CA1312248C - Sealing device for introducing cement into a bone canal - Google Patents
Sealing device for introducing cement into a bone canalInfo
- Publication number
- CA1312248C CA1312248C CA000584304A CA584304A CA1312248C CA 1312248 C CA1312248 C CA 1312248C CA 000584304 A CA000584304 A CA 000584304A CA 584304 A CA584304 A CA 584304A CA 1312248 C CA1312248 C CA 1312248C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cement
- seal
- canal
- bone
- chamber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/88—Osteosynthesis instruments; Methods or means for implanting or extracting internal or external fixation devices
- A61B17/8802—Equipment for handling bone cement or other fluid fillers
- A61B17/8805—Equipment for handling bone cement or other fluid fillers for introducing fluid filler into bone or extracting it
- A61B17/8808—Equipment for handling bone cement or other fluid fillers for introducing fluid filler into bone or extracting it with sealing collar for bone cavity
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30721—Accessories
- A61F2/30723—Plugs or restrictors for sealing a cement-receiving space
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/32—Joints for the hip
- A61F2/36—Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses
- A61F2/3662—Femoral shafts
- A61F2/367—Proximal or metaphyseal parts of shafts
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30721—Accessories
- A61F2/30728—Collars; Bone edge protectors
- A61F2002/30729—Separate collars
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30767—Special external or bone-contacting surface, e.g. coating for improving bone ingrowth
- A61F2/30771—Special external or bone-contacting surface, e.g. coating for improving bone ingrowth applied in original prostheses, e.g. holes or grooves
- A61F2002/30772—Apertures or holes, e.g. of circular cross section
- A61F2002/3079—Stepped or enlarged apertures, e.g. having discrete diameter changes
Abstract
SEALING DEVICE FOR INTRODUCING
CEMENT INTO A BONE CANAL
ABSTRACT
A proximal femoral sealing device 10 is disclosed for use in the application of bone cement under pressure to a surgically prepared medullary canal 15 of a femur prior to the implantation of a hip prosthesis.
The proximal femoral sealing device 10 is formed of a generally solid body member 12 with a passageway 26 and a flexible annular wall member 14 extending from the body member 12. The sealing device 10 has an anatomically shaped outer surface 13, corresponding to the exposed endosteal surface 11 of a prepared medullary canal 15. A chamber 16 defined by a flexible annular wall 14 and the body member 12 opens into the medullary canal 15. In turn, the passageway 26 communicates with the chamber 16 and permits insertion of a cement nozzle 27 therethrough into the chamber.
In operation, the proximal femoral sealing device 10 is placed within the proximal end of a surgically prepared medullary canal 15. The canal 15 and chamber 16 of the sealing device are filled with cement resulting in the expansion of the flexible annular wall member 14 against the exposed endosteal walls 11 of the medullary canal 15 by cement pressure within the chamber thereby forming a pressure seal. The escape of cement through the open end of the excavated medullary canal 15 is prevented via this pressure seal insuring that the applied cement is properly pressurized and that the medullary canal 15 is prepared for implementation of the prosthetic device 10. A method of providing cement under pressure to the exposed endosteal surface 11 of a medullary canal 15 is also disclosed using this proximal femoral sealing device 10.
CEMENT INTO A BONE CANAL
ABSTRACT
A proximal femoral sealing device 10 is disclosed for use in the application of bone cement under pressure to a surgically prepared medullary canal 15 of a femur prior to the implantation of a hip prosthesis.
The proximal femoral sealing device 10 is formed of a generally solid body member 12 with a passageway 26 and a flexible annular wall member 14 extending from the body member 12. The sealing device 10 has an anatomically shaped outer surface 13, corresponding to the exposed endosteal surface 11 of a prepared medullary canal 15. A chamber 16 defined by a flexible annular wall 14 and the body member 12 opens into the medullary canal 15. In turn, the passageway 26 communicates with the chamber 16 and permits insertion of a cement nozzle 27 therethrough into the chamber.
In operation, the proximal femoral sealing device 10 is placed within the proximal end of a surgically prepared medullary canal 15. The canal 15 and chamber 16 of the sealing device are filled with cement resulting in the expansion of the flexible annular wall member 14 against the exposed endosteal walls 11 of the medullary canal 15 by cement pressure within the chamber thereby forming a pressure seal. The escape of cement through the open end of the excavated medullary canal 15 is prevented via this pressure seal insuring that the applied cement is properly pressurized and that the medullary canal 15 is prepared for implementation of the prosthetic device 10. A method of providing cement under pressure to the exposed endosteal surface 11 of a medullary canal 15 is also disclosed using this proximal femoral sealing device 10.
Description
~3~.22~ PC 7302 SEALING DEVICE FOR INTRODUCING
CEMENT INTo A BONE CAN~L
This invention generally relates to an apparatus and method for injecting bone cement under pressure into a bone canal. The cement allows for implantation of a prosthetic device.
There are from 80,000 to 150,000 total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures completed each year in the 15 United States. Worldwide~ there are over 300,000 to 400,000 THA procedures performed each year. ~his procedure, whether unilateral or bilat~ral, is perfor~ed to relieve a variety of objective signs of disability, such as to reiieve pain and to increase or preserve mobility. A diagnosis whicA
20 suggests THA for treatment may include, for instance, primary or secondary osteoarthritis, congenital dysplasia, polyarthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, previous unsuccess~ul joint surgery and Paget's Disease ~ the bone. The indications for 25 bilateral THA include primary idiopathic bil~teral ~onoarticular osteoarthritis, primary generalized osteoarthritis, ischemic necrosis of the ~emoral head with secondary acetabular failure, and secondary degenerative osteo arthritis re~ulting from congenital dysplasia.
30 Additional factors such as flexion deformity o more than 30, one hip fixed in adduction, the other fixed in abduction (causing the patient to ~all from lack of .%~ .
1~ 22~
balance), leg shorteninq, acetabular protrusion, age and other factors should be considered prior to considering a bilateral procedure~
Generally stated, THA is an operation where the ball and socket joint which forms the natural hip is replaced by artificial materials. The development of THA
components has occurred over t~e last three decades. The THA procedure and related components are described in the 1~ publication entitled The Howmedica Precision Hip System, Copyrighted 1986 by Howmedica, Inc.
In the procedure carried out today, the spherical end of the femur i5 removed and replaced with an ar ificial metailic implant.
15 The stem to which the ball is attached (via a "neck") fits down the middle of the femur in the ~urgically prepared medullary canal and is located in place by bone cement. The spherical head o~ the femoral component is placed into the socket of the acetabular component forming a total 20 replacement of the hip joint (both component~ ar~
commercially available as t~e A.T.S. Total Hip System and the P.C.A. Total ~ip System from Howmedica, Inc.).
In preparing the femoral ~edullary canal for 25 implantation, the steps after resection (removal) of the head of the femur include reaming, broaching a~d cleaning out (lavage and brush) the medullary canal. Thie area of the bone contains the bone marrow which also fills spaces in cancellous bone.
The femoral canal typically is prepared from its distal portion to the proximal portion, i.e., in a retrograde manner. The femoral canal may be opened with any standard blunt surgical awl or manual rea~er. The surgeon, ` ~B -2-6~8~-4~8 $
in cleaning the medullary canal, will progressively use larger reamers until the reamer contact~ the h~rder bone at the cortex of the isthmus. Broaches or rasps are utilized in order to accommodate the appropriate implant with 5 neutral, posterior and anterior implants. At the proximal end (with reference to the surgeon) of the medullary canal, the proximal broach is used. This broach has a smooth tip and middle portion with its cutting surface being proximal.
This instrument has five functions: it provides the precise 10 canal size for the cement mantle; it is used to position the calcar reamer; the flat plane can be used to provide the final osteotomy level and it is used in trial reduction to a~sure proper fit and as a trial since it is sized to correspond to the correct femoral component plus cement 15 mantle. The prepared (reamed and broached) medullary canal is t~en cleaned and dried.
Prior to introducing cement into the canal, an intramedullary plug is typically utilized to effectively 20 create a block at the isthmus (a lower portion of the medullary canal at which it has a narrow diameter) to make the upper femur a closed system. The plug reduces the amount of debris forced up the canal when cement is introduced and it insures pressurization thus helping to provide stem fixation.
The actual bone cement is not a glue but is a filler and enables the mechanical interlock of bone on one side to a prosthesis on the other. The material used in 30 creating the bone/prosthesis interface which is presently preferred is polymethylmethacrylate (also known as PMMA), one of a family of the poly~ers known as acrylics and is familiar commercially as Plexiglass and Lucite0. This material is "cold-curing" or "self-polymerizingt' thus ~ 3 ~
enabling its use in the THA procedure. A preferred cement utilized today is Surgical Simplex~ P Bone Cemenk (commercially available from Howmedica, Inc.), which is a co-polymer sf polymethylmethacrylatP and styrene. This 5 material has a compressive strength ranging from 9,000 to about 13,800 pounds per square inch, a tensile strength ran~ing from about 3,600 to 6,800 psi; a shear strength ranging from 5,700 to 7,000 psi and a modulus of elasticity ranging from 2.3 to 3.8 X 105 psi.
A variety of factors and variables will influence the effectiveness of the cement used in the THA procedure, such as: the rate of mixing; the porosity of the cement formed during mixing; the additives utilized in conjunction 15 with the bone cement such as the addition of antibiotics to the cement mix; polymer shrinkage; the THA procedure itself;
the set time; the powder to liquid ratio; preparation of the bone surface including the presentation of debris such as blood, bone chips or powder and other tissue; the delay in 20 applying the cement; the pressure at which the cement is applied into the medullary canal and the cement thickness.
The pressure at which the cement is supplied to the ~edullary canal is one of the most significant factors in the success of the implant.
In the early days of prosthetic surgery, the ~ixed cement was placed into the femur and simply manually pressed into place. No matter how much pressure is manually applied sufficient pressure to insure a good interface 30 between cement and bone could not be assured. Furthermore, use of this technique in the past often resulted in a femoral canal that was incompletely filled with cement.
