CA1293997C - Polarization insensitive optical communication device utilizing optical preamplification - Google Patents
Polarization insensitive optical communication device utilizing optical preamplificationInfo
- Publication number
- CA1293997C CA1293997C CA000605666A CA605666A CA1293997C CA 1293997 C CA1293997 C CA 1293997C CA 000605666 A CA000605666 A CA 000605666A CA 605666 A CA605666 A CA 605666A CA 1293997 C CA1293997 C CA 1293997C
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- Prior art keywords
- optical
- polarization
- amplified
- signal
- component
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/60—Receivers
- H04B10/66—Non-coherent receivers, e.g. using direct detection
- H04B10/67—Optical arrangements in the receiver
- H04B10/671—Optical arrangements in the receiver for controlling the input optical signal
- H04B10/672—Optical arrangements in the receiver for controlling the input optical signal for controlling the power of the input optical signal
- H04B10/673—Optical arrangements in the receiver for controlling the input optical signal for controlling the power of the input optical signal using an optical preamplifier
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/27—Arrangements for networking
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/27—Arrangements for networking
- H04B10/272—Star-type networks or tree-type networks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/60—Receivers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/60—Receivers
- H04B10/66—Non-coherent receivers, e.g. using direct detection
- H04B10/69—Electrical arrangements in the receiver
Abstract
POLARIZATION INSENSITIVE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE
UTILIZING OPTICAL PREAMPLIFICATION
Abstract A polarization insensitive optical device is disclosed which is capable of providing direct optical amplification of an input signal of unknown (and possibly varying) polarization. A polarization diversity technique is utilized wherein a polarization beam splitter (e.g., 10) is used to divide the incoming signal into orthogonal components of known polarization (TE,TM). The orthogonal components are then separately amplified, using a semiconductor laser(e.g., 16, 20) as the amplifying device. The amplified components are then recombined, either optically or electrically, to form the final output signal.
UTILIZING OPTICAL PREAMPLIFICATION
Abstract A polarization insensitive optical device is disclosed which is capable of providing direct optical amplification of an input signal of unknown (and possibly varying) polarization. A polarization diversity technique is utilized wherein a polarization beam splitter (e.g., 10) is used to divide the incoming signal into orthogonal components of known polarization (TE,TM). The orthogonal components are then separately amplified, using a semiconductor laser(e.g., 16, 20) as the amplifying device. The amplified components are then recombined, either optically or electrically, to form the final output signal.
Description
3~ ~
POLAI~IZATION INSENSITIVE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVI~F
UTILIZING OPTICAL PREAMPLIFICATION
Back~round of the ~nvention _ Field s)f the Ynvention S The present invention relates to a polarization insensitive optical communication device utilizing optical preamplification and, more particularly, to such a device which uses polarization diversity to provide improved optical amplification.
POLAI~IZATION INSENSITIVE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVI~F
UTILIZING OPTICAL PREAMPLIFICATION
Back~round of the ~nvention _ Field s)f the Ynvention S The present invention relates to a polarization insensitive optical communication device utilizing optical preamplification and, more particularly, to such a device which uses polarization diversity to provide improved optical amplification.
2. Description of the Prior Art In a conventional direct detection optical communication scheme, a message signal originates from a semiconductor light ernitting source, travels over a length of optical fiber, and impinges the active region of a semiconductor photodetector. For many applications, this relatively simple system is satisfactory.
However, at high bit rates (~4 Gb/s, for example), the coupling efficiency of the - 15 system degrades significantly,"with a sensitivity of only -26 dBm at 8 Gb/s transmission (with a 10-9 bit error rate (BER)). Most high bit rate systems require a sensitivity of at least -32 dBm. A solution to this problem is to provide optical amplification at the input of the photodetector. That is, preamplify theoptical signal before it enters the photodiode. One method of achieving this 20 preamplification is to transform the optical signal into an electrical form (with a conventional photodiode, for example), perfonm standard electrical amplificationwith any of the various methods well-known in the art, then reconvert the amplified electrical signal into an arnplified optical signal at the input of the receiver photodiode. In theory, this is a workable solution. In practice, however, 25 the need to perform these optical-electrical and electrical-optical conversions has been found to seriously degrade the quality of the message signal. Further, these systems often require rather sophisticated and expensive electrical components.
A preferable solution is to perform optical amplification directly upon the message signal. As discussed in the article "Wideband 1.5 llm Optica;
30 l~eceiver Using l`raveling-~ave Laser Amplifier", by M. J. O'Mahony et al.
appearing in Electron Letters, No. 22, 1986 at pp. 1238-9, conventional lasers may be used to perfonn this optical ~mlplification. Although this is considered an improvement, there still exists a problem with these devices in that they are sensitive to the state of pohlrization of the incoming light signal. In particular, .~L,P~
due to the di~ference in confinement factors in thc laser structure, the TE and TM
polarization states may ~xhibit a difEerence in gain of approximately 10 dB. Such a polarization dependence is unclesirable for optical amplifiers utilized with installed optical fiber-based communication networks, where the polarization state of the message signal is at best unknown, and at worst varies as a function of time.
Thus, a need remains in the prior art for achieving optical amplification which is truly polarization insensitive.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided an optical communication device for providing optical amplification of an input optical signal comprising an unknown polarization state, CHARACIERIZED IN T~IAT the communication device is polarization insensitive and comprises: a polarization beam splitter responsive to the input optical signal for directing a ~Irst component of said input signal, of a ~Irst defined polarization state, along a first signal path and directing a second, orthogonal component of a second defined polarization state, along a second signal path;
a first optical amplifier disposed in the first signal path and responsive to the Flrst component for generating as an output an amplified version thereof, the f1rst optical amplifier aligned with respect to the first polarization state of said first component so as to provide maximum amplification; a second optical amplifier disposed in the second signal path and responsive to the second component for generating as an output an amplified version thereof, the second optical amplifier aligned with respect to the secondpolarization state oE said second component so as to provide maximum amplification; and means responsive to the amplified output signals generated by the first and second optical ampli~lers for combining the amplified rlrst and second orthogonal components to provide as the output of said communication device an amplified version of the optical input signal.
Brief Description of the Dr~wing Referring now to the drawings, where like numerals represent like parts in several views:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary polarization insensitive arrangement of the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a polarization insensitive direct detection receiver utilizing the exemplary arrangement of FIG. 1;
. . .
~a FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary receiver configuration for use in the direct detection scheme of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary in-line optical amplirler utilizing the S arrangement of FIG. 1; and FIG. 5 illustrates a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) coherent communication scheme utilizing the in-line optical ampli~;er of FIG. 4.
