CA1324329C

CA1324329C - Packaging

Info

Publication number: CA1324329C
Application number: CA 593411
Authority: CA
Inventors: Rickworth Folland; James William Nicholas; Melvin Edward Riddell Robinson; John Francis Edward Adams; Michael Alexander Cochran
Original assignee: CarnaudMetalbox PLC
Current assignee: Crown Packaging UK Ltd
Priority date: 1988-03-12
Filing date: 1989-03-10
Publication date: 1993-11-16
Anticipated expiration: 2010-11-16
Also published as: FI895189A0; WO1989008557A1; BR8906385A; NO894489L; GB8905497D0; NO894489D0; NO176023B; GB2216462B; US5049624A; GB2216462A; AU3344889A; EP0335520A1; AU618341B2; JP2785405B2; NO176023C; JPH03503153A

Abstract

A B S T R A C T

The present invention provides a wall for a package comprising:
(a) an outer set of one or more layers (1-4) and (b) an inner set of one or more layers (5-6) which layer or the outermost of which layers (5) comprises a composition comprising a polymer and having oxygen-scavenging properties,-wherein -(i) the outer set of layers would have, if separate from the inner set and in the absence of any oxygen-scavenging properties in any of the layers or the layer constituting the set, a permeance, for oxygen, of not more than 1.5 cm3/(m2 atm day);
(ii) the inner set of layers would have, if separate from the outer set and in the absence of oxygen-scavenging properties in any of the layers or the layer constituting the set, a permeance, for oxygen, of at least 2.0 cm3/(m2 atm day); and (iii) the inner set of layers would have, if separate from the outer set, a permeance, for oxygen, less than the permeance specified in (ii) by at least 1.0 cm3/(m2 atm day) by virtue of oxygen-scavenging in at least the layer specified in (b).
In a preferred combination one of the outer layers (3) is of metal and the composition in the outermost of the inner layers (5) scavenges oxygen through the metal-catalysed oxidation of an oxidisable organic component thereof.
The wall is suitable for packaging uses, with the inner set of layers disposed towards the product, where headspace scavenging is especially desired.

Description

IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO PACKAGING
.

The present invention relates to packaging of oxygen-sensitive foods and beverages.
Among substances that are oxygen-sensitive we would particularly mention beers (especially lager beers), 5 wines (especially white ones), fruit juices, some carbonated soft drinks, fruits, nuts, vegetables, meat products, baby foods, coffee, sauces, and dairy products.
Almost all foods and beverages are sensitive to some degree.
One approach to oxygen-sensitive products has been the inclusion in the pack of 2 sachet containing a compound such as iron or a lower iron oxide or hydroxide.
This material reacts with ("scavenges") oxygen packed with the product or transmitted through the wall of the i 15 package.
Another approach has been the inclusion of scavenger in the walls of the package. Where the walls comprise a polymer and are appreciably oxygen-permeable this has the advantage of scavenging at least a part of the oxygen 20 before it reaches the package contents at all.
Some discussion of the conventional measurements and units of oxygen permeation is appropriate at this point.
The measurement is made by exposing a package wall of area to a partial pressure p of oxygen on the one side and to 25 an essentially zero partial pressure of oxygen on the ~ other. The quantity of oxygen emerging on the latter side `~ is measured and expressed as a volume rate dV/dt, the volume being converted to some standard conditions of temperature and pressure. After a certain time of :