The c~ment is now typically provided to the interior exposed endosteal surface of the medullary canal with a bone cement gun (commercially available, for example, as the Exeter~ Cement Gun & Syringe from Howmedica, ~nc.~.
S In the commercially available cement guns, a nozzle is fitted to the gun and delivers the cement under pressure to the canal. The liquid and powder which comprises the cement may be mixed prior to placement in the cement gun with commercially available systems (i.e., the Mix-Kit~ Systems 10 or in the Simplex Enhancement Mixer~ commercially available from Howmedica, Inc.) so that it may be applied in a viscous or liquid state.
After the bone cement is applied to the exposed 15 endosteal surfac2 of the prepared medullary canal, the implant is inserted into the canal. The cement, which polymerizes and hardens in the space between the bone and the implant, functions as a luting a~ent. ~he quality of the fix~tion is greatly enhanced by the mechanical 20 interlocking of the cement with the porous trabecular structure of the canc2110us bone of the wall of the intramedullary canal and with any pores, dimples, elevations, keys, etc. provided on the surface of the i~plant.
Fixa~ion of surgical i~plants with poly~ethylmethacrylat~ bone cements within intramedullary canals has been practiced with great success for many years.
On occasion, however, problems associated with the premature 30 loosening of the implant in use have bee~ observed. One explanation for these loosening problems is an inadequat~
penetration of the bone cement into the cancellsus bone of the intramedullary canal wall. It is kn~wn that this penetration can be i~proved by pressurizing the viscous or '~3~2~ 8 liquid bone cement within t~le intramedullary canal so as to work the cement deeply into the cancellous bone of the canal wall before it hardens. Thus, it is well known to utilize an intramedullary plug as described above to prevent passage 5 of ce~ent distally (with reference to the surgeon) of its desired location within the intramedullary canal (see, for exa~ple, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,245,359; 4,276,659 and 4,293,962 and European Patent No. 6408).
Pressurization can be further improved to some but, as noted above, a limited extent by finger packing by the surgeon. Compactors have also been used to compre~s and pressurize bone cement applied to an intramedullary canal.
~owever, the use o~ a compactor requires the addition of a 15 distinct, time-consuming step to the surgical procedure, with the results being operator intensive, i.e., the extent of pressurization achieved depends upon the axial force exerted by the surgeon.
Additionally, it is known to equip the nozzle of a bone cement extruder with a restricter (e.g., the Miller Bone Cement Injector Restrictor Set; Zimmer, US~; Warsaw, Ind.) made of a solid resilient material to block the flow of cement between the noz~le and the bone through the open 25 end of the prepared intramedullary canal. However, the quality of the seal obtained is limited because the fit of such a restricter against the prepared bone is more in the nature of a line ~ontact at the open end than a surface-to-surfac~ contact and, furthermore, the quality of the seal ~3~ will be reduced when the restricter i5 unable to completely ~ill any irregularities in the bone against which it fits.
Again, the extent of pressurization achieved depends upon the axial force exerted by the surgeon.
Devices similar to the Miller device have been utilized wherein the upper or proximal portion ~f the seal is ~ore flexible than on th~ Miller seal in order to accommodate a wider variety ~f openings in the medullary S canal. This type of seal remains within the ~edullary canal by virtue of axial pressure from the surgeon holding it in place or alt~rnatively by its fit within the prepared medullary canal. The pressure of the cement added to the bone would oppose, however, the fit of this type of plug 10 pushinq it in a direction out of the proximal end of the ~edullary canal.
In addition, U.S. Patent ~o. 4,462,394 discloses an intramedullary canal seal which comprises a hollow tube 15 adapted to slidingly receive the nozzle of a bone cement extruder and an inflatable cuff surrounding the tube and a means to inflate the cuff. The inflated cuff is said to form a seal against the wall of the intramedullary canal, thereby preventing escape of cement through the open end of 20 the prepared canal. In European Patent Application No.
82304353.4, a device is disclosed which is designed to fit over and seal the opening ~f a cavity in a bone to allow pressurization of cement in the cavity. This device is described as having an aperture for sealingly recei~ing a 25 cement delivery nozzle and the seal member i~self may be a balloon seal, which is inflatable and expandable, or a solid ~aterial, either of which embodiments is urged or pressed against the opening of the bone by force of the barrel of the cement delivery gun or an additional abutment means.
30 This device does not fit within the intramedullary canal but ins~ead seats on top of the proximal end of the canal. The cement sealing effect is achieved by the force of holding this seal against the opening of the bone and not by any force exhibited from the cement again~t th2 seal.
Cement restrictors have also been disclosed for use in conjunction with fixing the acetabular portion of the hip prosthesis as in U.s. Patent Nos. 3,889,665 and 3,866,2~8. These restrictors do not provide for the use of 5 the cement pressure itself to hold the seal in place during application of the bone cement.
I have invented a sealing device which avoids the aforementioned problems and provides for much greater 10 penetration of cement into the bone.
The present invention is directed to an apparatus 15 for introducing cement into a bone canal through an opening in t~e bone, comprising body member having a passageway therethro~gh for passage of cement; generally annular wall member extending from the body memher and defining an outer surface at least a portion of which is configured and 20 dimensioned so as to be capable of extending into the bone canal and generally seal the bone opening; and ~hamber defined by the annular wall member, the chamber communicating with the passageway and with the bone ~anal such that cement, upon its introduction into the bone canal, will also fill the chamber 2~ so as to aid in maintaining the seal.
Pre~erably the apparatus is suitable for in~ecting cement into the bone canal and the generally annular wall ~ember is flexible and together with the body member defines a 3~ generally continuous outer surface which is configured and dimensioned such that at }east a portion of the outer ~urface corresponds anato~ically ~o a portion of the bone canal adjacent the openi~g so as to be capable of extending into the bone oanal and sealing the bone ope~ing. The chamber defined ~ ~ ~ ? ~s~
by the annular wall member and the body member communicates with the passageway and with the bone canal such that cement upon its injection into the bone canal will also fill the cham~er so as to expand the flexible annular wall member and 5 thus maintain the seal and aid in the penetration of cement into the bone within the canal.
In a preferred embodiment, the present inventlon relates to a proximal fem~ral sealing de~ice for seating 10 within the ~edullary canal of a prepared proximal end of a femur and for injecting cement under pressure into the medullary camal, comprising body member having a passageway ~herethrough for passage oî cement; generally flexible annular wall member extending fr~m the body member and defining with 15 the body member an outer ~urface which ic anatomically shaped and conforms gener~lly along the vertical and horizontal axes of the body member to the ~xposed internal endosteal surface shap~ of the proximal end o~ the medullary canal of the femur: and chamber defined by the flexible wall 20 member and the body member, the chamber opening onto and co~municating at one end with the proximal end of the medullary canal, the other, opposite ~nd opening onto and communicating with the distal end o~ the passageway, the chamber ~urther having a generally rounded-trap~zoidal 25 cross-sectional configNration defined by the ~lexible wall memb~r which is capable of expanding under pressure of cement within the chamber against the exposed internal endosteal surface of the medullary canal so as to form a pressurization cement seal.
3~
The anatomically shaped outer surface can generally correspond to the outer surfac~ shape Df a broach utilized to expose the endosteal surface of the medullary canal or to the natural internal surface shape of the 35 medullary canal. In an alternative embodiment, ~he anatomically shaped outer surface further comprises a plurality of ridges which are dimensioned and configured so that leading edges thereof contact the exposed internal endosteal surface.
Also the proximal end of the anatomically shaped outer surface preferably is wider than the distal end along a cross-section of the vertical axis of the seal. The portion of ~he anatomically shaped outer surface adjacen'c 10 the lateral side of the medullary canal can be aligned at an angle from about l- to abou~ 4' in from the vertical axis o~
th~ seal towards the wall on the medial side of the medullary canal. The portion of ~he subs~antially anatomically shaped outer surface on the medial side of the 15 ~edullary canal can be straight to curved, for example, with a radius of from about 3-lO inches from the proximal to distal end o~ the substantially anatomically shaped outer surface.
In a preferred embodiment, the wall member is thicker at the proximal end of the chamber than at the distal end of the chamber. In addition, the w211 member tapers to reduc~ in thickness from the proximal end to the distal end.
The substantially anatomically shaped outer surface which ends at the distal end of the seal can be aligned at an angle of about 0- to about 20- away from the horiæontal axis o~ the seal toward the proximal end of the 30 seal with the shorter wall length being angled towards the proximal end. The lateral portion of the wall member and medial portion of the wall ~ember can be aligned at about 10 from ~he vertical axis of the seal t with the lateral and medial portions being aligned parallel ~:o eaf~h other and 35 with the end of the medial portion of the wall beiny D~ore 2~r,~
proximally located to the vertical axis than the lateral portion o~ the wall. The ant~rior and posterior portions of the wall member between the medial and lateral portions can be aligned on the horizontal axis at an angle from about 10 5 to about 12^ away from the transverse axis, with the anterior and pos~erior portions being closer together ~t the medial portion than at the lateral portion.
The passageway is preferably centrally disposed 10 in the body ~ember and is dimensioned and configured to receive a nozzle for injection of cement. The passageway preferably is cylindrical in shape. The pacsag~way narrows to form a gasket-seal so as to restrain a cement nozzle inserted t~rough the passageway. This gasket-seal is 15 disposed adjacent the proximal end o~ the chamber or can be disposed ~etween the proximal and distal ends o~ the passageway. Also a medial portion of the body member can be inset from the medial portion of the anatomically shaped outer surface.
It is preferred that the body member and ~lexible annular wall member are ~ormed of a medical grade elastomer and, in particular, they can ~e int~grally formed of silicone.
