz, may be employed. In such a case, the effective cross-sectional area of the current path is considerably greater than in the prior art device in which frequencies of 8-20 MHz are employed. For instance, skin depth at Hz of Alloy 42 is 0.125" at a permeability of 300, but is 0.0004" at 8 MHz. Thus, at 60 Hz, the thickness of the Alloy 42 layer is larger and resistance of the optimum laminar structure is less than at 8 MHz. Eligh resistivity materials are preferably employed of the cone 2 in accordance with the present invention to order to provide the high resistance, below Curie temperature necessary to produce the marked change in resistance at the Curie ~2~
temperature required to produce the desired change in heating in accordance with the formula P - KR. Specifically, in order to autoregulate temperature~ the resistance of the circuit must decrease materially when the Curie temperature of the material of cone 2 is approached. A power ratio of say, 6 to 1, provides excellent regulation for most purposes and for a soldering iron, ratios of 3 to 1 are perfectly acceptable of substantially all uses. As pointed out in the aforesaid ~.S. Patent No. 4,256,945, in a solid, i.eO, monolithic material, the ratio of resistance values at a given frequency is a function of permeability and resistivity.
Thus, R max = ~ ~max P max (1) R min ~min P min Since ~ does not change appreciably with temperature and~ falls to 1 at the Curie temperature, a permeability of 200 would lead to a resistance change in solld alloy 42 of ~ 0=14.14 . The current in a composite, i.e., laminar, structure is no longer confined to this layer; in fact, a large majority of the current flows in the cone ~ and layer 6 at the Curie temperature. Thus, the resistivity of the material of the cone 4 and layer 6 becomes important. Specifically, the resistivity of the layer 6 must be considered, since being of appreciably lower resistance, the majority of the available, i.e., constant current, will be concentrated in this layer.
In operation, when current is initially applied to the apparatus, the current is confined to the cone 2 which is, in the example discussed herein, 0.125" thick; this being one skin depth of Alloy 42 at 90 Hz. The device heats until the Curie temperature of the material, about 325C in the example is ~2~0a~
approached at which point the permeability decreases and the current begins to spread into the layer 6 and cone 4. The temperature of the material o~ the cone 4 is still well below its Curie temperature and the current is confined to the cone 2, the layer 6, and to a few skin depths of the cone 4 at 90 Hz, i.e., approximately .021".
Re~erring to Figure 4 of the accompanying drawings, there are presented plots of the autoregulating power ratios of two and three-layer structures including the present inventionO
Curve A illustrates performance of the two-layer structure in which the second layer is nonmagnetic. Curve B is also for a two-layer structure, the second layer being magneticO On Curve A, the first layer has approximately the characteristics of Alloy 42 (~ = 200 and ~ = 75 microhm-centimeters) and the second layer has the characteristics of copper (~U = 1 and ~ = 2 microhm-centimeters). This structure, which corresponds to U.SO Patent No. 4,256,945 of Carter and Krumme has a higher autoregulation ratio than the structure illustrated by Curve B in which the second layer is magnetic,having a permeability of 1000. The second layer in Curve B has the electrical characteristics of low carbon steel (~= 1000 and ~ = 10 microhm-centimeters). Curve ~
is a duplicate of the curve A in Figure 2 in the frequency range between 50 Hz and 10,000 Hz.
Curve B describes the performance of two-layer structures in which the second layer is magnetic. In the present invention, as prèviously indicated, a third layer (layer 6) of highly conductive material such as copper is placed between these two magnetic layers. Referring to Curve C, when the Curie temperature is reached, the resistance drops by a factor larger ~6~
than that obtained when two magnetic layers are used (Curve B) ànd smaller than that obtained when the second layer was non-magnetic (Curve A). Thus, the autoregulation ratio of the present invention falls in the range between Curve A and Curve B. An approximate analysis of the situation has been used to calculate the autoregulation power ratio based on the following assumptions.
1. That very little current flows in the third, magnetic layer;
BACKGROUND OF T~IE INVENTION
The present invention relates to autoregulating electric heaters and more par-ticularly, to an electromagnetic autoregulating electric heater operable with a low frequency energy source without radiating harmful electromagnetic fields and which has a high autoregulating power ratio; i.e., a high ratio of rates of generation of heat.
In th-e U.~. Pa-tent No. 4,256,945 of Carter and Krumme, there is described an autoregulating electric heater having a laminated structure; one lamina of which has high magnetic permeability and high resistance and another lamina of which is non-magnetic ana has a low resistance (such as copper) in electrical contact, and therefore, thermal contact with the first lamina. This structure is adapted to be connected across a constant current, a.c~, source such that the layers are in a sense in parallel across the source.
Due to skin effect, the current is initially confined to the high magnetic permeability, high resistance layer so that P =
KRl where P is power, K is I which is a constant, and R is the effective resistance of the permeable material at high current concentrations. The dissipation of power heats the layer until it approaches its Curie temperature. The permeability of the lamina decreases towards the level of the second layer, copper for instance, at about its Curie temperature. The current is no longer confined to the high resistivity first lamina by the magnetic properties of the first lamina, and spreads into the copper layer; the resistance to the current drops materially, the power consumed, P = KR 2 where R2<~ R1, is greatly reduced and the heating effect is reduced to a level that maintains the ~b ~6~
device at or near the Curie temperature. The device thus thermally autoregulates over a narrow temperature range about the Curie temperature.
The current source employed in the aforesaid patent is typically a high frequency source~ for instance, 8 to 20 MHz to insure that the current is confined to the thin, high resistance, ma~netic layer until the Curie temperature of the magnetic material is attained. Specifically, the maximum regulation is achie~ed when the thi-ckness of the magnetic layer is of the order o~ one skin depth at the fre~uency of operation. Under these circumstances, the maximum change in effective resistance of the structure is achieved at or about the Curie temperature. This ~act can be demonstrated by reference to the equation for skin depth in a monolithic, i.e., non-laminar magnetic structure: S.D.
= 5030J ~ cm where p is the resistivity of the material in ohm~cms, ~ is magnetic permeability mu and ~ is frequency of the current. The field falls off in accordance with e x where x is thickness/skin depth. Accordingly, in a monolithic structure, by calculation, 63.2% of the current is confined to one skin depth in the high mu material. In the region of the Curie temperature, where p = 1, the current spreads into a region S.D. = 5030 cm. If mu was originally equal to 200 (200-600 being possible), the skin depth in the region at the Curie temperature increases by the square foot of 200; i.e., the skin depth in the monolithic structure is now 14.14 times greater than with~ = 200.