Detailed Description A simplified block diagram of the proposed polarization insensitive scheme 10 of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. As shown, an incoming optical signal IIN
with an unknown polarization state is applied as an input to a polarization beam splitter 10 which functions to split signal IIN into two separate components having knownpolarizations. In particular, polarization beam splitter 10 functions to form a first component consisting of a TE polarized signal, denoted ITE, and a second component 15 consisting of a TM polarized signal, denoted ITM. Polarization beam splitter 10 subsequently directs the first component ITE into a first section 12 of a polarization maintaining waveguide (polarization maintaining fiber, for example) and the second component ITM into a second section 14 of polarization maintaining waveguide. Thus, regardless of the state of polarization of signal IIN~ the component propagating along 20 waveguide section 12 will always be of a first, known state (TE) and similarly, the component propagating along waveguide section 14 will always be of the 3~'7 orthogonal state (TM).
~ irst signal component IrE is subsequently applied as an input to a first optical amplifier 16, optical amplifier 16 being a laser amplifier of the type described in the O'Mallony et al. article mentioned above. It has been observed 5 that the typical semiconductor laser which is utilized as a laser amplifier, a CSBH
laser, for example, will exhibit a gain of approximately 25 dB when the incon1ing signal is polarized in the TE mode, as compared with a lesser gain of approximately 15-22 dB with a TM: polarized incoming signal. Therefore, to obtain the maximum gain from first laser amplifier 16, amplifier 16 is oriented 10 such that its TE axis is aligned with signal component ITE. AS illustrated in FIG.
1, with this alignment, first optical amplifier 16 is defined as exhibiting a gain of Gl such that the output from optical amplifier 16 is Gl * ITE = ITE
In a similar fashion, second component ITM is also amplified.
I~eferring to the particular arrangement of FIG. 1, second component ITM is 15 redirected 90 by a mirror element 18 into a second optical amplifier 20. As mentioned above, a laser amplifier will exhibit the most gain when the incon~ingsignal is polarized along the 'ÇE axis. Thus, second laser amplifier 20 is oriented such that its TE axis is orthogonal to the direction of propagation of second component IrM and parallel to the electric field vector of second component ITM.20 As illustrated in FIG. 1, second optical amplifier 20 exhibits a gain factor G2 such that the output from second optical amplifier 20 is defined as G2 * ITM = ITM. As will be discussed in detail hereinafter in association with PIG. 2, it is preferred that the gain Gl of first amplifier 16 be identical to the gain G2 of second amplifier 20. This requirement is relatively easy to accomplish when the 25 amplifiers are simultaneously fabricated on the same substrate. When this is the case, the gains will be relatively identical and will track each other as a function of both temperature and time. Otherwise, the DC drive currents applied to lasers16 and 20 may be individually adjusted to equalize their gain.
Subsequent to the amplification, first component ITE is directed along 30 a waveguide 22 into a combiner elernent 26. Similarly, second component ITM is directed along a waveguide 2~ into combiner element 26. As will be described in detail hereinafter, combiner 26 performs either an electrical recombination of components ITE and lrM SO as ~o form an electrical voltage output signal VOUT, or an optical recombination of components ITE and ITM SO as to fornn an optical 35 output signal IOUT- An optical recombination is performed when the arrangement of FIG. 1 is utilized as an in-line optical amplifier (for either direct detection or ~2~3~9~
coherent communication systems), as discussed in association with FIGs. 4 and 5.~Iternatively, an electrical recombination is performed wl1en the arrangemellt of FIG. 1 is utilized as the receiver portion of a direct detection cornmunication system, as discussed in detail below in association with FIGs. 2 and 3.
It is to be noted that for the polarization insensitive arrangement of FIG. 1, the perforrnance of first optical amplifier 16 and second optical amplifier 20 may be degraded by reflections as discussed in the O'Mahony article mentioned above. Such reflections may be caused by imperfect perforrnance of polarization beam splitter 10, polarization maintaining waveguides 12, 14, 22 and 10 24 or mirror element 18. Such reflections may also be caused by imperfect performance of optical components prior to polarization beam splitter 10, or subsequent to combiner 26 when optical recombination is employed. To optimize the performance of optical amplifiers 16 and 20 in FIG. 1, and in subsequent arrangements of FIG. 2 and FIG 4, isolators may be employed. Faraday optical 15 isolators are known in the art as exemplary devices capable of performing optical isolation. The isolators may be fabricated using either bulk optics or integrated optics techniques. The need for optical isolators, the number and specific design of isolators to be employed and the location of such isolators with respect to optical amplifiers 16,20 will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
An exemplary direct detection receiver 30 utilizing the arrangement of FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 2. As previously described, the input to receiver 30 is an optical signal IIN comprising an unknown (and usually varying with time) polarization state. This signal is first applied as an input to polarization beam splitter 10 which functions as described above to separate ITN into two components 25 of known, orthogonal polarizations, ITE and ITM First component ITE. as shownin FIC. 2, follows along branch I and is coupled into a polarization maintainingwaveguide, illustrated in this embodiment as a section of polarization maintaining fiber 120, where fiber 120 directs component ITE into first laser amplifier 16.
Similarly, signal component ITM~ following along branch 2, is coupled into a 30 section of poLIrization maintaining fiber 1~0 and subsequently applied as an input to second laser amplifier 20. It is to be understood that various lensing arrangements may be used to couple polarization maintaining fibers 120,140 to amplifiers 16,20, and that polarization maintaining waveguides of other forms could be utilized, where in some embodiments a reflecting element, such as mirror 35 18 of FIG. 1, would be required to redirec~ one of the signal componenîs into its associated laser amplifier.
;.3~
Devices currently utilized as laser amplifiers are known to exhibit spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise which seriously degrades the quality of the amplified output signal. To solve this problem, bandpass filters may be placed at the exit of such amplifiers to minimize this noise factor. Thus, referring to FIG.
5 2~ amplified signal ITE exiting first laser amplifier 1~ is subsequently applied as an input to a first optical bandpass filter 32. First filter 32 is chosen to comprise a sufficiently narrow bandwidth such that most of the spontaneous-spontaneous beatnoise associated with the perforrnance of laser amplifier 16 is removed from amplified signal I rE- A second optical bandpass filter 34 is positioned at the exit 10 of second laser amplifier 20 so as to perforrn the same function on amplifiedsignal ITM. It is to be understood that such filtering is not essential to the performance of receiver 30, but merely improves the quality of the final output signal.
Following the filtering operation, the final receiver detection operation 15 is performed. As shown in FIG. 2, filtered signal ITF travels along a section of polarization maintaining fiber 36 and is applied as an input to a first PIN-FET
receiver 38. In particular, filtèred signal ITE' is coupled into the active region of a first PIN photodiode 40 which then transforms the optical signal into an equivalent voltage signal, denoted Vl. Voltage signal Vl is subsequently applied as an input 20 to a conventional FET amplifying section 42 which is designed to provide a predeterrnined amount of signal gain. Filtered signal ITM simultaneously propagates along a section of polarization maintaining fiber 44 and is applied as an input to a second PIN-FET receiver 46. Second receiver 46 comprises a PIN
photodiode 48 which is responsive to filtered signal ITM to form an equivalent voltage representation denoted V2. Voltage signal V2 is then applied as an inputto FET amplifier 50, identical in form and function to FET amplifier 42. An exemplary matched amplifying section 42,50 will be described in detail in association with FIG. 3.