132~32~

exposure (usually a few days) dV/dt is generally found to stabilise, and a Pw value is calculated from the equation (1) .
dV/dt = Pw A p (1) 5 PW in the present specification and claims is called the permeance of the wall. (Analogy with magnetic permeance and electrical conductance would suggest that Pw should be described as "permeance per unit area", but we are following the nomenclature in Encyclopaedia of Polymer 10 Science and Technology, Vol.2, Wiley Interscience, 1985, page 178.) The standard conditions for expressing dV/dt used generally and in this specification are O~C and 1 atm (1 atm = 101 32~ ~ m~2). If the thickness of the area of wall is substantially constant over the area A with value 15 T and the wall is uniform through the thickness (i.e. the wall is not a laminated or coated one) then the permeability of the material in the direction normal to the wall is calculated from the equation (2).
dV/dt = PM A p/T (2) 20 For non-scavenging materials, Pw and PM are to a reasonable approximation independent of t, p, and T
although they are often appreciably dependent on other conditions of the measurement such as the humidity of the atmosphere on the oxygen-rich side and the temperature of 25 the measurement.
For oxygen-scavenging walls, Pw and PM are functions of t because the concentrations and activity of scavenger vary with time (particularly as the scavenger is consumed). This has not prevented us usually from 30 measuring Pw and PM reasonably accurately as a function of time (the changes in dV/dt being relatively gradual once the normal initial equilibration period of a few days is over). ~owever, it should be recognised that, whereas after a few days' exposure to the measurement conditions a ~2~32~

non-scavenging wall achieves a steady state in which dV/dt is equal to the rate of oxygen ingress to the wall, a scavenging wall achieves an (almost) steady state in which dV/dt is considerably less than the rate of oxygen ingress 5 to the wall. This being the case, it is likely that Pw calculated from (1) is a function of p as well as of t and that PM in (2) is a function of p and T as well as of t~
PW and P~ for scavenging walls are, strictly speaking, not true permeances and permeabilities at all (since 10 perme~tion and scavenging are occurring simultaneously) but, rather, apparent ones. However, we have chosen to retain the conventional terms "permeance" and "permeability". So long as the conditions of the measurement are sufficiently specified they are suitable 15 for characterising the walls in a manner relevant to the packaging user (i.e. in terms of the oxygen emerging from the wall).
All values of Pw and PM hereinafter in this specification (except where stated otherwise) are to be 20 understood to refer to conditions in which p = 0.21 atm, the relative humidity on the oxygen-rich side of the wall is 50~ and the temperature is 23C. Conditions close to these are conventional in the packaging industry.
It is possible for Pw and PM to be affected by the 25 illumination of the wall under test. All Pw and PM values hereinafter, and indeed all references to oxidation, oxidisability, and oxygen-scavenging properties, refer to the dark or else to conditions of irradiation not appreciably contributing to oxygen-scavenging.
In a related United Kingdom publication No. GB 2207439, we have described and claimed a wall for a package, which wall comprises, or includes a layer ' `

~32~329 comprising, a composition comprising a polymer and having oxygen-scavenging properties, characterised in that the composition scavenges oxygsn through the metal-catalysed oxidation of an oxidisable organic component thereof.
In a second aspect, the invention of the aforesaid UK
patent publication provides a composition for packaging use wnich comprises a polymer, an oxidisable organic component, and a metal catalyst ~or the oxidation of the oxidisable organic component.
The composition provided by the aforesaid invention has three major uses, namely as the material for a wall or a layer of a wall, as a masterbatch for blending with another polymer for such use, and as a head-space scavenger.
In a third aspect the aforesaid invention provides a pac~age, whether rigid, semi-rigid, collapsible, lidded or flexible or a combination of these, a wall of which is a wall as provided by the invention in its first aspect or comprises entirely, as a layer, or as a blend the 20 composition provided by the invention in its second aspect.
The UK patent publication corresponds to EPC patent publication No. 0301719. The disclosures of the aforesaid patent publications may be reviewed for 25 further detail, but it is convenient here to note the following points relating to our earlier invention: -(1) The oxidisable organic component may be anoxidisable polymer. The use of an oxidisable polymer as the oxidisable organic component has the advantage, 30 broadly speaking, over the use of an oxidisable ; non-polymeric component that it is less likely to affect 1~24329 adversely the properties of a non-oxidisable polymer with which is is blended. It is possible for an oxidisable polymer to be used as the sole polymer in the composition, serving a dual function as polymer and 5 oxidisable organic component.

(2) It is of course possible for two or more polymers, two or more oxidisable organic components, or two or more catalysts to be used. It is possible also for a metal catalyst to be used in combination with a 10 non-metal catalyst.

