CA1283044C - Concentrating immunochemical test strip - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

A method and device for determining the presence of an analyte in a sample suspected of containing the analyte is disclosed. The method involves contacting a test solution containing the sample and a first member of a specific binding pair with an end portion of a strip of bibulous material capable of being traversed by the test solution through capillary action. The first member of a specific binding pair is capable of binding the analyte.
The strip contains a second member of a specific binding pair integral therewith for concentrating and non-diffusively binding the first sbp member at a small situs on the strip separated from the end portion of the strip. The detectible signal is produced in relation to the presence of the analyte in the test solution. The test solution passes through the situs as the test solution traverses the bibulous material. After the test solution has been allowed to traverse at least a portion of the strip, the strip is contacted with a developer solution containing members of a signal producing system in a manner that provides contact of the developer solution with the small situs following its contact with the test solution. The strip is then contacted with any remaining members of the signal producing system. The detectible signal produced at the situs is then compared with the signal detectible at a portion of the strip other than the situs to determine the analyte in the sample. In one embodiment of the invention the signal produced at the small situs has a sharp-edged distinctive pattern that provides a sharp contrast to the signal produced at adjacent sites on the strip when analyte is present in the test solution.

Description

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CONCENTRATING IMMUNOCHE:MICAL TEST STRIP

BACKGROUND OF THE: INVENTION
l. Field of the Invention The ability to employ naturally occurring receptors 15 or antibodies directed to specific compounds in assaying for the presence of a compound of interest has created a burgeoning immunoassay business. In each of the assays, a homologous pair of specific binding pair ~"sbp") members, usually an immunological pair, involving a 20 ligand and a receptor (antiligand) is involved, wherein one o~ the sbp members is labeled with a label which provides a detectible signal. The immunoassay methodology results in a distribution of the signal label between signal label bound in a complex of the sbp 25 members and unbound signal label. The differentiation betwesn bound and unbound signal label can he as a result of physical separation of bound ~rom unbound signal label or modulation of the detectible signal between bound and unbound~signal label.
For the most part, immunoassays have been directed to quantitative determination of a ~ide variety of compounds of interest in clinical laboratories requiring relatively sophisticated equipment and careful technique. Immunoassays have found less extensive 35 commercial application where semi-quantitative or ~553~

qualitative results would be acceptable and the determination would involve non-laboratory personnel, such as in a home or a medical practitioner's office.
Even in the clinical laboratory, simple and rapid screening tests employing inexperienced personnel could serve to provide substantial economies.
In developing an immunoassay, there are many considerations. One consideration is to provide substantial differentiation between the observed signal 10 resulting from signal label when bound as compared to unbound. Another consideration is to minimize interference from endogenous materials in the sample suspected of containing the compound of interest. A
further consideration is the ease with which the observed 15 signal can be detected and serve to differentiate between concentrations in the concentration range of interest.
Other factors include the ease of preparation of the reagents, the accuracy with which samples and reagent solutions must be prepared and measured, the storage 20 stability of the reagents, the number of steps required in the protocol, and the pro~iciency and accuracy with which each of the steps must be performed. There~ore, in developing an assay which can have application with untrained personnel, such as assays to be performed in 25 the home, in forensic medicine, by medical practitioners, or the like, the observed result should be minimally affected by variations in the manner in which the protocol is carried out or provide for simple techniques for performing the various steps.
30 2. Description of the_Prior Art A test device for determining a characteristic of a sample, particularly for determining substances in fluid samples, is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,094,647. A
thin layer chromatography device and method of making a 35 chromatography test is disclosed in U.S. Patent ~L7~330~1L4 No. 4,384,958. An immunoassay wherein labeled antibody is displaced from immobilized analyte analog is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,434,236. A device and method for detecting myoglobin is disclosed in U.S. Patent 5 No. 4,189,304. Test strips for analyzing substances dissolved in liquids are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,438,067. A multi-layered test device for determining the presence of a liquid sample component and the method of using such a device, are described in U.S.
10 Patent No. 4,160,008. A method for measuring antigen by labeled antigen using insoluble antibody is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5925/73 -January 25, 1973.
A concentratin~ zone method in heterogeneous 15 immunoassays is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,366,241.
U.S. Patent No. 4,].68,146 describes an immunoassay test strip. U.S. Patent Nos. 3,990,850 and 47055,394 descrihe diagnostic test cards. An automated method for quantitative analysis of biological ~luids is descri~ed ~o in U.S. Patent No. 4,327,073. A chromogenic support immunoassay is disclosed in International Application No. PCT/US83/01~87.
A wide variety of patents and patent applications provide an extensive literature o~ differènt techniques 25 for producing detectible signals in immunoassays. The following list is merely illustrative of some of these techniques which can find application in this invention.
The following is a list of United States patents and patent applications and a general statement of the type 30 of label involved:
U.S. Pa~ent Nos. 3,646,346, Radioactive Label;
3,654,090~ 3,791,932 and 3,817,838, Enzyme Labels;
3,996,345, Fluorescer-Quencher Labels; 4,062,733, Radioactive Label; 4,067,959, Fluorescer or Enzyme Label;
35 4,104,029, Chemiluminescent Label; and 4,160,645, :~ .

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Non-Enzymatic Catalyst Label. See U.S. Patent Nos.
~,966,~79 for an electrophoretic technique employing an antibody zone and 4,120,945 for an RIA where labeled analyte is initially hound to a solid support through antibody. U.S. Patent No. 4,233,402 employs enzyme pair labels; U.S. Patent No. 4,720,450, chemically induced fluorescent labels; and U.S. Patent No. 4,287,300, enzyme anionic charge labels.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The methods and devices of the present invention are useful for determining the presence of an analyte in a sample suspected of containing the analyte. The device is a strip of bibulous material capable of being 15 traversed by a test solution through capillary migration. The test solution is comprised of the sample ànd a first member of a speci~ic pair ("sbp member") capable of binding the analyte. The strip contains, integral therewith, a second sbp member for concentrating 20 and non-diffusively binding the first sbp member at a small situs on the strip separate from an end portion of the strip provided for contacting with the test solution. Generally, the second sbp member binds to a complex formed from the binding of the analyte to the 25 first sbp member. A detectible signal is produced by means of a signal producing system. The signal is produced in relation to the presence of analyte in the test solution. In one embodiment an analog of the analyte is non-diffusively bound to the strip at least 30 between the situs and the portion of the strip that contacts the test solution.
In the method an end portion of the strip separated from the situs is contacted with the test solution, which traverses the bibulous material by means of capillary 35 action. The strip is contacted with a developer solution containing members of the signal producing system and then with any remaining members of the signal producing system that were not included in the test solution or the developer solution, or present initially on the strip.
5 At least a portion of the test solution contacts the situs prior to contact of the developer solution with the situs. The signal detectible at the situs is then compared with the signal detectible at a portion of the strip other than at the situs to determine the presence 10 of the analyte in the test solution.
In a particular embodiment of the present invention the signal produced at the small situs has a sharp-edged distinctive pattern that provides a sharp contrast to the signal produced at portions of the strip other than at 15 the situs when analyte is present in the test solution.
In another particular embodiment of the present invention, the second sbp member is non-diffusively bound to a small situs on the strip through the intermediacy of particles non-diffusively bound to the small situs.
20 Where the second sbp member is able to bind the first sbp member when the first sbp member is not bound to the analyte an analog of the analyte capable of binding the first sbp member is non-diffusively bound to the strip between the situs and the end portion.

2~ The method and device of the present invention have particular applicability to the determination of a plurality of analytes in a test solution. The presence or absence of one or more analytes in the test solution can be readily determined on a single strip. In 30 addition, the method of the invention provides for the detection of analytes, such as drugs, without the need for reference materials or instrumentation.