First PIN-FET receiver 38 thus produces as an output a first amplified 30 voltage signal Vl, which is representative of the TF, polarized portion of the received light signal IIN Likewise, PIN-FET receiver 42 produces as an output asecond amplified voltage signal V2 which is representative of the TM polarized portion of the received light signal IIN In order to forrn the final voltage output signal Vour, receiver output signals Vl and V2 are applied as inputs to an 35 electrical summing network, which may simply be a resistor bridge 52 as illustrated in FIG. 2.
:~ 2~3S~7 It is to be understood that direct detection receiver 30 may be formed with either discrete components, or integrated to form a monolithic struct-lre. A
combination of these techniques may also be applied to form a hybrid arrangement. A discrete component version is relatively simple to envision, 5 utilizing bulk optics to form polarization beam splitter 10 and filters 32,24;discrete semiconductor devices for laser aMplifiers 16,20 and photodiodes 40,48;polarization maintaining optical fiber for the optical signal paths; and integrated (or discrete) electronic components for FET amplifiers 42,50 and summing network 52. Alternatively, receiver 30 may be of monolithic form, utilizil1g an 10 optical substrate with polarization beam splitter 10, the various polarization maintaining waveguides, and filters 32,34 directly formed in the substrate material.
Lasers 16,20, as well as PIN-FET receivers 30,42 may then be fabricated on this substrate, where various techniques for forming integrated opto-electronic devices are becoming utilized in the art.
Operation of receiver 30 may be understood by considering baseband signal and noise currents for a given received optical power P of input signal IIN
Of this received power, a pre~letermined fraction kxP will be coupled into branch 1 associated with the amplification of signal ITE~ where k is defined as the loss associated with a conventional polarization beam splitter and has been determined 20 experimentally to be approximately equal to 0.71. The variable x is associated with the variation in the polarization of signal IIN (O<X<1, i.e., fully TE polari-~ed through mixed polarizations to fully TM polarized). The optical power coupled into branch 2 associated with the amplification of signal ITM will thus be k(1-x)P.
The baseband signal cunent associated with IIN may then be written as iSi~n~l = hv kP[x~ nlllUtGI)+(l_x)~2(~2n~2utG )] (I) where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to branches I and 2, hv is the photon energy, e the electronic charge, ~ is the photodiode quantllm efficiency, G is defined as the laser amplifier gain, and tlin~out are the laser amplifier input and output couplillg efficiencies, respectively.
As stated above, the photodetectors employed in the direct detection receiver of the present invention are preferably matched devices. That is, the photodetectors exhibit like characteristics in terms of gain, efficiency, etc. Thus, the photodiode quantum efficiency of the detectors will be essentially identical and equation (I) May be simplified by defining ~ 2 = Tl. Therefore, equation (1) 35 may be rewritten in the following form:
3~
e kPll[x(llitnlllut~ x)(712nll2 G2)1 (2) Similarly, the coupling arrangement (i.e., lenses) between fibers 120,140 and amplifiers 16,'~0 may be designed such that lliln = 1l2n = llin. The equation representing the baseband current may then be simplified to the forrn:
e kPIl~'n[x(rll'''G~ x)(ll2"tG2)]. (3) Therefore, if receiver 30 is forrned so that 11lU'(i~ 2"'G2 = TlUtG, iSjgnal will be independent of polarization, as shown below:
iSjgn~ = h kpr~in7~outG[X+1--x]
e kp~ n~outG (4) 10 As stated above, it is possible to provide Gl = G2 by careful fabrication of the laser amplifiers. Any variation between the two subsequent to manufacture may be compensated for by adjusting the DC drive currents to the laser amplifiers.
An exemplary balanced receiver circuit 60 for converting the polarized light signals into the final receiver output VOUT is illustrated in FIG. 3. This15 particular arrangement is a three-stage FET amplifier which provides an overall transimpedance of approximately lKQ. Referring to FIG. 3, first current signal Iprovided by PIN 40 is first filtered by a simple RC network and passed through ablocking diode 62. Current signal Il is then applied as an input to a first amplifying stage 64, where stage 64 includes an FET 66 and associated resistive 20 and capacitive elements. The specific values for these elements are chosen toprovide the desired amount of voltage gain for first stage 64. The output from first stage 64 is then applied as an input to a second amplifying stage 68, where a capacitor 70 is utilized to provide the AC coupling between first stage 64 and second stage 68. As with first stage 64, second stage 68 comprises an FET
25 amplifying element, with various resistive and capacitive elerments included to provide the predetermined amoullt of gain. The output of second stage 68 is thencapacitively coupled via element 72 to a third amplifying stage 74. Third stage 74 also includes an FET amplifying element and the necessary resistive and capacitive elements. The output from third stage 76 is defined as the amplified 30 voltage signal Vl and is AC coupled by a capacitor 76 to an input of resistor bridging network 52, as described above in association with FIG. 2.
Second current signal I2, provided by PIN photodiode 48 in response to light signal ITM~ follows a similar path through receiver 60. In particular, second current signal I2 is first filtered and passed through a second blocking 3~
diode 78. The signal then passes through a series of three amplifying stages g0,82 and 84, each identiull in form and function to those associated with signal Ias described above. The output from the last amplifying stage 84 is thus the amplified voltage signal V2 which is coupled by a capacitor 86 to another input of 5 resistor bridging network ~2. As described above, bridging network 52 functions to electrically s-lm the signals ~1 and V2 to ~orm the output signal VOUT.
As mentioned abo~e, the polarization insensitive optical amplification technique of the present invention may also be utilized to form an in-line optical amplifier. A block diagram of one such exemplary in-line optical amplifier ~0 is10 illustrated in FIG. 4. As discussed above, the input to such an amplifier 90 is an optical signal I~N comprising an unknown (and usually varying with time) polarization state. Input signal IIN is applied as an input to polarization beamsplitter 10 which then breaks signal IIN into a pair of orthogonal components ofknown TE and TM polarization, the components being.thus defined as ITE and 15 ITM~ respectively. As discussed in detail in association with FIG. 1, first component ITE is subsequently applied as an input to first laser amplifier 16, where maximum coupling ef~ciency is achieved by aligning the TE axis of laser amplifier 16 with the electric field vcctor of signal ITe. Similarly, second component ITM is applied as an input to second amplifier 20 which is aligned 20 such that its TE axis is orthogonal to the direction of propagation of secondcomponent ITM and parallel to the electrie field vector of second component ITM
so as to provide maxirnum gain.