The same type of reasoning concerning the skin effect may be applied to the two layer laminar structure in the aforesaid patent. Below the Curie temperature, the majority of the current flows in the magnetic layer when the thickness of ,~'' this layer is nominally one skin depth of the material below the Curie temperature. In the region of the Curie temperature, the majority of the current now flows in the copper and the resistance drops dramatically. If the thickness of this high mu material were greater than two skin depths, the percentage change of current flowing in the high conductivity copper would be less and the resistivity change would not be as dramatic. Similarly, if the thickness of the high mu material were materially less than one skln depth, the percentage of current flowing in the high resistivity material at a temperature less than the Curie temperature would be less so that the change of resistance at the Curie temperature would again not be as dramatic. The region of 1.0 to perhaps 1.~ skin depths of high mu material is preferred.
An exact relationship for the two layer case is quite complex. The basic mathematical formulas for surface impedance from which expressions can be obtained for the ratio of the maximum resistance, R , below the Curie temperature, to the minimum resistance, R i ~ above the Curie temperature, are given in Section 5.19, pp. 298-303 of the standard reference, "Fields and Waves in Communications Electronics," 3rd Edition, by S.
Ramo, J. R. Winnery, and T. VanDuzer, published by John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1965. Although the theory described in the above reference is precise only for the case of flat layers, it is still accurate enough for all practical applications in which the skin depth is substantially less than the radius of curvature.
The above facts are clearly demonstrated by the curves A
and B of the graphs of Figure 1 hereof which are based on the two-layer theory in the above reference. The curves are continuous with the parts lying to the left and right of the ~L2~
vertical dashed line being read ayainst the left and right scales! respectively. These curves are plots of autoreyulation power ratio as a function of frequency of the current applied to the patented devices. The maximum autoregulation power ratio is S achieved at 0.6 MHz for a material having a mu of 600, ~ = 75 x 10 ohm-cm and a thickness of 1O5 x 10 inch as illustrated in Curve B. In this case, one skin depth is 0.9 x 10 inch and the - peak ratio of 162 occurs at a frequency of 600 KHz. As indicated above, the thickness of the high mu layer if 1.5 x 10 3 inch.
Thus, the theoretical optimum thickness is 1.~7 times one skin depth thickness below the Curie temperature.
The curve A is for a bGdy having a first lamina of a thickness of 0.5 x 10 inch. It is noted that the peak ratio of 160 is attained at 6 MHz, at which frequency the skin depth in the magnetic material is .29 x 10 3 inchesO
Difficulty may arise in such devices when the Curie temperature is achieved due to spread of the current and/or magnetic flux into adjacent regions outside of the device, particularly if the device is located close to sensitive electrical components.
In co-pending patent application, S~N. 398,354 filed March 15, 1982 there is described a mechanism for preventing the high frequency field generated in the heated device from radiating into the regions adjacent the device. This effect is accomplished by insuring that the copper or other material of high conductivity is sufficiently thick, several skin depths at the frequency of the source, to prevent such radiation and electrical field activity. This feature is important in many applications of the device such as a soldering iron where ~2~
electromagnetic fields may induce relative1y large currents in sensitive circuit components which may destroy such components.
As indicated above, the magnetic field in a simple, single layer, i.e., monolithic structure, falls off as e so that at three skin depths, the field is 4.9~ of maximum, at five skin depths, it s 0~67%, and at ten skin depths, the field is b.oO5% of maximum For many uses, thicknesses of three skin depths are satisfactory although ten or more may be required with some highly sensitive devices in the vicinity of large heating currents.
- The devices of the patent and application are operative for their in~ended purposes when connected to a suitable supply, but a drawback s the cost of the high frequency power supply.
Where only a very low field may be permitted to radiate from the 15device, the frequency of the source is preferably maintained quite high, for instance, in the megahertz region, to be able to employ copper or other non-magnetic material having reasonable thicknesses.
rn accordance with the invention of my co-pending 20application 436,600 entitled "Autoregulating Electrically Shielded Heater," filed on September 13, 1983, a relatively low frequency constant current source may ~e employed as a result of fabricating the normally non-magnetic, low resistivi~y layer from a high permeability, high Curie temperature material. Thus, the device comprises a high permeability, high resistivity first layer adjacent the current return path and a high permeability, preferably low resistivity second layer remote from the return path; the second layer having a higher Curie temperature than the first mentioned layer.
~2~
As used herein, the term "iligh manetic permeability"
refers to materials having permeabilities greater than paramagnetic materials, i.e., ferromagnetic materials, although permeabilities of 100 or more are preferred for most applications.
The theory of operation underlying the invention of the aforesaid application field on September 13, 1983 is that my using a high permeability, high Curie temperature material as the lo~ resistivity layer, the skin depth of the current in this second layer is such as to confine the current to a quite thin layer even at low frequencies thereby essentially insulating the outer surfaces electrically and magnetically but not thermally with a low resistivity layer of manageable thickness.
The second layer is preferably formed of a low resistivity material, but this is not essential.
An example of a device employi~g two high mu laminae utilizes a layer of Alloy 42 having a resistivity of about 70-80 micro-ohms-cm, a permeability about 200, and a Curie temperature of approximately 300C. A second layer is formed of carbon steel having a resistivity of about 10 micro-ohms-cm, a permeability of 1000, and a Curie temperature of about 760~C. The s~in depths,using a 60 Hz supply are .1" for Alloy ~2 and .025" for carbon steel. An example of a practical 60 Hz heater based on the present invention,may employ a coaxial heater consisting of a .25 inch diameter cylindrical or tubular copper conductor (the "return" conductor), a thin layer (perhaps .002 in thickness) of insulation, followed by the temperature sensitive magnetic alloy having a permeability of 400 and a thickness of 0.1 inch, and finally an outer jacket of steel having a permeability of 1000 and a thickness of 0.1 inch. The overall heater diameter ~ould be a .65 inch~ If the heater is used in a situation requiring 5 watts per foot of heater length for, for instance, protection of a liquid against freezing, the total lenyth of the he~ter is 1000 feet, the resistance of the heater will be 1.96 ohms. The current will be 50 amperes, and the voltage at the generator end will be 140 volts at temperature somewhat below the Curie temperature of the temperature sensitive magnetic alloy on the inside of the outer pipe. If there were substantial changes in the electrical resistance due to variations of the thermal load, the required voltage must vary in order to maintain constant current. Either of these latter supplies provide current at costs considerably less than a constant current supply at ~-20 MHz.