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~283~4 DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
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As mentioned above, the present invention is directed to methods and devices for determining ~he presence of an analyte in a sample suspected of containing the analyte. A test solution is formed by combining in an aqueous medium the sample and a first sbp member capable of binding the analyte. The end portion of a strip of bibulous material capable of being traversed by this test solution by means of capillary 10 migration is contacted with the test solution. The strip contains, integral therewith, a second sbp member capable of binding the complex formed from the analyte and the first sbp member. The second sbp member is non-diffusively bound at a small situs on the strip separate from the end portion. The test solution is allowed to traverse at least a portion of the strip.
Next, the strip is contacted with a developer solution containing members of the signal producing system. In the method at least a portion of the test solution 20 contacts the situs prior to contact of the situs with the developer solution. The strip is then contacted, where necessary, with any remaining members of the signal pruducing system that were not included in the test solution or the developer solution or present on the 25 strip. The detectible signal at the situs is then compared with the signal detectible at a portion of the strip other than at the situs. A signal is produced at the situs in relation to the presence of analyte in the test solution.
The second sbp member provides a means for concentrating and non-diffusively binding the first sbp member to the strip at the situs. The first sbp member is part of a signal producing system which provides a detectible signal at the situs in relation to the amount 35 of analyte in the sample. The surface area o~ the situs ~2~ )44 is substantially less than that of the strip. The second sbp member has the characteristic of binding a complex of the first sbp member by binding directly to the analyte, by binding directly to the first sbp member, including 5 binding to the signal generating label, or by binding at a site that is present only in the complex. Where the second sbp member is able to bind the first sbp member directly and is therefore able to bind uncomplexed first sbp member, an analyte analog capable of binding 10 uncomplexed first sbp member is bound to the strip. The analyte analog normally is non-diffusively bound to the strip at least between the situs and the end portion.
The means for producing a detectible signal is usually a signal producing system having one component 15 conjugated to an sbp member to provide a label-sbp member conjugate. The amount of label producing the detectible signal is related to the amount of analyte in the test solution. The signal producing system comprises the label-sbp member conjugate and all other reagents 20 required to produce a detectible signal at the situs in relation to the presence or amount of analyte in the sample.
In a particular embodiment of the present invention the second sbp member is conjugated to particles, which 25 particles are non-diffusively bound to the strip at the situs.
The small situs can be a band running transverse to the direction of traversal of the test solution along the strip. The signal produced at the small situs can have a 30 sharp-edged distinctive pattern that provides a sharp contrast to signal produced at a portion of the strip other than the situs. Usually, the signal generated at the small situs is compared with adjacent areas on the strip.

3~44 The present invention is particularly applicable to the determination of the presence of a plurality of analytes in a test solution.
Before proceeding futher with the description of the specific embodiments of the present invention, a number of terms will be defined.
Analyte--the compound or composition to be measured, which is a member of a specific binding pair and may be a ligand, which is mono- or poly-valent, usually antigenic or haptenic, a single or plurality of compounds which share at least one common epitopic or determinant site, or a receptor.
The polyvalent ligand analytes will normally be poly(amino acids), i.e., polypeptides and proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and combinations thereof.
Such combinations include bacteria, viruses, chromosomes, genes, mitochondira, nuclei, cell membranes and the like.
The precise nature of the analytes together with numerous examples thereof are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,299,916 to Litman, et al., particularly columns 16 to 23.
The analytes of interest include drugs, metabolites, pesticides, pollutants, and the like.
Included among drugs of interest are the alkaloids.
Among the alkaloids are morphine alkaloids, which includes morphine, codeine, heroin, dextromethorphan, their derivatives and metabolites; cocaine alkaloids, which include cocaine and benzoyl ecgonine, their derivatives and metabolites, ergot alkaloids, which include the diethylamide of lysergic acidi steroid alkaloids; iminazoyl alkaloids; quinazoline alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids; quanoline alkaloids, which include quinine and quinidine; diterpene alkaloids, -their .,,~ .

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g derivatives and metabolites.
The next group of drugs includes steroids, which includes the estrogens, estogens, androgens, andreocortical steroids, bile acids, cardiotonic glycosides and aglycones, which includes digoxin and digoxigenin, saponins and sapogenins, their derivatives and metabolites. Also included are the steroid mimetic substances, such as diethylstilbestrol.
The next group of drugs is lactams having from 5 to 10 6 annular members, which include the barbituates, e.g.
phenobarbital and secobarbital, diphenylhydantonin, primidone, ethosuximide, and their metabolites.
The next group of drugs is aminoalkylbenzenes, with alkyl of ~rom 2 to ~ carbon atoms, which includes the 15 amphetamines, catecholamines, which includes ephedrine, L-dopa, epinephrine, narceine, papaverine, and their metabolites.
The next group of drugs is benzheterocyclics which include oxazepam, chlorpromazine, tegretol, imipramine, 20 their derivatives and metabolites, the heterocyclic rings being azepines, diazepines and phenothiazines.
The next group of drugs is purines, which includes theophylline, caffeine, their metabolites and derivatives.
The next group o~ drugs includes those derived from 25 marijuana, which includes cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabinol.
The next group of drugs includes the vitamins such as A, B, e.g. B12, C, D, E and K, folic acid, thiamine.
The next group of drugs is prostaglandins, which 30 differ by the degree and sites of hydroxylation and unsaturation.
The next group of drugs is antibiotics, which include penicillin, chloromycetin, actinomycetin, tetracycline, terramycin, the metabolites and de~ivatives.
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The next group o~ drugs is the nucleosides and nucleotides, which include ATP, NAD, FMN, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine, and cytidine with their appropriate sugar and phosphate substituents.
The next group of drugs is miscellaneous individual drugs which include methadone, meprobamate, serotonin, meperidine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, lidocaine, procaineamide, acetylprocaineamide, propranolol, griseofulvin, valproic acid, butyrophenones, 10 antihistamines, anticholinergic drugs, such as atropine, their metabolites and derivatives.
Metabolites related to diseased states include spermine, galactose, phenylpyruvic acid, and porphyrin Type l.
The next group of drugs is aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin, kanamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.
Among pesticides of interest are polyhalogenated biphenyls 7 phosphate esters, thiophosphates, carbamates, polyhalogenated sulfenamides, their metabolites and 20 derivativeS.
Member of a specific binding pair ("sbp member")--one of two different molecules, having an area on the sur~ace or in a cavity which specifically binds to and is thereby defined as complementary with a particular 25 spatial and polar organization of the other molecule.
The members of the specific binding pair are referred to as ligand and receptor (antiligand). These will usually be members of an immunological pair, although other specific binding pairs such as biotin-avidin, 30 hormones-hormone receptors, nucleic acid duplexes and the like are not immunological pairs.
Ligand--any organic compound for which a receptor naturally exists or can be prepared.
Receptor ("antiligand")--any compound or composition 35 capable of recognizing a particular spatial and polar ~330~4 organization of a molecule, e.g., epitopic or determinant site. Illustrative receptors include naturally occurring receptors, e.g., thyroxine binding globulin, antibodies, enzymes, Fab fragments, lectins, nucleic acids, 5 protein A, complement component Clq, and the like.
Ligand analog or analyte analog--a modified ligand or ligand surrogate or modified analyte or analog surrogate which can compete with the analogous ligand or analyte for a receptor, the modi.fication providing means 10 to join a ligand analog or analyte analog to another molecule. The ligand analog or analyte analog will usually differ from the ligand or analyte by more than replacement of a hydrogen with a bond which links the ligand analog or analyte analog to a hub or label, but 15 need not. The term ligand surrogate or analyte surrogate refers to a compound having the capability of binding the first sbp member. Thus, the ligand surrogate or analyte surrogate may bind to the first sbp member in a manner similar to the ligand or analyte. On the other hand, the 20 surrogate could be, for example3 an antibody directed against the idiotype of an antibody to the ligand or analyte.
Bibulous material--a porous material having pores of at least O.l~, preferably at least l.O~, which is 25 susceptible to traversal by an aqueous medium in response to capillary force. Such materials are generally hydrophilic or are capable of being rendered hydrophilic and include inorganic po~ders such as silica, magnesium sulfate, and alumina; natural polymeric materials, 30 particularly cellulosic materials and materials derived from cellulose, such as fiber containing papers, e.g., ~ilter papPr, chromatographic paper, etc.; synthetic or modified naturally occurring polymers, such as nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, poly (vinyl chloride), 35 polyacrylamide, cross linked dextran, agarose3 ~83~4~4 polyacrylate, etc.; either used by themselves or in conjunction with other materials; ceramic materials; and the like. The bibulous material can be attached to a support. On the other hand, the bibulous material may 5 provide its own support. The bibulous material maY be polyfunctional or be capable of being polyfunctionalized to permit covalent bonding of sbp members as well as to permit bonding o~ other compounds which form a part of the signal producing system.
Binding of sbp members to the bibulous material may be accomplished by well-known techniques, commonly available in the literature. See, for example, "Immobilized Enzymes," Ichiro Chibata, Halsted Press, New York (1978) and Cuatrecasas, J. Bio. Chem., 245:3059 15 (1970).
The bibulous material can be a single structure such as a sheet cut into strips or it can be particulate material bound to a support or solid surface such as found, for example, in thin-layer chromatography.
The support for the bibulous material where a support is desired or necessary will normally be water insoluble, non-porous, and rigid and usually will be of the same length and width as the bibulous strip but may be larger or smaller. A wide variety of organic and 25 inorganic materials, both natural and synthetic, and combinations thereof, may be employed provided only that the support does not interfere with the capillary action of the strip, or non-specifically bind assay components, or interfere with the signal producing system.
30 Illustrative polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(4-methylbutene), polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly(ethylene terephthalate), nylon, poly(vinyl butyrate), glass, ceramics, metals, and the like.