The output signals from first and second laser amplifiers 16 and 20, ITE and IrM respectively, are subscquently recombined by a second polarization 25 beam splitter 92 which is disposed to receive the separate signals ITE~ ITM and recombine them to form the optical output signal IOUT In the particular arrangement illustrated in FIG. 4, second polarization beam splitter 92 is shown as being aligned with first optical amplifier 16 so that amplified signal ITE may follow a direct path to the input of splitter 92. Therefore, amplified signal ITM
30 from second optical amplifier 20 must be redirected by a second reflecting surface 94 towards the remaining input of splitter 92. It is to be understood that poklrization beam splitter 92 may also be positioned in the path of second amplifier 20, with signal ITE being redirected towards an input to splitter 92.
A pair of optical isolators 96 and 98 may be included with in-line 35 amplifier 90 to prevent any reHected signal components (from various couplings, for example) from entering laser amplifiers 16 and 20, where these reflected signals would add destructively to the message signal, degrading the quality of output signal IOUT AS stated above, ~araday optical isolators are known in the art as an exemplary device capable oF performing optical isolation.
As discussed above, an advantage of an in-line optical amplifier is that S it may be used with a wavelength division multiplexed (~iVDM) coherent (or direct) detection communications network so as to provide amplification of each signal being transmitted, regardless of its operating wavelength. In contrast, WDM systems which utilize electrical amplification require separate amplifying units for each wavelength. ~hus, a system utilizing the polarization insensitive10 in-line optical amplifier of the present invention will realize an approximate N-fold saving in amplifying components for an N signal system. A simplified block diagram illustrating one such WDM system is illustrated in FIG. 5. As shown, the WDM system comprises a plurality of N transmitting units, denoted 1OOI - 100N~ where each transmitter produces a separate message signal utilizing15 an assigned wavelength ~ N. These signals then propagate over a plurality of N optical fibers 102~ - 102N and are coupled to the input of polarization insensitive in-line optical amplifier 90, configured as illustrated in FIG. 4. The output from amplifier 90 will thus contain amplified version of any signal beingtransmitted at wavelengths ~ N. This output subsequently propagates along a 20 plurality of optical fibers 1041- l04N which are coupled, respectively, to the inputs of a plurality of coherent receivers 106, - 106N. Associated with each receiver 106l -106N is a local oscillator 1081 - 108N, each local oscillator tuned to the specific wavelength of its receiver so as to achieve coherent detection of the correct message signal.
However, at high bit rates (~4 Gb/s, for example), the coupling efficiency of the - 15 system degrades significantly,"with a sensitivity of only -26 dBm at 8 Gb/s transmission (with a 10-9 bit error rate (BER)). Most high bit rate systems require a sensitivity of at least -32 dBm. A solution to this problem is to provide optical amplification at the input of the photodetector. That is, preamplify theoptical signal before it enters the photodiode. One method of achieving this 20 preamplification is to transform the optical signal into an electrical form (with a conventional photodiode, for example), perfonm standard electrical amplificationwith any of the various methods well-known in the art, then reconvert the amplified electrical signal into an arnplified optical signal at the input of the receiver photodiode. In theory, this is a workable solution. In practice, however, 25 the need to perform these optical-electrical and electrical-optical conversions has been found to seriously degrade the quality of the message signal. Further, these systems often require rather sophisticated and expensive electrical components.
A preferable solution is to perform optical amplification directly upon the message signal. As discussed in the article "Wideband 1.5 llm Optica;
30 l~eceiver Using l`raveling-~ave Laser Amplifier", by M. J. O'Mahony et al.
appearing in Electron Letters, No. 22, 1986 at pp. 1238-9, conventional lasers may be used to perfonn this optical ~mlplification. Although this is considered an improvement, there still exists a problem with these devices in that they are sensitive to the state of pohlrization of the incoming light signal. In particular, .~L,P~
due to the di~ference in confinement factors in thc laser structure, the TE and TM
polarization states may ~xhibit a difEerence in gain of approximately 10 dB. Such a polarization dependence is unclesirable for optical amplifiers utilized with installed optical fiber-based communication networks, where the polarization state of the message signal is at best unknown, and at worst varies as a function of time.
Thus, a need remains in the prior art for achieving optical amplification which is truly polarization insensitive.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided an optical communication device for providing optical amplification of an input optical signal comprising an unknown polarization state, CHARACIERIZED IN T~IAT the communication device is polarization insensitive and comprises: a polarization beam splitter responsive to the input optical signal for directing a ~Irst component of said input signal, of a ~Irst defined polarization state, along a first signal path and directing a second, orthogonal component of a second defined polarization state, along a second signal path;
a first optical amplifier disposed in the first signal path and responsive to the Flrst component for generating as an output an amplified version thereof, the f1rst optical amplifier aligned with respect to the first polarization state of said first component so as to provide maximum amplification; a second optical amplifier disposed in the second signal path and responsive to the second component for generating as an output an amplified version thereof, the second optical amplifier aligned with respect to the secondpolarization state oE said second component so as to provide maximum amplification; and means responsive to the amplified output signals generated by the first and second optical ampli~lers for combining the amplified rlrst and second orthogonal components to provide as the output of said communication device an amplified version of the optical input signal.
Brief Description of the Dr~wing Referring now to the drawings, where like numerals represent like parts in several views:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary polarization insensitive arrangement of the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a polarization insensitive direct detection receiver utilizing the exemplary arrangement of FIG. 1;
. . .
~a FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary receiver configuration for use in the direct detection scheme of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary in-line optical amplirler utilizing the S arrangement of FIG. 1; and FIG. 5 illustrates a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) coherent communication scheme utilizing the in-line optical ampli~;er of FIG. 4.
Detailed Description A simplified block diagram of the proposed polarization insensitive scheme 10 of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. As shown, an incoming optical signal IIN
with an unknown polarization state is applied as an input to a polarization beam splitter 10 which functions to split signal IIN into two separate components having knownpolarizations. In particular, polarization beam splitter 10 functions to form a first component consisting of a TE polarized signal, denoted ITE, and a second component 15 consisting of a TM polarized signal, denoted ITM. Polarization beam splitter 10 subsequently directs the first component ITE into a first section 12 of a polarization maintaining waveguide (polarization maintaining fiber, for example) and the second component ITM into a second section 14 of polarization maintaining waveguide. Thus, regardless of the state of polarization of signal IIN~ the component propagating along 20 waveguide section 12 will always be of a first, known state (TE) and similarly, the component propagating along waveguide section 14 will always be of the 3~'7 orthogonal state (TM).
~ irst signal component IrE is subsequently applied as an input to a first optical amplifier 16, optical amplifier 16 being a laser amplifier of the type described in the O'Mallony et al. article mentioned above. It has been observed 5 that the typical semiconductor laser which is utilized as a laser amplifier, a CSBH
laser, for example, will exhibit a gain of approximately 25 dB when the incon1ing signal is polarized in the TE mode, as compared with a lesser gain of approximately 15-22 dB with a TM: polarized incoming signal. Therefore, to obtain the maximum gain from first laser amplifier 16, amplifier 16 is oriented 10 such that its TE axis is aligned with signal component ITE. AS illustrated in FIG.