(3) The word "catalyst" is used in a general way readily understood by the man skilled in the art, not necessarily to imply that it is not consumed at all in the oxidation. It is indeed possible that the catalyst may be 15 converted cyclically from one state to another and back again as successive quantiti~s of oxidisable component are consumed by successive quantities of oxygen. However, it may be that some is lost in side reactions, possibly contributing directly to oxygen-scavenging in small 2~ measure, or indeed that the "catalyst" is more properly described in an initiator (e.g. generating free radicals which through branching chain reactions lead to the scavenging of oxygen out of proportion to the quantity of "catalyst").

(4) Polyesters and polyolefins are especially suitable as non-oxidisable polymeric components, especially ethylene terephthalate or ethylene naphthalate polyesters. Oxidisable organic components include amides, especially polyamides and most especially MXD6, which is a 30 condensation polymer of m-xylylenediamine and adipic acid. Metal catalysts include cobalt, copper, and rhodium compounds.
The aforesaid patent publications describe most particularly walls which would have a permeance in the 132~29 range from 1.5, preferably 3.0 to 30, preferably 18.0 cm3/(m2 atm day), in the absence of scavenging. Various multi-layer structures for walls are also described.

The present invention provides a wall comprising -(a) an outer set of one or more layers; and (b) an inner set of one or more layers, which layer or the outermost of which layers comprises a composition comprising a polymer and having oxygen-scavenging properties, -whereln (i) the outer set of layers would have, if separate from the inner set, a permeance, for oxygen, of not more than 1.5 cm3/(m2 atm day);
(ii) the inner set of layers would have, if separate from the outer set and in the absence of oxygen-scavenging properties, a permeance, for oxygen, of at least 2.0 cm3/(m2 atm day); and (iii) the inner set of layers would have, if separate from the outer set, a permeance, for oxygen, less than the permeance specified in (ii) by at least l.0 cm3/(m2 atm day) by virtue of oxygen-scavenging in at least the layer specified in (b); and the composition scavenges oxygen through the metal-catalyzed oxidation of an oxidizable organic component thereof.

If, as may be the case for instance if a reclaim layer is present, there may be some oxygen scavenging in the outer set of layers, the permeance (i) is in the absence of such scavenging.

In (iii), of course, oxygen-scavenging in the inner set of layers is to be deemed unaffected by the separation from the outer set of layers. If the inner set of layers consists of two or more layers and one of these (for instance a reclaim layer) is scavenging in addition to the outermost one, then this will of course contribute to the difference specified in (iii).