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~ abeled-sbp member--a label, for example, a catalyst, usually an enzyme9 conjugated to an sbp member, which is a member of the signal producing system. The sbp member can bind directly to the analyte or can bind 5 indirectly to the analyte by binding to an sbp member complementary to the analyte.
Label--A label may be any molecule conjugated to another molecule or to the bibulous support and, where two molecules are involved, is arbitrarily chosen as to 10 which molecule is the label. In the subject invention, the labels will be a member of the signal producing system that is conjugated to an sbp member. The label may be isotopic or nonisotopic, pre~erably nonisotopic.
However, an isotopic label can be preferred for achieving 15 high sensitivity when using radio-autographic detections with photographic film.
Signal Producing System--The signal producing system may have one or more components, at least one component being the label conjugated to an sbp member. The signal 20 producing system includes all of the reagents required to produce a measurable signal. When the first sbp member is not conjugated to a label, the label is normally bound to an sbp member complementary to the first sbp member and is usually included as part of the developer. Other 25 components of the developer include substrates, coenzymes, enhancers, second enzymes, activators, cofactors, inhibitors, scavengers, metal ions, specific binding substances required for binding of signal generating substances, and the like. The components of 30 the signal producing system may be bound to the strip such as coenzymes, substances that react with enzymic products, other enzymes and catalysts, and the likeO The signal producing system provides a signal detectable by external means, normally by measurement of 35 electromagnetic radiation, desirably by yisual ; ~., . ~, , .

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examination. For the most part, the signal producing system includes a chromophoric substrate and enzyme, where chromophoric substrates are enzymatically converted to dyes which absorb light in the ultraviolet or Yisible region, phosphors or fluorescers.
The signal-producing system can include at least one catalyst, usually at least one enzyme, and at least one substrate and may include two or more catalysts and a plurality of substrates, and may include a combination of enzymes, where the substrate of one enzyme is the product of the other enzyme. The operation of the signal producing system is to produce a product which provides a detectable signal at the small situs, related to the amount of catalyst bound to the situs, as a result of sbp member complex Formation of the labeled sbp member.
The signal producing system provides for the production of a compound, which is normally the signal generating compound, but in some instances may react with another compound bound to the surface with the production, enhancement or destruction of the signal generating compound. While both enzymatic and non-enzymatic catalysts may be employed, usually there will be at least one enzyme catalyst employed in the signal producing system. In the event of there being only one catalyst, this catalyst will usually be conjugated to an sbp member for binding to the situs through sbp member complex formation. In addition to the catalyst, there must be a substrate which undergoes a transformation which results in a change in a détectable signal at the measurement surface. For the most part, the product resulting from the transformation catalyzed by the labeled sbp member will be the signal generating compound.
Two catalysts may be employed, either a combination of an enzyme and a non-enzyme catalyst or two enzymes, .. ,. ~ , ~L2~

where the two catalysts are related in that the product of one is the substrate of the other. In this system, there need be only one substrate which can undergo successive changes catalyzed by the catalysts7 which 5 results in the compound involved with production o~ a detectable signal. For the most part, however, there will normally be a substrate for the first enzyme in the series and a second compound9 which serves as a precursor to the compound involved in the production of the signal, 10 normally providing the compound which produces the signal. Thus, the product of the first enzyme may react with the precursor to the signal producing compound to provide the signal generating compound.
For the most part, the involved reactions will be 15 hydrolysis or redox reactions. In the case o~
hydrolysis, a derivatized dye precursor that has an enzymatically labile bond and an enzyme that catalyzes its conversion to an insoluble dye product, is illustrative of this type of system. In redox reactions, 20 a first enzyme would produce an essential oxidizing substrate required for the second enzyme, where the second enzyme catalyzes the reaction between the oxidizing substrate and a dye precursor.
Where two enzymes are used, the ~irst enzymatic 25 reaction may involve hydrolytic cleavage or a redox reaction of the substrate to provide a product which is the substrate of another enzyme. The first situation may be illustrated by glucose-6-phosphate being catalytically hydrolyzed by alkaline phosphatase to glucose, where 30 glucose is a substrate for glucose oxidase. The second situation may be illustrated by glucose being oxidized by glucose oxidase to provide hydrogen peroxide which would enzymatically react with a leuco dye to produce a signal generator.

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Coupled catalysts can also involve an enzyme with a non-enzymatic catalyst. The enzyme can produce a reactant which undergoes a reaction catalyzed by the non-enzymatic catalyst or the non-enzymatic catalyst may produce a substrate (includes coenzymes) for the enzyme.
A wide variety of non-enzymatic catalysts which may be employed are found in U.S. Patent No. 9,160,645 issued July 10, 1979.
Various combinations of enzymes may be employed to provide a signal generating compound. Particularly, combinations of hydrolases may be employed to produce an insoluble signal generator. Alternatively, combinations of hydrolases and oxidoreductases can provide the signal generating compound. Also, combinations of oxidoreductases may be used to produce an insoluble signal generating compound.
For combinations of enzymes one enzyme can be non-diffusively bound to the strip, while the other enzyme is conjugated to a sbp memeber. Additionally, one or more other members of the signal producing system can be bound to the strip depending on the particular signal producing system chosen or the particular protocol followed.
In order to have a detectable signal, it is desirable to provide means for amplifying the signal produced by the presence of the label bound at the situs.
Therefore, it will usually be preferable for the label to be a catalyst or luminescent compound or radioisotope, most preferably a catalyst. Preferably catalysts are enzymes and coenzymes which can produce a multiplicity of signal generating molecules from a single label.
An enzyme or coenzyme is employed which provides the desired amplification by producing a product, which ,i ... .

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absorbs light, e.g., a dye, or emits light upon irradiation, e.g., a fluorescer. Alternatively, the catalytic reaction can lead to direct light emission, e.g., chemiluminescence. A large number of enzymes and coenzymes for providing such products are indicated in U.S. Patent No. 4,275,149 bridging columns 19 to 23, and U.S. Patent No. 4,318,980, columns 10 to 14.
Of particular interest is the use of a combination of enzymes, where the enzymes are related by the product of one enzyme being the substrate of the other enzyme.
In this manner, stable precursors to labile substrates can be provided and the substrate for a second enzyme can be stored in combination with a first enzyme without a reaction being prematurely initiated.
A number of enzyme combinations are set forth in U.S. Patent No. 4,275,149, bridging columns 23 to 28, which combinations can find use in the subject invention.
Of particular interest are enzymes which involve the production of hydrogen peroxide and the use of the hydrogen peroxide to oxidize a dye precursor to a dye.
Particular co~binations include saccharide oxidases, e.g., glucose and galactose oxidase, or he-terocyclic oxidases, such as uricase and xanthine oxidase, coupled with an enzyme which employs the hydrogen peroxide to oxidize a dye precursor, that is, a peroxidase such as horse radish peroxidase, lactoperoxidaser or microperoxidase. Additional enzyme combinations may be found in the subject matter incorporated by reference.
When a single enzyme is used as a label, other enzymes may find use such as hydrolases, transferases, and oxidoreductases, preferably hydrolases such as alkaline phosphatase and ~-galactosidase. Alternatively .

luciferases may be used such as firefly luciferase and bacterial luciferase.
Illustrative coenzymes which find use include NAD[H]; NADP[H], pyridoxal phosphate; FAD[H];FMN[H], etc., usually coenzymes involving cycling reactions, see particularly U.S. Patent No. 4,318,980.
The product of the enzyme reaction will usually be a dye ~r fluorescer. A large number of illustrative fluorescers are indicated in U.S. Patent No. 4,275,149, columns 30 and 31.
Ancillary Materials--Various ancillary materials will frequently be employed in the assay in accordance with the present invention. For example, buffers will normally be present in the assay medium, as well as stabilizers. Frequently, in addition to -these additives, additional proteins may be included, such as albumins, or surfactants, particularly non-ionic surfactants, binding enhances, e.g., polyalkylene glycols, or the like.
Small situs--an area on the strip of bibulous material which has a surface area substantially less than the surface area of the strip. The situs may be a dot, line, curve, band, pattern formed from dots, lines, curves, bands, or combinations thereof, or the like.
Generally, the direction of traversal of the strip by the test solution will be transverse to the situs.
Preferably, the signal produced at the situs has a sharp-edged distinctive pattern that provides a sharp contrast to signal produced at the portions of the strip other than the situs. For example, the situs can be a printed display of an abbreviated name or names of the analyte or analytes in the test solution, of a plus sign, or of the like. The situs is separated from the end portion of the strip contacted with the test solution in accordance with the concentrating principle of the , .

