CA1293274C

CA1293274C - Mechanism for producing pad-like cushioning dunnage product from sheet material with separate stock roll cart

Info

Publication number: CA1293274C
Application number: CA000521688A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Steven E. Armington
Original assignee: Ranpak Corp
Current assignee: Ranpak Corp
Priority date: 1985-10-30
Filing date: 1986-10-29
Publication date: 1991-12-17
Anticipated expiration: 2008-12-17
Also published as: US4650456A

Abstract

A converter mechanism for producing low density, pad-like resilient cushioning dunnage product from sheet-like stock material, such as for instance paper, with a separate mobile cart for rotatably mounting a roll of sheet-like stock material thereon in position for feeding the stock material into the converter mechanism. The cart comprises a framework open at its forward end and including spaced upright members, and adapted to receive therebetween in generally snug relation a laterally projecting portion of the converter mechanism for coupling the cart to the converter mechanism especially in a direction transverse of the converter mechanism and cart, and providing for expeditiously positioning the cart and the associated stock roll in proper position adjacent the converter mechanism. The cart comprises a base frame and forward and rearward uprights having cross pieces connecting the respective pair of forward and rearward uprights, and with the forward uprights being of a shorter upwardly projecting height as compared to the height of the rearward uprights.

Description

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MECHANISM FOR PRODUCING PAD-LIKE CUSHIONING
DUNNAGE PRODUCT FRQM SHEET MATERIAL WITH
SEPARATE STOCK ROLL CART
SPECIFICATION
_ . .
This invention relate~ in general to a converter mechanism for producing packing material or cushioning dunnage as it i9 known in the art from sheet-like ~tock material, and more particularly to a dunnage producing converter mechanism for the 10 production of a continuous resilie~t pad-like dunnage product from sheet-like stock material disposed in roll form, with the roll of stock material being rotatably mounted on a separate mobile caxt useable in conjunction with the convert-15 er mechanism, and with the ca.rt comprising an openframework at it~ forward end receiving in generally embracing relation a laterally projecting structural portion of the converter mechanism therein when the cart i.s positioned adjacent the converter mechani~m, 20 ~or detacha~ly coupling the cart and the converter mechanism together against relative movement, and e~pecially movement in a direction transverse thereof, during u~e of the cart for supplying the stock material of the roll to the converter 25 mechanism.
The invention also provide~ a novel arrangement of mobile stock roll supporting cart which is expeditiously coupleable with the converter mechani~m, and which provides an open ended frame-30 work ~tructure for the coupling operation, and ~2g3Z'~

which open ended framework structure also expedites the mountingof a stock roll on the stock roll cart.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In U.S. Patent 4,026,198 dated May 31, 1977 in the name of Gary W. Ottaviano, and entitled Cushioning Dunnage Mechanism Transfer Cart Therefor and Method, there is disclosed a cushioning dunnage producing converter mechanism which produces pad-like cushioning dunnage of the general type and in the ~eneral manner as that produced by the converter mechanism of the present invention.
Also in U.S. Patent No. 4,557,716 dated December 10, 1985 in the name of Gary W. Ottaviano, and entitled Mechanism For Producing Pad-Like Cushioning Dunnage From Sheet Material, there is disclosed a separate, mobile, stock roll cart for mounting a stoc}c roll in predetermined relationship with respect to a converter mechanism oE the general type of aforementioned Patent ~,026,198, and having coupling means on the cart and on the converter mechanism for detachably coupling the cart to the converter mechanism in the production of a pad-like cushioning dunnage product of the general type produced by the converter mechanism of the present invention.
The converter mechanism utilized in the present combination may be of the same general type as that disclosed in the aforementioned patents but, as disclosed herein, is of a revised structural LCM:jj ~ .