1, with this alignment, first optical amplifier 16 is defined as exhibiting a gain of Gl such that the output from optical amplifier 16 is Gl * ITE = ITE
In a similar fashion, second component ITM is also amplified.
I~eferring to the particular arrangement of FIG. 1, second component ITM is 15 redirected 90 by a mirror element 18 into a second optical amplifier 20. As mentioned above, a laser amplifier will exhibit the most gain when the incon~ingsignal is polarized along the 'ÇE axis. Thus, second laser amplifier 20 is oriented such that its TE axis is orthogonal to the direction of propagation of second component IrM and parallel to the electric field vector of second component ITM.20 As illustrated in FIG. 1, second optical amplifier 20 exhibits a gain factor G2 such that the output from second optical amplifier 20 is defined as G2 * ITM = ITM. As will be discussed in detail hereinafter in association with PIG. 2, it is preferred that the gain Gl of first amplifier 16 be identical to the gain G2 of second amplifier 20. This requirement is relatively easy to accomplish when the 25 amplifiers are simultaneously fabricated on the same substrate. When this is the case, the gains will be relatively identical and will track each other as a function of both temperature and time. Otherwise, the DC drive currents applied to lasers16 and 20 may be individually adjusted to equalize their gain.
Subsequent to the amplification, first component ITE is directed along 30 a waveguide 22 into a combiner elernent 26. Similarly, second component ITM is directed along a waveguide 2~ into combiner element 26. As will be described in detail hereinafter, combiner 26 performs either an electrical recombination of components ITE and lrM SO as ~o form an electrical voltage output signal VOUT, or an optical recombination of components ITE and ITM SO as to fornn an optical 35 output signal IOUT- An optical recombination is performed when the arrangement of FIG. 1 is utilized as an in-line optical amplifier (for either direct detection or ~2~3~9~
coherent communication systems), as discussed in association with FIGs. 4 and 5.~Iternatively, an electrical recombination is performed wl1en the arrangemellt of FIG. 1 is utilized as the receiver portion of a direct detection cornmunication system, as discussed in detail below in association with FIGs. 2 and 3.
It is to be noted that for the polarization insensitive arrangement of FIG. 1, the perforrnance of first optical amplifier 16 and second optical amplifier 20 may be degraded by reflections as discussed in the O'Mahony article mentioned above. Such reflections may be caused by imperfect perforrnance of polarization beam splitter 10, polarization maintaining waveguides 12, 14, 22 and 10 24 or mirror element 18. Such reflections may also be caused by imperfect performance of optical components prior to polarization beam splitter 10, or subsequent to combiner 26 when optical recombination is employed. To optimize the performance of optical amplifiers 16 and 20 in FIG. 1, and in subsequent arrangements of FIG. 2 and FIG 4, isolators may be employed. Faraday optical 15 isolators are known in the art as exemplary devices capable of performing optical isolation. The isolators may be fabricated using either bulk optics or integrated optics techniques. The need for optical isolators, the number and specific design of isolators to be employed and the location of such isolators with respect to optical amplifiers 16,20 will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
An exemplary direct detection receiver 30 utilizing the arrangement of FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 2. As previously described, the input to receiver 30 is an optical signal IIN comprising an unknown (and usually varying with time) polarization state. This signal is first applied as an input to polarization beam splitter 10 which functions as described above to separate ITN into two components 25 of known, orthogonal polarizations, ITE and ITM First component ITE. as shownin FIC. 2, follows along branch I and is coupled into a polarization maintainingwaveguide, illustrated in this embodiment as a section of polarization maintaining fiber 120, where fiber 120 directs component ITE into first laser amplifier 16.
Similarly, signal component ITM~ following along branch 2, is coupled into a 30 section of poLIrization maintaining fiber 1~0 and subsequently applied as an input to second laser amplifier 20. It is to be understood that various lensing arrangements may be used to couple polarization maintaining fibers 120,140 to amplifiers 16,20, and that polarization maintaining waveguides of other forms could be utilized, where in some embodiments a reflecting element, such as mirror 35 18 of FIG. 1, would be required to redirec~ one of the signal componenîs into its associated laser amplifier.
;.3~
Devices currently utilized as laser amplifiers are known to exhibit spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise which seriously degrades the quality of the amplified output signal. To solve this problem, bandpass filters may be placed at the exit of such amplifiers to minimize this noise factor. Thus, referring to FIG.
5 2~ amplified signal ITE exiting first laser amplifier 1~ is subsequently applied as an input to a first optical bandpass filter 32. First filter 32 is chosen to comprise a sufficiently narrow bandwidth such that most of the spontaneous-spontaneous beatnoise associated with the perforrnance of laser amplifier 16 is removed from amplified signal I rE- A second optical bandpass filter 34 is positioned at the exit 10 of second laser amplifier 20 so as to perforrn the same function on amplifiedsignal ITM. It is to be understood that such filtering is not essential to the performance of receiver 30, but merely improves the quality of the final output signal.
Following the filtering operation, the final receiver detection operation 15 is performed. As shown in FIG. 2, filtered signal ITF travels along a section of polarization maintaining fiber 36 and is applied as an input to a first PIN-FET
receiver 38. In particular, filtèred signal ITE' is coupled into the active region of a first PIN photodiode 40 which then transforms the optical signal into an equivalent voltage signal, denoted Vl. Voltage signal Vl is subsequently applied as an input 20 to a conventional FET amplifying section 42 which is designed to provide a predeterrnined amount of signal gain. Filtered signal ITM simultaneously propagates along a section of polarization maintaining fiber 44 and is applied as an input to a second PIN-FET receiver 46. Second receiver 46 comprises a PIN
photodiode 48 which is responsive to filtered signal ITM to form an equivalent voltage representation denoted V2. Voltage signal V2 is then applied as an inputto FET amplifier 50, identical in form and function to FET amplifier 42. An exemplary matched amplifying section 42,50 will be described in detail in association with FIG. 3.
First PIN-FET receiver 38 thus produces as an output a first amplified 30 voltage signal Vl, which is representative of the TF, polarized portion of the received light signal IIN Likewise, PIN-FET receiver 42 produces as an output asecond amplified voltage signal V2 which is representative of the TM polarized portion of the received light signal IIN In order to forrn the final voltage output signal Vour, receiver output signals Vl and V2 are applied as inputs to an 35 electrical summing network, which may simply be a resistor bridge 52 as illustrated in FIG. 2.