~5 The present invention i~ also directed to a method for introducing cement into a bone canal comprising:
preparing an opening in the bone: positioning a s~aling device according to the present invention into the bone 30 canal through the opening, inserting a cement nozzle through the passageway and into the chamber of the sealing device;
and providing cement under pressure to the bone canal and to the chamber of the ~ealing device whereby ~he walïs o the chamber, being under pressure, expand against the exposed :L ~ '$
surface of the bone canal thereby forming a pressure seal against th~ exposed surface enabling the cement to completely fill the medullary canal under pressure.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the present invention is also related to a method for providing cement under pressure to the exposed endosteal surface of a medullary canal of a femur, comprising exposing the endosteal surface of a medullary canal of a femur: inserting 10 a proximal femoral sealing device according to the present invention into the proximal portion of the medullary canal;
inserting a cement nozzle through the passa~eway and into the chamber of the sealing device; and injecting cement through the cement nozzle under pressure into the medullary 15 canal and into the chamber of the sealing device such that the flexible annular wall member, being under pressure, expands against the expo~ed endosteal surface so as to form a pressure seal agai~st the exposed surface enabling the cement to completely fill the medullary canal under 20 pressure.
The cement is provided under pre~sures ranging from at least about 30 to about lO0 psi and pre~erably the cement has an average pressure of about 50 psi while ~illing 25 the medullary canal. The pressure is suf~icient to permit permeation o~ the cement into the exposed endosteal su~face to a depth of at least about 5 millimeter~. After the sealing device is removed from the proximal end of the medullary canal of the femur upon filling o~ the medullary 30 canal under pressure, a femoral stem is implanted therein.
In an alternative embodiment/ a bone plug is inserted into the dis~al portion of the medullary canal prior to inserting said sealing device. Also if d~æired, the medullsry canal can be filled with some ce~ent prior to inserting t~e 35 proximal femoral sealing device.
According to the method of this invention, the increased cement pressure on the seal's flexible walls relieves the surgeon from having to use as much force as is reguired with other seals to maintain the seal in position 5 within the medullary canal. This further permits increased pressurization of the cement application within the medullary canal. Increased pressure of cement within the medullary canal helps to insure better and more secuxe prosthetic implant anchoring. In addition, the flexibility 10 Of the walls of the seal permit a better and more uniform seal against the endosteal surface of the medullary canal without regard to minor irregularities in shape which may be present in different patients. This invention also provides for a novel ~ethod for delivering ce~ent under pres~ur~ to 15 the exposed endosteal surface of a medullary canal in such a manner that th~ depth of cement penetration is si~nificant and assists in generating excellent prosthesis anchoring.
It is also within the scope of this invention 2~ that some cement can be introduced into the canal prior to positioning the sealing device into the medullary canal and thereafter the procedure described above can be followed.
If desired, the seal can additionally be secured in place with external axial pressure (i.e., by hand or mechanical 25 means) so as to provide additional assurance of the positioning of khe seal when providing the cement under high pressure.
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the drawin~s wherein-~ ~ ~ 2 '~
FIG. l is a perspective view o~ a proximal ~e~oral sealing device according to the present invention~
FI&. 2 is a cro~s-sectional view of the proximal 5 femoral s~aling device taken along the lines 2-2 of FIG. l.
FIG. 3 is a cross~sectional view of the proximal femoral sealing device as shown in FIG. l taken along the lines 3-3 of FIG. 2.
1~
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view o the proximal femoral sealing device as shown in FIG. l taken along the lines 4-4 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the proximal femoral sealing device of FIG. l..
FIG. 6 îs a side elevational view partially in cross-section illustrating the positioning of the proximal 20 ~emoral sealing device of FIGo 1 within the proximal end of the femoral intra~edullary canal.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alt~rnativ~
embodiment of a proximal femoral sealing device according to 25 the pr~sent invention~
FIG. 8 i a ~ross-sectional view of the proximal femoral sealing device taken along the lines 8-8 of FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the proximal femoral sealing device as shown in ~IG. l taken along the lines 9-9 of FIG. 8.
.
FIG. lO is a cross-sectio~al view of a second alternative embodimen~ of the proxi~al femoral sealing device according to the pr~sent invention.
In the description which follows, any reference to either direction or orientation is intended pri~arily and solely for purposes o illustration and is not intended in 10 any way as a limitation of the scope of the present invention. Also, the particular embodiments described herein, although being preferred, are not to be considered as limiting of the present invention. Furthermore, like parts or ~lements in the various drawings hereto are 15 identified by like numerals for ease of refer~nce.
A proximal femoral sealing device lO of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 1-5. Sealing device or seal 10 is formed of a body member 12 and an annular wall member l~ that extends from the body member as shown more clearly in FIG. 2. The seal lO has an outer substantially ~natomically shaped surace 13 which conforms, along the vertical and horizontal axis o~ the seal lO, to the internal exposed endosteal surface 11 shape of the proximal e~d o~
25 the surgically prepared medullary canal of the femur as shown in FIG. 6. The anatomically shaped surface 13 is de~ined by wall portions 1~ which are ~lexible and are capable of expanding under pressure against the internal exposed endosteal surface of the medullary canal so as to 30 form a pressuri ation seal. The seal lo can be formed of various sizes to permi~ insertion within the proximal end of the medullary canal so as to e~gage the exposed e~do teal :~ 3 ~ `2 ~
sur~ace which would surround the anatomically shap~d surface upon its insertion into the proximal end of the medullary canal.
The proximal femoral seal lO of the present invention also has an internal chamber 16 defined by the inner surfaces 18 of flexible portions of the annular w~ll ~e~ber l4 ~which defines the anatomically shaped outer surface 13) and inner surface 20 of body member ~20 At one 10 end, the internal chambex ~6 opens onto and communicates with a proximal end of the medullary canal as showrl in FIG.
6. At the other opposite end, the internal chamber opens onto and communicates with the distal end 22 of a cement nozzle entry port or passageway 26 in body mem~er 1~. The interna} chamber 16 has a generally rounded-trapazoidal cross-sectional configuration which is defined by the flexible portions of ~he wall as shown in FIG. 3.
The body member 12 of proximal fem~ral seal 10 20 also preferably has an upper portion 24 which is located on the vertical axis o the seal lO ~bove the anatomically shaped surface 13. The upper portion 24 is contiguous with the anatomically shaped sur~ace and also has a generally rounded-trapazoidal cross-sectional configuration along the 25 horizontal axis of the seal 10 as shown in FIG. 5. The upp~r portion 2~ also includes the cement nozzle entry port 26 which has a smaller distal end 22. The cement nozæle entry port traverses the upper por~ion along the vertical axis of the proximal femoral seal 10 with the distal end 22 30 of the cement nozzle entry port 26 communicating with the internal chamber 16. The proximal femoral seal 19 prefer-ably is formed integrally as a single unit, i.e., by known molding techniques, from a medical grade elastomer such as ilicone rubber.
~3~2~
It is also preferred that the substantially anatomically shaped surface 13 generally corresponds to the outer surface shape of a broach utili~ed to prepare the medullary canal and expose the endosteal surface 11. It is 5 within the scope of this invention that a variety of sizes of broaches may be used and that the proximal femoral seal preferred embodiment shown in FI~S. 1-6 and 10 will preferably accommodate a larger size broach whereas the proximal femoral seal preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 7, 10 8 and 9 would preferably accommodate smaller size broaches - utilized typically where the femur or medullary canal is of a smaller ~ize.
In both operation and principle, however, both of 15 these designs are egual. The two em~odiments as shown in FIGS. 1 through 10 would,-by virtue of their anatomic shapes, accommodate most, if not all, prepared medullary canals. FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of the seal in place within a medullary canal with a cement gun nozzle 27 20 located through the passageway 26 and into the int~rior chamber 16. It is clear from this view that the seal could also be accommodated within a larger opening of the proximal end merely by fitting it down further into the medullary canal lS or alternatively fitting it within a smaller 25 opening by placing it higher up the canal where the opening is smaller. It is also within the scope of this invention that the ~ubstantially anatomically shaped surface 13 generally corresponds to the natural internal endosteal surface shape 1~ of the medullary canal ~5. In this manner, 30 it is clearly within the scope of this invention that this seal . would be utilizable in a medullary canal which i5 prepared without the use OI a broach.
~312~8 As shown in FIG. 10, another alternative preferred embodiment SO of this invention, the substantially anatomically shaped sur~ace 13 is not smooth as in the embodiment FIGS. 1-9 but rather comprises concentric ridges 5 51 along the horizontal axis of the outer surface. In the operation of a seal having this ridged surface, the crest of the ridges are the portions of the sealing device which coma in contact with the exposed endosteal surface ll of the proximal end of the medullary canal l5. It is these crests 10 which are forced against the exposed endosteal surface to provide a gripping effect upon an increase in cement pressure from within the internal chamber 16 of the sealing device S0 during the cement filling operation. In both this and the embodiments of the proximal femoral s~al described 15 above, the proximal end on the vertical axis of the substantially anatomically shaped ridged surface Sl is wider than the distal end when viewed along a cross-section of the vertical axis of the seal (from the medial to the lateral edges).
In all of the embodiments~ lO, 30 and 50 the general relationships of the walls nd internal cha~ber ~o each other are generally the same. However, they may be modified by one of ordinary skill in the art to accommodate 25 a variety of circumstances and surgical situations so long as the sealing device has a substantially anatomical shape and an internal chamber with annular wall member that will flex outwardly under increased cement pressure. In the preferred embodiments, however, various angles and 30 relationships are described for the purpose of illustration.
In the preferred proximal femoral sealing devices 10, 30 and S0 of FIGS. l-lO the annular wall member l4 definin~ of the substantially ana~omically shaped surface 13~22~
ranges from D straight ~urface ~o one which is curved (angle A), for example, with a radius o~ from abou~ 3-10 inches from the proxi~al to the distal end of the substantially anatomically shaped surface 13.
In addition, the wall defining the substantially anatomically shaped surface 13 is thicker at the proximal end of the internal chamber 16 than at the distal end of the internal cavity. The distal end o~ the internal chamber lC
10 communicates with the medullary canal. It is seen in FIGS.
1 10 that this wall tapers to reduce in thickness from the proximal ~nd to ~he dis~al end of the sealing de~ice ~n, ~o and 50. It is also seen in FIGS. 1 - 10 that the wall of the substantially anatomically ~haped surface 13 which ends 15 at the ~istal end of the seal is aligned at an angle of about 20~ from the horizontal axis of the seal towards the proximal end of the seal tangle B). The shorter portion of the annular wall length is angled towards the proximal end.