~ 3--arrangement and includes laterally projecting bracket structure thereon mounting a separating section of the converter mechanism, and wherein the stock roll supporting cart is expeditiously coupleable with 5 such revised converter mechanism ~tructure, for positioning of the ~tock roll of sheet-like ~tock material in proper position with re~pect to the con-verter mechanism, whereby the ~heet-like stock material can be expeditiously pulled ~rom the stock 10 roll into the converter mechanism in the production of the cushioning dunnage product.
The mobile stock roll cart is of a ~tructural arxangement wherein the stock roll is able to be expeditiou~ly mounted or positioned on 15 the cart for its u~e in conjunction with the con-verter mechanism, and wherei.n the cart is readily coupleable to and uncoupleable from the converter mechanism.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a ~unnage producing converter mechanism in combination with a separate mobile ~tock roll mounting cart wherein the cart can be expeditiously coupled to the con-verter mechanism for positioning of the stock roll 25 in proper location with respect to the converter mechanism for ~urnishing stock material to the con-verter mechani~m for forming into a re~ilient pad-like cushioning product, and wherein the cart can be expeditiously uncoupled from the converter 30 mechanism. The cart i~ adapted to embrace laterally projecting structure on the converter mechani~m for expeditious coupling and uncoupling of the mobile cart to and from the converter mechanism, and with the cart having a frontal open ended frame-5 work structure which provide~ for the coupling ofthe cart to the converter mechanism, and which materially expedites the loading of a ~tock roll onto the cart.
Accordingly, an object of the invention 10 is to provide a novel combined arrangement of dunnage producing converter mechanism and Reparate ~tock roll cart, with the cart being expeditiou~ly coupleable to and uncoupleable from, the converter mechanism.
Another object of the invention i9 to provide in the above combination a stock roll cart which i9 of open ended construction at its forward end, for embracing a laterally projecting structure of the converter mechanism, ~or providing ~or 20 expeditious coupling o~ the stock roll cart to the converter mechanism, and wherein such open ended construction also enable~ a more expeditious loading of a stock roll onto the stock roll cart preparatory to positioning of the cart in coacting relation~hip 25 with respect to the converter mechani~m.
A still further object of the invention is to provide in a combination of the aforedi~cu3~ed type, a stock roll cart which includes a ba~e frame and uprights projecting upwardly from ~he forward 30 and rearward ends of the base frame, with the : ~ r 3;~7~

forward uprights being of a lesser height as compared to the rearward uprights, with such forward upxights being adapted to embrace the aforementioned laterally projecting structure of the convertex mechanism, 5 for detachably coupling the stock roll cart to the convertex mechanism.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a mobile stock roll support cart which is adapted for utilization with a compact 10 dunnage producing converter mechanism to produce re~ilient p3d-like cu~hioning dunnage product, and wherein the ~tock .roll cart embodies means which is adapted for coupling the cart to the converter mechanism, and which facilitates the loading of a 15 stock roll onto the cart preparatory to po~itioning of the cart and associated stock roll in operative coupled xelationship to the converter mechanism.
Other objects and advantage~ of the invention will be apparent from the following 20 description tak~n in conjunction with the accompany-ing drawing~ ~herein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DR~WINGS
-FIGURE 1 i~ a generally diagrammatic, ~ide elevational view of a dunnage producing con-25 verter mechani`sm and a sepaxate mobile stock roll support cart disposed in coupled operative position for ~urnishing sheet stock material to the dunnage producing converter mechanism, in ~h~ production of re liënt pad-like cu.~hioning dunnage product, in 30 accoxdance with the invention:

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FIGURE 2 is a generally perspective view of the stock roll support cart per se taken from the rear left corner thereof, and illustrating the forward end open construction thereof; a stock roll is illustrated in phantom lines, mounted on the cart;
FIGURE 3 is a fragmentary, generally perspective view of the stock roll cart coupled to the dunnage producing converter mechanism; and FIGU~ 4 is a fragmentary, enlarged, perspective illustration of the coupled arrangement of FI~URES l and 3, illustrating in greater detail the embracing coactlon of the forward uprights of the cart framework structure with the laterally projecting bracket structure of the converter mechanism which supports the common stock material entry roller, and the sheet separating section of the converter mechanism.
D~SCRTPTION_OF PREFERR~D EMBODIM~NT
Referring now agai.n to the drawings, there is illustrated a dunnage producing converter machine or mechanism 10 which is adapted to utilize a multi-ply stock roll 12 of sheet-like material, such as for instance, webs of superimposed kraft paper, in connection therewith, and as generally illustrated for instance in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No.
4,557,716.
The roll 12 of stock material is adapted to be rotatably mounted on a supporting rod 14 extending through the roll of stock material, which in turn is adapted to be mounted LCM:jj A