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present invention. The situs should contact a major portion of the solution flowing through the strip for efficient concentration.
In the method of the invention, a first sbp member capable of binding to the analyte is combined with a sample suspected of containing the analyte to provide an aqueous test solution. A second sbp member capable of binding the complex formed upon binding of the analyte to the first sbp member is non-dif~usively bound to the bibulous strip at the small situs. One end of the strip is contacted with the test solution, which will traverse the strip through capillary action. The amount of the first sbp member that becomes bound to the situs through binding to the second sbp member is related to the amount of analyte in the sample. The signal producing system provides a detectible signal at the situs only when the first sbp member is bound, so that the presence of the analyte may be determined by comparing the signal detectible at the situs with the signal detectible at a 20 portion of the strip other than at the situs, usually a portion of the strip adjacent to the situs. The first sbp member binds specifically to the analyte. The second sbp member is non-diffusively bound at the situs and is able to bind the first sbp member. Binding may occur 25 directly to a binding site on the first sbp member, or indirectly to a binding site on the analyte which is bound to the first sbp member. Binding may also occur at a site characteristic of the complex of the analyte and first sbp member which site is not present in either 30 component alone.
Where binding of the first sbp member to the second sbp member occurs directly, it is necessary to provide for removal of free first sbp member by providing an analog of the analyte non-diffusively bound to the strip at least between the situs and the end portion. A second ~L2~330~

sbp member will normally be chosen that provides for direct binding to the first sbp member when the analyte has a single binding site, e.g., a drug, or when only one sbp member complementary to the analyte is available.
5 Generally, the amount of analog analyte bound to the strip should be sufficient to bind all of the first sbp member when no analyte is present in the test solution.
Usually, such analog will be present in an excess amount.
The movement of the test solution along the strip is 10 due to capillarity. This capillary movement along the strip causes the test solution to be carried through the situs. Preferably after the strip has been contacted with the test solution9 a developer solution provides ~or continuation of the capillary migration through the 15 situs. In this instance the developer solution is contacted with the end portion of the strip which was contacted with the test solution. Alternatively, to contact the strip with the developer solution, the situs can be immersed in the developer solution after the end 20 portion of the strip has been contacted with the test solution. In any event one desires to provide concentration of the first sbp member at the situs prior to contact of the situs with the developer.
The solvent will normally be an aqueous medium, 25 which may be up to about 40 weight percent of other polar solvents, particularly oxygenated solvents of from l to 6, more usually of from l to 4 carbon atoms, including alcohols, ethers and the like. Usually, the cosolvents will be present in less than about 20 weight percent.
The pH for the medium will usually be in the range of 4-ll, more usually 5-lO, and preferably in the range of about 6~9. The pH is chosen to maintain a significant level of binding affinity of the sbp members and optimal generation o~ signal by the signal producing system.
35 Various buffers may be used to achieve the desired pH and 33~

maintain the pH during the assay. Illustrative buffers include borate, phosphate, carbonate, tris, barbital and the like. The particular buffer employed is not critical, but in individual assays, one buffer may be 5 preferred over another.
Desirably, from about O.û5 to 0.5 wt.% of a non-ionic detergent is included with the sample. Various polyoxyalkylene compounds may be employed of from about 200 to 20,000 daltons.
Moderate, and desirably substantially constant, temperatures are normally employed for carrying out the assay. The temperatures for the assay and production of a detectable signal will generally be in the range of about 4-50C, more usually in the range o~ about 15 10-40C, and frequently will be ambient temperatures, that is, about 15-25C.
The concentration, in the liquid sample, of analyte which may be assayed will generally vary from about 10 4 to about 10 15M, more usually from about 10 6 20 to 10-14M. Considerations, such as the concentration of the analyte of interest and the protocol will normally determine the concentration of the other reagents.
While the concentrations of many of the various reagents in the sample and reagent solutions will 25 generally be determined by the concentration range of interest of the analyte9 the final concentration of each of the reagents will normally be determined empirically to optimi~e the sensitivity of the assay over the range of interest. With certain protocols, individual reagents ~0 may be used in substantial excess without detrimentally affecting the sensitivity of the assay.
The size of the strip is dependent on several considerations. When capillary flow is predominantly upward, the length and thickness of the strip control, 35 the amount of solution that can pass through the situs.

33~4 The transfer of a large volume of first solution requires that the fluid capacity of the strip above the situs be sufficient to accomodate the desired volume. If the strip is used to provide a predominantly downward flow so 5 as to syphon the test solution this volume requirement is not needed. Moreover, if an absorbant material is provided to contact the end of the strip not used to contact the test solution the volume requirement is also eliminated. In general7 it is desirable to transfer as 10 large a volume as possible through the situs so as to provide the greatest assay sensitivity. However, other considerations such as time and the availability of the sample will limit this requirement. In general, for upward flow strips the fluid retention volume about the 15 situs will be usually greater than 20 ~L, preferably at least 50-200 ~. For downward flow strips retention volumes as low as 2-20 ~ can be used but volumes of 20-200 ~L are preferable.
Thickness of the strips will usually be no greater 20 than 20% of the width, preferably l to lO~, more preferably 2 to 5%.
To permit conservation of reagents and provide for samples of limited size, the width of the strip will generally be relatively narrow, usually less than 20 mm, 25 preferably less than lO mm. Generally, the width of the strip will not be less than about l.0 mm and will usually range from about 2 mm to 12 mm, preferably from about 4 mm to 8 mm.
The length of the strip will depend on the 30 concentration of the analyte and practical considerations such as ease of handling and the number of situses on the strip and will be about 2 cm to 40 cm, usually about 4 cm to 25 cm, preferably about 6 to 20 cm but may be of any practical length. The structure of the strip can he 35 varied widely and includes fine, medium fine, medium, ~2i!3304A

medium coarse and coarse. In general, smaller pore Size and finer material will provide slow capillary flow and efficient capture of binding sbp members on the strip.
Courser, more porous materials provide faster flow, but 5 the efficiency of capture is reduced. Selection of the porosity of the material depends on the rate of binding of the sbp members for a given assay.
The position of the small situs, or small situses where a plurality of analytes are being determined, 10 should be governed by the basic principle involved in the present invention. One desires to pass by capillarity a sufficient amount of the test solution through the situs to concentrate a sufficient amount of the analyte at the situs to produce a signal that is detectible over the 15 background. Thus, it is desirable to position the situs close to the end of the strip which is to contact the test solution but not so close as to come into contact with the bulk solution or the menicus. Desirably, the situs should be at least 5 mm, preferably at least 8 mm, 20 from such end of the strip. It may be positioned any greater distance away from the end provided the test solution can pass through the situs by capillary action.
Preferably, the situs will not be greater than half the length of the strip from such end. In this way, the 25 situs is "separated" from such end portion. Where several situses are used 9 the situses can be grouped close together or apart but must not be so close as to compromise resolution of the signal. Consequently, such situses usually should be spaced not less than l mm 30 apart, preferably at least ~ mm apart.
Cther reagents which are members of the signal producing system can vary widely in concentration depending upon the particular protocol and their role in signal production. Usually the first sbp member will not 36 exceed 104 times the maximum concentration of interest ~Z~3~

of the analyte when the analyte has multiple binding sites and will not exceed 103 times the maximum concentration of interest when a monovalent analyte is used. Normally, the first sbp member will not be less than about 0.5 times the minimum concentration of interest. When the label is not bound direckly to the first sbp member, the reagent to which it is bound must bind to the first sbp member and will be present in at least an amount equivalent to the lowest concentration of 10 interest of the analyte.
In carrying out the assay, the protocol will normally involve combining the sample suspected of containing the analyte with the first sbp member to form the aqueous test solution. The sample may be derived 15 from a wide variety of sources, such as physiologic fluids, illustrated by saliva, blood, serum, plasma, urine, ocular lens ~luid, spinal ~luid, etc , chemical processing streams, food waste water, etc.
The end portion of the strip, usually, the end 20 closest to the situs, is contacted with the test solution, usually by immersion of the end portion into the test solution. Wetting of the strip by capillary action usually is allowed to continue at least until the situs is wet. Preferably, at least hal~ the strip is wet 2~ with the test solution. When downward syphoning flow is used, usually the entire strip will be wet and excess test solution can be allowed to syphon through the strip.
For the most part, relatively short times are involved for the test solution to traverse the strip.
30 Usually, the traverse of the test solution over the strip will take at least 30 sec and not more than 1 hour, more usually from about 1 min to 30 min. The development of the signal will generally range from 30 sec to 30 min, more usually from about 30 sec. to 5 min.