It is also within the scope of this invention that the 20 sealing device 10, 30 and S0 would be perfectly operable with the walls being aligned parallel to each other on the horizontal axis at t~e distal end of the sealing de~ice ~0, 30 and 50. Howevert while not loosing any strength inherent in the sealing device by canting the annular wall member up 25 at a 20' angle, it is possible to expose a greater amount of the e~posed endosteal surface 11 to cement during the proceduxe by which the cement is applied to the medullary canal 15.
It is also seen in FIGS. 2, 8 and 10 that the lateral wall portion and medial wall portion of the internal chamber are aligned at about lOD from the vertical axis of the seal (see angle C3. These portions of the wall member 14 are also aligned parallel to each other with the end of ~2~
t~e ~edial portion of the wall member 14 being more proximally located to the vertical axis than the lateral portion of the wall. In this manner, the wall thickness is essentially the same on either the medial or lateral side of 5 the interior chamber 16 thereby allowing an equal tapering of the wall to be achieved from the proximal to the distal end of the seal. This in turn permits equal expansion of the wall member 14 upon pressurization.
In order to accommodate for the natural anatomical shape of the excavated medullary canal 15, it can also be seen in FIGS. 1, 3 and 5 that the anterior and posterior wall of the internal cavity between the ~edial and lateral portions of the ~all are align~d on the horizontal 15 axis at an angle ranging from about 10~ to ab~ut 12- away from the transverse axis ~angle D), with their walls being closer together at the medial poxtion of the wall than at the lateral portion of the wall. It can also be seen from FIGS. 3, 5 and 6 tha~ the internal chamber 16 opening onto 20 the medullary canal lS is defined solely by the annular wall member 1~ of the internal chamber 16. In this embodiment, the cement can easily enter and fill the internal chamb~r and thereby exer~ pressur~ to push out the annular wall member 1~ of the internal chamber 16 against the exposed 2S endosteal surface 11 forming the desired pressure ~eal.
FIG. 1 also shows that the cement nozzle port 26 is centrally disposed in ~he proximal end ~f the sealing device 10 and substantially centrally disposed on the 30 proximal end of the chamber 16. However, it is also within the scope of this invention that the cement noæzle entry port 2~ could be disposPd at any location on the top of the internal chamber 16 so long as adequate support is provided for the cement nozzle 27 on th2 seal. It can be seen in ~ 3 ~
FIG. 1 that ~he medial portion of the body rember 12 of the upper portion of the seal is inset from the medial wall of the anatomically shaped surface 13. In this fashion, the weight of the seal 10 can be reduced and the inset portion 5 2~ also provides a stepped area upon which additional axial external force can be applied manually or mechanically so as to retain the seal within the medullary canal 15. It can also be seen that in FIG. 7 the medial portion of the body ~ember 12 of the sealing device 10 may alternatively be 10 formed contiguous with the medial portion of the substantially anatomically shaped surface 13.
FIGS. 1-10 show that the inner surface 20 of the body member 12 also defines the proximal end of the internal 15 chamber 16 having the distal end 22 of passageway 26. ~n this embodiment, the body.member 12 provides additional support for the pressure encountered in the internal chamber thereby insuring that the maximal expansion is encountered in the an~ular wall 1~ of the interior chamher 16 as opposed 20 to the inner surface 20 of the chamber lC so as to enhance the sealing effect.
In order to accommodate the standard cement nozzles or syringes, the cement gun nozzle entry port 26 oP
25 the proximal femoral sealing devioe 10 is preferably cylindrical in shape. A~ ca~ be seen in FIG. 2, the cement gun nozzle entry port may also comprise a gasket-seal 28 which also provides an additional means to restrain the cement gun nozzle when it is inserted into and through the 3~ cement nozzle entry port 26. This gasket expands when the cement gun nozzle is forced through it, thereby expanding and tightly fitting around the cement nozzle itself. This gasket-seal 28 helps prevent leakagP o~ cement under ~ 3~ 2 ~f~
pressure through the cement gu~ nozzle port 26 and also assists in securing the cemen~ gun nozzle itself when exposed to the pressurized cement within the internal cavity. The gasket-seal 2~ can be located adjacent to the 5 internal chamber i5, i.e., directly at the opening to the internal chamber 16, or inset a short distance fro~ the internal chamber 16 as in FIG. 6. The gasket-seal 28 may also preferably be located at any point between the interior chamber ~6 ~nd the opening of the cement nozzle entry port 10 26 at the top, proximal end of the sealing device 10.
The present in~ention is also directed to use of the sealing device for injecting cement in~o a bone canal prior to implantation of a femoral prosthesis. After the 15 ~edullary canal of the ~emur has been surgically prepared (and preferably reamed with an appropriate broach), the cleaned cancellous bone is essentially ready to be exposed to the bone cement. If desirad, an intermedullary plug such as the Seidel plug can be preferably inserted into the 20 canal to prevent passage of cement distally of the plug.
The bone cement is then ~ixed and loaded into a ceme~t gun a~c~rding to ~he manufacturer's instructions. The cement gun nozzle is then inserted through the open proximal end of the prepared ~edullary can~l until its distal tip i~
25 generally ~pproximate to the plug.
The bone cement is then applied through the cement gun nozzle and as the application continues it proceeds to fill the canal to a desired level. The nozzle 30 is then removed at a point where the cement has filled the canal up to about the proximal opening of the medullary canal. At this point the nozzle is placed into the passageway 26 on the proximal femoral seal 10. The proximal femoral seal 10 is then placed in the proximal end of the prepared medullary canal and ~dditional cement is then injected into the canal under pressure. Sufficient cement is also added so as to fill the interior chamber ~6 of the 5 proximal femoral seal 10 thereby expanding its flexible annular wall 1~ outwardly forming a tight pressure seal against the exposed endosteal walls 11 of the proximal Pnd of the medullary canal. The formation of a tight and secure seal by the expanded walls ~ of the proxi~al femoral seal 10 10 agains~ the exposed endosteal walls 11 insures that cement is prevented from escaping through the open proximal end and thus insures that a high degree of pressurization is achieved. After sufficient pressurization is achieved, the nozzle and proximal seal 10 can be removed from th~ canal.
15 It is also within the scope of thiS invention that the cement nozzle can be p~aced through the passageway 26 on the proximal femoral seal 10 prior to the cement level reaching the proximal end of the medullary canal. Alternatively, all of the cement needed can be injected into the canal after 20 the cement nozzle is position~d through t~e passageway 26 and the sealing device lO is inserted into the proximal open end of the medullary canal.
At the completion of the cement deposit 25 procedure, the nozzle and proximal femoral seal can be removed simultaneously or separately, i.e., the nozzle may be removed prior to removal of the seal. Because o~ the exc~llent pressurization of cement resulting from ~he use of the femoral seal 10 of the present invention, the cs~ent 30 penetrates deeply into the cancellous bone of the medullary canal wall and provides a very strong and stable fixation of ~he prosthesis. The depth of capillary penetration is, for instance, shown in the respective figure illustrated in the ~ 3 ~
publication entitled "Innovations In Cementing Techniques In Total Hip Replacement" presented as a Scientific Exhibit at the American Academy o~ Orthopedic Surgeons 54th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, held on January 22-27, 1987. This 5 figure clearly demonstrates that utilization of the present invention pro~ides a much greater cement penetration depth than other methods utilizing manual pressurization or the solid seal type (Miller~ of device. This publication in another figure shows the increased pressure capable with the 10 p~oximal femoral seal ~0 of the present invention as compared to manual techni~ues and the use of solid seals.
Pres~ures of up to 60 pounds per square inch are shown in this figure. However, pressures o~ up to 100 pounds per square inch have bee~ ac~ieved with the proximal femoral 15 seal 10 described herein. While this publication in another figure demonstrates average pressure of about 30 psi, this seal 10 is also capable of maintaining an average cement pressure of at least about 50 pounds psi. Finally, another figure in this publication shows that a peak intramedullary 20 pressure of about 60 psi is possible using the proximal femoral seal lo as compared to the ~anual technique and use of a solid seal. Yet, peak pressures of up tD 100 pSi have been achieved using the proximal femoral seal 10 described herQin .
Variations of the above described method which involve minor changes in the sequencing of steps ~re clearly contemplated to be within the scope of the pxesent invention. In 3ddition, minor variations in the design, 30 angles or materials of the prvximal fe~oral seal of the present invention are also eontemplated to be within t~e scope of the present invention. These modifications and variations o~ the above invention may be ~ade without departing from it spirit and sc~pe, as will become apparent to those skilled in the ~rt. The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only, and the invention is limited only by the terms of the appended 5 claims.
~)
CEMENT INTo A BONE CAN~L
This invention generally relates to an apparatus and method for injecting bone cement under pressure into a bone canal. The cement allows for implantation of a prosthetic device.
There are from 80,000 to 150,000 total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures completed each year in the 15 United States. Worldwide~ there are over 300,000 to 400,000 THA procedures performed each year. ~his procedure, whether unilateral or bilat~ral, is perfor~ed to relieve a variety of objective signs of disability, such as to reiieve pain and to increase or preserve mobility. A diagnosis whicA
20 suggests THA for treatment may include, for instance, primary or secondary osteoarthritis, congenital dysplasia, polyarthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, previous unsuccess~ul joint surgery and Paget's Disease ~ the bone. The indications for 25 bilateral THA include primary idiopathic bil~teral ~onoarticular osteoarthritis, primary generalized osteoarthritis, ischemic necrosis of the ~emoral head with secondary acetabular failure, and secondary degenerative osteo arthritis re~ulting from congenital dysplasia.
30 Additional factors such as flexion deformity o more than 30, one hip fixed in adduction, the other fixed in abduction (causing the patient to ~all from lack of .%~ .
1~ 22~
balance), leg shorteninq, acetabular protrusion, age and other factors should be considered prior to considering a bilateral procedure~
Generally stated, THA is an operation where the ball and socket joint which forms the natural hip is replaced by artificial materials. The development of THA
components has occurred over t~e last three decades. The THA procedure and related components are described in the 1~ publication entitled The Howmedica Precision Hip System, Copyrighted 1986 by Howmedica, Inc.