The power regulation ratios (AR) in such a device; 2:1 to ~:1, are not as high as with the device of the patent with a resistivity difference of about 10:1, but the AR difference may be reduced by using materials of higher and lower resistivities for the low curie temperature and high Curie temperature materials, respectively. Also, a high mu, relatively low resistivity material such as iron or low carbon steel may be employed to further increase the power regulation ratio.
Referring to Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings, Curves A and B are plots of the autoregulating power ratios for the dual magnetic layer apparatus of the co-pending application.
It will be noted again that the autoregulating ratio of the device of the prior patent as depicted by Curve B of Figure rises to 160 at 7 MHz with a firs~ layer ~hickness of 0.5 x 10 inch and copper as the second layer. As depicted by Curve A of Figure 2, at 60 Hz with a first layer thickness of .125 inch, a ratio of 1. 6 i5 attained at 60 Hz and a ratio of 4 at 1000 hz. A
ratio of 4 is attained as shown in Curve B of Figure 2 with a different firs~ layer thickness of .010 a-t 1~0 KH~. These ratios are attained with layers of Alloy ~2 and carbon steel as previously indicated.
SUMMARY O~ THE INVENTION:
In accordance with the present invention, autoregulating power ratios o~ 6:1 to 7:1 are attained while retaining the ability to utilize low frequency supplies without producing unacceptable levels of ~ield radiation.
The objects of the invention are achieved by providing a region of high conductivity at the interface Gf the two members having high permeability of the application filed on September 13, 1983.
The material in the interface region may be copper, for instance, or other highly conductive material. The material may appear as a separate layer, a sandwich of magnetic, non-magnetic and magnetic material or may be bonded to the high and/or low Curie temperature, ferromagnetic layers at the interface to provide a low resistivity, interface region.
Typical thicknesses of the sandwich construction at lKHz are 0.03" for both the low and high Curie temperature ferromagnetic materials, respectively, and .010 inch for the copper layer.
In operation, as the Curie temperature of the first layer is approached and its permeability rapidly decreases, the current spreads into the copper layer and into the second magnetic layer. The total resistance of the structure, due to 6~
the presence of the copper, drops drarnatically providing a hiyh autoregulating ratio. Also,most of the current is confined to the copper layer and only a small percentage penetrates into the second magnetic layer. In conse~uence, this latter layer need he only 3 to 5 skin depths thick to effect virtually complete shielding of the device. Thus, the object of a large autoregulating power ratio in a relatively small device using a low frequency source is achieved. ~y low frequency is meant a source in the range of 50 Hz to 10,000 Hz although 50 Hz-8000 Hz is fully adequate.
With autoregulating rations of 6:1 and 7:1, the heating variations below and above Curie temperature are quite large so that the apparatus may respond rapidly to thermal load variations and thus maintain accurate temperature regulation in a small device operating at low frequencyO
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
The above and still fur~her objects/ features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of one specific embodiment thereto, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, wherein:
Figure 1 is a graph comparing the autoregulation ratios versus frequency characteristics of the apparatus of the aforesaid Carter and Krumme patent, for different thicknesses of the magnetic layer.
Figure 2 is a graph comparing the autoregulating versus frequency characteristics of the apparatus of my application filed on September 13, 1983 for different thicknesses of the lower Curie temperature material.
Figure 3 is a view in cross section of a solderiny iron fabricated in accordance with the present invention.
Fiyure 4 is a series of graphs comparing the autoregulating characteristics o~ the device of the present invention with the devices of the prior patent and the application filed on September 13, 1983.
Figure 5 is a series of graphs illustrating characteristics of the power versus temperature characteristics of the apparatus o~ the present invention in comparison with those of the a~oresaid Carter and Krumme patent and my application filed on September 13, 1983.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT:
Referring now specifically to Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated in cross section, a soldering iron tip fabricated in accordance with the present invention. The drawing illustrates an inner cone 2 of high permeability, high resistivity, low Curie temperature material, some examples of which, with their compositions, permeabilities, resistivities, and Curie temperatures are listed in Table below:
EFFECTIVE
MATERIAL CURIE POINT pPERMEABILITY
30% Ni Bal Fe 100C 80 X 10_6 100-300 36~ Ni Bal Fe 279C 82 X 10 6 ~
~2~ Ni Bal Fe 325C 71 X 10 6 200-600 46% Ni Bal Fe 460C ~6 X 10_6 52% Ni Bal Fe 565C 43 X 10 80~ Ni Bal Fe 460C 58 X 10 6 400-1000 Kovar 435C 49 X 10 An outer cone 4 is formed coaxial with and about the cone 2. The cone 4 is Eabricated from a high permeabilit~, preferably low resi-tivity and high Curie temperature material, examples of which are set forth in Table 2 below:
TA~LE 2 EFFECTIVE
MATERIALCURIE POI~T p PERMEABILITY
Low Carbon Steel 7~0C 10 X 10 6 > 1,000 Cobalt 1120~C 9.8 X 10 6 ~ 1,000 Nickel 353C 6.8 X 10 6 > 500 A layer 6 of high conductivity material such as copper is interposed between layers 2 and 4. The layer 6, as previously indicated, may be a separate layer or may be bonded to layer 2 and/or layer 4 along the interface between the layers.
A low resistance, cylindrical rod or tube 8, copper, for instance, extends along the axis of the cones 2 and 4 and is insulated therefrom except at the apex of the cones 2 and 4 and the layer 6. In one form of the invention, the apices of the cones 2 and 4 are drilled to a size to snuggly receive a small diameter extension 10 of the rod 8 which extension is suitably electrically in contact with the layers 2, 4 and 6 and mechanically secured (as by swaging or welding) in the passage through the apices of the cones 2 and 4. The extension 10 may terminate flush with the narrow end of the outer cone 4.
To complete the Figure, a constant current, a.c. supply 12 is connected between the center conductor and the large diameter ends of the cones 2 and 4.
Upon excitation of the supply 12, alternating current flowing in the circuit is confined to the surface of the cone 2 ad]acent the return path, i.e., the rod 8. The power dissipated is determined by the equation P = I R 1where I2 is a constant "K" due to the use of the constant current supply 12 and Rl is the resistance of the cone 2 at the frequency of the source. The resistance of the cone 2 is a function of the resistivity of the material and also the cross section of the cone 2 to which the current is confined by skin effect. Specifically, resistance is an inverse function of cross-sectional area so that as the cross section of the cone to which the current is confined decreases, as a result of increase in skin effect, the higher the resistance of the cone 2.