-25~

After the liquid has traversed at least a partion of the strip, the strip is contacted with a developer solution having members of the signal producing system.
This may be accomplished by immersion of the strip into 5 the developer solution, but preferably only the end of the strip previously in contact with the test solution is contacted with the developer solution. Where the test solution contains unlabeled first sbp member, the developer solution will have a labeled sbp member that 10 can bind to the complex formed between the first sbp member and the analyte. Upon contact of the end portion of the strip with the developer solution, the solution traverses the strip by capillary action at least to the small situs and preferably until the entire strip is wet.
When an enzyme is used as a label, the substrate will normally be in substantial excess, so as not to be rate limiting (greater concentration than Km). The developer solution will usually be appropriately buffered for the enzyme system.
After contacting the strip with the developer solution, the strip is contacted with any remaining members of the signal producing system not present in the developer or test solutions or present on the strip. A
sufficient time is allowed to elapse prior to measuring 25 the signal to produce an amount of the signal producing compound required to define the region of the situs in which the analyte is bound. Once the detectable signal has been produced, the presence or absence of the analyte or analytes in the sample is known.
The ligand analytes are characterized by having single binding sites (monovalent) or multiple binding sites (polyvalent), while the receptor analytes may also have a single or plurality of binding sites. The polyvalent analytes will normally be polytamino acids), ~5 i.e., polypeptides and proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic ~.Zt~3~

acids, and combinations thereof. Such combinations or assemblages include bacteria, viruses, chromosomes, genes, mitochondria, nuclei, cell memmbranes and the like.
For the most part, the polyvalent ligand analytes will have a molecular weight of at least about 5,000, more usually at least about 10,000. In the poly(amino acid) category, the poly(amino ac:ids) of interest wiIl generally be from about 5,000 to 5,000,000 molecular 10 weight, more usually from about 20,000 to 1,000,000 molecular weight, and among hormones of interest, about 5,000 to 60,000 molecular weight.
An extensive listing of useful ligands may be found in U.S. Patent No. 4,275,149, the disclosure bridging columns 12 to 17.
The monovalent ligand analytes will generally be from about 100 to 2,000 molecular weight, more usually from about 125 to 1,000 molecular weight. The analytes of interest include drugs, hormones, metabolites, pesticides, pollutants, and the like.
A large number of analytes of interest are listed in U.S. Patent No. 4,275,149, columns 17 and 18.
For receptor analytes, the molecular weights will generally range from about 104 to 2x108, more usually from about 3x104 to 2x106. For immunoglobulins, e.g., IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, the molecular weights will generally vary from about 160,000 to about 106.
Enzymes will normally vary from about 10,000 to 600,000 daltons. Natural receptors vary widely, being generally at least about 25,000 molecular weight and may be 106 and higher, including such materials as avidin, thyroxine binding globulin, thyroxine binding prealbumin, transcortin, membrane surface proteins, etc.

: .
,., - :... : .
~ ' .
~ . , ~2~30~4 Where a ligand is conjugated to another molecule or support, frequently the ligand will be modified to provide for a particular functional group at a particular site. This modification produces a product referred to as a ligand analog. U.S. Patent No. 4,275,149 also has an extensive description of ligand analogs, bridging columns 18 and 19.
The strip can be coated with a wide variety of materials to provide for enhanced properties. Coatings may include protein coatings, polysaccharide coatings, synthetic polymers, sugars or the like, which are used particularly to enhance the stability of the materials conjugated to the support. These compounds can also be used for improved binding of the materials, such as the sbp member or signal producing system member bound to the strip.
The strip, or the situs, can be activated with reactive functionalities to provide for covalent bonding of the organic materials to be conjugated to the strip such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 4,168,146.
The amount of sbp member which is bound to the strip at the situs will vary depending upon the amount required to bind all of the labeled sbp member. Generally, the amount of sbp member at the situs will be at least equivalent to the amount of analyte that flows through the situs and can exceed the amount of analyte by ten thousand fold or more.
The second sbp member, the analyte analog, and, where desired, members of the signal producing system can be bound to the strip by adsorption, rather than covalent bonding, as long as such binding is non-diffusive. This will involve contacting the bibulous support with a solution containing the materials to be bound to the strip and allowing the strip to dry. In general, this ~%~3~

procedure will be useful only where the bibulous support is relatively hydrophobic or has a high surface charge, and subsequent treatmenk with proteins, detergents, polysaccharides, or other materials capable of blocking 5 non-specific binding sites will be required.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the first sbp member can be non-diffusive:Ly bound to particles or beads. The particles or beads can then be applied to the strip at the situs. Generally, the particles will have 10 means for specifically binding a labeled sbp member or a label without significant non-specific interaction. The nature of the particle or the beads may vary widely, being naturally occurring or synthetic. The materials are commercially available or commercially available 15 materials may be modified. Exemplary of such particles or beads are latex particles made from polystyrene, polyacrylates, polyacrylamide, available as Biogel-p~, or naturally occurring materials such as polysaccharides, particularly cross-linked polysaccharides, such as 20 agarose, which is available as Sepharose~, dextran, available as Sephadex~, microcrystalline cellulose, starch and the like. Other materials include polyacrylamides, polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol, copolymers of hydroxyekhyl methacrylate and methyl 25 methacrylate, silicones, glasses, available as Bioglas~, diatomaceous earth, silica, and the like.
The primary requirement is that the materials do not contribute a signal, usually light absorption, that would cause the situs to have a different signal than other 30 parts of the strip prior to contact with the signal producing system.
The particles must be capable of non-diffusivable attachment to an sbp member where the attachment can be achieved by covalent or non-covalent binding. When the 35 sbp member is covalently bound, the particles should be ~L283~44 polyfunctional or be capable of being polyfunctionalized. A wide variety of functional groups are available or can be incorporated. Functional groups include carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amines, amides, activated ethylenes such as maleimide, hydroxyls, sulfonic acids, mercaptans, and the like~ The manner of linking a wide variety of compounds to the various particles is well known and is amply illustrated in the literature. See, for example, lautrecases, J.Biol~Chem.
10 245, 3059 (1970).
The length o~ the linking groups will vary widely depending upon the nature of the compound being linked, the effect of distance between the label and the particle on the labells properties, the potential for 15 cross-linking of the labels, and the like.
The particles should not migrate to any significant degree. The si7e of the particles can vary but must be of a size to infiltrate the pores of the bibulous material and become imbedded or non-diffusively bound 20 therein. Thus, the particles are generally slightly larger than the minimum size of the pores of the bibulous material and smaller than the maximum pore size.
Usually, the size of the particles will range from about O.l to 50 microns, more usually ~rom about 0.4 to lO
25 microns, preferably greater than 0.5 ~.
Particles having a non-diffusively bound sbp member may be used to non-diffusively bind the sbp member to the strip at a small situs with sharply defined edges.
Several methods may be employed. Usually a suspension of 30 the particles in a liquid, that frequently is aqueous, will be applied to the strip. Application may be by any standard printing process including the use of electrostatic and laser propelled jets, and printing probe or type face. In addition, particles could be 35 applied by template. The shape of the situs would be ~ ~ 2f~3~:)4~

defined by a cut pattern through which particles would be absorbed into the bibulous strip. Alternatively, the suspension can be transferred to the strip by inscribing with a pen or microcapillary tube. Where dry particles are used, they may be applied by directing a jet of a suspension of the particles in a gas, usually air, at the desired situs. In each case, particularly when printing techniques are not used, it will frequently be desirable to provide for reduced pressure on the side of the strip 10 opposite to the side used to apply the particles.
Pressure reduction is conveniently provided by placing a sheet of the bibulous material on a filter or porous plate that covers a vacuum chamber. The suspension is then applied while air is being drawn through the 15 material. Regardless of the method o~ application of the particles it is usually preferable to wash the situs free of unbound particles after they have been applied.
The liquid used to suspend the particles will usually be aqueous and must not dissolve the particles or 20 damage or release the bound sbp member. Thickners and surfactants may be added to limit capillary flow and provide sharply defined edges. Thickners may include polyvinyl alcohol, polypyrolidone, dextran, glycerol9 and the like. Surfactants may be ionic, usually anicnic, or 25 non-ionic.
A variety of embodiments of the present invention will next be described in some detail. In one embodiment, the analyte in the sample is polyvalent. A
second sbp member which recognizes a determinant site on 30 the analyte is non-diffusively bound at a small situs on the strip of bibulous material. The non-diffusive binding may be accomplished by any of the means described hereinabove. A test solution having a volume approximately equal to the fluid capacity of the strip is 35 prepared by combining the sample which is suspected of .