By ~'wall for a package" in the present specification ,~

1~24329 and claims is included (except where the context indicates otherwise) not only a wall when incorporated into a package structure but also packaging materials capable of forming walls, such as package bases, packaging sheet, and 5 so on.
In the above "inner", "outer", and "outermost" are understood purely as conventional reference terms (albeit referring to the eventual use of the wall), not referring necessarily to any observable feature of the wall prior to 10 its use. As will be apparent from the usage of these terms hereinafter, the progression from the inside of the wall to the outside is in a constant sense from the one face of the wall to the other (not from the central portion of the wall to the faces in two opposed senses).
15 Accordingly, where the inner set comprises two or more layers, the outermost of these is immediately adjacent to a single layer comprising the outer set (or to the innermost of the layers of the outer set where the outer set comprises two or more layers).
Preferably, the permeance referred to in (i) is less than 1.0 cm3/(m2 atm day), more preferably less than 0.5 cm3/(m2 atm day), and above all less than 0.1 cm3/(m2 atm day).
Advantageously, the permeances referred to in (ii) 25 and (iii) are such that the difference specified in (iii) is at least 2.0 cm3/(m2 atm day), preferably at least 3.0 cm3/(m2 atm day), more preferably at least 10.0 cm3/(m2 atm day), especially at least 30 cm3/(m2 atm day), and abo~e all at least 100 cm3/(m2 atm day). The latter 30 four figures are also advantagous, preferred, etc. for the permeance specified in (ii).
The time period for which the difference specified in (iii) is maintainable should be greater the longer is the exposure time prior to filling of the 132~329 package, the larger is the volume of oxygen likely to be enclosed on filling, and the higher is the permeance specified in (i). In general, however, it would be of interest for this difference to be maintainable (under 5 standard conditions of p = 0.21 ~tm, 23C, and 50%
relative humidity) for at least two, preferably at least ten, and especially at least twenty days, and above all at least one hundred days.
An important aspect of the wall provided by the 10 present invention is thatJif used for the packaging of an oxygen-sensitive product with the aforesaid inner set of walls disposed towards the product and the outer set towards the atmosphere)it will serve to a very significant degree to scavenge the oxygen packed with the 15 product. Especially if the permeance specified in (i) is less than 0.1 cm3/(m2 atm day), such scavenging is very likely to preponderate in the short run at least over scavenging of oxygen inwardly transmitted. The relatively high permeability in the absence of scavenging of the 20 materials constituting the inner layers ((ii) above) facilitates the entry of head space oxygen into the inner layers where it is scavenged. The difference (iii) above is a measure of the scavenging power of the inner set of walls. The wall may be rigid, a flexible sheet, or a 25 clinging film.
Before proceeding to discuss the present invention in more detail, it is appropriate to consider how it is possible to determine permeances, especially those referred to in (ii), which are permeances in hypothetical 30 conditions where there is no scavenging to sufficient accuracy to know whether or not a particular limit is observed.
In this respect, it is useful to note that the inner layers if separate will have a permeance to oxygen that 132~329 will increase with time as the scavenging component of the composition is consumed. The time dependence of permeance of the layers, we believe, will in general be essentially as shown by the bold line in Fig. 1, in which the wall is 5 formed at time t=O.
In the scavenging systems described in ~he above noted publications we have sometimes observed that there may be a time delay between the formation of a wall and the full appearance of the scavenging effect. In these cases 10 Fig.l for low times is modified essentially as shown by the dashed curve marked X in the figure.
The difference referred to in (iii) at any time tl is shown by Dl in Fig.l, where Pw (t = oo) is the value Pw would have in the absence of scaven~ing.
The standard storage conditions in between Pw measurements at different times for the purposes of determining Dl are storage in air (p = 0.21 atm) at 23C
and 50% relative humidity, both surfaces of the wall being exposed. Storage is in the dark or conditions of 20 illumination not appreciably contributing to oxygen-scavenging.
PW (t = oo) may be determined in any one of several ways, or at least a lower limit put upon Pw (t - oo), as follows:-(I) The full form of the curve in Fig.l is determined experimentally. This is of course very time consuming if the oxygen-scavenging capacity of the wall is very high.
(II) ~ wall is prepared in which the scavenging is absent but which is otherwise very similar and its Pw is 30 measu~ed. For instance, in catalysed scavenging systems it is often very reasonable to omit the catalyst and take PW measured in the absence of catalyst as Pw (t = oo) for the wall containing the catalyst.
(III) If scavenging appears fully only after a time 132~32~

delay, early measurements of Pw put a lower limit on Pw (t = oo).
(IV) Oxygen-scavenging may be suppressed by cooling the wall and P~ measured and adjusted to allow for the 5 effect of changed temperature.
(V) Measurements of Pw are made with an inert gas such as carbon dioxide, making due allowance for the difference between Pw for that gas and for oxygen as observed in walls made of broadly similar non-scavenging 10 materials.
In its simplest form the wall provided by the present invention comprises just two layers, i.e. a single layer on the outside and a single layer comprising the aforesaid composition on the inside. Other forms can be considered 15 as modifications of the above. For instance, there may be a tie layer between the two layers just described (this tie layer then being the innermost layer of the outer set) and/or an additional layer on the inside of the layer comprising the composition. This additional layer (if 20 necessary attached to the layer comprising the composition by a tie layer) may serve one or both of the following functions: it may separate the layer comprising the composition from the contents of the package (eg. to avoid possible food contact problems); and it may serve as a 25 heat sealing layer.
If the wall is rigid, as in the wall of a bottle, scavenging properties will decay during prolonged storage in air prior to filling, and such prolonged storage should preferably be avoided.
If the wall is flexible sheet or film, it is possible to roll it up so as to largely to prevent access to air and to unroll immediately prior to use. ~n analogous technique is applicable in principle to flat or otherwise stac~able rigid walls.