3L~93274 on its ends onto spaced brackets 16 on the separate mobile cart 18. Stock roll 12 in the embodiment illustrated is comprised of three superimposed webs or sheets of material, such as for instance kraft paper, which is preferred, wound about a cylindrical hollow core 17, but could be comprised of a lesser or greater number of webs of sheet stock, and which are preferably of generally e~ual width.
one end of the aforementioned rod 14 extending through the stock roll is adapted to have an opening therethrough receiving a transverse pin (not shown) projecting laterally ~rom the rod ~or preventin~ or limiting rotation of the rod 14 upon rotation of the roll about the rod. In other words, the roll 12 of stock material and associated core 17 is adapted to frictionally rotate relative to supporting rod 14 during pulling of the sheet stock material into the dunnage producing converter mechanism 10, and in the general manner described in aonjunction with the arrangement shown in aforementioned U.S. Patent No.
~,557,716.
Converter mechanism 10 comprises, n the embodiment illustrated, a main support frame 24 including leg portions 24a supporting the machine with respect to a supporting surface S.
~rame 24 supports a longitudinally converging chute or funnel member 26 which forms a guide and support for the webs a, b and c of the stock material drawn off from the stock roll as they pass through the converter mechanism.

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From the stock roll, the webs a, b and c thereof are adapted to move about common entry point member 27 extending transverse of the converter mechanism, through separating mechanism 28, and then through the aforementioned funnel member 26, after which they pass to the connecting section 30 of the dunnage producing converter mechanism, and in the general manner described in the aforementioned pending patent application, which is incorporated herein by reference.
A pusher or forming frame 32 which may be of the general type of U.S. Patent No. 4,717,613 dated January 5, 1988 in the name of Gary W. Ottaviano, and entitled Mechanism and Method For Producing Cushioning Dunnage, extends into the funnel member 26, with such forming frame being of generally triangular shape in plan, with the forward end nose portion 32a thereof being positioned generally adjacent the exit end of the funnel member, and with the rearward portion of the body of the forming frame extending rearwardly of the entrance end of the funnel member. As can be seen in FIGURE 1 the funnel member 26 has a widened entrance end and converges longitudinally in the direction of the connecting section 30, which connects together the lateral resilient pillow-like portions of the produced dunnage product P. The forming frame and the funnel member in plan are disposed generally LCM:jj 327~
g in-line with one another and with the connecting section 30~ The forming frame 32 is adapted to ~lidingly engage with and press again~t the sheet-like stock material as it travels from the separating 5 mechanism and through the funnel means to the connecting mean~, and uryes the stock material into the lateral pillow-like portions of the produced pad-like cushioning produ~t.
The aforementioned separating means 28 i~
10 adapted to receive the sheet-like stock material from the stock roll and via the common entry member 27, and to separate the multi-plies of the stock material into individual plies or webs, prior to their pas~ing beneath the forming frame 32 and 15 into the funnel member 26, thus aiding in maintaining the reqiliency of the produced dunnage product PO
The separating means comprises a plurality, and in the embodiment illustrated three, of vertically spaced generally horizontally oriented bar~like 20 eleme~t~ 3~, 36 and 38 (FIGU~E 4) about which i9 adapted to pas~ a respective weh of the stock material from the rotatable stock roll prior to pa~sage thereof past the forming frame and into the funnel member.
The supporting framework in the embodiment of converter illustrated for the ~eparating mechani~m 28 compri~e~ laterally spaced angle iron brackets 40 of generally inverted L-shape in side elevation (FIGURE 4) with each bracket being ~ecured at its 30 vertical arm 40a as by welding to the converter -10~ 3~
frame 24 and with the upper horizontal arm 40b of the bracket 3upporting the separating means thereon.
In this embodiment of separating means, the lower bar member 38 i9 a roller, rotata~le with respect 5 to support brackets 40. Adjacent the lower end of each bracket 40, the xearwardly projecting web of lower arm 40a is provided with an opening 42 there-through for a purpose to be hereinafter described.
Disposed outwardly and up~tream from the 10 separating mechanism 28 and also supported on the upper arm 40b is the aforementioned common entry member 27 for the stock material, and which in the embodiment illu~trated, is a rotatable roller hav mg a cylindxical exterior ~urface, with the lS ends of the roller being rotatably mounted directly on the spaced upper arms 40b of the brackets 40. Roller member 27 provide~ a non-varying point of entry of the plies of sheet-like ~tock material from the stock roll as they are 20 pulled into the dunnage producing converter mechanism, toward the separating means, irrespective of the diameter of the stock roll. Thus, in the event of utilizing a larger or a smaller diameter stock roll, or as the stock roll i9 uged Up during 25 the operation of the converter mechanism, the poink of entry of the stock material toward the separating means remains constant, thereby facilitating the more uniform production of dunnage pad.
The connecting section 30 of the converter 30 mechani~m illu~trated comprise~ generally loo~ely me~hed generally vertically oriented gear-like 3~