- .....
. .

-" ~2~

containing the analyte and a labeled first sbp member wherein the latter sbp member binds to a determinant site on the analyte to form a complex. The end portion of the bibulous strip nearest the situs is contacted with the 5 test solution, which is allowed to traverse the bibulous strip by means of capillary action. The test solution moves along the strip and throuyh the situs until the entire strip is wet or the test solution is exhausted.
The complex of the analyte and labeled first sbp member 10 binds to the second sbp member at the situs, thereby concentrating the labeled first sbp member at the situs.
A~ter the test solution is allowed to traverse the bibulous strip, the strip is then contacted with a developer solution containing the remaining members of 15 the signal producing system o~ which the label is one member. If the analyte is present in the test solution, a signal will be produced at the small situs. This signal can be distinguished from signal generated adjacent to the situs.
In a variant of the above-described embodiment, the volume of the test solution is sufficient to permit it to traverse only a portion of the strip such that the fluid capacity at the dry portion of the strip is at least as great as the fluid capacity of the portion from the end 25 portion through the small situs. The end portion of the strip, which end portion was previously contacted with the test solution, is next contacted with the developer solution. The developer solution moves along the strip through the small situs by capillarity. In doing so, the 30 developer solution causes the remainder of the test solution to move through the small situs. If analyte is present in the test solution, a signal is generated.
In another variant of the above-described embodiment the first sbp member is not labeled. The assay is 35 carried out in the same way but a labeled sbp member :

. ~,- ,.,, .. ~ ,. . ...

complementary to the first sbp member is included in the developer. When analyte is present, the first sbp member binds to the situs and thereby causes binding of the labeled sbp member to the situs. In this embodiment, it is often preferable to exclude some members of the signal producing system from the developer and to contact the strip with a solution containing these excluded, i.e., remaining, members after contact with the developer.
In the above embodiment, a plurality of polyvalent 10 analytes may be determined. To this end, several situses separated from the end portion are employed. At one situs a second sbp member which recognizes a determinant site on a first analyte is non-diffusively bound to the bibulous strip. At another situs another second sbp 15 member which recognizes a determinant site on a second analyte is non-diffusively bound. The situation continues until there is a small situs ~or each of the analytes for which one desires to test. The sample to be analyzed is then combined in an appropriate aqueous 20 medium with a plurality of labeled first sbp members to form the test solution. One labeled first sbp member will contain an sbp member which recognizes a determinant site on the first analyte other than the determinant site recognized by the second sbp member on the bibulous strip 25 which binds to the first analyte. Another labeled first sbp member will contain an sbp member which recognizes a determinant site on the second analyte other than the determinant site recognized by the second sbp member on the bibulous strip which binds to the second analyte.
30 The number of labeled sbp members will correspond to the number of analytes for which one desires to test. If the analyte or analytes tested for are present in the sample, a complex of each respective analyte with its corresponding labeled first sbp member is formed. If the 35 analyte is not present, then no such complex forms. The .

~L2~33~1~4 end portion of the bibulous strip is contacted with the test solution, which is allowed to traverse the strip.
Any complexes of analyte and labeled sbp member will bind to the respective situses on the strip. If the analyte 5 is not present, no complex forms and, therefore, the labeled first sbp member which corresponds to that analyte does not become bound at the situs and a signal will not be produced. After the test solution has traversed the bibulous strip, the strip is contacted with 10 the appropriate members of the signal producing systems employed. The assay may be designed so that a single developer is employed for all of the analytes for which one desires to test. If the particular analyte is present in the sample, a signal will be produced at the 15 appropriate situs. In a particularly preferred variant of this procedure, the first sbp members are not labeled, and the developer contains a labeled sbp member complementary to the first sbp members. The strip is contacted with the remaining members of the signal 20 producing system following contact with the developer.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the analyte is a monovalent drug. The sample suspected of containing the drug is mixed with a labeled first sbp member in an appropriate medium to form the aqueous test 25 solution. The labeled first sbp member binds to the drug. The bibulous strip will contain a second sbp member at the small situs, which sbp member recognizes a determinant site on the labeled first sbp member other than the determinant site involved in the binding of the 30 labeled sbp member to the drug. For example, the second sbp member may recognize a determinant site on the label portion of the labeled ~irst sbp member or on the sbp member portion. In this particular embodiment, an analyte or drug analog must be bound to the strip in an 35 amount at least sufficient to bind all of the labeled sbp ~283~

member when drug is absent in the sample tested.
Usually, this analyte analog is a derivative of the drug tested for and is bound to the strip in a substantlal excess at least between the end portion of the strip and the situs. Although it is preferred that this drug analog be a derivative of the drug, one may use other drug analogs such as, for examp:Le, an antibody directed against the idiotype of an antibody to the drug. ~hen the sample and the labeled first sbp member are mixed together to form the test solut:ion and the drug is present in the sample, a complex between the drug and the labeled first sbp member is forrned. This complex of drug and labeled ~irst sbp member moves along the bibulous strip until it reaches the situs to which it becomes bound due to binding with a second sbp member specific for the labeled first sbp member at the situs. If the drug is not present in the sample, then no complex is formed between the drug and the labeled first sbp member. When the test solution is contacted with the end portion of the bibulous strip, the labeled first sbp member that is not complexed with the drug binds to the drug analog which is non dif~usively bound to the strip.
Since this drug analog is present in excess quantity, the uncomplexed labeled sbp member does not reach the small situs. In subsequent development of the test strip, the presence of drug in the sample will be indicated by production of a signal at the small situs.
In the latter embodiment for monvalent drugs, one may also assay a test solution for a plurality of drugs.
In this situation the test solution is formed by mixing together in an appropriate liquid medium the sample and a number of labeled first sbp members corresponding to the number of analytes for which one desires to test. If i-t is only desired to know if any one of the drugs is present, the bibulous strip contains a situs identical to .

, ' ' .

3~

that described above for a single drug. It is necessary, however, to include on the strip drug analogs corresponding to each one of the drug for which one is testing. If it is necessary to know which drugs are 5 present, the strip contains a separate situs for each drug on which situs is bound a second sbp member that specifically binds to a determinant site that is characteristic of the labeled first sbp member corrPsponding to that drug. A provision for a 10 characteristic determinant site is preferably made by attaching a hapten to the labeled first sbp member and using an antibody to the hapten as the second sbp member.
As a matter of convenience, the present device can be provided in a kit in packaged combination with 15 predetermined amounts of reagents for use in assaying for an analyte. Where an enzyme is used as the label, the reagents will include enzyme labeled first sbp member, substrate for the enzyme or precursors therefor including any additional substrates, enzymes and cofactors and any 20 reaction partner of the enzymic product required to provide the detectable chromophore or fluorophore. In addition, other additives such as ancillary reagents may be included, for example, stabilizers, bu~fers, and the like. The relative amounts of the various reagents may 25 be varied widely, to provide for concentrations in solution of the reagents which substantially optimize the sensitivity of the assay. The reagents can be provided as dry powders, usually lyophilized, including excipients, which on dissolution will provide for a 3D reagent solution having the appropriate concentrations for performing the assay.