:~ 2~3S~7 It is to be understood that direct detection receiver 30 may be formed with either discrete components, or integrated to form a monolithic struct-lre. A
combination of these techniques may also be applied to form a hybrid arrangement. A discrete component version is relatively simple to envision, 5 utilizing bulk optics to form polarization beam splitter 10 and filters 32,24;discrete semiconductor devices for laser aMplifiers 16,20 and photodiodes 40,48;polarization maintaining optical fiber for the optical signal paths; and integrated (or discrete) electronic components for FET amplifiers 42,50 and summing network 52. Alternatively, receiver 30 may be of monolithic form, utilizil1g an 10 optical substrate with polarization beam splitter 10, the various polarization maintaining waveguides, and filters 32,34 directly formed in the substrate material.
Lasers 16,20, as well as PIN-FET receivers 30,42 may then be fabricated on this substrate, where various techniques for forming integrated opto-electronic devices are becoming utilized in the art.
Operation of receiver 30 may be understood by considering baseband signal and noise currents for a given received optical power P of input signal IIN
Of this received power, a pre~letermined fraction kxP will be coupled into branch 1 associated with the amplification of signal ITE~ where k is defined as the loss associated with a conventional polarization beam splitter and has been determined 20 experimentally to be approximately equal to 0.71. The variable x is associated with the variation in the polarization of signal IIN (O<X<1, i.e., fully TE polari-~ed through mixed polarizations to fully TM polarized). The optical power coupled into branch 2 associated with the amplification of signal ITM will thus be k(1-x)P.
The baseband signal cunent associated with IIN may then be written as iSi~n~l = hv kP[x~ nlllUtGI)+(l_x)~2(~2n~2utG )] (I) where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to branches I and 2, hv is the photon energy, e the electronic charge, ~ is the photodiode quantllm efficiency, G is defined as the laser amplifier gain, and tlin~out are the laser amplifier input and output couplillg efficiencies, respectively.
As stated above, the photodetectors employed in the direct detection receiver of the present invention are preferably matched devices. That is, the photodetectors exhibit like characteristics in terms of gain, efficiency, etc. Thus, the photodiode quantum efficiency of the detectors will be essentially identical and equation (I) May be simplified by defining ~ 2 = Tl. Therefore, equation (1) 35 may be rewritten in the following form:
3~
e kPll[x(llitnlllut~ x)(712nll2 G2)1 (2) Similarly, the coupling arrangement (i.e., lenses) between fibers 120,140 and amplifiers 16,'~0 may be designed such that lliln = 1l2n = llin. The equation representing the baseband current may then be simplified to the forrn:
e kPIl~'n[x(rll'''G~ x)(ll2"tG2)]. (3) Therefore, if receiver 30 is forrned so that 11lU'(i~ 2"'G2 = TlUtG, iSjgnal will be independent of polarization, as shown below:
iSjgn~ = h kpr~in7~outG[X+1--x]
e kp~ n~outG (4) 10 As stated above, it is possible to provide Gl = G2 by careful fabrication of the laser amplifiers. Any variation between the two subsequent to manufacture may be compensated for by adjusting the DC drive currents to the laser amplifiers.
An exemplary balanced receiver circuit 60 for converting the polarized light signals into the final receiver output VOUT is illustrated in FIG. 3. This15 particular arrangement is a three-stage FET amplifier which provides an overall transimpedance of approximately lKQ. Referring to FIG. 3, first current signal Iprovided by PIN 40 is first filtered by a simple RC network and passed through ablocking diode 62. Current signal Il is then applied as an input to a first amplifying stage 64, where stage 64 includes an FET 66 and associated resistive 20 and capacitive elements. The specific values for these elements are chosen toprovide the desired amount of voltage gain for first stage 64. The output from first stage 64 is then applied as an input to a second amplifying stage 68, where a capacitor 70 is utilized to provide the AC coupling between first stage 64 and second stage 68. As with first stage 64, second stage 68 comprises an FET
25 amplifying element, with various resistive and capacitive elerments included to provide the predetermined amoullt of gain. The output of second stage 68 is thencapacitively coupled via element 72 to a third amplifying stage 74. Third stage 74 also includes an FET amplifying element and the necessary resistive and capacitive elements. The output from third stage 76 is defined as the amplified 30 voltage signal Vl and is AC coupled by a capacitor 76 to an input of resistor bridging network 52, as described above in association with FIG. 2.
Second current signal I2, provided by PIN photodiode 48 in response to light signal ITM~ follows a similar path through receiver 60. In particular, second current signal I2 is first filtered and passed through a second blocking 3~
diode 78. The signal then passes through a series of three amplifying stages g0,82 and 84, each identiull in form and function to those associated with signal Ias described above. The output from the last amplifying stage 84 is thus the amplified voltage signal V2 which is coupled by a capacitor 86 to another input of 5 resistor bridging network ~2. As described above, bridging network 52 functions to electrically s-lm the signals ~1 and V2 to ~orm the output signal VOUT.
As mentioned abo~e, the polarization insensitive optical amplification technique of the present invention may also be utilized to form an in-line optical amplifier. A block diagram of one such exemplary in-line optical amplifier ~0 is10 illustrated in FIG. 4. As discussed above, the input to such an amplifier 90 is an optical signal I~N comprising an unknown (and usually varying with time) polarization state. Input signal IIN is applied as an input to polarization beamsplitter 10 which then breaks signal IIN into a pair of orthogonal components ofknown TE and TM polarization, the components being.thus defined as ITE and 15 ITM~ respectively. As discussed in detail in association with FIG. 1, first component ITE is subsequently applied as an input to first laser amplifier 16, where maximum coupling ef~ciency is achieved by aligning the TE axis of laser amplifier 16 with the electric field vcctor of signal ITe. Similarly, second component ITM is applied as an input to second amplifier 20 which is aligned 20 such that its TE axis is orthogonal to the direction of propagation of secondcomponent ITM and parallel to the electrie field vector of second component ITM
so as to provide maxirnum gain.
The output signals from first and second laser amplifiers 16 and 20, ITE and IrM respectively, are subscquently recombined by a second polarization 25 beam splitter 92 which is disposed to receive the separate signals ITE~ ITM and recombine them to form the optical output signal IOUT In the particular arrangement illustrated in FIG. 4, second polarization beam splitter 92 is shown as being aligned with first optical amplifier 16 so that amplified signal ITE may follow a direct path to the input of splitter 92. Therefore, amplified signal ITM
30 from second optical amplifier 20 must be redirected by a second reflecting surface 94 towards the remaining input of splitter 92. It is to be understood that poklrization beam splitter 92 may also be positioned in the path of second amplifier 20, with signal ITE being redirected towards an input to splitter 92.
A pair of optical isolators 96 and 98 may be included with in-line 35 amplifier 90 to prevent any reHected signal components (from various couplings, for example) from entering laser amplifiers 16 and 20, where these reflected signals would add destructively to the message signal, degrading the quality of output signal IOUT AS stated above, ~araday optical isolators are known in the art as an exemplary device capable oF performing optical isolation.