element~ which are rotatably mounted as by mean~ of a respective shaft for rotation relative to the funnel member 26. The connecting gear-like means are operatively coupled to a prime mover, such as, 5 for in~tance, an electric motor 44 mounted on the machine frame. Actuation of the motor 44 will cause rotation of the meshed gear-like means, thus coining or connecting the stock material by rotation of the gears as the rolled edg0 stock lO material pa~ses therebetween, and also operating to pull the crumpled stock material through the mechani~m from the stock roll, after which the pad-like cushioning product is emitted from thc discharge end 46 of the machine by the rotatable 15 driven gear-like element3 of connecting section 30. The pr~duced dunnage product P can be cut into selected lengths as by means of known cutter mechani~m 48 mounted on the rearward end of the converter machine. Reference may be had to the 20 aforementioned prior art patent 4,026,198 which is incorporated herein by reference, for a more detailed di~cussion o~ a structural arrangement of cutter for a converter mechanism producing pad-like dunnage product P.
The aforementioned ~tock roll supporting cart 18 preferably i~ of fabricated con~truction, and as best illustrated in FIGURES 2 and 3 preferably embodie~ anti-friction mean~ such 3S the wheels 48 for facilitating movement of the cart over the 30 floor surface S, and into coacting connected `: ~
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relationship with the dunnage converter mechani~m 10. The rear wheel~ on the cart are preferably pivotable with respect to the cart so as to facilitate maneuvering of the cart into connected 5 relationRhip with the dunnage producing mechani~m 10 .
The cart compri~es a base frame 50 and upright membexs 52, 52a at respectively the forward and rearward ends of the base frame of the cart.
10 The forward upright member~ 52 are of a les~er height as compared to the rear upright membexs as best seen in FIGURES 1, 2 and 3, with the forward and the rear upright~ being connected by means of cro~s bar~ 54 as shown in FIGURES 2 and 3, with 15 ~uch cros~ baxs mounting thereon the aforementioned ~tock roll ~upport brackets 16 for rotatably mounting the supporting rod 14 of the stock roll on the cart.
The rear uprights 52a are preferably 20 provided with a transver~ely extending bar member 56 connecting the rear upright~, which can be utilized a~ a handle useable by the machine operator, ~or readily moving the cart 18 into coacting coupled relationship with the converter mechani3m, and for 25 withdrawing the cart from the converter mechanism, when replacement of the ~tock roll thex~on i9 de~ir~d or neces~ary.
When it is desired to move the cart into coacting rela~ionship with the converter mechanism, 30 the workman can grasp the handle 56 and puRh the ~2~3~7~

cart generally linearly forwardly, whereby the forward upright~ 52 embrace the lower portions of the rearwardly projecting webs on the vertical arm~
40a of brackets 40 of the ~eparating mechanism 5 support structure, to thus couple the mobile cart to the converter mechanism and especially in a direction tran3ver~ely thereof. This embracing of bxacket ~tructure 40 by the forward upright~ 52 of the cart iq preferably a generally snug coaction, 10 ~o that withdrawal of the cart longitudinally from the converter me~hanism i9 frictionally re~isted.
In this connection, the forward uprights 52 of the cart and the rearwardly projecting web~ of arm~ 40a on the 3upporting bracket member~ 40 may 15 have and preferably do have opening~ 58 therein which are adapted for alignment with the respective aforementioned opening 42 in the rearwardly projecting webs of arm ~ections 40a when thQ cart 18 is in coacting po~ition with the converter 20 mechani~m 10 as 3hown in FIGURE 1, for in~ertion therethrough of a removable pin 60(FIGURS ~) or the like, for datachably locking the cart to the converter mechanism. It will be seen that the open condition of the framework ~tructure at the forward 25 end of the cart, enables the cart to be expeditiously positioned adjacent the converter mechanism ~o as to provide the embracing coaction between the forward uprights 52 on the cart and the rearwardly projecting bracket ~tructure 40a on the converter 30 mechani3m.