132~329 Layers or the layer in the outer set referred to under (a) a~ove advantageously comprise one or more suitably high-barrier polymers, metals, inorganic oxides such as silica or alumina, or carbon in graphitic or 5 diamond form. ~ign barrier polymers may be readily selected by the man skilled in the art from their reported permeabilities. Among numerous such polymers we may mention ~XD6 (already referred to in another context as an oxidisable organic component), poly(vinylidene chloride), 10 vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers, and copolymers of ethylene and vinyl alcohol.
The co~position referred to under (b) above is advantageously a composition as provided by UK patent publication No. GB 2207439 in its second 15 aspect. Especially in order to achieve high differences as specified in (iii) above, a non-oxidisable polymer having a PM of at least 3.0, most especially at least 10, and above all at least 50 cm3 mm/(m2 atm day) is suitable.
Polyolefins are especially suitable, most particularly 20 polyethylene (especially low-density polyethylene) and polypro~ylene. Oxidisable organic components and metal catalysts preferred are those described in EPO 0301719.
The present invention will now be further described, by way of illustration only, with reference to the attached 25 Figures, of which -Figure 2 shows in section a lidding materialincluding a metal sheet according to the present invention.
Figure 3 shows a section through a wall of a polymer 30 tray.
Figure 4 shows in section a lidded tray in which the lidding material and the tray have the sections shown in Figures 2 and 3.

!:`.

~32~29 Figure 5 shows, schematically and not to scale, in section an experimental container containing water and illustrating the principles of the present invention.
In ~igure 2, 1 represents a layer of oriented 5 polyethylene terephthalate 25 micrometre in thickness, 2 represents a layer of polyurethane adhesive 5 mi~rometre in thickness, 3 represents a layer of alu~inium metal 15 micrometre in thickness, and 4 represents a layer of polyurethane adhesive 5 micrometre in thickness. 1 t~ 4 10 together constitute the outer set of layers of the wall.
5 represents a layer of thickness 100 micrometre of a composition consisting of MXD6 in a weight fraction of 10~, cobalt Siccatol in ~ weight fraction of 200 ppm expressed as met~l, the balance being polypropylene.
15 6 represents a layer of polypropylene of thickness 20 micrometre. This serves as a heat seal layer, and also avoids direct contact of layer 5 with the package contents. 5 and 6 together constitute the inner set of layers of the wall, of which 5 is the outermost.
In a modification of the structure shown in Figure 2, layer 3 of aluminium is 40 micrometre in thickness instead of 15 micrometre. While a thickness of 15 micrometre is indeed satisfactory if the layer is well made, use of a nominal thickness of 40 micrometre reduces 25 the risk that pinholes will be present.
The permeance of the outer set of layers 1-4, for oxygen, is below the limit of detection on an OXTRAN*
machine (about 0.05 cm3/(m2 atm day)) essentially because of the aluminium layer 3.
In Example 10 of our patent publication GB 2207439 the permeance of a 1.5 mm wall containing 10 by weight of MXD6 and 90~ by weight of polypropylene (without added cobalt) is given as 26 cm3/(m2 atm day).
The literature value for pure polypropylene's permeability *trade mark 132~32~

is 70 cm3 mm/(m2 ~tm day). Accordingly, the permeance in the absence of scavenging of layer 5 can be calculated to be 26 x 1.5 = 390 cm3/(m2 atm day) O .1 5 and of layer 6 70 x 1000 = 3500 cm3/(m2 atm day).
It follows that the permeance in the absence of scavenging of the inner set of layers 5 and 6 is ( + 1 ~_l = 350 cm3/(m2 atm day) 39~ 3500J
The scavenging in layer 5 reduces this permeance by more than 1 cm3/(m2 atm day) for more than 2 days.
The structure shown in Figure 2 may be conveniently fabricated by the steps of -(i) coextruding layers 5 and 6 together, and (ii) adhesive lamination of the 5/6 coextrusion withlayers 1 and 3 by use of the polyurethane adhesive.
The preparation of the composition used in layer 5 is described in Example 10 of our patent publication 20 GB 2207439.
In Figure 3, layer 7 is of polypropylene and of thickness 5~ micrometre, layer 8 is a reclaim layer of thickness 600 micrometre, layer 9 is a tie layer of maleic anhydride - modified polypropylene of thickness 40 25 micrometre, layer lO is a layer of a vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride copolymer of thickness 150 micrometre, and layer ll is a tie layer of maleic anhydride-modified polymer of thickness 40 micrometre. Layers 7 to ll constitute the outer set of 30 layers.
Layer 12 is 600 micrometre thick, has the same composition as layer S in Figure 2, and is oxygen-scavenging. Layer 13 is a polypropylene layer 50 micrometre thick. This serves the same heat seal and 132432~