As discussed above, an advantage of an in-line optical amplifier is that S it may be used with a wavelength division multiplexed (~iVDM) coherent (or direct) detection communications network so as to provide amplification of each signal being transmitted, regardless of its operating wavelength. In contrast, WDM systems which utilize electrical amplification require separate amplifying units for each wavelength. ~hus, a system utilizing the polarization insensitive10 in-line optical amplifier of the present invention will realize an approximate N-fold saving in amplifying components for an N signal system. A simplified block diagram illustrating one such WDM system is illustrated in FIG. 5. As shown, the WDM system comprises a plurality of N transmitting units, denoted 1OOI - 100N~ where each transmitter produces a separate message signal utilizing15 an assigned wavelength ~ N. These signals then propagate over a plurality of N optical fibers 102~ - 102N and are coupled to the input of polarization insensitive in-line optical amplifier 90, configured as illustrated in FIG. 4. The output from amplifier 90 will thus contain amplified version of any signal beingtransmitted at wavelengths ~ N. This output subsequently propagates along a 20 plurality of optical fibers 1041- l04N which are coupled, respectively, to the inputs of a plurality of coherent receivers 106, - 106N. Associated with each receiver 106l -106N is a local oscillator 1081 - 108N, each local oscillator tuned to the specific wavelength of its receiver so as to achieve coherent detection of the correct message signal.
Claims (14)
1. An optical communication device for providing optical amplification of an input optical signal comprising an unknown polarization state, CHARACTERIZED IN THAT the communication device is polarization insensitive and comprises:
a polarization beam splitter responsive to the input optical signal for directing a first component of said input signal, of a first defined polarization state, along a first signal path and directing a second, orthogonal component of a second defined polarization state, along a second signal path;
a first optical amplifier disposed in the first signal path and responsive to the first component for generating as an output an amplified version thereof, the first optical amplifier aligned with respect to the first polarization state of said first component so as to provide maximum amplification;
a second optical amplifier disposed in the second signal path and responsive to the second component for generating as an output an amplified version thereof, the second optical amplifier aligned with respect to the second polarization state of said second component so as to provide maximum amplification; and means responsive to the amplified output signals generated by the first and second optical amplifiers for combining the amplified first and second orthogonal components to provide as the output of said communication device an amplified version of the optical input signal.
a polarization beam splitter responsive to the input optical signal for directing a first component of said input signal, of a first defined polarization state, along a first signal path and directing a second, orthogonal component of a second defined polarization state, along a second signal path;
a first optical amplifier disposed in the first signal path and responsive to the first component for generating as an output an amplified version thereof, the first optical amplifier aligned with respect to the first polarization state of said first component so as to provide maximum amplification;
a second optical amplifier disposed in the second signal path and responsive to the second component for generating as an output an amplified version thereof, the second optical amplifier aligned with respect to the second polarization state of said second component so as to provide maximum amplification; and means responsive to the amplified output signals generated by the first and second optical amplifiers for combining the amplified first and second orthogonal components to provide as the output of said communication device an amplified version of the optical input signal.
2. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claim 1 wherein the device further comprises:
a first optical isolator disposed in the signal path in front of the polarization beam splitter; and a second optical isolator disposed in the signal path after the combining means, said first and second optical isolators for preventing reflected optical signals from entering the first and second optical amplifiers.
a first optical isolator disposed in the signal path in front of the polarization beam splitter; and a second optical isolator disposed in the signal path after the combining means, said first and second optical isolators for preventing reflected optical signals from entering the first and second optical amplifiers.
3. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claim 1 wherein the first component of the optical input signal is of the TE polarization state and the second component is of the TM polarization state.
4. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claim 1 wherein the first and second optical amplifiers comprise laser amplifiers which exhibit a maximum gain when the TE axis of said laser amplifiers is parallel to the electric field vector and orthogonal to the direction of propagation of the optical signal being amplified.
5. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claim 4 wherein:
the first component of the optical input signal is of the TE polarization state and the TE axis of the first laser amplifier is aligned in the direction of polarization of said first component; and the second component of said optical input signal is of the TM polarization state and the TE axis of the second laser amplified is aligned in the direction of polarization of said second component.
the first component of the optical input signal is of the TE polarization state and the TE axis of the first laser amplifier is aligned in the direction of polarization of said first component; and the second component of said optical input signal is of the TM polarization state and the TE axis of the second laser amplified is aligned in the direction of polarization of said second component.
6. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claim 1 wherein the combining means performs an optical combination of the first and second orthogonal components to provide as an output an amplified optical signal, said device being defined as an in-line polarization insensitive optical amplifier.
7. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claim 6 wherein the optical combining means comprises:
a polarization beam combiner responsive to both the first and second amplified components generated by the first and second optical amplifiers, respectively, said polarization beam combiner for recombining said amplified components and providing as an output the amplified optical signal.
a polarization beam combiner responsive to both the first and second amplified components generated by the first and second optical amplifiers, respectively, said polarization beam combiner for recombining said amplified components and providing as an output the amplified optical signal.
8. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claim 7 wherein the device further comprises:
a first optical isolator disposed in the signal path in front of the polarization beam splitter; and a second optical isolator disposed in the signal path after the polarization beam combiner, said first and second optical isolators for preventing reflected optical signals from entering the first and second optical amplifiers.
a first optical isolator disposed in the signal path in front of the polarization beam splitter; and a second optical isolator disposed in the signal path after the polarization beam combiner, said first and second optical isolators for preventing reflected optical signals from entering the first and second optical amplifiers.
9. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claim 1 wherein the combining means performs an optical-electrical conversion and electrical combination of the first and second orthogonal components to provide as an output an amplified voltage signal, said device being defined as a polarization insensitive direct detection optical receiver.
10. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claim 9 wherein the electrical combining means comprises:
a first photodetector responsive to the first amplified optical component for converting said first amplified optical component to an electrical representation thereof;
a first electrical receiver responsive to the electrical representation providedby said first photodetector for producing a first voltage output signal having a predetermined gain;
a second photodetector responsive to the second amplified optical component for converting said second amplified optical component to an electrical representation thereof;
a second electrical receiver responsive to the electrical representation provided by said second photodetector for producing as an output a second voltage signal having a predetermined gain; and electrical summing means responsive to said first and second voltage signals for adding said signals and providing as an output the amplified voltage signal.
a first photodetector responsive to the first amplified optical component for converting said first amplified optical component to an electrical representation thereof;
a first electrical receiver responsive to the electrical representation providedby said first photodetector for producing a first voltage output signal having a predetermined gain;
a second photodetector responsive to the second amplified optical component for converting said second amplified optical component to an electrical representation thereof;
a second electrical receiver responsive to the electrical representation provided by said second photodetector for producing as an output a second voltage signal having a predetermined gain; and electrical summing means responsive to said first and second voltage signals for adding said signals and providing as an output the amplified voltage signal.
11. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claim 10 wherein the electrical combining means further comprises:
a first optical filter disposed between the first optical amplifier and the first photodetector for removing unwanted noise components from the first amplified optical component; and a second optical filter disposed between the second optical amplifier and the second photodetector for removing unwanted noise components from the second amplified optical component.
a first optical filter disposed between the first optical amplifier and the first photodetector for removing unwanted noise components from the first amplified optical component; and a second optical filter disposed between the second optical amplifier and the second photodetector for removing unwanted noise components from the second amplified optical component.
12. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claims 10 or 11 wherein the first and second photodetectors comprise PIN photodetectors.
13. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claims 10 or 11 wherein the first and second electrical receivers comprise FET
receivers.
receivers.
14. A polarization insensitive optical communication device as defined in claims 10 or 11 wherein the summing means comprises a resistor bridging network.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US219,684 | 1988-07-15 | ||
| US07/219,684 US4900917A (en) | 1988-07-15 | 1988-07-15 | Polarization insensitive optical communication device utilizing optical preamplification |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1293997C true CA1293997C (en) | 1992-01-07 |
Family
ID=22820315
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000605666A Expired - Lifetime CA1293997C (en) | 1988-07-15 | 1989-07-14 | Polarization insensitive optical communication device utilizing optical preamplification |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4900917A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0351133A3 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH02134624A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1293997C (en) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH02127829A (en) * | 1988-11-08 | 1990-05-16 | Fujitsu Ltd | Detection circuit for light interruption of 2-way optical transmission equipment |
| NL8900389A (en) * | 1989-02-17 | 1990-09-17 | Philips Nv | OPTICAL COHERENT RECEIVER. |
| US5210808A (en) * | 1989-07-17 | 1993-05-11 | Pirelli Cavi S.P.A. | Unit for amplifying light signals in optical fiber transmission lines |
| US5204923A (en) * | 1989-07-17 | 1993-04-20 | Pirelli Cavi S.P.A. | Unit for amplifying light signals in optical fiber transmission lines |
| JPH0367231A (en) * | 1989-08-07 | 1991-03-22 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | Optical repeating and transmitting system |
| USRE35697E (en) * | 1990-07-16 | 1997-12-23 | Pirelli Cavi S.P.A. | Unit for amplifying light signals in optical fiber transmission lines |
| US5258615A (en) * | 1990-08-03 | 1993-11-02 | Gpt Limited | Optical fiber monitoring by detection of polarization variations |
| NL9101244A (en) * | 1991-07-15 | 1993-02-01 | Nederland Ptt | POLARIZATION-SENSITIVE GAINING DEVICE. |
| US5400164A (en) * | 1993-09-10 | 1995-03-21 | At&T Corp. | Polarization-insensitive optical four-photon mixer |
| JPH10322313A (en) * | 1997-05-16 | 1998-12-04 | Nec Corp | Wavelength multiplexing transmitter |
| EP2306604B1 (en) | 1998-07-23 | 2012-09-05 | The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. | Optical repeater comprising a Raman amplifier |
| US6611369B2 (en) * | 1999-09-06 | 2003-08-26 | Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. | Optical signal amplifier |
| JP3904835B2 (en) * | 2001-01-29 | 2007-04-11 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Optical amplifier, optical fiber Raman optical amplifier, and optical system |
| JP4359035B2 (en) | 2002-11-21 | 2009-11-04 | 富士通株式会社 | Optical repeater |
| US7433117B2 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2008-10-07 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Polarization-diverse optical amplification |
| WO2013088694A1 (en) * | 2011-12-15 | 2013-06-20 | 日本電気株式会社 | Optical receiver and control method for optical receiver |
| US8736381B2 (en) * | 2012-10-12 | 2014-05-27 | Schneider Electric Industries Sas | Detection device provided with a transimpedance circuit |
| US9647426B1 (en) * | 2013-06-28 | 2017-05-09 | Aurrion, Inc. | Polarization insensitive colorless optical devices |
| US10397190B2 (en) * | 2016-02-05 | 2019-08-27 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | System and method for generating an obfuscated optical signal |
| US11646802B2 (en) | 2020-06-02 | 2023-05-09 | Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development Lp | Polarization independent optical receiver |
| CN111900610B (en) * | 2020-07-30 | 2022-02-01 | 苏州长光华芯光电技术股份有限公司 | Laser light energy recovery device and method |
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| US3722982A (en) * | 1971-10-26 | 1973-03-27 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Coherent optical processing method and system having improved signal-to-noise ratio utilizing polarizing filters |
| US3971930A (en) * | 1974-04-24 | 1976-07-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Polarization compensator for optical communications |
| JPS52155901A (en) * | 1976-06-21 | 1977-12-24 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | Transmission system for optical fiber |
| FR2517081A1 (en) * | 1981-11-26 | 1983-05-27 | Monerie Michel | METHOD FOR THE COHERENT DETECTION AND DEMODULATION OF A MODULATED CARRIER WAVE WITH A VARIABLE POLARIZATION STATE AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE SAME |
| JPS60127A (en) * | 1983-06-15 | 1985-01-05 | Fujitsu Ltd | Digital radio communication system |
| US4635246A (en) * | 1983-10-20 | 1987-01-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Frequency multiplex system using injection locking of multiple laser diodes |
| DE3431896A1 (en) * | 1984-08-30 | 1986-03-13 | Philips Patentverwaltung Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg | Method for correcting the signal amplitude of optical data receivers |
| GB2167259B (en) * | 1984-11-21 | 1988-02-10 | Stc Plc | Optical fibre receiver |
| GB2172164B (en) * | 1985-03-07 | 1989-02-22 | Stc Plc | Balanced coherent receiver |
| DE3671986D1 (en) * | 1985-03-18 | 1990-07-19 | Nec Corp | DEVICE FOR REGULATING THE POLARIZATION WITH A BEAM SPLITTER. |
| US4778238A (en) * | 1985-08-01 | 1988-10-18 | Hicks John W | Optical communications systems and process for signal amplification using stimulated brillouin scattering (SBS) and laser utilized in the system |
| CA1290019C (en) * | 1986-06-20 | 1991-10-01 | Hideo Kuwahara | Dual balanced optical signal receiver |
| JPS6319631A (en) * | 1986-07-14 | 1988-01-27 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | Amplifying method for light signal |
| GB2199713A (en) * | 1986-12-31 | 1988-07-13 | Stc Plc | Optical communication system |
| US4777358A (en) * | 1987-03-30 | 1988-10-11 | Geo-Centers, Inc. | Optical differential strain gauge |
| JPS63311331A (en) * | 1987-06-15 | 1988-12-20 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | Optical amplifying device |
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-
1988
- 1988-07-15 US US07/219,684 patent/US4900917A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-07-06 EP EP19890306857 patent/EP0351133A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1989-07-14 CA CA000605666A patent/CA1293997C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-14 JP JP1180642A patent/JPH02134624A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4900917A (en) | 1990-02-13 |
| JPH02134624A (en) | 1990-05-23 |
| EP0351133A2 (en) | 1990-01-17 |
| EP0351133A3 (en) | 1991-10-02 |
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