In the procedure carried out today, the spherical end of the femur i5 removed and replaced with an ar ificial metailic implant.
15 The stem to which the ball is attached (via a "neck") fits down the middle of the femur in the ~urgically prepared medullary canal and is located in place by bone cement. The spherical head o~ the femoral component is placed into the socket of the acetabular component forming a total 20 replacement of the hip joint (both component~ ar~
commercially available as t~e A.T.S. Total Hip System and the P.C.A. Total ~ip System from Howmedica, Inc.).
In preparing the femoral ~edullary canal for 25 implantation, the steps after resection (removal) of the head of the femur include reaming, broaching a~d cleaning out (lavage and brush) the medullary canal. Thie area of the bone contains the bone marrow which also fills spaces in cancellous bone.
The femoral canal typically is prepared from its distal portion to the proximal portion, i.e., in a retrograde manner. The femoral canal may be opened with any standard blunt surgical awl or manual rea~er. The surgeon, ` ~B -2-6~8~-4~8 $
in cleaning the medullary canal, will progressively use larger reamers until the reamer contact~ the h~rder bone at the cortex of the isthmus. Broaches or rasps are utilized in order to accommodate the appropriate implant with 5 neutral, posterior and anterior implants. At the proximal end (with reference to the surgeon) of the medullary canal, the proximal broach is used. This broach has a smooth tip and middle portion with its cutting surface being proximal.
This instrument has five functions: it provides the precise 10 canal size for the cement mantle; it is used to position the calcar reamer; the flat plane can be used to provide the final osteotomy level and it is used in trial reduction to a~sure proper fit and as a trial since it is sized to correspond to the correct femoral component plus cement 15 mantle. The prepared (reamed and broached) medullary canal is t~en cleaned and dried.
Prior to introducing cement into the canal, an intramedullary plug is typically utilized to effectively 20 create a block at the isthmus (a lower portion of the medullary canal at which it has a narrow diameter) to make the upper femur a closed system. The plug reduces the amount of debris forced up the canal when cement is introduced and it insures pressurization thus helping to provide stem fixation.
The actual bone cement is not a glue but is a filler and enables the mechanical interlock of bone on one side to a prosthesis on the other. The material used in 30 creating the bone/prosthesis interface which is presently preferred is polymethylmethacrylate (also known as PMMA), one of a family of the poly~ers known as acrylics and is familiar commercially as Plexiglass and Lucite0. This material is "cold-curing" or "self-polymerizingt' thus ~ 3 ~
enabling its use in the THA procedure. A preferred cement utilized today is Surgical Simplex~ P Bone Cemenk (commercially available from Howmedica, Inc.), which is a co-polymer sf polymethylmethacrylatP and styrene. This 5 material has a compressive strength ranging from 9,000 to about 13,800 pounds per square inch, a tensile strength ran~ing from about 3,600 to 6,800 psi; a shear strength ranging from 5,700 to 7,000 psi and a modulus of elasticity ranging from 2.3 to 3.8 X 105 psi.
A variety of factors and variables will influence the effectiveness of the cement used in the THA procedure, such as: the rate of mixing; the porosity of the cement formed during mixing; the additives utilized in conjunction 15 with the bone cement such as the addition of antibiotics to the cement mix; polymer shrinkage; the THA procedure itself;
the set time; the powder to liquid ratio; preparation of the bone surface including the presentation of debris such as blood, bone chips or powder and other tissue; the delay in 20 applying the cement; the pressure at which the cement is applied into the medullary canal and the cement thickness.
The pressure at which the cement is supplied to the ~edullary canal is one of the most significant factors in the success of the implant.
In the early days of prosthetic surgery, the ~ixed cement was placed into the femur and simply manually pressed into place. No matter how much pressure is manually applied sufficient pressure to insure a good interface 30 between cement and bone could not be assured. Furthermore, use of this technique in the past often resulted in a femoral canal that was incompletely filled with cement.
The c~ment is now typically provided to the interior exposed endosteal surface of the medullary canal with a bone cement gun (commercially available, for example, as the Exeter~ Cement Gun & Syringe from Howmedica, ~nc.~.
S In the commercially available cement guns, a nozzle is fitted to the gun and delivers the cement under pressure to the canal. The liquid and powder which comprises the cement may be mixed prior to placement in the cement gun with commercially available systems (i.e., the Mix-Kit~ Systems 10 or in the Simplex Enhancement Mixer~ commercially available from Howmedica, Inc.) so that it may be applied in a viscous or liquid state.
After the bone cement is applied to the exposed 15 endosteal surfac2 of the prepared medullary canal, the implant is inserted into the canal. The cement, which polymerizes and hardens in the space between the bone and the implant, functions as a luting a~ent. ~he quality of the fix~tion is greatly enhanced by the mechanical 20 interlocking of the cement with the porous trabecular structure of the canc2110us bone of the wall of the intramedullary canal and with any pores, dimples, elevations, keys, etc. provided on the surface of the i~plant.
Fixa~ion of surgical i~plants with poly~ethylmethacrylat~ bone cements within intramedullary canals has been practiced with great success for many years.
On occasion, however, problems associated with the premature 30 loosening of the implant in use have bee~ observed. One explanation for these loosening problems is an inadequat~
penetration of the bone cement into the cancellsus bone of the intramedullary canal wall. It is kn~wn that this penetration can be i~proved by pressurizing the viscous or '~3~2~ 8 liquid bone cement within t~le intramedullary canal so as to work the cement deeply into the cancellous bone of the canal wall before it hardens. Thus, it is well known to utilize an intramedullary plug as described above to prevent passage 5 of ce~ent distally (with reference to the surgeon) of its desired location within the intramedullary canal (see, for exa~ple, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,245,359; 4,276,659 and 4,293,962 and European Patent No. 6408).
Pressurization can be further improved to some but, as noted above, a limited extent by finger packing by the surgeon. Compactors have also been used to compre~s and pressurize bone cement applied to an intramedullary canal.
~owever, the use o~ a compactor requires the addition of a 15 distinct, time-consuming step to the surgical procedure, with the results being operator intensive, i.e., the extent of pressurization achieved depends upon the axial force exerted by the surgeon.
Additionally, it is known to equip the nozzle of a bone cement extruder with a restricter (e.g., the Miller Bone Cement Injector Restrictor Set; Zimmer, US~; Warsaw, Ind.) made of a solid resilient material to block the flow of cement between the noz~le and the bone through the open 25 end of the prepared intramedullary canal. However, the quality of the seal obtained is limited because the fit of such a restricter against the prepared bone is more in the nature of a line ~ontact at the open end than a surface-to-surfac~ contact and, furthermore, the quality of the seal ~3~ will be reduced when the restricter i5 unable to completely ~ill any irregularities in the bone against which it fits.
Again, the extent of pressurization achieved depends upon the axial force exerted by the surgeon.
Devices similar to the Miller device have been utilized wherein the upper or proximal portion ~f the seal is ~ore flexible than on th~ Miller seal in order to accommodate a wider variety ~f openings in the medullary S canal. This type of seal remains within the ~edullary canal by virtue of axial pressure from the surgeon holding it in place or alt~rnatively by its fit within the prepared medullary canal. The pressure of the cement added to the bone would oppose, however, the fit of this type of plug 10 pushinq it in a direction out of the proximal end of the ~edullary canal.
In addition, U.S. Patent ~o. 4,462,394 discloses an intramedullary canal seal which comprises a hollow tube 15 adapted to slidingly receive the nozzle of a bone cement extruder and an inflatable cuff surrounding the tube and a means to inflate the cuff. The inflated cuff is said to form a seal against the wall of the intramedullary canal, thereby preventing escape of cement through the open end of 20 the prepared canal. In European Patent Application No.
82304353.4, a device is disclosed which is designed to fit over and seal the opening ~f a cavity in a bone to allow pressurization of cement in the cavity. This device is described as having an aperture for sealingly recei~ing a 25 cement delivery nozzle and the seal member i~self may be a balloon seal, which is inflatable and expandable, or a solid ~aterial, either of which embodiments is urged or pressed against the opening of the bone by force of the barrel of the cement delivery gun or an additional abutment means.
30 This device does not fit within the intramedullary canal but ins~ead seats on top of the proximal end of the canal. The cement sealing effect is achieved by the force of holding this seal against the opening of the bone and not by any force exhibited from the cement again~t th2 seal.
Cement restrictors have also been disclosed for use in conjunction with fixing the acetabular portion of the hip prosthesis as in U.s. Patent Nos. 3,889,665 and 3,866,2~8. These restrictors do not provide for the use of 5 the cement pressure itself to hold the seal in place during application of the bone cement.
I have invented a sealing device which avoids the aforementioned problems and provides for much greater 10 penetration of cement into the bone.
The present invention is directed to an apparatus 15 for introducing cement into a bone canal through an opening in t~e bone, comprising body member having a passageway therethro~gh for passage of cement; generally annular wall member extending from the body memher and defining an outer surface at least a portion of which is configured and 20 dimensioned so as to be capable of extending into the bone canal and generally seal the bone opening; and ~hamber defined by the annular wall member, the chamber communicating with the passageway and with the bone ~anal such that cement, upon its introduction into the bone canal, will also fill the chamber 2~ so as to aid in maintaining the seal.
Pre~erably the apparatus is suitable for in~ecting cement into the bone canal and the generally annular wall ~ember is flexible and together with the body member defines a 3~ generally continuous outer surface which is configured and dimensioned such that at }east a portion of the outer ~urface corresponds anato~ically ~o a portion of the bone canal adjacent the openi~g so as to be capable of extending into the bone oanal and sealing the bone ope~ing. The chamber defined ~ ~ ~ ? ~s~
by the annular wall member and the body member communicates with the passageway and with the bone canal such that cement upon its injection into the bone canal will also fill the cham~er so as to expand the flexible annular wall member and 5 thus maintain the seal and aid in the penetration of cement into the bone within the canal.