As previously indicated, the formula for skin depth in a monolithic material is S.D. = 5030 x 10 ~ cm in cgs units, where ~ is resistivity, A~ is magnetic permeability and is the frequency of the source. It is quite apparent the skin depth decreases with increase in frequency and thus the effective resistance increases the frequency.
In the present invention,power supplies of relatively low frequencies, i.e., 60 Hz to 10 Khz, may be employed. In such a case, the effective cross-sectional area of the current path is considerably greater than in the prior art device in which frequencies of 8-20 MHz are employed. For instance, skin depth at Hz of Alloy 42 is 0.125" at a permeability of 300, but is 0.0004" at 8 MHz. Thus, at 60 Hz, the thickness of the Alloy 42 layer is larger and resistance of the optimum laminar structure is less than at 8 MHz. Eligh resistivity materials are preferably employed of the cone 2 in accordance with the present invention to order to provide the high resistance, below Curie temperature necessary to produce the marked change in resistance at the Curie ~2~
temperature required to produce the desired change in heating in accordance with the formula P - KR. Specifically, in order to autoregulate temperature~ the resistance of the circuit must decrease materially when the Curie temperature of the material of cone 2 is approached. A power ratio of say, 6 to 1, provides excellent regulation for most purposes and for a soldering iron, ratios of 3 to 1 are perfectly acceptable of substantially all uses. As pointed out in the aforesaid ~.S. Patent No. 4,256,945, in a solid, i.eO, monolithic material, the ratio of resistance values at a given frequency is a function of permeability and resistivity.
Thus, R max = ~ ~max P max (1) R min ~min P min Since ~ does not change appreciably with temperature and~ falls to 1 at the Curie temperature, a permeability of 200 would lead to a resistance change in solld alloy 42 of ~ 0=14.14 . The current in a composite, i.e., laminar, structure is no longer confined to this layer; in fact, a large majority of the current flows in the cone ~ and layer 6 at the Curie temperature. Thus, the resistivity of the material of the cone 4 and layer 6 becomes important. Specifically, the resistivity of the layer 6 must be considered, since being of appreciably lower resistance, the majority of the available, i.e., constant current, will be concentrated in this layer.
In operation, when current is initially applied to the apparatus, the current is confined to the cone 2 which is, in the example discussed herein, 0.125" thick; this being one skin depth of Alloy 42 at 90 Hz. The device heats until the Curie temperature of the material, about 325C in the example is ~2~0a~
approached at which point the permeability decreases and the current begins to spread into the layer 6 and cone 4. The temperature of the material o~ the cone 4 is still well below its Curie temperature and the current is confined to the cone 2, the layer 6, and to a few skin depths of the cone 4 at 90 Hz, i.e., approximately .021".
Re~erring to Figure 4 of the accompanying drawings, there are presented plots of the autoregulating power ratios of two and three-layer structures including the present inventionO
Curve A illustrates performance of the two-layer structure in which the second layer is nonmagnetic. Curve B is also for a two-layer structure, the second layer being magneticO On Curve A, the first layer has approximately the characteristics of Alloy 42 (~ = 200 and ~ = 75 microhm-centimeters) and the second layer has the characteristics of copper (~U = 1 and ~ = 2 microhm-centimeters). This structure, which corresponds to U.SO Patent No. 4,256,945 of Carter and Krumme has a higher autoregulation ratio than the structure illustrated by Curve B in which the second layer is magnetic,having a permeability of 1000. The second layer in Curve B has the electrical characteristics of low carbon steel (~= 1000 and ~ = 10 microhm-centimeters). Curve ~
is a duplicate of the curve A in Figure 2 in the frequency range between 50 Hz and 10,000 Hz.
Curve B describes the performance of two-layer structures in which the second layer is magnetic. In the present invention, as prèviously indicated, a third layer (layer 6) of highly conductive material such as copper is placed between these two magnetic layers. Referring to Curve C, when the Curie temperature is reached, the resistance drops by a factor larger ~6~
than that obtained when two magnetic layers are used (Curve B) ànd smaller than that obtained when the second layer was non-magnetic (Curve A). Thus, the autoregulation ratio of the present invention falls in the range between Curve A and Curve B. An approximate analysis of the situation has been used to calculate the autoregulation power ratio based on the following assumptions.
1. That very little current flows in the third, magnetic layer;
2. That the thickness of the first layer is nominaly one skin depth at temperatures below the Curie temperature; and
3. That at temperatures above the Curie temperature, the first two layers are much less than one skin depth thick.
With these assumptions, the resistance below the Curie temperature is proportional to the resistivity of the first layer, and above the Curie temperature, the current divides between the first and second layers as though they were in electrical parallelism. Thus, for equal thickness first and second layers and assuming the above first-layer characteristic of Alloy 42 (given above) and a second layer of copper, the resulting autoregula~ion ratio would be approximately 7 to 60 Hz, if the first layer thickness were .125 inch and the second layer thickness .020 inch. This point is shown in Curve C of Figure 4 which is an estimate of the performance of the apparatus. It is also quite reasonable to suppose that the autoregulation ratio increases to a maximum of ~ = 14.14 at higher frequencies where the thickness of the first layer is several skin depths at temperatures below the Curie point.
As indicated above, the curves of Figure 4 are based on ~L2~
a thickness of layer 2 of 0.125" and a thickness of layer 6 of 0.020" and a frequency in the range of 50 to 10,000 Hz. This approach was taken to illustrate the ability of the apparatus of the present invention to operate at good autoregulation ratios at frequencies as low as 50 Hz.
Referring again to Figure 4, as indicated above, Curve C
is a plot of autoregulating power ratios for the apparatus of the present invention. It will be noted again that the autoregulating ratio of the device of the prior patent, as depicted by the Curve A in Figure 1, rises to 162 at 6 MHz with a first layer thickness of 0.5 x 10 3 inch and copper as the second layer. As depicted by Curve C in Figure 4, at 6U Hz, with a first layer thickne-ss of 0.125 inch and a copper layer Of .020 inch, a ratio of 7.5 is attained with a ratio of 12 at 1000 Hz. These ratios are obtained with layers of Alloy 42, copper and carbon steel as previously indicated.