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In the latter coupled condition of the cart 18 and converter mechanism lO it will be seen that the forward uprights 52 embrace the bracket arms 40a above the level of the roll mounting means 16 on the cart, but below and downstream from the separatiny means 28, with the roll mounting means on the cart being disposed generally upstream from a transverse vertical plane passing through the lengthwise axis of the common stock entry point roller 27, and with the multi-ply sheet-like stock material being pulled from the rearward side of the stock roll, as shown for instance in FIGURE l.
~ fter the stock roll on the cart has been exhausted, the cart can be readily pulled away from its coupled relationship with respect to the converter mechanism (after removal of pins 60) and a new roll can be installed onto the cart after which it can be moved back into coacting relationship with the con~er~er mechanism. In this connection because the forward end of the framework structure of the cart is open as aforedescribed, it facilitates the placing of a new stock roll onto the cart since the roll can be moved through the front end of the cart and the ends of the supporting rod 16 dropped into the brackets 16 on the cross members 54 of the cart. It can be readily seen that in the prior art type of cart as shown in aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 4,557,716 the front of the cart is not open and therefore any new roll has to be lifted up an increased height to clear the framework of the cart before it can be set down onto the rod supporting brackets on the cross LCM:jj ~' .

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members. Thus the present cart facilitates the reloading of the cart with a new stock roll. Generally in such reloading when utilizlng relatively large stoc~ rolls, two workmen are required, one grasping each end of the rod 14 on the stock roll to move it onto the cart.
In the embodiment illustrated, the rear uprights 52a on the cart are provided with receptacle structure 62 which are adapted to receive therein a respective projection on a dunnage producing mechanism of the type illustrated in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 4,557,716, to provide for coupling of the cart 18 to such type of dunnage producing mechanism, for feeding of the stock material into the dunnage producing mechanism. Thus, this type of cart can be utilized either with the type of converter mechanism 10 illustrated in the present patent application, or with the type illustrated in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 4,557,716, and therefore, may be referred to as a "universal type" stock roll cart. It will be apparent when utilizing receptacle structure 62, that the cart has to reversed so that the rearward end thereof becomes the forward end when coacting with the type of converter mechanism of U.S. Patent No. 4,557,716.
From the foregoing description and accompanying drawings, it will be seen that the invention provides a novel combination of a LCM:jj j,~

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converter mechanism and separate mobile stock roll cart for supporting a relatively large stock roll, for feeding into the converter mechanism, and whic~
include~ an open ended framework on the forward end 5 thereof for receiving in embracing relation~hip laterally projecting support structure on the con-verter mechanism, for coupling the cart to the con-verter mechani~m especially in a direction tran3ver~e thereof, and whexein means are provided on the cart 10 and on the aforementioned laterally projecting ~tructure for detachably locking the cart to the converter mechanism~
The invention also provide~ a stock roll support cart which can be conveniently manipulated 15 for moving into and from coaction with the dunnage producing converter mechanism, and wherein the ~tock roll can be more expeditiously replaced on the cart as it i~ u~ed up in conjunction with the production of pad-like cushioning dunnage product, 20 due to the open nature of the framework ~tructure of the cart.
The term~ and expressions which have been u~ed are u~ed as terms of de~cription and not limitation, and there i9 no intention in the use o~
25 such term and expressions of excluding any equivalents of any of the features shown or described, or portions thereof, and it i9 recogni~ed that various modifications are po~sible within the scope o~ the invention claimed.