In a preferred embodiment, the present inventlon relates to a proximal fem~ral sealing de~ice for seating 10 within the ~edullary canal of a prepared proximal end of a femur and for injecting cement under pressure into the medullary camal, comprising body member having a passageway ~herethrough for passage oî cement; generally flexible annular wall member extending fr~m the body member and defining with 15 the body member an outer ~urface which ic anatomically shaped and conforms gener~lly along the vertical and horizontal axes of the body member to the ~xposed internal endosteal surface shap~ of the proximal end o~ the medullary canal of the femur: and chamber defined by the flexible wall 20 member and the body member, the chamber opening onto and co~municating at one end with the proximal end of the medullary canal, the other, opposite ~nd opening onto and communicating with the distal end o~ the passageway, the chamber ~urther having a generally rounded-trap~zoidal 25 cross-sectional configNration defined by the ~lexible wall memb~r which is capable of expanding under pressure of cement within the chamber against the exposed internal endosteal surface of the medullary canal so as to form a pressurization cement seal.
3~
The anatomically shaped outer surface can generally correspond to the outer surfac~ shape Df a broach utilized to expose the endosteal surface of the medullary canal or to the natural internal surface shape of the 35 medullary canal. In an alternative embodiment, ~he anatomically shaped outer surface further comprises a plurality of ridges which are dimensioned and configured so that leading edges thereof contact the exposed internal endosteal surface.
Also the proximal end of the anatomically shaped outer surface preferably is wider than the distal end along a cross-section of the vertical axis of the seal. The portion of ~he anatomically shaped outer surface adjacen'c 10 the lateral side of the medullary canal can be aligned at an angle from about l- to abou~ 4' in from the vertical axis o~
th~ seal towards the wall on the medial side of the medullary canal. The portion of ~he subs~antially anatomically shaped outer surface on the medial side of the 15 ~edullary canal can be straight to curved, for example, with a radius of from about 3-lO inches from the proximal to distal end o~ the substantially anatomically shaped outer surface.
In a preferred embodiment, the wall member is thicker at the proximal end of the chamber than at the distal end of the chamber. In addition, the w211 member tapers to reduc~ in thickness from the proximal end to the distal end.
The substantially anatomically shaped outer surface which ends at the distal end of the seal can be aligned at an angle of about 0- to about 20- away from the horiæontal axis o~ the seal toward the proximal end of the 30 seal with the shorter wall length being angled towards the proximal end. The lateral portion of the wall member and medial portion of the wall ~ember can be aligned at about 10 from ~he vertical axis of the seal t with the lateral and medial portions being aligned parallel ~:o eaf~h other and 35 with the end of the medial portion of the wall beiny D~ore 2~r,~
proximally located to the vertical axis than the lateral portion o~ the wall. The ant~rior and posterior portions of the wall member between the medial and lateral portions can be aligned on the horizontal axis at an angle from about 10 5 to about 12^ away from the transverse axis, with the anterior and pos~erior portions being closer together ~t the medial portion than at the lateral portion.
The passageway is preferably centrally disposed 10 in the body ~ember and is dimensioned and configured to receive a nozzle for injection of cement. The passageway preferably is cylindrical in shape. The pacsag~way narrows to form a gasket-seal so as to restrain a cement nozzle inserted t~rough the passageway. This gasket-seal is 15 disposed adjacent the proximal end o~ the chamber or can be disposed ~etween the proximal and distal ends o~ the passageway. Also a medial portion of the body member can be inset from the medial portion of the anatomically shaped outer surface.
It is preferred that the body member and ~lexible annular wall member are ~ormed of a medical grade elastomer and, in particular, they can ~e int~grally formed of silicone.
~5 The present invention i~ also directed to a method for introducing cement into a bone canal comprising:
preparing an opening in the bone: positioning a s~aling device according to the present invention into the bone 30 canal through the opening, inserting a cement nozzle through the passageway and into the chamber of the sealing device;
and providing cement under pressure to the bone canal and to the chamber of the ~ealing device whereby ~he walïs o the chamber, being under pressure, expand against the exposed :L ~ '$
surface of the bone canal thereby forming a pressure seal against th~ exposed surface enabling the cement to completely fill the medullary canal under pressure.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the present invention is also related to a method for providing cement under pressure to the exposed endosteal surface of a medullary canal of a femur, comprising exposing the endosteal surface of a medullary canal of a femur: inserting 10 a proximal femoral sealing device according to the present invention into the proximal portion of the medullary canal;
inserting a cement nozzle through the passa~eway and into the chamber of the sealing device; and injecting cement through the cement nozzle under pressure into the medullary 15 canal and into the chamber of the sealing device such that the flexible annular wall member, being under pressure, expands against the expo~ed endosteal surface so as to form a pressure seal agai~st the exposed surface enabling the cement to completely fill the medullary canal under 20 pressure.
The cement is provided under pre~sures ranging from at least about 30 to about lO0 psi and pre~erably the cement has an average pressure of about 50 psi while ~illing 25 the medullary canal. The pressure is suf~icient to permit permeation o~ the cement into the exposed endosteal su~face to a depth of at least about 5 millimeter~. After the sealing device is removed from the proximal end of the medullary canal of the femur upon filling o~ the medullary 30 canal under pressure, a femoral stem is implanted therein.
In an alternative embodiment/ a bone plug is inserted into the dis~al portion of the medullary canal prior to inserting said sealing device. Also if d~æired, the medullsry canal can be filled with some ce~ent prior to inserting t~e 35 proximal femoral sealing device.
According to the method of this invention, the increased cement pressure on the seal's flexible walls relieves the surgeon from having to use as much force as is reguired with other seals to maintain the seal in position 5 within the medullary canal. This further permits increased pressurization of the cement application within the medullary canal. Increased pressure of cement within the medullary canal helps to insure better and more secuxe prosthetic implant anchoring. In addition, the flexibility 10 Of the walls of the seal permit a better and more uniform seal against the endosteal surface of the medullary canal without regard to minor irregularities in shape which may be present in different patients. This invention also provides for a novel ~ethod for delivering ce~ent under pres~ur~ to 15 the exposed endosteal surface of a medullary canal in such a manner that th~ depth of cement penetration is si~nificant and assists in generating excellent prosthesis anchoring.
It is also within the scope of this invention 2~ that some cement can be introduced into the canal prior to positioning the sealing device into the medullary canal and thereafter the procedure described above can be followed.
If desired, the seal can additionally be secured in place with external axial pressure (i.e., by hand or mechanical 25 means) so as to provide additional assurance of the positioning of khe seal when providing the cement under high pressure.
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the drawin~s wherein-~ ~ ~ 2 '~
FIG. l is a perspective view o~ a proximal ~e~oral sealing device according to the present invention~
FI&. 2 is a cro~s-sectional view of the proximal 5 femoral s~aling device taken along the lines 2-2 of FIG. l.
FIG. 3 is a cross~sectional view of the proximal femoral sealing device as shown in FIG. l taken along the lines 3-3 of FIG. 2.
1~
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view o the proximal femoral sealing device as shown in FIG. l taken along the lines 4-4 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the proximal femoral sealing device of FIG. l..
FIG. 6 îs a side elevational view partially in cross-section illustrating the positioning of the proximal 20 ~emoral sealing device of FIGo 1 within the proximal end of the femoral intra~edullary canal.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alt~rnativ~
embodiment of a proximal femoral sealing device according to 25 the pr~sent invention~
FIG. 8 i a ~ross-sectional view of the proximal femoral sealing device taken along the lines 8-8 of FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the proximal femoral sealing device as shown in ~IG. l taken along the lines 9-9 of FIG. 8.
.
FIG. lO is a cross-sectio~al view of a second alternative embodimen~ of the proxi~al femoral sealing device according to the pr~sent invention.
In the description which follows, any reference to either direction or orientation is intended pri~arily and solely for purposes o illustration and is not intended in 10 any way as a limitation of the scope of the present invention. Also, the particular embodiments described herein, although being preferred, are not to be considered as limiting of the present invention. Furthermore, like parts or ~lements in the various drawings hereto are 15 identified by like numerals for ease of refer~nce.
A proximal femoral sealing device lO of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 1-5. Sealing device or seal 10 is formed of a body member 12 and an annular wall member l~ that extends from the body member as shown more clearly in FIG. 2. The seal lO has an outer substantially ~natomically shaped surace 13 which conforms, along the vertical and horizontal axis o~ the seal lO, to the internal exposed endosteal surface 11 shape of the proximal e~d o~
25 the surgically prepared medullary canal of the femur as shown in FIG. 6. The anatomically shaped surface 13 is de~ined by wall portions 1~ which are ~lexible and are capable of expanding under pressure against the internal exposed endosteal surface of the medullary canal so as to 30 form a pressuri ation seal. The seal lo can be formed of various sizes to permi~ insertion within the proximal end of the medullary canal so as to e~gage the exposed e~do teal :~ 3 ~ `2 ~
sur~ace which would surround the anatomically shap~d surface upon its insertion into the proximal end of the medullary canal.
The proximal femoral seal lO of the present invention also has an internal chamber 16 defined by the inner surfaces 18 of flexible portions of the annular w~ll ~e~ber l4 ~which defines the anatomically shaped outer surface 13) and inner surface 20 of body member ~20 At one 10 end, the internal chambex ~6 opens onto and communicates with a proximal end of the medullary canal as showrl in FIG.
6. At the other opposite end, the internal chamber opens onto and communicates with the distal end 22 of a cement nozzle entry port or passageway 26 in body mem~er 1~. The interna} chamber 16 has a generally rounded-trapazoidal cross-sectional configuration which is defined by the flexible portions of ~he wall as shown in FIG. 3.
The body member 12 of proximal fem~ral seal 10 20 also preferably has an upper portion 24 which is located on the vertical axis o the seal lO ~bove the anatomically shaped surface 13. The upper portion 24 is contiguous with the anatomically shaped sur~ace and also has a generally rounded-trapazoidal cross-sectional configuration along the 25 horizontal axis of the seal 10 as shown in FIG. 5. The upp~r portion 2~ also includes the cement nozzle entry port 26 which has a smaller distal end 22. The cement nozæle entry port traverses the upper por~ion along the vertical axis of the proximal femoral seal 10 with the distal end 22 30 of the cement nozzle entry port 26 communicating with the internal chamber 16. The proximal femoral seal 19 prefer-ably is formed integrally as a single unit, i.e., by known molding techniques, from a medical grade elastomer such as ilicone rubber.