separation function as layer 6 in Figure 2. Layers 12 and 13 together constitute the inner set of layers, of which layer 12 is the outermost.
The composition of the reclaim layer is, of course, a 5 weighted average of that of the other layers.
The permeance of the outer set of layers 7 to 11 (ignoring any scavenging in the reclaim layer 8) can be calculated from permeabilities in the literature. By virtue of layer 10 alone, the material of which has a 10 permeability of 0.06 cm3mm/(atm m2 day), this permeance is less than 0.4 cm3/(m2 atm day).
The permeance in the absence of scavenging of inner layers 12 and 13 separately and taken together can be computed as was done above with reference to Figure 2.
15 For layer 12 it is 26 x 1.5 = 65 cm3/(m2 atm day).
0.6 For layer 13 it is 70 ~ 1000 = 1400 cm3/(m2 atm day) For the outer layers 12 and 13 together it is 20 ~ 1 + 1 \_1 = 62 cm3/(m2 atm day) Scavenging in layer 12 reduces this permeance by more than 1 cm3/(m2 atm day) for more than 2 days.
The structure shown in Figure 3 can be conveniently 25 fabricated by coextrusion as sheet in a single step, followed by thermoforming (with some thickness reduction in parts) to afford the desired tray shape, and recycling the skeletal material.
In Figure 4 is shown, in schematic section, a tray lg 30 the wall of which has the section shown in Figure 3, bearing a lid 15 heat-sealed thereon. The lid has the section shown in Figure 2. In Figure 4, the scale does not permit the layers within 14 and 15 to be shown; only the positions of the outermost and innermost layers are indicated.

~3243~9 In Figure 5, 16 represents an aluminium sheath enclosing an injection-moulded pot 17. To the top of the pot is clinched an aluminium beverage can end shell 18 havin~ a central hole 23 which receives a rubber septum 5 20. l9 represents conventional sealing compound. The pot contains water 21 to simulate a food or beverage ~roduct.
Septum 20 permits sampling the head space gas 22 at intervals.
The pot 17 was made as follows. Low-density 10 polyethylene was mi~ed with MXD6 and a solution of cobalt (II) neodecanoate in a hydrocarbon solvent of low aromatic content with a boiling range at 760 mmHg of 155 C to 173 C, and dried overnight in a dehumidifying air dryer.
The mixture was then injection-moulded to form a 15 cylindrical pot with a wall thickness of 1.5 mm, an outside diameter of 61 mm, and an external height of 70 mm. The weight fractions used were as follows: MXD6, 10 per cent relative to the total composition; cobalt (expressed as metal), 500 ppm relative to the total 20 composition; balance, polyethylene. The amount of solvent used was such that the weight ~raction of cobalt (expressed as metal) was ~ per cent relative to the solution.
The injection moulding machine was a Meiki 200. The 25 materials used were as follows:-Low-density polyethylene Dutch State Mines grade Stamylan LD 2308A.