83~

EXAMPLES
The invention is demonstrated further by the following illustrative example. Before proceeding with a description of the illustrative example, a number of terms will be defined.
PBS: phosphate buffered saline DMF: dimethyl formamide BSA: bovine serum albumin HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin HRP: horseradish peroxidase P04: mono- and dibasic phosphate, sodium salt EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid SAMSA: S-acetyl mercaptosuccinic anhydride SMCC: succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimido methyl) cyclohexane-l-carboxylate Phosphate Buffer: lO mM P04, pH = 7.40 PBS: lO mM P04, pH = 7.40 150 mM NaCl Buffer A: lO mM P04, pH = 7.40 150 mM NaCl 0.1% BSA
0.05% Tween -20 (Sigma Chemical Co.) Conjugate Buffer: lO0 mM P04, pH = 7.40 150 mM NaCl 0.1% BSA
0.05% Tween -20*

Trade Mark *
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:

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Developer Buffer: 10 mM PO4, pH = 7.00 20 mM NaC1 0.1% BSA
0.005% Triton QS- 44* (Sigma Chemical Co.) 200 ~g/ml 4-chloro-1-Naphthol 1 mM H22 Carbonate Buffer: 50 mM Na2CO3 pH = 9.50 PO4 - NaC1 - EDTA Buffer: 100 mM Na PO4 pH = 7.50 100 mM NaC1 5 mM EDTA

15 Column Buffer: 100 mM Na3PO4 pH = 7.00 200 mM NaC1 0.02% NaN3 Preparation of Con~ugate of HRP and HCG Antibody Preparation of HRP - ~SA~SMA
Sixty (60) mg of HRP (Type VI, Sigma Chemical Co.) was dissolved in 2 ml of Carbonate Buffer and dialyzed to remove contaminants.
SASMA* (Sigma Chemical Co.) was made 100 mM in dry DMF. Thirty (30) mg of HRP was reacted with a twelve-fold molar excess of SASMA for 1 hr. The product was purified from free SASMA* using a small Sephadex* G-25 column equilibrated in PO4-NaC1-EDTA Buffer.
To prepare free -SH groups from the SASMA, the above product was incubated with a 1/10 volume of lM NH2OH in PBS with stirring under Argon gas for 1 hr. The resulting product was purified on another Sephadex G-25 column and used immediately.

*Trade Marks ~' ~2~331~L

Preparation of Antibody -SMCC
Monoclonal antibody to the beta subunit of HCG was prepared according to the procedure of Kohler et al., Nature (1975) 2 :495-497.
The antibody (4-5 mg/ml) was dialyzed against P04-NaCl-EDTA Buffer to remove contaminants. Following dialysis, 8 mg of antibody was reacted with a 25-fold molar excess of SMCC (Pierce Chemical Co.) for 2 hr. at room temperature with stirring. The SMCC was prepared 10 fresh as a 100 mM solution in dry DMF.
The product was purified on a small Sephadex G-25 column and used immediately. The column was equilibrated with P0~-NaCl-EDTA Buffer.
Conjugation of HRP-SAMSA and Antibody-SMCC
The antibody-SMCC and a twelve-fold molar excess of HRP-SAMSA were combined and allowed to react at room temperature for 4 hr. with stirring. The reaction was quenched with 1 mM ~-mercaptoethanol followed 15 minutes later by 2 mM N-ethylmaleimide.
Purification The above conjugate was separated from free antibody and HRP by size exclusion chromatography on a Sephacryl S-300 column equilibrated with Column Buffer.
Preparation of Antibody-bound ~eads Polybead-carboxylate Microspheres, 3.92 ~m diameter 2.5% suspension, from Polysciences, catalog number 9850, were employed. Four hundred (400) ~1 (lD
mgs) of beads were washed with Phosphate Buffer and were suspended in 5 ml of a 2 mg/ml solution of Phosphate 30 Buffer of a monoclonal antibody prepared in accordance with conventional techniques (Kohler, et al. supra.).
This monoclonal antibody recognizes only the alpha subunit of HCG.
The beads were incubated at room temperature 36 overnight in the antibody solution with stirring to keep . ' , 3~4~
-39_ the beads suspended. The beads were then centri~uged, the antibody solution was decanted, and the beads were washed with 5 ml of each o~ Phosphate Buf~er, PBS, and Buffer A.
After the wash with buffer A, the beads were suspended in 5 ml o~ PBS + 10 mg/ml BSA (to block any non-specific binding) and mixed for 1 hour at room temperature.
Subsequently, the beads were centrifuged and then 10 resuspended in 400 ~1 of Buffer A.
Preparation of Test Device Whatman 31 ET pap0r which had been coated with a protein (polyclonal anti-theophylline) was used. The paper was cut into strips 6 mm wide and 9 or 18 cm long 15 depending on the assay protocol. The paper strips were placed on a 4.5 cm diameter glass frit filter holder.
Vacuum was applied and the strips were wetted with distilled water.
Ten (10) ~1 of the antibody-bound beads suspension 20 prepared as described above (containing 250 ~9 beads) was absorbed into the paper by drawing a 5 ~1 capillary tube filled with the antibody-bound beads across the surface of the s~rip two times. The beads were then washed into the paper with 1 ml of Buffer A. The strips 25 were allowed to dry on the vacuum.

ASSAY
A. One hundred (100) ~1 of HCG solution (20 ng/ml in Buffer A or in urine) was mixed with 100 30 ~1 HRP-HCG antibody conjugate solution (1/1000 diluted in Conjugate Buffer). A 2 mm portion of a Test Device (9 cm in length) was immersed in the above mixture, which was allowed to traverse the Test Device until the medium front reached the top of the Test Device. The Test 35 Device then was immersed in 9 ml of Developer Buffer for 331~

10 minutes and then was removed. A thin band of blue-gray color formed across the Test Device where the antibody-bound bsads were located.
As a control the above procedure was repeated with the exception that 100 ~1 of ~u~fer A was employed in place of 100 ~1 of HCG solution. No color band appeared on the Test Device since HCG was not present in the test solution.

B. One hundred (100) ~1 of the HCG solution was mixed with 100 ~1 of HRP-HCG antibody conjugate solution. A 2 mm portion o~ a Test Device (18 cm in length) was immersed in the above mixture, which traversed the Test Device until the mixture was exhausted (about 10 min). A 2 mm portion of the same Test Device was further immersed in 200 ~1 o~ Developer Buffer, which was allowed to traverse the Test Device ~or about twenty more minutes. A thin band of blue-gray color formed across the Test Device where the antibody-bound beads were located.
As a control the above procedure was repeated with the exception that 100 ~1 of Buffer A was employed in place o~ 100 ~1 of HCG solution. No color band appeared on the Test Device since HCG was not present in the test solution.
EXAMPLE _ A. Preparation of THC Coated Paper:
CDI coated Whatman 31ET paper was wetted with a solution of 0.2% Et3N-THF and then immersed in a 5mg~100ml solution o~ the amide of ll-nor-~9-THC-9-carboxylic acid (THC=tetrahydrocannabinol)and 2,21-oxybis(ethylamine) in 0.2% Et-3N-THF overnight in a closed reactor. Unreacted CDI sites were capped with 0.4% ethanolamine in THF and the paper was then washed extensively with methanol to remove unreacted 2a30~

THC. The papers were dried, coated with 50mM P2S
containing lmg/mL ovalbumin, 0.25% cholate and dried prior to use in the assay.

B. Coniugation of HRP to Anti HC Monoclonal Antibody:
STEP ONE: Antibody Purificatlon.
Monoclonal antibody to THC was prepared according to the procedure of Kohler et al., Nature tl975) 265:495-497, and purified by chromatography on a Protein A column.

STEP TWO: Preparation of Maleimidated Ant~
1~ Antibody was dialyzed overnight at 4C into lOmM P04, 150mM NaCl, pH 7.0 buffer (without azide).
2. A fresh solution of 0.05M SMCC was prepared in dry DMF.
3. Antibody was equilibrated to room temperature.
4. SMCC was added to antibody at a molar ratio of 25:1, and the mixture vortexed, sealed, and incubated at 30C for 2 hours.
5. Excess SMCC was removed by dialysis.

STEP THREE: Thiolated HRP_(DTP-HRP).
( DTP=di thiopyridyl ) 1. HRP was dialyzed against 10 mM P04/150mM
NaCl/pH 7.5 overnight at 4C, and equilibrated to room temperature.
2. A fresh solution of 20 mM SPDP in ethanol was prepared. (SPDP=N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate.) The SPDP was then added to HRP at a molar ratio of 3.5 to 1, stirred briefly to mix, sealed with parafilm, and incubated 30 minutes at room temperature.
3. Excess SPDP was removed by applying sampIe to a Sephacryl S-300 column equilibrated with lOmM P04/150mM
NaCl at pH 7.0, and then the sample dialyzed overnight at 4C against P04/NaCl/pH 7.0 buffer. (Store at 4C) .

. .