~3~2~
It is also preferred that the substantially anatomically shaped surface 13 generally corresponds to the outer surface shape of a broach utili~ed to prepare the medullary canal and expose the endosteal surface 11. It is 5 within the scope of this invention that a variety of sizes of broaches may be used and that the proximal femoral seal preferred embodiment shown in FI~S. 1-6 and 10 will preferably accommodate a larger size broach whereas the proximal femoral seal preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 7, 10 8 and 9 would preferably accommodate smaller size broaches - utilized typically where the femur or medullary canal is of a smaller ~ize.
In both operation and principle, however, both of 15 these designs are egual. The two em~odiments as shown in FIGS. 1 through 10 would,-by virtue of their anatomic shapes, accommodate most, if not all, prepared medullary canals. FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of the seal in place within a medullary canal with a cement gun nozzle 27 20 located through the passageway 26 and into the int~rior chamber 16. It is clear from this view that the seal could also be accommodated within a larger opening of the proximal end merely by fitting it down further into the medullary canal lS or alternatively fitting it within a smaller 25 opening by placing it higher up the canal where the opening is smaller. It is also within the scope of this invention that the ~ubstantially anatomically shaped surface 13 generally corresponds to the natural internal endosteal surface shape 1~ of the medullary canal ~5. In this manner, 30 it is clearly within the scope of this invention that this seal . would be utilizable in a medullary canal which i5 prepared without the use OI a broach.
~312~8 As shown in FIG. 10, another alternative preferred embodiment SO of this invention, the substantially anatomically shaped sur~ace 13 is not smooth as in the embodiment FIGS. 1-9 but rather comprises concentric ridges 5 51 along the horizontal axis of the outer surface. In the operation of a seal having this ridged surface, the crest of the ridges are the portions of the sealing device which coma in contact with the exposed endosteal surface ll of the proximal end of the medullary canal l5. It is these crests 10 which are forced against the exposed endosteal surface to provide a gripping effect upon an increase in cement pressure from within the internal chamber 16 of the sealing device S0 during the cement filling operation. In both this and the embodiments of the proximal femoral s~al described 15 above, the proximal end on the vertical axis of the substantially anatomically shaped ridged surface Sl is wider than the distal end when viewed along a cross-section of the vertical axis of the seal (from the medial to the lateral edges).
In all of the embodiments~ lO, 30 and 50 the general relationships of the walls nd internal cha~ber ~o each other are generally the same. However, they may be modified by one of ordinary skill in the art to accommodate 25 a variety of circumstances and surgical situations so long as the sealing device has a substantially anatomical shape and an internal chamber with annular wall member that will flex outwardly under increased cement pressure. In the preferred embodiments, however, various angles and 30 relationships are described for the purpose of illustration.
In the preferred proximal femoral sealing devices 10, 30 and S0 of FIGS. l-lO the annular wall member l4 definin~ of the substantially ana~omically shaped surface 13~22~
ranges from D straight ~urface ~o one which is curved (angle A), for example, with a radius o~ from abou~ 3-10 inches from the proxi~al to the distal end of the substantially anatomically shaped surface 13.
In addition, the wall defining the substantially anatomically shaped surface 13 is thicker at the proximal end of the internal chamber 16 than at the distal end of the internal cavity. The distal end o~ the internal chamber lC
10 communicates with the medullary canal. It is seen in FIGS.
1 10 that this wall tapers to reduce in thickness from the proximal ~nd to ~he dis~al end of the sealing de~ice ~n, ~o and 50. It is also seen in FIGS. 1 - 10 that the wall of the substantially anatomically ~haped surface 13 which ends 15 at the ~istal end of the seal is aligned at an angle of about 20~ from the horizontal axis of the seal towards the proximal end of the seal tangle B). The shorter portion of the annular wall length is angled towards the proximal end.
It is also within the scope of this invention that the 20 sealing device 10, 30 and S0 would be perfectly operable with the walls being aligned parallel to each other on the horizontal axis at t~e distal end of the sealing de~ice ~0, 30 and 50. Howevert while not loosing any strength inherent in the sealing device by canting the annular wall member up 25 at a 20' angle, it is possible to expose a greater amount of the e~posed endosteal surface 11 to cement during the proceduxe by which the cement is applied to the medullary canal 15.
It is also seen in FIGS. 2, 8 and 10 that the lateral wall portion and medial wall portion of the internal chamber are aligned at about lOD from the vertical axis of the seal (see angle C3. These portions of the wall member 14 are also aligned parallel to each other with the end of ~2~
t~e ~edial portion of the wall member 14 being more proximally located to the vertical axis than the lateral portion of the wall. In this manner, the wall thickness is essentially the same on either the medial or lateral side of 5 the interior chamber 16 thereby allowing an equal tapering of the wall to be achieved from the proximal to the distal end of the seal. This in turn permits equal expansion of the wall member 14 upon pressurization.
In order to accommodate for the natural anatomical shape of the excavated medullary canal 15, it can also be seen in FIGS. 1, 3 and 5 that the anterior and posterior wall of the internal cavity between the ~edial and lateral portions of the ~all are align~d on the horizontal 15 axis at an angle ranging from about 10~ to ab~ut 12- away from the transverse axis ~angle D), with their walls being closer together at the medial poxtion of the wall than at the lateral portion of the wall. It can also be seen from FIGS. 3, 5 and 6 tha~ the internal chamber 16 opening onto 20 the medullary canal lS is defined solely by the annular wall member 1~ of the internal chamber 16. In this embodiment, the cement can easily enter and fill the internal chamb~r and thereby exer~ pressur~ to push out the annular wall member 1~ of the internal chamber 16 against the exposed 2S endosteal surface 11 forming the desired pressure ~eal.
FIG. 1 also shows that the cement nozzle port 26 is centrally disposed in ~he proximal end ~f the sealing device 10 and substantially centrally disposed on the 30 proximal end of the chamber 16. However, it is also within the scope of this invention that the cement noæzle entry port 2~ could be disposPd at any location on the top of the internal chamber 16 so long as adequate support is provided for the cement nozzle 27 on th2 seal. It can be seen in ~ 3 ~
FIG. 1 that ~he medial portion of the body rember 12 of the upper portion of the seal is inset from the medial wall of the anatomically shaped surface 13. In this fashion, the weight of the seal 10 can be reduced and the inset portion 5 2~ also provides a stepped area upon which additional axial external force can be applied manually or mechanically so as to retain the seal within the medullary canal 15. It can also be seen that in FIG. 7 the medial portion of the body ~ember 12 of the sealing device 10 may alternatively be 10 formed contiguous with the medial portion of the substantially anatomically shaped surface 13.
FIGS. 1-10 show that the inner surface 20 of the body member 12 also defines the proximal end of the internal 15 chamber 16 having the distal end 22 of passageway 26. ~n this embodiment, the body.member 12 provides additional support for the pressure encountered in the internal chamber thereby insuring that the maximal expansion is encountered in the an~ular wall 1~ of the interior chamher 16 as opposed 20 to the inner surface 20 of the chamber lC so as to enhance the sealing effect.
In order to accommodate the standard cement nozzles or syringes, the cement gun nozzle entry port 26 oP
25 the proximal femoral sealing devioe 10 is preferably cylindrical in shape. A~ ca~ be seen in FIG. 2, the cement gun nozzle entry port may also comprise a gasket-seal 28 which also provides an additional means to restrain the cement gun nozzle when it is inserted into and through the 3~ cement nozzle entry port 26. This gasket expands when the cement gun nozzle is forced through it, thereby expanding and tightly fitting around the cement nozzle itself. This gasket-seal 28 helps prevent leakagP o~ cement under ~ 3~ 2 ~f~
pressure through the cement gu~ nozzle port 26 and also assists in securing the cemen~ gun nozzle itself when exposed to the pressurized cement within the internal cavity. The gasket-seal 2~ can be located adjacent to the 5 internal chamber i5, i.e., directly at the opening to the internal chamber 16, or inset a short distance fro~ the internal chamber 16 as in FIG. 6. The gasket-seal 28 may also preferably be located at any point between the interior chamber ~6 ~nd the opening of the cement nozzle entry port 10 26 at the top, proximal end of the sealing device 10.
The present in~ention is also directed to use of the sealing device for injecting cement in~o a bone canal prior to implantation of a femoral prosthesis. After the 15 ~edullary canal of the ~emur has been surgically prepared (and preferably reamed with an appropriate broach), the cleaned cancellous bone is essentially ready to be exposed to the bone cement. If desirad, an intermedullary plug such as the Seidel plug can be preferably inserted into the 20 canal to prevent passage of cement distally of the plug.
The bone cement is then ~ixed and loaded into a ceme~t gun a~c~rding to ~he manufacturer's instructions. The cement gun nozzle is then inserted through the open proximal end of the prepared ~edullary can~l until its distal tip i~
25 generally ~pproximate to the plug.
The bone cement is then applied through the cement gun nozzle and as the application continues it proceeds to fill the canal to a desired level. The nozzle 30 is then removed at a point where the cement has filled the canal up to about the proximal opening of the medullary canal. At this point the nozzle is placed into the passageway 26 on the proximal femoral seal 10. The proximal femoral seal 10 is then placed in the proximal end of the prepared medullary canal and ~dditional cement is then injected into the canal under pressure. Sufficient cement is also added so as to fill the interior chamber ~6 of the 5 proximal femoral seal 10 thereby expanding its flexible annular wall 1~ outwardly forming a tight pressure seal against the exposed endosteal walls 11 of the proximal Pnd of the medullary canal. The formation of a tight and secure seal by the expanded walls ~ of the proxi~al femoral seal 10 10 agains~ the exposed endosteal walls 11 insures that cement is prevented from escaping through the open proximal end and thus insures that a high degree of pressurization is achieved. After sufficient pressurization is achieved, the nozzle and proximal seal 10 can be removed from th~ canal.