Grade Remy 6001 from ~it~ubishi Gas Chemicals of 3~ Japan. This is a polymer of meta-xylylenediamine, H2NCH2-m-C6H4-CH2, with adipic acid, HO2(CH2)4CO2H. The rel~tive viscosity of the polyamide is 2.1, for a solution in 95% aqueous sulphuric acid containing lg of polymer per lO0 cm3 of solution.
*trade mark Cobalt (II) neodecanoate Supplied by Shepherd Chemical Company, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Solvent Isopar G supplied by Esso Chemical Ltd of Southampton,England.
The arrangement shown simulates a package containing a food or beverage prodllct in ~ccordance with the invention. 17 comprises the inner set of layers (in this 10 c~se a single layer) and 16 the outer set of layers (in this case al50 a single layer). The permeance of the outer set of layers 16 is less than 0.05cm3/(m2atm day) being of aluminium. The permeance of the inner set of layers 17 was measured directly on the OXTRAN machine on a 15 similar pot not sheathed with aluminium. Very remarkably, it was less than 0.05 cm3/(m2atm day) both two days after fabrication of the pot and fourteen days after fabrication. In contrast a comparison pot identical except that no cobalt was present (i.e. in the absence of 20 oxygen scavenging) had a permeance of 41 cm3/(m2atm day).
This value is therefore the value specified in (ii) above, and the value specified in (iii) above is practically the same. Both a very high accessibility of the scavenger in layer 17 to headspace oxygen 22 and high scavenging power 25 of layer 17 are strongly indicated.
Direct observation confirmed the performance in headspace scavenging resulting from these characteristics of layer 17. When the pOt was filled with enough water to leave a headspace 22 of volume 50 cm3, the oxygen content 30 fell from an initial 21 per cent by volume relative to the headspace gas (initially air) to 8 per cent after 7 days and 4.5 per cent after 14 days.
A11 measurements and storage in the above were under the standard conditions referred to previously. The * trade mark ~32~329 permeance measurements were performed on an OXTRAN machine 10/50A made by Mocon Inc. of USA.

Claims

1. A wall for a package comprising -(a) an outer set of one or more layers; and (b) an inner set of one or more layers, which layer or the outermost of which layers comprises a composition comprising a polymer and having oxygen-scavenging properties, -wherein -(i) the outer set of layers would have, if separate from the inner set and in the absence of any oxygen-scavenging properties in any of the layers or the layer constituting the set, a permeance, for oxygen, of not more than 1.5 cm3/(m2 atm day);
(ii) the inner set of layers would have, if separate from the outer set and in the absence of oxygen-scavenging properties in any of the layers or the layer constituting the set, a permeance, for oxygen, of at least 2.0 cm3/(m2 atm day);
(iii) the inner set of layers would have, if separate from the outer set, a permeance, for oxygen, less than the permeance specified in (ii) by at least 1.0 cm3/(m2 atm day) by virtue of oxygen-scavenging in at least the layer specified in (b); and the composition scavenges oxygen through the metal-catalyzed oxidation of an oxidizable organic component thereof.

2. A wall according to claim 1, wherein the layer, or at least one of the layers, constituting the outer set is an inorganic barrier layer.

3. A wall according to claim 1, wherein the layer, or at least one of the layers, constituting the outer set is a layer of a metal.

4. A wall according to claim 1, wherein the layer, or at least one of the layers, constituting the outer set is a polymer.

5. A wall according to claim 1, wherein the oxidizable organic component includes one or more -CO-NH-groups in the molecule.

6. A wall according to claim 1, wherein the oxidizable organic component is a polymer.

7. A wall according to claim 1, wherein the oxidizable organic component is a polyamide.

8. A wall according to claim 1 wherein the oxidizable organic component is a polymer containing units of the formula -NH-CH2-arylene-CH2-NH-CO-alkylene-CO-.

9. A wall according to claim 1, 2 or 4, wherein the polymer specified in (b) above is a polymer of propylene.

10. A wall according to claim 1, 2 or 4, wherein the polymer specified in (b) above is a polymer of ethylene.

11. A wall according to claim 1, shaped to receive a product to be packaged, wherein the side of the aforesaid inner set of layers is disposed on the side of the wall onto which the product is to be received.

12. A wall according to claim 2 or 4, shaped to receive a product to be packaged, wherein the side of the aforesaid inner set of layers is disposed on the side of the wall onto which the product is to be received.

13. A wall according to claim 11, which is a tray.

14. A wall according to claim 1, 2 or 4, which is a lidding material.

15. A wall according to claim 1, 2 or 4, wherein the inner set of layers comprises at least two layers, the innermost of which is a heat-seal layer.

16. A package containing an oxygen-sensitive product and having a wall according to claim 1, 2 or 4, the inner set of layers of the wall being disposed towards the product.