Greatly improved autoregulation ratios can be achieved operting at higher frequencies with layer thickness tailored to such frequency. At 8,000 Hz in the following exampler the skin depth of Alloy 42 with a permeability of 200 is 0.0133" and with a desired thickness of 1.8 skin depths, it is 0.024". The thickness of the copper is still 0.02" and thus, the thickness of the two layers is approximately the same. The current in the two layers, therefore, divides roughly as the inverse of their resistivities and the majority of the current flows in the copper. The autoregulation ratio now becomes about 37.5 as opposed to approximately 14 in the Curve C of Figure 4.
The curves of Figure 5 are referred to; Figure 5 being a power vs. temperature curve that is of the type illustrated in Figure 3 of the aforesaid U.S. patent 4,256,945~ Graph A of Figure 5 is a plot of Power Dissipated (I R) vs. Temperature for a uniform, i.e., non-laminar, magnetic conductor. Equation 1 is applicable, the changes in power level being, namely, a function of the changes of resistivity which are very small and changes in permeability which in the example may vary from 300 to 1.
Graph B is a plot for the device of the aforesaid patent. In this arrangement, the power dissipation below Curie temperature is less than in the non-laminar device of Curve A due to the fact that some of the current flows in the copper which has a markedly lower resistance than the magnetic layer. At or near the Curie temperature, Curve B dips to a very low value due to flow of a majority of the current in the copper. Both resistance and permeability have undergone significant reductions.
The overall change in power dissipated in the device of Curve B is thus greater tharl in the case of the solid magnetic structure.
Reference is now made to Curve C which is for the device of the co-pending application filed on September 13, 1983. It is seen that below the Curie temperature the power dissipated by the prior device is less than for Curve A, but more than for Curve B
since the resistance ratios dominate. There is little resistance change with temperature for Curve A, but a large change for Curve B. Above the Curie temperature, the permeability ratios dominate, and since one layer of the present device remains magnetic permeability and resistivity do not change as much as in the other two laminated devices and more power is dissipated. Thus, the power dissipation ratio for the present device is not as 6~
great as for the monolithic device or for the others. However, the device of Curve C has an advantage of size and cost over the solid conductor device and an advantage of cost over the patented device.
The performance of the device of the present invention is illustrated by Curve D. This curve shows that below Curie temperature, the power dissipated is less than for a monolithic device but slightly greater than the device of the prior patent since all of the current that is not confined to layer 2 is not concentrated in layer 6. A small part of the current, perhaps 10%, spreads into the layer ~ which has a higher resistance than copper. Thus, the overall resistance of the device is slightly higher than in the patented device.
Above the Curie temperature, the power dissipated is greater than in the case of the patented device, but considerably less than in the monolithic case and in the device of the co-pending application. The power dissipated relative to the patented device is greater since the resistivity o~ layer 4 is greater than that of copper~ layer 6.
Thus, the autoregulation power ratio of the present invention at 60 Hz and the sizes specified falls between 3:1 and 1~:1, about 6:1 to 7:1 which is more than adequate for the majority of temperature regulating uses while retaining the low cost of the low frequency supplyO Further, in the apparatus of the co-pending application Eiled on September 30, 1982, Curve C;
above the Curie temperature of the layer 2, the current is concentrated in the layer 4 and its distribution is basically exponential. In the present case, the majority oI current is confined to the layers 2 and 6 (perhaps 90~) and only a ~6~
relatively small part of the current is found in layer 4. Thus, the layer 4 of the present invention may be thinner than the layer 4 in the co-pending application by an amount greater than the thickness of the copper layer, without losin~ any of the desired shielding effect.
In order to provide adequate protection against magnetic radiation and electrical short circuit or drain, the thickness of the cone 4 must be at least several times the skin depth. At a frequency of 60 Hz, the cone 2, at a mu of 300, may be .125" and the cone 4 may be 3 x .025; the factor .025 being skin depth which is multiplied by 3 to prevent consequential magnetic radiation and current leakage to the surface of cone 4. In an annular device/ all transverse dimensions are multiplied by two, so thicknesses apart from the 0.15 diameter center conductor rod are 2(.125 + .020 + 3 x .025) = 0.440. With a 0.15" diameter center conductor added, the diameter is ~590. At 10 KHz, the diameter is 0.10 with a .025" diameter center conductor rod.
It should be noted that the calculations set forth in Figures 1, 2, 4 and 5 are based on the use of Alloy ~2 with permeabilities in the range 200 to 600 and resistivity of about 75 x 10 ohm-c~s and carbon steel with a permeability of about 1000 and resistivity of about 10 x 10 ohm-cms. The use of these materials has been chosen of the example since they are readily available. Other combinations of materials of Tables I and II may be employed.
The use of devices of the present invention permits the use of low frequency sources without radiation of harmful electromagnetic energy even in units with small dimensions.
The Curves 19 and 21 of Figure 5 represent the rate of ~21~
heat dissipation as a function of temperature of two different loa~s on the device of the present invention and the related devices illustrated in that Figure. The Curve 21 is representative of a lesser heat load than Curve 19 and equilibrium is achieved at a temperature T at the interaction of Curves D and 21. The curves intersect along a steep part of Curve D and thus the temperature variation with load changes is not great.
If, however, the rate of heat dissipation is increased, as represented by Curve 19, the CurveD is intersected at a point on its characteristic haviny a low response and the temperature variation is at least from Tl to T2 If this variation exceeds the design parameters of a particular system, the constant current to the device may be increased so that the Curve E now represents the characteristic of the device. Under these conditions, the Curve 19 intersects Curve E along a virtually vertical portion of the Curve and good temperatur-e regulation is again achieved. It is essential, however, that the heat dissipation Curves do not intersect the power vs. temperature curve along the horizontal part of the curve at the right of the Figure since equilibrium would probably not be achieved below destruction temperature.
The results of the present invention are achieved by employing a sandwich of copper between high permeability materials, one with low resistivity and the other with a high resistivity. It should be noted that the permeabilities of the two magnetic layers may be the same; the rnajor requirement being that the outer laminate having a higher Curie temperature than the inner laminate.
- Although the invention is disclosed as employed in a soldering iron, it is obviously usefu] in many fields where 1GW
cost, well regulated heating is desired, such as scalpels, deicers for aircraft, etc. Such devices may also be cylindrical such as in Figure 1 of the aforesaid patent in which case the position of the laminae is reversed, i.e., the lower Curie temperature material surrounds the higher Curie point material.
Also, the device may be flat as in a scalpel or an elongated heating element for heating pipes.-The present invention is not intended to be limited to use with laminated structures only. Non-laminated members in electrical contact -with the copper strip will function in the present invention; the uniformity and extent o electrical contact determining the actual performance of such a device.