Claims

1. In combination a mechanism for producing low density pad-like cushioning dunnage product from sheet-like stock material, such as for instance paper, and a separate mobile cart coacting with said mechanism, said cart com-prising a framework structure having means thereon for rotatably mounting a multi-ply roll of superimposed sheet-like stock material for feeding into one end of said mechanism in the production of pad-like cushioning dunnage product, said cart comprising forward and rearward ends with said framework structure of said cart on said forward end comprising spaced uprights open therebetween, said mechanism com-prising a frame, and means on said mechanism frame projecting laterally thereof and received in the open space between said uprights on said forward end of said cart in generally embraced relation by said uprights, to detachably couple said cart to said mechanism.

2. The combination in accordance with claim 1 including other coupling means on the rearward end of said cart for coupling said cart to a different coupling mean of another dunnage pro-ducing mechanism whereby said cart can be used with either of the dunnage producing mechanisms in coupled relation thereto.

3. The combination in accordance with claim 2 wherein said framework structure includes a base frame having said forward uprights extending upwardly from said base frame adjacent the forward end thereof, said forward uprights receiving there-between in generally snug relationship said laterally projecting means on said mechanism frame, the rearward end of said base frame having laterally spaced uprights extending upwardly therefrom, each of said rearward uprights having a receptacle thereon facing outwardly and com-prising said other coupling means, and adapted to receive therein a fixed generally linearly extending horizontal projection on said other dunnage producing mechanism when the rearward end of said cart is moved into adjacent connected condition with said other dunnage producing mechanism.

4. The combination in accordance with claim 1 including means on said framework structure and on said laterally projecting means coacting with one another and adapted to receive removable interlocking means therein for detachably inter-locking said cart to said mechanism in a longitudinal direction.

5. The combination in accordance with claim 1 wherein said cart framework structure comprises a base frame with said uprights projecting generally vertically upwardly from the forward end of said base frame, and with other spaced uprights extending upwardly from the rearward end of said base frame, said uprights on the forward end of said cart extending upwardly a lesser distance from said base frame as compared to the uprights on said rearward end of said cart.

6. The combination in accordance with claim 1 wherein said cart on its rearward end includes transversely extending bar means providing a handle for moving the cart over a surface by a workman.

7. The combination in accordance with claim 1 wherein said mechanism frame includes stitching means thereon adapted to receive the sheet-like stock material therein and operable to connect the same into a pad-like cushioning dunnage product, separating means on said frame upstream from said stitching means adapted for separating the sheets of stock material as the latter move from the roll on said cart toward said mechanism, and spaced bracket members supporting said separating means and comprising said laterally projecting means of said mechanism, said separating means comprising vertically spaced bar-like members extending between said bracket members, said uprights embracing said bracket members above the level of said roll mounting means but below said separating means and down-stream in a longitudinal direction from said separating means.

8. The combination in accordance with claim 7 including an elongated, transversely extending stock engaging means mounted on said bracket members upstream from said separating means and about which the sheet-like stock material in multi-ply form is adapted to pass prior to passing to said separating means, said roll mounting means on said cart being disposed upstream from a transverse vertical plane passing through the lengthwise axis of said stock engaging means, with the multi-ply sheet-like stock material being adapted to be pulled from the rearward side of the stock roll for feeding to said stock engaging means.

9. A mobile cart adapted to support a roll of sheet-like stock material thereon for positioning the stock roll in predetermined relationship with respect to a dunnage con-verter mechanism, said cart comprising a base frame and upright members extending upwardly from said base frame adjacent the forward and rearward ends thereof, said upright members having connecting members extending therebetween, and means comprising stock roll mounting means on said connecting members for rotatably mounting a stock roll of sheet material thereon adapted for feeding stock material to the converter mechanism, said cart at said forward end being open and adapted to receive between said forward upright members a laterally projecting portion of the converter mechanism in embraced relation therewith for interlocking the cart to the con-verter mechanism in a direction transverse thereof.

10. A cart in accordance with claim 9 including means on said forward upright members adapted for alignment with openings in the associated laterally projecting portion of the associated converter mechanism for receiving connecting pins for removably interlocking the cart to the con-verter mechanism in a direction longitudinally thereof.

11. A cart in accordance with claim 9 wherein said base frame is mounted on wheels providing for anti-friction movement of said cart over a surface, said forward upright members extending upwardly from said base frame a lesser distance as compared to said rearward uprights.

12. A cart in accordance with claim 9 which includes a generally rigid bar extending transverse between the uprights on said rear-ward end providing means adapted for gripping by a workman for moving said cart across a surface.