15 It is also within the scope of thiS invention that the cement nozzle can be p~aced through the passageway 26 on the proximal femoral seal 10 prior to the cement level reaching the proximal end of the medullary canal. Alternatively, all of the cement needed can be injected into the canal after 20 the cement nozzle is position~d through t~e passageway 26 and the sealing device lO is inserted into the proximal open end of the medullary canal.
At the completion of the cement deposit 25 procedure, the nozzle and proximal femoral seal can be removed simultaneously or separately, i.e., the nozzle may be removed prior to removal of the seal. Because o~ the exc~llent pressurization of cement resulting from ~he use of the femoral seal 10 of the present invention, the cs~ent 30 penetrates deeply into the cancellous bone of the medullary canal wall and provides a very strong and stable fixation of ~he prosthesis. The depth of capillary penetration is, for instance, shown in the respective figure illustrated in the ~ 3 ~
publication entitled "Innovations In Cementing Techniques In Total Hip Replacement" presented as a Scientific Exhibit at the American Academy o~ Orthopedic Surgeons 54th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, held on January 22-27, 1987. This 5 figure clearly demonstrates that utilization of the present invention pro~ides a much greater cement penetration depth than other methods utilizing manual pressurization or the solid seal type (Miller~ of device. This publication in another figure shows the increased pressure capable with the 10 p~oximal femoral seal ~0 of the present invention as compared to manual techni~ues and the use of solid seals.
Pres~ures of up to 60 pounds per square inch are shown in this figure. However, pressures o~ up to 100 pounds per square inch have bee~ ac~ieved with the proximal femoral 15 seal 10 described herein. While this publication in another figure demonstrates average pressure of about 30 psi, this seal 10 is also capable of maintaining an average cement pressure of at least about 50 pounds psi. Finally, another figure in this publication shows that a peak intramedullary 20 pressure of about 60 psi is possible using the proximal femoral seal lo as compared to the ~anual technique and use of a solid seal. Yet, peak pressures of up tD 100 pSi have been achieved using the proximal femoral seal 10 described herQin .
Variations of the above described method which involve minor changes in the sequencing of steps ~re clearly contemplated to be within the scope of the pxesent invention. In 3ddition, minor variations in the design, 30 angles or materials of the prvximal fe~oral seal of the present invention are also eontemplated to be within t~e scope of the present invention. These modifications and variations o~ the above invention may be ~ade without departing from it spirit and sc~pe, as will become apparent to those skilled in the ~rt. The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only, and the invention is limited only by the terms of the appended 5 claims.
~)
Claims (17)
1. Apparatus for introducing cement into a bone canal through an opening in the bone, characterized in that said apparatus has:
a) a body member having a passageway therethrough for passage of cement;
b) a generally annular wall member extending from said body member and defining an outer surface at least a portion of which is configured and dimensioned so as to be capable of extending into the bone canal and generally seal the bone opening; and c) a chamber defined by said annular wall member, said chamber communicating with said passageway and with said bone canal such that cement, upon its introduction into said bone canal will also fill said chamber so as to aid in maintaining said seal.
a) a body member having a passageway therethrough for passage of cement;
b) a generally annular wall member extending from said body member and defining an outer surface at least a portion of which is configured and dimensioned so as to be capable of extending into the bone canal and generally seal the bone opening; and c) a chamber defined by said annular wall member, said chamber communicating with said passageway and with said bone canal such that cement, upon its introduction into said bone canal will also fill said chamber so as to aid in maintaining said seal.
2. Apparatus for injecting cement into the bone canal through an opening in the bone, characterized in that said apparatus has:
a) a body member having a passageway therethrough for passage of cement;
b) a generally flexible annular wall member extending from said body member and defining with said body member a generally continuous outer surface which is configured and dimensioned such that at least a portion of said outer surface corresponds anatomically to a portion of the bone canal adjacent the opening so as to be capable of extending into the bone canal and sealing the bone opening; and c) a chamber defined by said annular wall member and said body member, said chamber communicating with said passageway and with said bone canal such that cement upon its injection into said bone canal will also fill said chamber so as to expand said flexible annular wall member and thus maintain said seal and aid in the penetration of cement into the bone within the canal.
a) a body member having a passageway therethrough for passage of cement;
b) a generally flexible annular wall member extending from said body member and defining with said body member a generally continuous outer surface which is configured and dimensioned such that at least a portion of said outer surface corresponds anatomically to a portion of the bone canal adjacent the opening so as to be capable of extending into the bone canal and sealing the bone opening; and c) a chamber defined by said annular wall member and said body member, said chamber communicating with said passageway and with said bone canal such that cement upon its injection into said bone canal will also fill said chamber so as to expand said flexible annular wall member and thus maintain said seal and aid in the penetration of cement into the bone within the canal.
3. A proximal femoral sealing device for seating within the medullary canal of a prepared proximal end of a femur and for injecting cement under pressure into the medullary canal, characterized in that said device has:
a) a body member having a passageway therethrough for passage of cement;
b) a generally flexible annular wall member extending from said body member and defining with said body member an outer surface which is anatomically shaped and conforms generally along the vertical and horizontal axes of the body member to the exposed internal endosteal surface shape of the proximal end of the medullary canal of the femur; and c) a chamber defined by said flexible wall member and said body member, said chamber opening onto and communicating at one end with said proximal end of said medullary canal, the other, opposite end opening onto and communicating with the distal end of said passageway, said chamber further having a generally rounded-trapezoidal cross-sectional configuration defined by said flexible wall member which is capable of expanding under pressure of cement within said chamber against the exposed internal endosteal surface of the medullary canal so as to form a pressurization cement seal.
a) a body member having a passageway therethrough for passage of cement;
b) a generally flexible annular wall member extending from said body member and defining with said body member an outer surface which is anatomically shaped and conforms generally along the vertical and horizontal axes of the body member to the exposed internal endosteal surface shape of the proximal end of the medullary canal of the femur; and c) a chamber defined by said flexible wall member and said body member, said chamber opening onto and communicating at one end with said proximal end of said medullary canal, the other, opposite end opening onto and communicating with the distal end of said passageway, said chamber further having a generally rounded-trapezoidal cross-sectional configuration defined by said flexible wall member which is capable of expanding under pressure of cement within said chamber against the exposed internal endosteal surface of the medullary canal so as to form a pressurization cement seal.
4. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that said anatomically shaped outer surface generally corresponds to the outer surface shape of a broach utilized to expose the endosteal surface of the medullary canal.
5. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that said anatomically shaped outer surface generally corresponds to the natural internal surface shape of the medullary canal.
6. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that said anatomically shaped outer surface further comprises a plurality of ridges.
7. The seal of claim 6 characterized in that said plurality of ridges are dimensioned and configured so that leading edges thereof contact the exposed internal endosteal surface.
8. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that the proximal end of said anatomically shaped outer surface is wider than the distal end along a cross-section of the vertical axis of the seal.
9. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that the portion of said substantially anatomically shaped outer surface on the medial side of said medullary canal ranges from a straight surface to one which is curved from the proximal to distal end of said substantially anatomically shaped outer surface.
10. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that said wall member is thicker at the proximal end of said chamber than at the distal end of said chamber.
11. The seal of claim 10 characterized in that said wall member tapers to reduce in thickness from said proximal end to said distal end.
12. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that said passageway is centrally disposed in the body member.
13. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that said passageway is dimensioned and configured to received a nozzle for injection of cement.
14. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that a medial portion of said body member is inset from the medial portion of said anatomically shaped outer surface.
15. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that said passageway is cylindrical in shape.
16. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that said passageway narrows to form a gasket-seal so as to restrain a cement nozzle inserted through said passageway.
17. The seal of claim 3 characterized in that said body member and flexible annular wall member are formed to a medical grade elastomer.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/126,451 US4896662A (en) | 1987-11-30 | 1987-11-30 | Sealing device for introducing cement into a bone canal |
| US126,451 | 1987-11-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1312248C true CA1312248C (en) | 1993-01-05 |
Family
ID=22424890
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000584304A Expired - Fee Related CA1312248C (en) | 1987-11-30 | 1988-11-28 | Sealing device for introducing cement into a bone canal |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4896662A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0320138B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH01207058A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE71822T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU600612B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1312248C (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3868028D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2029331T3 (en) |
| GR (1) | GR3004161T3 (en) |
| IE (1) | IE60552B1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA888893B (en) |
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1988
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- 1988-11-21 EP EP88311006A patent/EP0320138B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-11-21 AT AT88311006T patent/ATE71822T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-11-21 ES ES198888311006T patent/ES2029331T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-11-28 ZA ZA888893A patent/ZA888893B/en unknown
- 1988-11-28 IE IE355288A patent/IE60552B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-11-28 CA CA000584304A patent/CA1312248C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-11-29 AU AU26361/88A patent/AU600612B2/en not_active Expired
- 1988-11-29 JP JP63302113A patent/JPH01207058A/en active Granted
- 1988-11-30 DE DE8814923U patent/DE8814923U1/de not_active Expired
-
1992
- 1992-03-26 GR GR920400523T patent/GR3004161T3/el unknown
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|---|---|
| DE3868028D1 (en) | 1992-03-05 |
| IE883552L (en) | 1989-05-30 |
| ES2029331T3 (en) | 1992-08-01 |
| EP0320138A1 (en) | 1989-06-14 |
| GR3004161T3 (en) | 1993-03-31 |
| IE60552B1 (en) | 1994-07-27 |
| ATE71822T1 (en) | 1992-02-15 |
| US4896662A (en) | 1990-01-30 |
| JPH0553131B2 (en) | 1993-08-09 |
| AU2636188A (en) | 1989-06-01 |
| JPH01207058A (en) | 1989-08-21 |
| DE8814923U1 (en) | 1989-04-06 |
| ZA888893B (en) | 1990-07-25 |
| AU600612B2 (en) | 1990-08-16 |
| EP0320138B1 (en) | 1992-01-22 |
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