STEP FOUR: Activation of Thiols on HRP-DTP.
1. Suf~icient HRP-DTP was aliquoted to provide at least a 15X excess over the amount o~ IgG-Mal generated.
2. Fresh lM DTT (dithiothreitol) was prepared in lOmM P04/150mM NaCl~pH 7Ø
3. Z5~1 of DTT was added per ml of HRP-DTP, to give a final concentration of 25mM DTT, and reaction was undertaken at room temperature ~or 20 minutes.
4. The sample was then applied to a Sephadex G-25 M column with bed volume at least lOX greater than sample volume, equilibrated in lOmM P04/150mM NaCl/lOmM EDTA/pH

7.0 at room temperature.

STEP FIVE: Condensation o~ Mal-Ab and HRP-SH.
The maleimidated antibody 1.8 mg and a 15X molar excess of the deprotected thiolated HRP were combined, and reacted at room temperature for 4 hours. The excess reactive Mal groups were capped by adding a 40X molar excess of R-mercaptoethanol over the Mal-Ab to the reaction, STEP SIX Puri~ication of HRP-Ab Conjugate.
-1. The capped conjugate was concentrated by ultrafiltration.
2. A Sepharose 4B column (300ml column bed volume) was equilibrated with lOmM P04/150mM NaCl/pH 7.4.
3. The conjugate was applied to the column.

C. Antibody-bound_Beads.
Rabbit anti-mouse beads (available from BIORAD) were used.

D. Test Device.
A line of the rabbit anti-mouse beads was applied to the THC coated paper at a height o~ 3cm above the base of the paper.

' ~2~3~

E. Assay.
The sample was a 75ng/ml THC solution.
The ASSAY A from Example l above was repeated as described in Example l, but using HRP-Ab conjugate7 the THC solution as sample, and the rabbit anti-mouse beaded Test Device.
A thin band o~ color on the bead line was observed, showing presence of THC in the sample.
The present invention provides a number of significant advantages over known methods~ A primary advantage o~ the present invention is that a number of analytes can be determined in a single assay on a single test element. This provides a savings in operator's time and in cost. The reagents and devices can be manufactured easily and inexpensively which provides an additional cost savings. The assay result is determined by reference solely to the assay device and when the signal produced is a color or fluorescence, the device can be ready without the aid of an instrument.
Therefore, a built in control is provided. A positive result is easily distinguished over any background produced on the test device as the result of non-speci~ic interactions. Also, the factors producing background signal af~ect the situs and the remaining area o~ the 26 test device in substantially the same way.
Another advantage o~ the present invention is that cumbersome column techniques are avo~ded. The assay device is a bibulous strip that is easy to manipulate. A
further advantage is that analyte is concentrated in a small zone, i.e., at the small situs. In many assay situations, the analyte is present in very small amounts, making detection difficult. Concentrating the analyte in a small zone enhances the accuracy of the determination particularly where the analyte is present in small amounts.

Another advantage of the present invention is that an excess of one of the sbp members, generally the labeled sbp member, can be employed~ Using an excess of an sbp member aids in driving the reaction to produce the sbp member complexes.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example ~or the purposes o~ clarity and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes or modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.

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Claims (15)

1. A method for determining the presence of an analyte in a sample suspected of containing said analyte, which analyte is a member of a specific binding pair ("sbp member") consisting of ligand and its complementary receptor, which method comprises -(a) contacting, with a test solution containing said sample and a first sbp member capable of binding to said analyte, the end portion of a strip of bibulous material capable of being traversed by said test solution by capillary migration, said strip containing a second sbp member non-diffusively bound to a small situs on said strip separated from said end portion, the surface area of said situs being substantially less than that of said strip, said second sbp member having the characteristic of binding a complex formed by said first sbp member when said first sbp member is bound to said analyte with the proviso that, where said second sbp member is able to bind said first sbp member when said first sbp member is not bound in said complex to said analyte, an analyte analog capable of binding said first sbp member is non-diffusively bound to said strip at least between said small situs and said end portion, (b) allowing the test solution to traverse at least a portion of said strip by means of capillary migration, (c) contacting said strip (1) with a developer solution containing members of a signal producing system to provide contact of said developer solution with said situs following contact of said test solution with said situs and (2) with any remaining members of said signal producing system, said signal producing system being capable of producing a detectible signal at said situs in relation to the amount of analyte in said sample, and (d) comparing said detectible signal at said situs with the signal detectible at a portion of the strip other than at said situs.

2. The method of Claim 1 wherein particles are non-diffusively bound to said strip at said situs, said particles being conjugated to said second sbp member.

3. The method of Claim 1 wherein the small situs is a band transverse to the direction of traversal of said test solution along said strip.

4. The method of Claim 1, wherein the signal produced at the small situs has a sharp-edged distinctive pattern that provides a sharp contrast to signal produced at adjacent sites on the strip when analyte is present in said test solution.

5. The method of Claim 1 wherein a second enzyme is bound uniformly to said strip at least over an area including said situs and the portions of the strip adjacent to said situs, the enzymes being related in that the product of one enzyme is the substrate for the other.

6. The method of Claim 1 for determining the presence of a plurality of analytes in said test solution, wherein a plurality of second sbp members are each non-diffusively bound to a small situs on said strip distant from said end portion wherein each of said second sbp members is respectively capable of specifically binding a corresponding first sbp member and said first sbp members are combined with said sample in said test solution.

7. A method according to Claim 1 for determining the presence of an analyte in a sample suspected of containing said analyte, which comprises -(a) contacting, with a test solution containing said sample and antibodies to said analyte, the end portion of a strip of bibulous material capable of being traversed by said test solution by capillary migration, said strip containing particles non-diffusively bound to a small situs on said strip separate from said end portion, the surface area of said situs being substantially less than that of said strip, to which particles a member of a specific binding pair ("sbp member") is non-diffusively bound, which is capable of binding to a complex formed by said antibodies and said analyte with the proviso that, where said sbp member is able to bind said antibodies when said antibodies are not bound in said complex to said analyte, an analog of said analyte capable of binding said antibodies is non-diffusively bound to said strip between said small situs and said end portion, (b) allowing the test solution to traverse at least a portion of said strip by capillary migration, (c) contacting said strip (1) with a developer solution containing members of a signal producing system to provide contact of said developer solution with said situs following contact of said test solution with said situs and (2) with any remaining members of said signal producing system, said signal producing system being capable of producing a detectible signal at said situs in relation to the amount of analyte in the test solution, and (d) comparing said detectible signal at said situs with the signal detectible at a portion of the strip other than said situs.

8. The method according to Claim 1 wherein said antibodies are antibodies for human chorionic gonadotropin.

9. The method of Claim 1 for determining a plurality of analytes in said sample, wherein a mixture of specific antibodies to each analyte is combined with the sample and a plurality of sets of particles is non-diffusively bound to said strip, each set of particles having non-diffusively bound thereto an sbp member capable of binding at least one of the complexes formed between a specific antibody and an analyte.

10. The method of Claim 9 wherein an analyte analog for each of said analytes is bound to said strip.

11. A device for determining the presence of an analyte in a test solution comprised of a first member of a specific binding pair (sbp member) complementary to said analyte and a sample suspected of containing the analyte, which comprises -a bibulous strip capable of traversal by said test solution by capillary migration, said strip having an end portion for contacting said test solution and a second sbp member different than said analyte non-diffusively bound to a small situs on said strip separated from said end portion, the surface area of said situs being substantially less than that of said strip, said second sbp member having the characteristic of binding a complex formed by said first sbp member when said first sbp member is bound to said analyte, with the proviso that, where said second sbp member is able to bind said first sbp member when said first sbp member is not bound in said complex to said analyte, an analog of said analyte capable of binding said first sbp member is non-diffusively bound to said strip at least between said small situs and said end portion.

12. The device of Claim 11 wherein particles are non-diffusively bound to said strip at said situs, said particles being conjugated to said second sbp member.

13. The device of Claim 11 or 12 for determining the presence of a plurality of analytes in said test solution wherein each of a set of second sbp members is respectively non-diffusively bound to a different small situs on said strip separate from said end portion wherein each set of sbp member is capable of binding to a specific complex of an analyte and a first sbp member.

14. A kit for use in determining the presence of an analyte in a test solution, comprising in a packaged combination--(a) the device of Claim 11, (b) other members of a signal producing system for producing a detectible signal in the presence of said analyte as required, and (c) ancillary materials as required.

15. A method for non-diffusively binding a member of specific binding pair ("sbp" member) on bibulous material, which method comprises applying, in a pattern on said bibulous material, particles to which said sbp members are non-diffusively bound, the size of said particles being small enough to allow said particles to infiltrate the pores of said bibulous material but large enough to prevent said particles from diffusing from said pores.