The frequency of the supply utili~ed herein is not restricted to a specific range of frequencies. Operation above the range of 1000 to 5000 Hz increases performance very little unless frequencies sufficiently high to significantly increase the resistance of the first layer are employed. Such frequencies, however, are not normally anticipated in view oE the large additional cost of the supplies as a function of improved performance.
The term "constant current" as employed herein does not mean a current that cannot increase but means a current that obeys the following formula:
I >- 1/2 a R (2) I R
Specifically, in order to autoregulate, the power delivered to the load when the heater exceeds Curie temperature, must be less than the power delivered to the load below Curie ternperature. If the current shield invariable, then the best autoregulating ratio is achieved short of controlling the power supply to reduce current. So long, however, as the relationship (2) is maintained, autoreyulation is achieved notwithstanding changes in current, the current thereby being sufficiently constant for autoregulation the cost of the power supply.
The above equation is derived by analyzing the equation:
P = (I + ~I) 2 (R + ~R where P is power.
~ifferentiating P with respect to ~ 3 dR = I2 ~ 2RI(ddIR) and to satisfy the requirements for autoregulation dP ~ 0.
dR
Thus, I2 + 2RI (dR ) ~0 which reduces to Equation 2 above.
Once again the above disclosure, many other features, modifications and improvements will become apparent to the skilled artisan. Such other modifications, features and improvements are, therefore,considered a part of this invention, the scope of which is to be determined by the following claims:
With these assumptions, the resistance below the Curie temperature is proportional to the resistivity of the first layer, and above the Curie temperature, the current divides between the first and second layers as though they were in electrical parallelism. Thus, for equal thickness first and second layers and assuming the above first-layer characteristic of Alloy 42 (given above) and a second layer of copper, the resulting autoregula~ion ratio would be approximately 7 to 60 Hz, if the first layer thickness were .125 inch and the second layer thickness .020 inch. This point is shown in Curve C of Figure 4 which is an estimate of the performance of the apparatus. It is also quite reasonable to suppose that the autoregulation ratio increases to a maximum of ~ = 14.14 at higher frequencies where the thickness of the first layer is several skin depths at temperatures below the Curie point.
As indicated above, the curves of Figure 4 are based on ~L2~
a thickness of layer 2 of 0.125" and a thickness of layer 6 of 0.020" and a frequency in the range of 50 to 10,000 Hz. This approach was taken to illustrate the ability of the apparatus of the present invention to operate at good autoregulation ratios at frequencies as low as 50 Hz.
Referring again to Figure 4, as indicated above, Curve C
is a plot of autoregulating power ratios for the apparatus of the present invention. It will be noted again that the autoregulating ratio of the device of the prior patent, as depicted by the Curve A in Figure 1, rises to 162 at 6 MHz with a first layer thickness of 0.5 x 10 3 inch and copper as the second layer. As depicted by Curve C in Figure 4, at 6U Hz, with a first layer thickne-ss of 0.125 inch and a copper layer Of .020 inch, a ratio of 7.5 is attained with a ratio of 12 at 1000 Hz. These ratios are obtained with layers of Alloy 42, copper and carbon steel as previously indicated.
Greatly improved autoregulation ratios can be achieved operting at higher frequencies with layer thickness tailored to such frequency. At 8,000 Hz in the following exampler the skin depth of Alloy 42 with a permeability of 200 is 0.0133" and with a desired thickness of 1.8 skin depths, it is 0.024". The thickness of the copper is still 0.02" and thus, the thickness of the two layers is approximately the same. The current in the two layers, therefore, divides roughly as the inverse of their resistivities and the majority of the current flows in the copper. The autoregulation ratio now becomes about 37.5 as opposed to approximately 14 in the Curve C of Figure 4.
The curves of Figure 5 are referred to; Figure 5 being a power vs. temperature curve that is of the type illustrated in Figure 3 of the aforesaid U.S. patent 4,256,945~ Graph A of Figure 5 is a plot of Power Dissipated (I R) vs. Temperature for a uniform, i.e., non-laminar, magnetic conductor. Equation 1 is applicable, the changes in power level being, namely, a function of the changes of resistivity which are very small and changes in permeability which in the example may vary from 300 to 1.
Graph B is a plot for the device of the aforesaid patent. In this arrangement, the power dissipation below Curie temperature is less than in the non-laminar device of Curve A due to the fact that some of the current flows in the copper which has a markedly lower resistance than the magnetic layer. At or near the Curie temperature, Curve B dips to a very low value due to flow of a majority of the current in the copper. Both resistance and permeability have undergone significant reductions.
The overall change in power dissipated in the device of Curve B is thus greater tharl in the case of the solid magnetic structure.
Reference is now made to Curve C which is for the device of the co-pending application filed on September 13, 1983. It is seen that below the Curie temperature the power dissipated by the prior device is less than for Curve A, but more than for Curve B
since the resistance ratios dominate. There is little resistance change with temperature for Curve A, but a large change for Curve B. Above the Curie temperature, the permeability ratios dominate, and since one layer of the present device remains magnetic permeability and resistivity do not change as much as in the other two laminated devices and more power is dissipated. Thus, the power dissipation ratio for the present device is not as 6~
great as for the monolithic device or for the others. However, the device of Curve C has an advantage of size and cost over the solid conductor device and an advantage of cost over the patented device.
The performance of the device of the present invention is illustrated by Curve D. This curve shows that below Curie temperature, the power dissipated is less than for a monolithic device but slightly greater than the device of the prior patent since all of the current that is not confined to layer 2 is not concentrated in layer 6. A small part of the current, perhaps 10%, spreads into the layer ~ which has a higher resistance than copper. Thus, the overall resistance of the device is slightly higher than in the patented device.
Above the Curie temperature, the power dissipated is greater than in the case of the patented device, but considerably less than in the monolithic case and in the device of the co-pending application. The power dissipated relative to the patented device is greater since the resistivity o~ layer 4 is greater than that of copper~ layer 6.
Thus, the autoregulation power ratio of the present invention at 60 Hz and the sizes specified falls between 3:1 and 1~:1, about 6:1 to 7:1 which is more than adequate for the majority of temperature regulating uses while retaining the low cost of the low frequency supplyO Further, in the apparatus of the co-pending application Eiled on September 30, 1982, Curve C;
above the Curie temperature of the layer 2, the current is concentrated in the layer 4 and its distribution is basically exponential. In the present case, the majority oI current is confined to the layers 2 and 6 (perhaps 90~) and only a ~6~
relatively small part of the current is found in layer 4. Thus, the layer 4 of the present invention may be thinner than the layer 4 in the co-pending application by an amount greater than the thickness of the copper layer, without losin~ any of the desired shielding effect.
In order to provide adequate protection against magnetic radiation and electrical short circuit or drain, the thickness of the cone 4 must be at least several times the skin depth. At a frequency of 60 Hz, the cone 2, at a mu of 300, may be .125" and the cone 4 may be 3 x .025; the factor .025 being skin depth which is multiplied by 3 to prevent consequential magnetic radiation and current leakage to the surface of cone 4. In an annular device/ all transverse dimensions are multiplied by two, so thicknesses apart from the 0.15 diameter center conductor rod are 2(.125 + .020 + 3 x .025) = 0.440. With a 0.15" diameter center conductor added, the diameter is ~590. At 10 KHz, the diameter is 0.10 with a .025" diameter center conductor rod.
It should be noted that the calculations set forth in Figures 1, 2, 4 and 5 are based on the use of Alloy ~2 with permeabilities in the range 200 to 600 and resistivity of about 75 x 10 ohm-c~s and carbon steel with a permeability of about 1000 and resistivity of about 10 x 10 ohm-cms. The use of these materials has been chosen of the example since they are readily available. Other combinations of materials of Tables I and II may be employed.
The use of devices of the present invention permits the use of low frequency sources without radiation of harmful electromagnetic energy even in units with small dimensions.
The Curves 19 and 21 of Figure 5 represent the rate of ~21~
heat dissipation as a function of temperature of two different loa~s on the device of the present invention and the related devices illustrated in that Figure. The Curve 21 is representative of a lesser heat load than Curve 19 and equilibrium is achieved at a temperature T at the interaction of Curves D and 21. The curves intersect along a steep part of Curve D and thus the temperature variation with load changes is not great.
If, however, the rate of heat dissipation is increased, as represented by Curve 19, the CurveD is intersected at a point on its characteristic haviny a low response and the temperature variation is at least from Tl to T2 If this variation exceeds the design parameters of a particular system, the constant current to the device may be increased so that the Curve E now represents the characteristic of the device. Under these conditions, the Curve 19 intersects Curve E along a virtually vertical portion of the Curve and good temperatur-e regulation is again achieved. It is essential, however, that the heat dissipation Curves do not intersect the power vs. temperature curve along the horizontal part of the curve at the right of the Figure since equilibrium would probably not be achieved below destruction temperature.
The results of the present invention are achieved by employing a sandwich of copper between high permeability materials, one with low resistivity and the other with a high resistivity. It should be noted that the permeabilities of the two magnetic layers may be the same; the rnajor requirement being that the outer laminate having a higher Curie temperature than the inner laminate.
- Although the invention is disclosed as employed in a soldering iron, it is obviously usefu] in many fields where 1GW
cost, well regulated heating is desired, such as scalpels, deicers for aircraft, etc. Such devices may also be cylindrical such as in Figure 1 of the aforesaid patent in which case the position of the laminae is reversed, i.e., the lower Curie temperature material surrounds the higher Curie point material.
Also, the device may be flat as in a scalpel or an elongated heating element for heating pipes.-The present invention is not intended to be limited to use with laminated structures only. Non-laminated members in electrical contact -with the copper strip will function in the present invention; the uniformity and extent o electrical contact determining the actual performance of such a device.
The frequency of the supply utili~ed herein is not restricted to a specific range of frequencies. Operation above the range of 1000 to 5000 Hz increases performance very little unless frequencies sufficiently high to significantly increase the resistance of the first layer are employed. Such frequencies, however, are not normally anticipated in view oE the large additional cost of the supplies as a function of improved performance.
The term "constant current" as employed herein does not mean a current that cannot increase but means a current that obeys the following formula:
I >- 1/2 a R (2) I R
Specifically, in order to autoregulate, the power delivered to the load when the heater exceeds Curie temperature, must be less than the power delivered to the load below Curie ternperature. If the current shield invariable, then the best autoregulating ratio is achieved short of controlling the power supply to reduce current. So long, however, as the relationship (2) is maintained, autoreyulation is achieved notwithstanding changes in current, the current thereby being sufficiently constant for autoregulation the cost of the power supply.
The above equation is derived by analyzing the equation:
P = (I + ~I) 2 (R + ~R where P is power.
~ifferentiating P with respect to ~ 3 dR = I2 ~ 2RI(ddIR) and to satisfy the requirements for autoregulation dP ~ 0.
dR
Thus, I2 + 2RI (dR ) ~0 which reduces to Equation 2 above.
Once again the above disclosure, many other features, modifications and improvements will become apparent to the skilled artisan. Such other modifications, features and improvements are, therefore,considered a part of this invention, the scope of which is to be determined by the following claims:
Claims (17)
1. An element for an autoregulating heating device comprising:
a laminated structure having at least a first lamina and a second lamina, both being of a material having a high magnetic permeability, said first lamina being of a material having a lower Curie temperature than said second lamina, and a low resistance layer in electrical contact with said lamina along their adjacent surfaces.
a laminated structure having at least a first lamina and a second lamina, both being of a material having a high magnetic permeability, said first lamina being of a material having a lower Curie temperature than said second lamina, and a low resistance layer in electrical contact with said lamina along their adjacent surfaces.
2. The element according to claim 1 wherein the resistivity of said first lamina is in the range of two to ten times the resistivity of said second lamina and the resistivity of the low resistance layer is lower than the resistivity of the second lamina.
3. The element according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein said low resistance layer is a separate layer from said first and second lamina.
4. An autoregulating heating device including the element of claim 1 or claim 2 and comprising:
a constant current alternating current source, said element adapted to be connected across said source such that the current paths through said laminae are in parallel and parallel to the interface between said laminae.
a constant current alternating current source, said element adapted to be connected across said source such that the current paths through said laminae are in parallel and parallel to the interface between said laminae.
5. An autoregulating heating device including the element of claim 1 or claim 2 and comprising:
a constant current alternating current source, said element adapted to be connected across said source such that the current paths through said laminae are in parallel and parallel to the interface between said laminae;
wherein said souree operates at a frequency of at least 50 Hz.
a constant current alternating current source, said element adapted to be connected across said source such that the current paths through said laminae are in parallel and parallel to the interface between said laminae;
wherein said souree operates at a frequency of at least 50 Hz.
6. A soldering iron having a heating element including the element of claim 1 wherein:
said first lamina is a hollow cylindrical member, said second lamina is a hollow cylindrical member coaxial with and having an inner surface surrounding and in contact with said first lamina, said low resistance layer establishing contact between said lamina, a conductive rod extending coaxial of and within said first lamina, and one end of said conductive rod in electrical contact with said laminae at one and the same end of` said cylinders.
said first lamina is a hollow cylindrical member, said second lamina is a hollow cylindrical member coaxial with and having an inner surface surrounding and in contact with said first lamina, said low resistance layer establishing contact between said lamina, a conductive rod extending coaxial of and within said first lamina, and one end of said conductive rod in electrical contact with said laminae at one and the same end of` said cylinders.
7. The device according to claim 6 further comprising:
a constant current source connected across said rod and said element remote from said one end of said rod
a constant current source connected across said rod and said element remote from said one end of said rod
8. A structure comprising:
a first member of a material having a high magnetic permeability, a second member of a material having a high magnetic permeability said first member having a lower Curie point than said second member, a region of higher conductivity than said first and second members defining an electrical interface between said members over a coextensive length of each, said members adapted to have an alternating constant current source connected across a coextensive length of said members to induce parallel flow of currents therein.
a first member of a material having a high magnetic permeability, a second member of a material having a high magnetic permeability said first member having a lower Curie point than said second member, a region of higher conductivity than said first and second members defining an electrical interface between said members over a coextensive length of each, said members adapted to have an alternating constant current source connected across a coextensive length of said members to induce parallel flow of currents therein.
9. An autoregulation heating device including the structure of claim 8 and further including an alternating current, constant current source of a frequency in a range of approximately 50 Hz and higher means connecting said source across said lengths of said members.
10. The method of autoregulating the temperature of a heater of small size at low frequencies comprising the steps of providing a laminated structure having at least first and second layers of high magnetic permeability material having different Curie temperatures, locating a low resistance layer between and electrical contact with the first and second layers, an-applying a constant current alternating current across the laminated structure to cause current to flow in parallel in the laminae.
11. The method of autoregulating the temperature of a heater of small size at low frequency excitation from a constant current source comprising the steps of applying a constant t alternating current to a structure at a frequency to confine a large portion of the current to a first ferromagnetic layer of a device having a second ferromagnetic layer and a non-magnetic layer causing the current to spread into the two adjacent layers above the Curie temperature of the first ferromagnetic layer with the current concentrated in the non-magnetic layer and with the current in the second ferromagnetic layer confined to a narrow region adjacent the non-magnetic layer,
12. An autoregulating heating device including the element of claim 1 or claim 2 and comprising:
a constant current alternating current source, said element adapted to be connected across said source such that the current paths through said laminae are in parallel and parallel to the interface between said laminae;
wherein said constant current source maintains a current in said heater satisfying the equation:
.DELTA.I/I > -0.5 .DELTA.R/R
where .DELTA.I is the change in current I in the heater and .DELTA.R is the change in resistance R of the heater upon the heater reaching Curie temperature.
a constant current alternating current source, said element adapted to be connected across said source such that the current paths through said laminae are in parallel and parallel to the interface between said laminae;
wherein said constant current source maintains a current in said heater satisfying the equation:
.DELTA.I/I > -0.5 .DELTA.R/R
where .DELTA.I is the change in current I in the heater and .DELTA.R is the change in resistance R of the heater upon the heater reaching Curie temperature.
13. A heating element comprising:
a first conductor having a large area surface, a second conductor having a large area surface, a low resistance layer in electrical contact with both said surfaces of said conductors, both said conductors having high magnetic permeabilities with one of said conductors having a higher Curie temperature than the other of said conductors.
a first conductor having a large area surface, a second conductor having a large area surface, a low resistance layer in electrical contact with both said surfaces of said conductors, both said conductors having high magnetic permeabilities with one of said conductors having a higher Curie temperature than the other of said conductors.
14. A heater incorporating the hearing element of claim 13 and further comprising a current return path extending generally parallel to said conductors and located adjacent to the other of said conductors and remote from said one of said conductors, said current return path insulated from said conductors and adapted to be connected in series with said conductors across a source of current.
15. The heater according to claim 14 wherein said first and second conductors and said low resistance layer are generally coextensive and said low resistance layer is in physical contact with both said surfaces, and wherein said current return path is connected to a common end of said conductors.
16. An element for an autoregulating heating device comprising:
a stratified structure having at least a first region and a second region having high magnetic permeability and one region having a higher Curie temperature than the other, and a low resistance region lying between and in electrical conduction with both said regions of high magnetic permeability along a predetermined length of said element.
a stratified structure having at least a first region and a second region having high magnetic permeability and one region having a higher Curie temperature than the other, and a low resistance region lying between and in electrical conduction with both said regions of high magnetic permeability along a predetermined length of said element.
17. The method of regulating the temperature of a heater comprising the steps of applying a constant, amplitude alternating current to the heater device, confining a material portion of the current to a first ferromagnetic strata of the heater below the Curie temperature of the first strata, confining the current principally to a non-magnetic, conductive layer above the Curie temperature of the first ferromagnetic layer by a magnetic field established in part by a second ferromagnetic strata of the heater.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/445,862 US4752673A (en) | 1982-12-01 | 1982-12-01 | Autoregulating heater |
| US445,862 | 1982-12-01 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1216900A true CA1216900A (en) | 1987-01-20 |
Family
ID=23770491
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000442197A Expired CA1216900A (en) | 1982-12-01 | 1983-11-29 | Autoregulating heater |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4752673A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0110692B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS59146181A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE34688T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1216900A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3376810D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES8503917A1 (en) |
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-
1982
- 1982-12-01 US US06/445,862 patent/US4752673A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1983
- 1983-11-25 AT AT83307219T patent/ATE34688T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-11-25 DE DE8383307219T patent/DE3376810D1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-11-25 EP EP83307219A patent/EP0110692B1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-11-29 CA CA000442197A patent/CA1216900A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-11-30 ES ES527652A patent/ES8503917A1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-12-01 JP JP58225553A patent/JPS59146181A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0367315B2 (en) | 1991-10-22 |
| JPS59146181A (en) | 1984-08-21 |
| ES527652A0 (en) | 1985-03-01 |
| US4752673A (en) | 1988-06-21 |
| ES8503917A1 (en) | 1985-03-01 |
| ATE34688T1 (en) | 1988-06-15 |
| EP0110692B1 (en) | 1988-06-01 |
| DE3376810D1 (en) | 1988-07-07 |
| EP0110692A1 (en) | 1984-06-13 |
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